摘要:

AbstractThe experiments aimed at uncovering possible correlations between inter‐specific aggressiveness and general and emotional responsiveness (appraised by means of the open‐field technique) in the rat. Killer rats showed a higher level of emotional responsiveness than nonkillers. Removal of the olfactory bulbs induced an increased reactivity both in the rats which were converted into killers in those whose behavior toward mice remained unchanged. Destruction of the dorsal and medial nuclei of the raphé induced a clear hyperreactivity in most lesioned animals, but provoked initiation of mouse‐killing behavior in only one‐third. When produced in rats which had remained nonkillers following olfactory bulb removal, the raphé lesion clearly enhanced both the general and the emotional responsiveness; it provoked initiation of mouse‐killing behavior in about 75% of the lesioned animals. The discussion bears on the correlations between interspecific aggressiveness and experimentally induced hyperreactivity

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1974)1:1<1::AID-AB2480010103>3.0.CO;2-D

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnimal experiments in which the opportunity to aggress was positively reinforcing are surveyed, with attention paid to field and laboratory reports on play and play fighting. A distinction is drawn between ways in which aggressive behavior may be elicited and factors which increase or decrease the probability that aggression will be emitted. Since aggression may be emitted and may also be reinforcing, the possibility that aggressive behavior may be self‐reinforcing is mentioned. In addition to positive reinforcement, consequences of aggressive behavior are presented. These include punishment, removal of a noxious stimulus, feeding, arousal, and disinhibitio

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1974)1:1<17::AID-AB2480010104>3.0.CO;2-Y

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent experiments concerning the possible role of components of the pituitary–adrenocortical axis (ACTH and glucocorticoids) in isolation‐induced intermale fighting behavior in laboratory strains of mice are reviewed. A series of experiments which investigate factors that may influence the successful demonstration of this relationship are described. Differences in performances in standard‐opponent tests of some outbred strains of albino mice are indicated, as well as an interesting positive correlation between the aggressiveness and the relative adrenal weights of the strains employed. Long‐acting preparations of both ACTH and ACTH 4–10, injected throughout a period of isolation, suppressed fighting behavior in intact TO‐strain mice in subsequent standard‐opponent and trained‐fighter tests. After it had been confirmed that vigorous isolation‐induced fighting could be obtained in bilaterally castrated mice which had been subcutaneously implanted with testosterone pellets, the effects of long‐acting preparations of ACTH, ACTH 4–10, ACTH 1–10, and ACTH 4–10 D‐phe on the fighting behavior of such animals were studied. A significant suppression of fighting behavior was evident only with respect to ACTH, suggesting that ACTH 4–10 may have its action on this behavior in a manner rather different from that of the parent molecule. Some evidence was also obtained indicating that the zinc used in the preparation of long‐acting injections of ACTH and its analogs may also cause a decline in the level of fighting behavior, in a standard‐opponent test, in TO‐strain mice which had been castrated and testosterone implanted. While such a finding does not affect the validity of the recorded behavioral influences of ACTH and ACTH 4–10 described earlier, it does seem likely that the presence of this substance in placebo injections would make the demonstration of the actions of the pep tides difficult, as there would be a low level of fighting in all categories. Rather less impressive results were obtained with respect to the influences of ACTH preparations and zinc on castrated—implanted CFW mice.The studies identify a number of the factors which may influence the successful demonstration of a relationship between the functioning of the pituitary—adrenocortical axis and isolation‐induced agonistic behavior in the mouse. A number of general, if tentative, conclusions may also be listed. It seems likely, in spite of the interpretational difficulties caused by what seems to be a complex and rather unstable relationship, that ACTH and glucocorticoids may have profound influences on this type of fighting behavior in this species. One may also conclude that the evidence for an extraadrenal influence of ACTH on this behavior appears stronger as a result of these and related studies and that the actions of ACTH and its analogs on murine fighting behavior may be logically related to the actions of these compounds on the acquisition and extinction of conditioned avoidance reactions in hypophysectomized rats. The possible utility of such actions to the natural territorial habi

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1974)1:1<39::AID-AB2480010105>3.0.CO;2-N

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwenty adult male golden hamsters were isolated into individual cages for a period of six weeks, at the end of which time they had introduced into their home cages, on three occasions, a castrated male intruder. On each occasion the castrated intruder was daubed on the anogenital region with urine from one of three sources: (1) intact females, (2) other castrated males, and (3) intact males. Urine from a different source was applied to the castrated intruder on each of the three tests. Resident males consistently showed more aggression, sniffing, and following and less defensive behavior than the intruders. However, aggression by the resident males showed a significant variance over the three urine treatments given to the intruder. It is concluded that like male mouse urine, male hamster urine contains attack‐provoking cues, but that unlike that of the mouse, female urine does not appear to be attack‐inhibiting in this spec

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1974)1:1<71::AID-AB2480010106>3.0.CO;2-3

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA marihuana extract, apomorphine, and amphetamine provoked in rats previously deprived of REM sleep for 96 hr an upright position with the animals pawing each other as in fighting. Nondeprived rats injected with the drugs did not show this aggressive behavior. The marihuana‐treated animals also bit vigorously a rod introduced into the cage, a fact not observed with the apomorphine‐treated rats. These data suggest that the marihuana aggressiveness could at least partially be mediated through the brain catecholamines. Haloperidol, chlorpromazine, α‐methyl‐p‐tyrosine, and reserpine decreased the marihuana aggressiveness of the deprived rats. Increase of dopamine concentration by previous treatment with Dopa potentiated aggressiveness. Blockade of norepinephrine synthesis by FLA‐63 was ineffective in reducing marihuana aggressiveness in the REM‐sleep‐deprived rats. Actually, in these animals aggressiveness appreared even without the marihuana injection. Phenoxybenzamine partially blocked marihuana aggressiveness but also severely depressed the rats. However, 20 mg/kg alone succeeded in provoking aggressiveness in the deprived rats. It is suggested that in rats with neural excitability heightened by previous REM‐sleep deprivation dopamine facilitates aggressive behavior, an effect inhibited by porepinephrine. This hypothesis would imply that marihuana induces aggressiveness in REM‐sleep‐deprived rats by inhibiting, through an as yet unknown mechanism, the central

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1974)1:1<81::AID-AB2480010107>3.0.CO;2-#

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1974)1:1<101::AID-AB2480010108>3.0.CO;2-W

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1974)1:1<::AID-AB2480010102>3.0.CO;2-P

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY