摘要:

AbstractAssertive behaviours like showing‐off have an important role for a child in getting attention from other children in a class without being aggressive. This study presented the showing‐off behaviour in an English nursery school, and later it was discussed in comparison with that in the German kindergartens reported by Hold‐Cavell. As a result, the English children performed showing‐off behaviours at only one‐half the frequency of German children. No sex difference was seen in either showing‐off or physical aggression in the nursery class. The frequency of showing‐off did not correlate with that of physical aggression; this result is discussed in terms of Hinde's motivational postulate. Showing‐off behaviour is deserving of the further studies cross‐culturally and

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1<1::AID-AB2480170102>3.0.CO;2-A

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study of social interactions among female Apennine chamoisRupicapra pyrenaica ornatawas made in Abruzzo National Park, central Italy, between 1981 and 1982. A linear hierarchy among females was observed, rank order being highly correlated with age, weight, and horn size. An analysis of which physical clues are used by females to assess dominance suggests that body weight may be the most important attribute. The percentages of threats and dominance displays decrease beyond 7–8 years of age when females usually start to lose weight, whereas horns keep growing throughout life. Furthermore, the greater effect of weight compared to that of horn size on the rank/age correlation supports our conclusio

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1<11::AID-AB2480170103>3.0.CO;2-#

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLevels of aggression may be affected by stability of social relationships or by population density. A number of studies of nonhuman primates have indicated that spatial density influences agonistic activity levels less than does social density. Artificial fissioning of a captive troop of rhesus macaques was undertaken and the resultant differences in patterns of aggression and affiliation were examined. If population density has a major effect on levels of aggression, then fissioning will result in a decrease in aggression; if social stability has a major effect on levels of aggression, then fissioning is likely to be accompanied by an increase in aggression. An increase in rates of both aggressive and affiliative behavior resulted from artificial troop fissioning. These findings concur with other studies that have concluded that social stability is a more important determinant of primate aggression than is population density. Nonhuman primates use affiliative mechanisms to adjust their behavior when population density increases such that potentially adverse consequences of crowding are avoided.

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1<17::AID-AB2480170104>3.0.CO;2-F

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an earlier study we found that shock‐elicited defensive aggression was intensified in rats that had been deprived of playfighting as juveniles. The three experiments reported here extend this phenomenon to the more naturalistic intruder/resident paradigm for eliciting defense. Rats were reared from 20 to 50 days in one of three conditions: in pairs or in isolation with or without 1 hour of daily playfighting experience. They were rehoused in small groups at 50 days, when the frequency of play is beginning to wane, in order to eliminate the effects of ongoing isolation at the time of testing. They were tested for defense at 80 to 100 days by being placed in a resident's cage for 10 minutes.Our main finding was that play‐deprived animals spent significantly more time immobile after they had been attacked than did animals of the other two groups. The increased immobility associated with playfighting deprivation is not caused by baseline differences in emotionality such as those elicited by a novel environment (Experiment 1), the presence of a strange animal (Experiment 2), or nonsocial aversive stimuli (Experiment 3). Furthermore, play‐deprived rats were not more reactive when pinched with forceps to stimulate a bite delivered by a conspecific, whether or not another rat was present behind a divider. Thus isolates' greater reactivity may be restricted to situations involving pain coupled with close proximity to and contact with another rat.A secondary finding was that there were no differences in defensive behaviors other than immobility. The appropriate generalization to be drawn from these studies is that early social deprivation facilitates the defensive response to a social threat that happens to be prepotent under the given experimental condi

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1<27::AID-AB2480170105>3.0.CO;2-B

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1<41::AID-AB2480170106>3.0.CO;2-O

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1<43::AID-AB2480170107>3.0.CO;2-F

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1<47::AID-AB2480170108>3.0.CO;2-0

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1<::AID-AB2480170101>3.0.CO;2-9

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY