ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTGrouting of water wells is commonly done to increase the well life and to protect the water supply. When Portland cement‐based grouts cure, a by‐product of the process is heat of hydration which causes increased temperatures in the vicinity of the well casing. Since thermoplastic casing materials lose significant strength at elevated temperatures, it is important to know what range of temperature increases might be associated with the grouting operation.A series of experiments has been performed to determine these temperature increases. Wells were simulated in the laboratory and temperatures monitored throughout the casing‐grout‐soil system. Results indicate that under certain circumstances the casing temperature could increase by as much as 180° F; however, for nominal 1 1/2‐inch grout thicknesses, casing temperature increases between 17° F and 26° F w

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTracers are used widely to determine the direction and velocity of ground‐water movement. Failures of tracer tests are most commonly a result of incorrect choice of tracers, insufficient concentrations of tracers, and a lack of an understanding of the hydrogeologic system being tested. Some of the most useful general tracers are bromide chloride, rhodamine WT, and various fluorocarbons. For certain purposes, dyed clubmoss and baker's yeast have proved valuable. Many radionuclides including3H,82Br, and198Au are almost ideal for numerous purposes, but radiation hazards associated with their use together with local, State, and Federal regulations have discouraged widespread field applications in recent years within the United State

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA gravity survey was conducted as part of a ground‐water investigation covering 400 mi2(1,000 km2) in Outagamie County, northeastern Wisconsin. The objective of the gravity survey was to supplement bedrock topography data obtained from well logs and seismic refraction profiles. The gravity method was chosen as it is a rapid and low‐cost reconnaissance technique, and conditions in the study area were favorable for a successful gravimetric survey. The simple Bouguer gravity values were referenced to a local base station as only relative gravity values were required. The data were interpolated to a regular grid by an inverse‐distance weighted average algorithm. The gravity residual was derived using a five‐ring inverse weighted filtering routine. The residual map accurately reflects the major topographic features of the bedrock surface. A two‐dimensional geologic model fitted to the residual data agrees well with the simple flat plate approximation used to obtain quantitative estimates of glacial drift thickness. Estimates of drift thickness from the gravity data also agree well with bedrock depths obtained from well logs. The most productive drift aquifers are restricted to the major bedrock valleys. Gravity data were coupled with seismic refraction and well data to produce a bedrock elevation map, from which it is possible to predict the extent and distribution of the major drift

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe Tucson, Arizona, metropolitan area has 450,000 inhabitants and is expected to have nearly 800,000 inhabitants by the year 2000. Tucson is totally dependent on ground water drawn from two basin aquifer systems for its water supplies, as are agricultural, mineral and industrial operations in the area.Municipal, agricultural, mineral and industrial ground‐water withdrawals in the two basins amount to some 376,000 acre‐feet per year (AFY). Dependable ground‐water supplies in the two basins amounts to about 80,000 AFY. Thus, the two aquifer systems are overdrafted by approximately 296,000 AFY, 80 percent of which is by irrigation agriculture.In Arizona, ground water belongs to the owner of the land overlying the aquifer. To ensure adequate ground‐water supplies, the City of Tucson has been purchasing and retiring farmlands in one of the basins. However, litigation that reached the Arizona Supreme Court led the Court to rule that the City could pump only 2.4 AFY per acre of farmland retired. The City has retired about 12,000 acres in the basin and in 1978 withdrew some 20,000 AFY of ground water for municipal use.Retiring these farmlands to secure water rights impacts on area economy and creates weed problems for farmers who own land near the retired lands. The City of Tucson budgets about $50,000 annually for weed control.A possible alternative to retiring farmlands and to cultivating crops that require heavy irrigation is cultivating arid‐adapted vegetation that has economic potential. Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub native to the Sonoran Desert that appears to be an economically viable arid‐land crop. It needs about 1.5 AFY per acre compared with traditional crops grown in the Southwest that have average needs of 4 AFY or more.The economic value of jojoba is based on the oil extracted from its seeds. It is a unique, unsaturated oil composed of nonglyceride esters consisting almost entirely of straight‐chain acids and alcohols. Such oils are difficult to synthesize in commercial quantities, and the only known natural source is the sperm whale, an endangered species.If farmers in the basin cultivated jojoba, water use could be reduced by about 2.5 AFY per acre, from 4 AFY per acre for traditional crops to 1.5 AFY for jojoba. Even if the City of Tucson had to subsidize farmers at a rate of $40 per acre for the 10 years it takes jojoba to produce economically feasible yields, the City would save more than 50 percent of the cost to purchase and retire farmlands and still be able to draw water from the basin for municipal uses.This dual use of water in the basin would permit agriculture to continue its contribution to area economy while the City could continue meeting its water needs by piping water out of the basin into the metropolitan area. However, implementing this plan would require changing Arizona grou

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe ground‐water system in many of the irrigated areas of the Colorado River Basin is derived almost entirely from deep percolation of irrigation water and seepage from irrigation conveyance and tail‐water collection systems. Salt pickup rates from irrigated soils in the basin vary in the different areas. Among the high salt pickup areas is the Grand Valley in western Colorado, estimated at 8 tons/acre/year. Water entering the ground‐water supply from irrigation practices in the valley amounts to about 145,000 acre‐feet/year and contributes about 690,000 tons/year to the salt load of the Colorado River. Samples of base‐flow water from the weathered Mancos Shale aquifer in the valley vary in salinity from about 1,500 to about 9,000 mg/l with a mean of 4,100 mg/l; while water samples from alluvial aquifers range from 305 to 124,000 mg/l with a mean of about 11,500 mg/l. Base‐flow returning to the river in the drains and washes has concentrations that average about 4,200 mg/l.Water losses and quantities of irrigation return flows can be reduced by improving farm irrigation efficiencies and by partial or complete lining of canals, laterals, and ditches. Increasing on‐farm irrigation efficiency through system improvements and irrigation scheduling is the most cost‐effective measure. However, achievement of higher efficiencies will require changes in water laws to encourage conservation and revised water pricing policies that d

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDespite sufficient rainfall, large parts of Eastern India suffer from water scarcity. Ground water occurs in weathered or semiweathered/fractured layers in hard‐rock areas whose thickness varies, in general, from 5 to 20 m.Ground‐water studies have been carried out in several areas in and around Dhanbad (Lat. 23°48′N, Long. 86°24′E) in Bihar State of India. The area covers Pre‐Cambrian hornblende and feldspathic gneisses, schists, granulites, quartzites, metabasics and pegmatities. The area forms a part of ENE‐WSW trending Satpura orogenic belt. The quartz reefs formed as fault fillings act as barriers to the flow of ground water. Geophysical investigations, using electrical methods, with Schlumberger configuration using AB up to 300 m were carried out at most of the locations. Conventional resistivity meters were used for this purpose.The data from 78 Schlumberger soundings has been analysed. Both A and H type curves were obtained. Spectrum of resistivity values has been prepared to study the over‐all variation of resistivity values in the area. It is observed that the curves with arithmetic mean values are quite representative. The values obtained from spectral and regression analyses are nearly the same.The results of geoelectric soundings have been compared with the geological section wherever available. It is inferred that the thickness of the weathered layer as deduced from Schlumberger soundings includes partly the unweathered/fractured layer as well. An attempt has been made to find an empirical relationship between the daily yield of water in gallons/day and the longitudinal conductance (s = h/p) of the weathered layer. Two empirical relationships have been obtained, one for the winter months, December‐January and the other for the summer months, June‐July. A suitable explanation for the two cu

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThrough the years the Theis equation has played an important role in ground‐water hydrology. Comparison of experimental pumping‐test data with this theoretical curve by graphic means has been a standard method of determining aquifer transmissivity and storage. The purpose of this paper is to present a technique and an algorithm to automatically fit experimental pumping‐test data to the Theis equation by obtaining the “best” transmissivity and storage in the least squares sense through the use of sensitivity analysis. The automated fit for pumping‐test data developed in this work should be a useful tool for the ground‐water hydrologist. Use of the technique is simple, quick, and inexpensive, and has the advantage of always being objective. As a measure of the error in fitting, the rms deviation in drawdown is calculated for the “best” transmiss

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe assumptions inherent in the theoretical analysis of constant drawdown overflow tests are difficult to achieve in practice. This paper shows that, even if there is a restriction in the flow which causes some delay in the achievement of the constant drawdown condition, the theoretical discharge curve is followed once the constant drawdown condition is reached. Recovery tests following overflow are also examined and it is shown that the discharge used in the calculation should be the discharge at the instant that the test is stopped. Further, it is demonstrated that if well and formation losses occur, the aquifer response is distinctly different from that of the theoretical analysis.A brief description is given of an alternative method of analysis using a numerical model. A preliminary study of a field test yields promising results.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY