摘要:

ABSTRACTThe principal studies concerned with the ground‐water pollution potential from sanitary landfills and dump grounds have been conducted in California, South Dakota, Illinois and England. These studies have all demonstrated that leachates are highly pollutional in characteristics, but once they pass into the surrounding soil regime, the attenuation mechanisms of dilution, adsorption and microbial degradation tend to reduce the impact of this loading on the underground‐water supply.A survey of practice in twenty‐one States in the United States regarding ground‐water pollution from landfill operation showed that not much new research was underway; there was much variation in the code and laws dealing with ground‐water pollution; and suggested distances from landfill to water wells varied from 50 to 1000 feet.Finally, based on the literature findings plus the result of the State survey, a set of recommendations are offered to minimize ground‐water pollution problems stemming from landfill

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02895.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02896.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMining operations within the Coeur d'Alene District of northern Idaho have been continuous for over 85 years. Data presented herein demonstrate that early day mining and milling wastes are now affecting the ground‐water quality in several locations. One of the affected areas is the lower Canyon Creek Basin located in the Coeur d'Alene District near Wallace, Idaho.Ground‐water pollution of the Canyon Creek Basin results from leaching of old mine tailings that are intermixed with the upper part of the sand and gravel aquifer. High zinc, lead and cadmium concentrations occur in ground water and soil samples taken from the portion of the sand and gravel aquifer containing old mine tailings.Analysis of water samples from a settling pond located in the upper portion of the study area indicates that the pond water is not the source of the heavy metal concentrations found in the ground water. However, the water from the pond's decanting system provides recharge to ground water and compounds the prob

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02897.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02898.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDevelopment of mountain homesites is accelerating in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado. These homesites often require individual water wells and sewage disposal systems. Unfortunately, the widely used septic tankleach field system generally is not suited for use in the mountainous terrain where soils are thin or missing. Although current federal regulations call for six feet or more of soil at the leach field site, many of the individual sewage disposal systems now in operation in the Rocky Mountain Region of Colorado fail to meet this requirement. Sewage effluent at these sites may directly enter bedrock fractures and travel large distances without being purified. As a consequence, contamination of streams, lakes, and ground water from these malfunctioning leach fields has become a problem of increasing magnitude.Investigations of geologic, topographic, and hydrologic conditions at over 100 homesites in the Rocky Mountains of north‐central Colorado have resulted in the development of objective criteria for evaluating pollution potential at mountain homesites. In addition, the results of these investigations indicate that contamination of water wells may be decreased significantly where geologic conditions are considered in the selection of sites for leach fields and wells. Although the results of these studies should be considered preliminary, they do tend to confirm that the orientation of jointing surfaces in the bedrock significantly affects the travel path of contaminant

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02899.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNatural concentrations of nitrate are quite low in most ground waters in the eastern part of the San Joaquin Valley. High nitrate contents are related to sewage effluent percolation ponds, septic tank disposal systems, industrial waste‐waters, and agricultural fertilizers. Hydrologic factors are closely related to the occurrence of nitrate. Transmissibility of the aquifer, hardpan development in the soil, canal recharge, and cobble zones in the subsurface are the primary factors of importance. Nitrate is stratified in the aquifer beneath unsewered metropolitan areas and highest contents occur in the upper 50 or 60 feet. Water quality hydrographs were used to show long‐ and short‐term trends in nitrate. Chloride and nitrate hydrographs, trilinear diagrams, the distribution of other constituents, and hydrologic data were used to effectively delineate sources of nitrate in areas where numerous potential sources were present. Conclusions from ground‐water data agree well with previous studies in other areas beneath unsewered tracts and near sewage treatment plants in which attention was focused primarily on the soil or the unsaturat

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02900.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe inter‐relationships between an industrial plant and a shallow sand aquifer of glacial origin are described. These relationships include industrial and potable water supplies, industrial and human waste water disposal systems, the hydraulics of the pollution of the ground‐water aquifer and the types of corrective actions taken to re‐establish the wise use of the ground‐water resource. Also reviewed are the ground‐water movement‐quality relationship, well designs, method of drilling, well redevelopment and ground‐w

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02901.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02902.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMathematical models for simulating ground water and radionuclide movement as a function of time and space are being developed. In addition to the models, a man‐machine interactive computer system is under development for use in model applications. In total, the research and development program will produce a management and engineering tool for use in analysis, decisions and policy formulations relative to management of ground‐water systems.The system is separated into sequential or parallel components that can be modeled independently of each other. This results in maximum capability to simulate all combinations of situations that may be encountered and in ease of modifying or refining the models independently without having to reformulate the entire system. The system is composed of three major categories of models: (1) data models; (2) hydraulic models; and (3) water quality (transport) models. Data models calculate input characteristics required for operation of the hydraulic and water quality models from a minimum of field measurements. The Transmissivity Iterative Routine for calculating transmissivity distributions and the Sorption Transmissivity Routine for calculating sorption coefficient distributions are two types of data models. The hydraulic models predict the flow of ground water in saturated and un‐saturated soils. The Partially‐Saturated Transient Model, which describes unsaturated, transient flow, and the Variable Thickness Transient Model, which describes saturated, transient flow, are included in this category. The water quality models predict the movement of the waste through the subsurface soils. The Macro‐ion Transport Model, which describes macro‐ion movement, and the Micro‐ion Transport Model, which describes micro‐ion movement, are included in this category. The assumptions used in developing the system of models, justification of these assumptions, the interrelationship of each of the models, and the intended application of the entire system are presented.The man‐machine interactive computer system provides an efficient means for the engineer to interact in the problem solving functions using the previously discussed models. The system allows the engineer to rapidly scan a large number of alternatives and use his experience in rapidly converging on a solution. The components of the computer system and their functions are described. Examples showing how the computer system is being used with models that have been develo

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSalty ground water is commonly encountered at relatively shallow depths of 100 to 300 feet beneath the major stream channels in the western half of West Virginia. Because of the wide distribution of salty ground water and connate brine at various depths, it is difficult to distinguish natural contamination from that caused by subsurface industrial activities. Natural changes in quality apparently are minor. The available historical data indicate no large‐scale natural variations in salt content during the period of record. Histories of some water well developments show unnatural large‐scale increases in salt content from various industrial activities that affect the fresh water zones. Some records also reveal decreases in salt content after the source of the salt was eliminated or after the subsurface activity responsible for artificial migration of the salt water was stopped.Artesian brine contaminated a fresh water aquifer in Fayette County. Chloride content changed from 53 mg/l to more than 1,900 mg/l in a period of 5½ years. When pumping was stopped, chloride content decreased to 55 mg/l in 10 years.Heavy pumping of well fields in Charleston during 1930 to 1956 accelerated migration upward of salt water. Chloride content increased from less than 100 mg/l to more than 300 mg/l in some wells and to more than 1,000 mg/l at individual wells. Pumpage has declined greatly since 1956 and chloride content has decreased below 200 mg/l at some of the contaminated wells.In an oil field of Kanawha County, a water well was contaminated by salt water accelerated by subsurface activities. Chloride content increased from less than 100 mg/l to more than 2,900 mg/l within 2 months. After the oil‐field activity was curtailed, chloride content decreased to 190 mg/l in about 2½ years. Road salt piles contaminated a carbonate aquifer in Monroe County. Chloride concentrations in wells located 1,500 feet from the piles increased from 185 mg/l to 1,000 mg/l in 5 years. The greatest change was 1,000 mg/l in 1969 to 7,200 mg/l in 1970 when the salt storage area was enlarged. All salt piles were removed in late 1970 and within 2 months chloride content decreased to 1

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02904.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY