ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01468.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA computer simulation study was conducted to quantify the potential thermal impact of residential water‐source heat pump usage on ground‐water aquifers.In a first phase of the study, weather data for nine locations throughout the country were used to estimate the energy requirements for heating and air conditioning a typical residence. These energy requirements were then translated into the volumetric water demands for a selected heat pump at each location. A representative model aquifer was then defined and its characteristics used, along with the heat pump water requirements and design ΔT's (difference between inlet and outlet water temperature) to identify the important parameters that contribute to heat transfer and to model the movement of the thermal front resulting from injection of heat pump discharge water at the nine locations.The major factor that determines the heat pump thermal impact was found to be the net amount of heat injected into, or removed from an aquifer. Other significant factors included well design, heat pump design ΔT, and physical properties of the aquifer such as thickness, porosity and dispersivity.The study showed that, in climates where winter heating demand is very nearly equal to summer cooling demands, the injection of heat pump discharge water did not cause any significant modification of the ambient model aquifer temperature. However, in hot or cold climates where air conditioning or heating demand dominates, measurable thermal changes occurred in the model aquifer. In most cases, the maximum tempe

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01469.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFluoride contents range from<0.05 to 5.9 milligrams per liter (mg/1) based upon 255 water samples collected from wells in nine counties of northeastern Ohio. Only 16 samples had fluoride contents exceeding 1 mg/1, and all are from the southern trio of counties. Furthermore, all samples high in fluoride are from wells close to or penetrating the contact between the Allegheny and Pottsville Formations.Data from a line of 34 wells for which logs were obtained indicate that high fluoride water occurs in either the lower part of the Allegheny Formation, or more probably, in the upper part of the Pottsville Formation.Ground waters high in fluoride are related to the bedrock geology. Fluoride data, particularly in the area of potentially high values, are important to health professionals in the prescription of fluoride supplements for children. Such prescriptions should be made only after the water has been tested.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01470.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDeterminations of total organic carbon (TOC) can provide valuable diagnostic evidence of the extent of ground‐water contamination by organic compounds. The usefulness of conventional TOC results in monitoring efforts is limited by the bias introduced during the purging of inorganic carbon prior to analysis. A modified TOC procedure has been evaluated to permit the quantitation of the volatile organic carbon (VOC) fraction in water samples. The methodology consists of trapping the VOC in a manner analogous to commercial purge and trap instruments which are used for specific organic compound separations. The method has been found to be sensitive, accurate and reasonably precise for TOC determinations of standard solutions as well as on ground‐water samples. Volatile organic carbon levels can range from 9–50% of the TOC in both uncontaminated and contaminated ground waters. The reporting of the volatile and nonvolatile fractions of the TOC will enhance both monitoring and research efforts, since it permits more complete characterization of the organic carbon content of ground‐water

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01471.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the aquifer parameters of a fissured layered sandstone aquifer, it was found necessary to construct and test an abstraction borehole using laboratory, double packer, geophysical and pumping test techniques. Good correlation was found between the techniques when the aquifer was represented by a fissured layered aquifer with low permeability bands separating layers of higher permeability. The use of multiple piezometers proved to be the only way of obtaining sensible results for field pumping tests and has given storage coefficients for both the confined and unconfined sections of the aquifer.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01472.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHydrogeologists are being asked increasingly to analyze ground‐water contamination problems in a quantitative, rather than a descriptive way. Similarly, in providing input for the site selection and design of proposed waste‐disposal facilities, quantitative analyses help to optimize the interplay of environmental, practical, and economic factors that the hydrogeologist must contend with.This paper introduces a simple, analytical procedure for achieving this. Critical input data include the geohydrologic properties of the aquifer, the permeability and chemical characteristics of the waste materials, and the seepage velocity governing the rate of migration of the leachate plume within the aquifer. The geohydrologic setting assumed and inferred by way of example, typifies that of most disposal scenarios, an anisotropic unconsolidated aquifer.The analytical methodology outlined employs an extension of flow‐net theory to determine seepage velocity and a derivation of the chemical mass transport equation to predict the attenuation of leachate constituents in the ground‐water regime. The mathematical expressions derived take into account both transient and steady‐state development of the plume, but are based on sufficiently simplifying assumptions to facilitate convenient manipulation on a scientific calculator. The solutions obtained, although approximate, compare favorably with more costly computer‐generated results. A comparison of results is presented. User application relates to the solution of first‐order problems and in cases where a more sophisticated analysis is required, provides input for selecting the appropri

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01473.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA ground‐water quality monitoring study was conducted in Kent and Sussex Counties, Delaware. In the coastal region of Sussex County, 210 wells were sampled 12 times each. In noncoastal Sussex and Kent Counties, 272 wells were sampled once each season over a period of one year. Over 99 percent of the wells were in the water‐table aquifer.In coastal Sussex County, 32% of the wells had average nitrate concentrations above the EPA drinking‐water standard of 10 mg/1 N. In noncoastal Sussex County and Kent County, 21% and 8% of the wells respectively, had nitrate concentrations above 10 mg/1. The highest nitrate concentrations occurred in areas with intensive broiler production or intensive crop production with excessively‐drained soils. Nitrate concentrations in forest areas were<1.5 mg/1. Poultry manure, septic tanks and fertilizers all contributed to the high nitrate concentrations. Poultry manure was one of the major causes of nitrate contamination in four out of the five top prioritized ground‐water problem areas.Bacteria contamination was low in all sampling areas. Lead, cadmium and chromium were far below drinking‐water standards in all but

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01474.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe city of St. Petersburg has been testing subsurface injection of treated sewage into the Floridan aquifer as a means of eliminating discharge of sewage to surface waters and as a means of storing treated sewage for future non‐potable reuse. The injection zone originally contained native saline ground water that was similar in composition to sea water. The zone has a transmissivity of about 1.2 X 106feet squared per day (ft2/d) and is within the lower part of the Floridan aquifer.Treated sewage that had a mean chloride concentration of 170 milligrams per liter (mg/1) was injected through a single well for 12 months at a mean rate of 4.7 X 105 cubic feet per day (ft3/d). The volume of water injected during the year was 1.7 X 108cubic feet.Pressure buildup at the end of one year ranged from less than 0.1 to as much as 2.4 pounds per square inch (lb/in2) in observation wells at the site. Pressure buildup in wells open to the upper part of the injection zone was related to buoyant lift acting on the mixed water in the injection zone in addition to subsurface injection through the injection well.Calculations of the vertical component of pore velocity in the semiconfining bed underlying the shallowest permeable zone of the Floridan aquifer indicate upward movement of native water. This is consistent with the 200‐ to 600‐mg/l increase in chloride concentration observed in water from the shallowest permeable zone during the

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01475.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAquifers found in glacial buried valleys are a major source of good‐quality ground water in northeastern Kansas. The extent and character of many of these deposits are not precisely known, so a detailed study of the buried valleys was undertaken. Test drilling, Landsat imagery, shallow‐earth temperature measurements, seismic refraction, surface electrical resistivity, and gravity data were used to evaluate two sites in Nemaha and Jefferson Counties. Tonal patterns on springtime Landsat imagery and winter/summer anomalies in shallow‐earth temperatures were quick and inexpensive methods for locating some glacial buried aquifers and suggested areas for more intensive field studies. Reversed seismic refraction and resistivity surveys were generally reliable indicators of the presence or absence of glacial buried valleys, with most depth determinations being within 25% of test‐drilling results. The effectiveness of expensive test‐hole drilling was greatly increased by integrating remote sensing, shallow‐earth temperature, seismic, and resistivity techniques in the two buried valley test areas. A gravity profile allowed precise definition of the extent of one of the channels after the other techniques had been used for general

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTExisting methods for the determination of horizontal aquifer anisotropy by means of pumping tests require a minimum of four wells, one for water withdrawal and three for drawdown observations. This paper shows how the same methods can be used to determine anisotropy with as few as three wells, if at least two of them can be pumped in sequence. A field example is included. A method of analyzing data from more wells than the above minimum, by least squares, is also described.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY