摘要:

AbstractIt is the State's responsibility to see that its ground‐water resources are developed with as little “red tape” as possible.The well driller's responsibility is to his customers.Both State ground‐water agencies and water well drillers can carry out their responsibilities best by working together. Such cooperation can eliminate unnecessary drilling regulations and result in better wells through exchange of information.In many instances, overdevelopment or contamination of an aquifer could have been avoided if drillers and States had worked together, rather than in opposite dir

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01897.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe City of Fort Lauderdale's Prospect well field, near the coast in southeastern Florida, is developed in the highly permeable Biscayne aquifer. Major drainage canals which transect the well‐field area are hydraulically connected with the aquifer. Although the canals were designed primarily to drain ground water from storage during wet periods, they serve also to convey water eastward from large inland conservation areas during dry periods, to replenish the aquifer in coastal areas, and to retard salt‐water encroachment.An aquifer analog plotter and model were used to predict changes in ground‐water levels in the Prospect well‐field area caused by changes in the regulation of the canals. Analysis of the model showed that if water stages in the canals were controlled at locations downstream from existing control structures, the area of recharge from the canals to the well field would be increased and a rise in ground‐water levels would result. The increase in ground‐water storage would permit larger withdrawals from existing facilities and would offer additional protection from salt‐water

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01898.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an attempt at partially counteracting the serious depletion of ground‐water resources at Peoria, Illinois, a method for artificial replenishment has been developed by the Illinois State Water Survey and used in two well fields. Water taken from the Illinois River is chlorinated and infiltrated into the ground‐water aquifers by means of recharge pits.Potential pollutants of physical, chemical, bacterial, and radioactive nature are present in the river at all times in varying degrees. Possible pollution of the ground water is patently inherent to the artificial recharge process.Eight years of operating experience have proven the pit method of recharge to be effective in the Peoria area. Substantial quantities of water are recharged annually and existing standards for quality have been met. The results serve to point out problems which are encountered; to emphasize the need for control measures; and to establish trends and effects which may become important in the fut

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01899.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe practice of placing gravel by the hydraulic method of pumping gravel into the well bore or underreamed section of the hole and into the annular space around the screen sections and blank liner is discussed.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01900.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe technical and administrative aspects of radioactive waste management in the light of existing experience and knowledge is discussed. This discussion is related to possible future requirements for the adequate engineering, public health and administrative control of radioactive effluents from various nuclear energy activities.The variety of radioactive wastes are categorized in a general way on the basis of their hazard potential to emphasize that the problem of radioactive waste management has numerous facets and is not amenable to a single, universal solution. The role of specific environments in waste disposal practices is summarized and the basic approaches (“dilute and disperse” and “concentrate and contain”) to effluent control are defined. Distinction is made between basic radiation protection standards or guides, and operating or performance criteria that must be established in connection with effluent control operations in order to assure the protection of public health and safety.Examples of radioactive waste disposal practice and experience in the United States for different types of wastes are described and tentative conclusions are drawn regarding the capabilities and limitations of these practices.The scope and objectives of the research and development program in this field are summarized. The status of work in major waste disposal development projects is noted.Development of guides and criteria and their application in establishment of health and safety regulations and other pertinent administrative procedures is discussed. The utilization, to the maximum practicable extent, of existing laws and administrative procedures in existing agencies at various levels of government is suggested as being advantageous from an administrative and public relations standpoint.Economic factors related to handling and disposal of radioactive wastes are noted, including relation of nuclear plant location to disposal requirements. It is pointed out that, although total costs for treatment and disposal are substantial, the cost per unit of electrical energy produced is a rather small percentage of the total cost per unit of

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01901.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndustry uses water for two basic purposes; for cooling and for process. The volume used for cooling is far greater than that used for process and on that basis, water for cooling is the most important use of this resource by industry. Generally, the water used for cooling or process purposes ranges in character from fresh to brackish; that is, waters having a sodium chloride concentration ranging from a few ppm to less than 3000 ppm. Above a concentration of 3000 ppm, the water is generally classified as salt or saline and it is this water and its potential use by industry which is discussed in this paper.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01902.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInvestigations of the fluctuations of chloride content in wells that tap the zone of diffusion between fresh and salt water show that the salty well water behaves erratically when the well is pumped. Frequently, a static distribution of chloride content that ranges from less than 1,000 ppm at the top to more than 10,000 ppm at the bottom is present in the open‐hole part of a well. When the well is pumped, the discharge water tends to come from the upper part of the open hole because less energy is expended by removal of low‐density water from this region than by removal of high‐density water from the lower part of the open hole. Where the permeability of strata in the deep part of the open hole is greater than that in the shallow part, the tendency for natural selection of the less dense, shallow water is suppressed, and practically all the water in the blend comes from the deep part.As a result of this complex interrelation of hydraulics, distribution and density of the salt water, and permeability, the depth at which the pumped water enters the well bore is indeterminate. This deficiency leads to the use of multiple‐depth‐bottle, windshield‐wiper, and electrical‐conductivity sampling techniques for collection of data used in constructing maps and cross sections that show the areal‐depth relations of salt water in the Biscayne aquifer of the Miam

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper geophysical techniques, as used in ground‐water exploration are subdivided into “bore‐hole” and “surface” methods. The former include the commonly used electrical and gamma‐ray logging and the less commonly used hole calipering and current meter logging. Also included with this classification, but important enough to be considered separately, is the field of water‐level measurements. The surface techniques discussed include electrical resistivity and refraction seismograph exploration.Because of the type of data which they yield the surface methods are most economical where much area is to be explored and large quantities of water are needed. These factors limit the use of the techniques by small water well contractors in domestic water well work. These same contractors, on the other hand, can gain real economic advantages, in many cases, by use of one or more of the bore‐hole methods.Geophysical methods properly used can do much to guide the water well contractor. It is extremely important, however, that their use be carefully directed because in the past, where geophysical methods have failed, it has often been due to the incorrect application of the technique, rather than a failure

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01904.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe lowering of ground‐water levels by pumping from Horizontal or vertical wells near a surface stream may cause water to move from the stream into the water‐bearing materials by the process known as induced infiltration. In such cases, the natural deposits of sand and gravel serve as large natural filter beds effectively removing or reducing turbidity, organic matter and pathogenic bacteria. This paper discusses the general processes by which such removal is accomplished as well as the significance of certain changes in chemical characteristics of the water as it passes from a surface source to an underground point of collection. By a better understanding of the processes involved, the bacteriological and chemical quantities of infiltrated water supplies can be impro

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01905.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper, some examples of original Russian work in the development of the theory of ground‐water flow are given. Their practical usefulness is analyzed. Comparisons with some of the more refined Western methods are made. Typical examples include seepage under hydraulic structures and well flow in leaky aquifer

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY