ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01628.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA supply of good‐quality water is our most critical natural resource, for our municipal growth and an increasingly healthy industrial base. The economic viability of our farms depends upon it. The locating and development of this resource is the province of the hydrogeologist.The hydrogeologist is more than just a ground‐water geologist, for he deals with water in virtually every geologic situation, above‐the water table as well as below it, and at the surface as well as underground.The hydrogeologist must of course possess the necessary background in the allied sciences and fluid mechanics, and should know something of the social science aspects of water decision‐making. He must be able to work closely with the civil and sanitary engineers, and he must be able to make himself understood to planners.In performing his work he has a responsibility to society, and this is equated with a responsibility to his profession. As Martin Van Couvering has said, the respect that our profession deserves “cannot be bought or solicited; it has to be earned by the right kind of per

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01629.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn 1966 more than 50 billion gallons of water was pumped daily from an estimated 10 to 15 million water wells in the United States. This was more than one‐sixth of the national withdrawal of water. On the basis of past rates of increase, a much greater future use of ground water is suggested. Our annual investment in water wells is one‐half to three‐quarter billion dollars, not including pumps and plumbing. In 1964 approximately 436,000 new wells were drilled; however, less than 1 percent of these wells were logged by any geophysical means. The application of _ge_o.phy.sical well logging to ground‐water hydrology is comparable to its use in petroleum exploration in the 1930's; however, we can take advantage of equipment and interpretation techniques developed in the oil industry that are available now for use in ground‐water investigations.Although most petroleum well logging techniques may be utilized in hydrology; modifications in equipment and interpretation are necessary because of basic economic and environmental differences between petroleum and ground‐water evaluation. If logging is to be widely applied to ground‐water exploration and evaluation, the expense of equipment and services must be reduced. Fortunately, this can be accomplished, because most water wells are not as deep as oil wells and the temperatures and pressures are lower.The Water Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey is conducting research on the application of borehole geophysics to ground‐water hydrology. The following logging devices are utilized in the evaluation of ground‐water environments: spontaneous potential, resistivity, gamma, gamma‐gamma, neutron, radioactive tracer, flowmeter, caliper, fluid resistivity, gradient and differential temperature, and sonic velocity. Lightweight logging sondes and control modules are operated by one man, either on a vehicle‐mounted 6,000‐foot logger or on a suitcase‐mounted 500‐foot logger. An inexpensive magnetic tape system has been developed and is used routinely for log recording and playback.If commercial well logging service is to be widely used in ground‐water exploration and development, water well contractors, and State and municipal agencies must be educated on the advantages of obtaining more information from each hole drilled. It will be necessary also to demonstrate how well logging can provide much of this information. In addition, the well logging industry must adapt their equipment and services to the requirements of ground‐water hydrology. The need for additional logging capability in this field exists at the present time and is expected to increase. Hopefully indust

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01630.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Piedmont is underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks, from which it is difficult to locate quantities of ground water adequate for municipal and industrial purposes. Ground‐water occurrence and movement in the Piedmont is controlled by topography, recharge and discharge, rock type, fracture systems, and type and thickness of saprolite.Approximately 12 square miles in the Heflin area, Cleburne County, Alabama, were included in this study. Fractures within bedrock are the most effective avenues for ground‐water movement in this area, but domestic supplies can be produced from saprolite and alluvium overlying bedrock. Thick saprolite contributes to bedrock‐fracture production by absorbing water from streams and rainfall and releasing it slowly to underlying fractures.Seismic methods were used with geologic, hydrologie and topographic data to locate and define favorable areas for drilling. As shown on the seismic sections, faults or fracture systems appear to correlate with depressions on bedrock surfaces associated with thick saprolite zones. Seismic data indicate twenty‐five prospective areas for test drilling.Resistivity data were used to confirm seismic depth to bedrock, and to locate gravelly zones in buried stream channels. Some of the buried alluvium is thick enough to be considered a potential aquifer.Twenty‐five prospective areas are indicated by geophysical work in the Heflin area. A proposal to drill 10 wells to evaluate the most promising of these areas is presently being c

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01631.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe significance of the work associated with the protection of aquifers against salt‐water encroachment, primarily in the area of Southern California goes far beyond the solution of this local problem. Engineers and planners are now able to turn to the record of extensive practice in the field of artificial ground‐water recharge to modify the concepts based on theoretical studies. Thus depleted aquifers, anywhere, can be evaluated as potential reservoirs for the storage of ground water – evaluated as to cost, legal complications, and administrative design in the same way, and on the same basis, that surface‐water impoundments are evaluated.The work done on the West Coast in artificial recharge increases the number of alternates that are available to the water planner and, in the long run, this may be the most significant output of the engineering, construction, and operation of the barrier p

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe landlocked Republic or Upper Voira lies in the heart of West Africa and comprises a wide lareritic plateau at the south edge of the Sahara Desert. From south to north, the rainfall decreases from about 1.200 mm. to less than 500 mm.; the evaporation increases from a low of 1,945 mm. to 3,385 mm.; and temperatures from 30° C to 34° C.Latentic rocks occur as surficial deposits over much of the reconnaissance area, and generally are ferruginous, hard, and cemented. The underlying bedrock consists primarily of granite and granodiorite with lesser amounts of metamorphics.The so‐called “under latérite” materials, consisting of the weathering products of the igneous and metamorphic rocks, constitute the principal aquifers in the investigated areas. These clays and sands generally can be counted upon to yield small supplies of water, adequate for at least domestic and stock use. Large‐diameter dug wells are used exclusively to tap the thin water‐bearing zones. Where 15 meters or more of weathered material occur above fresh bedrock, water can be found and exploited. A “good” well is one which produces 2,000 litersbper hour.The chief importance of the bedrock as a source of water is that it may yield at least a small quantity of water from fractures at most localities where ir is below the water table.Water in sufficient quantity and adequate quality is not now available to raise the standards of living in the 631 villages in the areas visited. Most of the immediate need can be met by developing ground water from the weathered material through large‐

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01633.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01634.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY