ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn 1964 a waste disposal firm began dumping neutralized spent pickling liquors into an abandoned strip mine in eastern Ohio. In 1970 the disposal pit was enlarged and shortly thereafter significant water pollution problems began to occur. Highly mineralized fluids began to leak from the disposal pit into the surrounding spoil material and eventually into streams and ponds. These solutions are characterized by a low pH and excessive concentrations of dissolved solids, hardness, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, iron, fluoride, aluminum, chromium, nickel, and zinc.In addition to the contamination by steel mill wastes, acid‐mine drainage from surrounding areas degrades both surface and ground water. Acid‐mine drainage is characterized by a low pH, and high concentrations of dissolved solids, hardness, sulfate, and iron.Geohydrologic and geochemical data clearly illustrate that abandoned strip mines should not be used for the storage of toxic liquid or semiliquid materi

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMost municipal waste treatment systems receive, treat, and eventually discard to some segment of the environment storm runoff and liquid wastes from all industrial, commercial, and domestic areas and establishments in the community. At any given time these wastes may contain viruses, antibiotics, hormones, nutrients, weedkillers, fungicides, pesticides, trace metals, and an almost countless number of toxic chemical compounds. Present treatment by the old, ineffectual sewage treatment methods and facilities still employed generally does not remove nor reduce to a harmless state all of the hazardous materials contained in the waste streams entering the plant. Some are more concentrated when they leave the plant in effluent and sludge than they were upon entry.Existing pollution protection laws prohibit surface‐water dilution of these effluents and sludges. Drying, burning, or distilling them is very costly, causes air pollution, and produces potentially hazardous chemical residues which still must be disposed of in some nonpolluting fashion. There are no “technologically feasible, economically reasonable” alternative methods of effectively treating these wastes to an acceptable quality level for discharge to streams. For these reasons, land disposal of sewage effluent and sludges now is being widely promoted and employed as the best available method of treatment.It is estimated that as many as 300 municipalities have gone to the land to solve their sewage plant waste problems in recent months. Many of these have been at least partially funded with State and Federal grants. If similar permits and financial assistance continue to be granted in the future, it is anticipated that several thousand municipalities will follow suit within the next few

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Nassau County Department of Public Works, recharged tertiary‐treated sewage (reclaimed water) into the Magothy aquifer in 13 recharge experiments between 1968 and 1973. The recharge resulted in a degradation in water quality with respect to iron concentration and pH. Iron concentration increased from the range 0.14 to 0.30 milligrams per litre to as much as 3 milligrams per litre at the 20‐, 100‐, and 200‐foot or 6.1‐, 30‐, and 61‐metre observation wells as the reclaimed water displaced native water. The increase was presumably a result of pyrite dissolution. The pH of the water decreased from the range 5.22 to 5.72 to a low of about 4.50, predominantly as a result of cation‐exc

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03061.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSalt‐water migration into relatively shallow rocks in the western half of West Virginia is already rather far advanced. Because of the wide distribution of salty ground water and connate brine at various depths, it is difficult to determine how much of the contamination is natural and how much is the result of subsurface industrial activities. Although some local salt‐water problems are the result of oil and gas operations, much of the regional near‐surface salt water is a natural condition unrelated to deep drilling or other industrial activities.Ground water is usually more abundant from consolidated aquifers beneath the valleys than from beneath the ridges. However, the presence of shallow salt water beneath the valleys imposes limitations on the availability of fresh water from a single well. Because most well fields must be located along the populated valleys, the problem of interception of salt water is the most important factor limiting development of consolidated bedrock aquifers. By utilizing the history of development and operation of well fields, an estimate of the availability of fresh water can be made, and test drilling and new well field construction guided accordingly.During 1971 to 1974, more than a dozen small communities in Logan and Boone Counties started development of public‐water supplies from wells. Existing water‐supply problems in these areas are being solved by using the cumulative experience of other communities in the area. Ground water is currently being developed in valley areas of Logan County such as Man to Lorado, Essie to Big Creek, and Huff Creek to Mallory. Adequate well fields have recently been successfully constructed just above shallow salt water in bedrock aquifers at Hattie in Calhoun County, near Madison in Boone County, near Southside in Mason County, and at Prichard in Wayne County. In all of these areas of successful construction, the essential information for initial test drilling was obtained by detailed hydrogeologic work at the prospective sites. Most important was the determination of the maximum depth of fresh water, well spacing and pump

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03062.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBiological activity occurring in subsurface regions below the soil zone may be of considerable importance in determining the fate and effect of pollutants in ground water, but this possibility has received little previous attention. This paper comprises a discussion of subsurface biological activity in regard to ground‐water pollution as reflected by available literature references. The subsurface environment is discussed in terms of factors likely to be of greatest significance in regard to the development of biological systems, and previous investigations of subsurface microbial activity are reviewed. Available information indicates the presence in the upper continental crust of the earth of numerous regions, particularly those of sedimentary origin, which are probably suitable habitats for many microbial species. Previous investigations of subsurface microbial activity clearly show the presence of diverse microbial populations in many subsurface regions below the soil zone. Hence, microbial activity appears both possible and probable in most subsurface regions of importance in regard to ground water. Further elucidation of the extent and nature of microbial activity in subsurface regions is needed in developing methods for predicting the impact on ground‐water quality of pollutants released into the earth's cr

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03063.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAlthough more than 60 million individuals rely upon the absence of microbial pathogens in their marginally‐treated or untreated ground‐water supplies, an analysis of reported waterborne disease outbreaks for the period 1946‐1970 shows that contaminated ground‐water supplies were responsible for over 50 percent of the outbreaks. Completed ground‐water studies indicate: (1) coliforms and fecal coliforms are present in a significant percentage of improperly located or inadequately protected private supplies, and (2) the apparent absence of coliforms due to the insensitivity of currently available bacteriological methods does not preclude pathogen occurrences. Excessive bacterial populations, normally not encountered in finished water, can suppress coliform detection. For this reason, it is essential that improved bacterial detection methods be developed and other criteria for untreated ground water be explored by comprehensive field investigations and laboratory analysis of ground‐water supplies for a variety of bacterial

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03064.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe ground waters of Runnels County, Texas, are highly contaminated with nitrate. The average nitrate concentration of 230 water samples was 250 mg/I NO3.The natural variations of the stable nitrogen isotopes N14and N15identified natural soil nitrate as the predominant source. Nitrate from animal wastes was of minor importance. The δN15range of natural soil nitrate was +2 to +8% whereas the δN15range of animal waste nitrate was +10 to +20%‐ (Atmospheric nitrogen was used as a standard for mass spectrometric analysis. Experimental error for sample preparation and isotopic analysis was ±1 %.) More than 66 percent of the ground‐water nitrates analyzed were in the δN15range of natural soil nitrates.Dryland farming since 1900 has caused the oxidation of the organic nitrogen in the soil to nitrate. Minimal fertilizer has been used because of the lack of suitable water for irrigation. During the period 1900‐1950, nitrate was leached below the root zone but not to the water table. Extensive terracing after the drought in the early 1950's has raised the water table approximately 6 meters and has leached the nitrate into the ground water. Tritium dates indicate that the ground water is less than 20

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03065.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03066.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03067.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY