ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01738.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPredictions of where and how a fluid waste may travel from disposal site to the water table require detailed information on the physical characteristics, location, and extent of all pervious and impervious materials in the unsaturated zone. Principles concerning the flow system in the unsaturated zone indicate the importance of choice of disposal technique in predicting the time required for the fluid waste to traverse the distance to the water table. With appropriate data on the location, extent, and physical properties of water‐bearing materials and on the boundaries of the saturated zone flow system, it is possible to analyze the relative merits of a variety of waste disposal techniques and to describe the probable consequences of each. Environments of consolidated rocks, such as granites, sandstones, and limestones, pose problems in addition to those related to unconsolidated or granular porous media in defining the fluid‐flow regimes that involve joint patterns, fracture patterns, solutional openings, and the rock structure.The consequences of ground‐water contamination can be just as damaging to water users as the pollution of surface streams. In fact it can be argued that the consequences are far more damaging because they persist over much longer periods of time after the contaminating source has been eliminated. It would appear prudent, therefore, to guard against contamination of the ground‐water resource in the first instance, rather than to engage in long expensive rehabilitation measures after the damage has been done.In 1960 Graham Walton presented data concerning contamination, by sewage or other man‐made wastes, of surface and underground waters. The circumstances attending the reported incidents of contamination, especially those involving ground‐water supplies, have aided materially in the choice of a few principles and ideas that will identify the role of some significant hydrologic factors in the underground movement of fluid wastes.Walton's discussion of ground‐water contamination refers often to physical settings into which fluid wastes are discharged at or near the land surface into cesspools, tile‐drain fields, and holding ponds. Furthermore, most reported instances of ground‐water contamination have taken place i

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01739.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFuture water‐level declines in deep sandstone wells penetrating the Cambrian‐Ordovician Aquifer, the most highly developed aquifer for large ground‐water supplies in the Chicago region, are considered. The Cambrian‐Ordovician Aquifer is encountered at an average depth of about 500 feet below the land surface at Chicago; it has an average thickness of 1000 feet and is composed chiefly of sandstones and dolomites. Recharge is received from overlying glacial deposits in areas averaging 47 miles west of Chicago and from leakage through a shale confining bed.Geohydrologic conditions are simulated by a model aquifer, i. e., a semi‐infinite rectilinear strip of sandstones and dolomites 84 miles wide and 1000 feet thick. The model aquifer is bounded by a recharge boundary 47 miles west of Chicago and by two intersecting barrier boundaries 37 miles east and 60 miles south of Chicago, and is overlain by a confining bed consisting mostly of shale averaging 200 feet thick. The hydraulic properties of the model aquifer and its confining bed, the image‐well theory, and appropriate ground‐water formulas are used to construct a mathematical model which provides a means of evaluating the practical sustained yield of the aquifer and predicting future water‐level declines. Records of past pumpage and water levels establish the validity of this mechanism as a model of the response of the aquifer to heavy pumping.Pumpage from deep sandstone wells concentrated in six pumping centers has increased from 200,000 gallons per day (gpd) in 1864 to 96.5 millions of gallons per day (mgd) in 1961. As a result of heavy pumping, water levels in deep sandstone wells declined more than 650 feet at Chicago between 1864 and 1961.The maximum amount of water that can be continually withdrawn from existing pumping centers without creating critical water levels or exceeding recharge is estimated to be about 46 mgd. Withdrawals from the Cambrian‐Ordovician Aquifer have exceeded the practical sustained yield since 1959. It is estimated that about 65 mgd could be obtained by shifting one existing pumping center toward the west and by adding 2 new pumping centers north and northwest of Chicago.Unless lake water is made available to those areas with short supply a pumpage increase from 96.5 mgd in 1961 to 243 mgd in 2010 can be expected. Using this pumpage increase and taking into consideration dewatering of portions of upper units of the aquifer, declines in nonpumping water levels that may be expected between 1963 and 2010 at existing pumping centers were computed by using the mathematical model.Pumping water levels in most pumping centers will be at critical stages a few feet above the top of the lowermost and most productive unit of th

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01740.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNumerous articles have been written in the past on the methods and techniques of resistivity and seismic exploration in ground‐water studies, however, few articles ever show why a specific type of survey was chosen and what the results or relative costs of such a survey were. In this paper, the authors have attempted to illustrate why particular techniques are chosen and indicate the actual results of the study. In addition, the general cost of the study is mentioned so that one might compare the cost versus other savings or benefits on the project.The four studies indicate that savings on projects may vary from many thousands of dollars to good will depending on the nature of the problem to be solve

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01741.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractApproximately 4 pounds of refuse per capita per day are produced in the United States. The term refuse, as used here, refers to the useless, unused, unwanted, or discarded solid waste materials resulting from normal community activities; refuse includes such materials as garbage, rubbish, ashes, street refuse, dead animals, and solid industrial wastes (Anon., 1958). Thus, every day our urban population produces over 400,000,000 pounds of refuse that must be disposed of by dumping on land, grinding and disposal with sewage, incineration or that must be made reusable by one or more reclamation processes. Over 1400 communities dispose of their refuse by sanitary landfill techniques, i.e., compaction and covering with compacted earth on suitable land by use of mechanical equipment such as crawler type tractors (Figure 1). Many thousands more dispose of this material in open dumps on land without the degree of sanitary control recommended by health agencies (Figure 2).Wherever refuse is deposited on land, the potential impact on surface waters or subterranean aquifers may be significant. This can be better appreciated when one considers, for example, that ordinary community refuse may have a 5‐day BOD of 14,000 to 180,000 ppm and an alkalinity (to MO as CaCO3) of 2600 to more than 23,000 ppm, as shown in Table 1 (Anon., 1952a). In one study bacteriological examination of landfill material showed an average of 740,000 coliforms per gram of refuse. The leachate from a landfill has been found to have a 5‐day BOD from 6 to more than 7000 ppm (Carpenter and Setter, 1940; McDermott, 1950).The question is, of course, what does this mean translated into terms of potential ground‐water pollution? And further, when this potential is known, what then are the practicalities involved in present disposal practices and their implications with respect to the development of existing and future ground‐water pollution p

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01742.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe modern water well contractor is a combination structural engineer, mechanic, geologist and sanitarian. Contractor's skills and accumulated knowledge should be assembled within an area and used as the basis for design and water well specifications. Engineering a water well should have the primary objective of obtaining an adequate supply of potable water, with equal importance placed upon the protection of the source of supply.The drilling of a test bore should be included in the design of every water well. A properly drilled and accurately logged test bore can determine exact design features and equipment requirements. In an area where formation samples may be deceiving and where a more accurate log is required, it is possible to contract for an electric log of the test bore. When it is essential to obtain truly representative samples in an uncontaminated form, core samples may be taken as the test bore is being drilled.Well drillers have the right in most places to procure water for the consumers in the quantities available, and along with this right, they have the obligation of preventing contamination or depletion of the source of supply. It is the well drilling contractor's position to either directly design his projects or consult with the designing agent, making recommendations that will enhance quality rather than convenience or economy.The water well driller should acquaint his customer with modern construction procedures and modern water well design just as he has become aware of building codes and architectural specifications in the construction of buildings and homes. Contractors must keep pace with the achievements of technical people associated with the water well industry by self‐education and incentive. The water well industry should be, and is, proud of its responsibility.The design and construction of a water well is no longer limited to the procurement of underground water, but also entails certain obligations on the part of the designer or contractor. Every industry, particularly those who produce consumer goods, have certain responsibilities, but none of their products are as absolutely essential to the existance of life or have a more important role in the social and economic welfare of mankind than the product of the water well drilling industry.No other group has more knowledge of the vast underground water resources or the importance of t

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01743.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTransmissibility (T) may be estimated from the results of routine pumping tests of water wells when only discharge (Q), drawdown (s) and aquifer thickness (m) are known:

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe determination of aquifer transmissibility by the bail‐test method can be considerably simplified if proper attention is paid to the regular spacing of bailer cycles. The transmissibility calculation will then depend on the evaluation of the difference between two numbers, instead of on the evaluation and summation of a large set of numbers, one number for each bailer cycle. The mathematical development on which this method is based is given briefly and a table listing the sums of the reciprocals of the natural numbers, which is used in the simplified determination, is also presented.The formula for the recovery of the water level after repeated bailing of a well completed in a confined aquifer (Skibitzke, 1958) may be written (Ferris et al., 1962

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1964.tb01748.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY