ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03265.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03266.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRecent research has expanded our understanding of the suitability of waste disposal in various hydrogeologic settings. Although more research is needed, our knowledge can provide a basis for preparing guidelines for action that will protect ground water from waste disposal practices. It is impossible, however, to prevent accidental spills, unlawful dumping, and ground‐water contamination or pollution resulting from some old, unregulated waste disposal practices. Therefore, more than 170 case histories of subsurface contamination or pollution were studied to evaluate the effectiveness of remedial action in different geologic environments. The case studies indicate that the severity and extent of ground‐water contamination is determined by (1) the hydrogeologic setting, (2) the nature of the contaminant, and (3) the effectiveness of regulatory action.Industrial wastes are the most common sources of ground‐water contamination. The most serious incidents are those that pollute or threaten water supplies and those that cause a fire or explosion. Once ground water is contaminated, remedial action is time consuming and expensive. Each incident must be handled as a separate problem. Although prompt action is essential to limit contamination and minimize remedial action, no strategies have been established for rapid response to contamination or pollution problems.Ground‐water contamination will continue, but its impact can be reduced. The role of hydrogeologists in regulatory agencies should be strengthened to provide proper evaluation of potential sources of contamination and to aid in remedial action when ground water is contaminated. Cooperative efforts to develop strategies will ensure proper handling of future emer

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03267.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe significance of ground‐water pollution depends on our perspective. To those individuals who are directly affected, it is an imminent disaster. Once contaminated, ground water may remain in an unusable or even hazardous condition for decades or even centuries as illustrated by situations in central Ohio, New York, London and many others. All polluted water can be treated to make it potable, but the expense may far exceed the resources of the individual homeowne

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03268.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFew would argue that ground‐water pollution is a problem and that serious ground‐water pollution problems do exist. As serious as some isolated ground‐water pollution problems are, regionally and nationally, it is only a limited problem. An industrial landfill may result in a leachate plume contaminating ground water over an area of up to several square miles downgradient from the disposal site. Municipal landfills or chemical/petroleum spills can result in polluted ground water over areas measured in square miles. Surrounding these areas of ground‐water pollution, however, are tens and hundreds of square miles of area where the ground water moving through the aquifers maintains its natural good quality. The ratio of good quality to contaminated water is such that ground‐water pollution can really only be considered as a limited problem.The problem will most likely remain limited as existing and future regulations continue to restrict the poor disposal practices that have been responsible for much of the past and existing pollution problems. Technology has advanced to the point that with proper management and sound governmental regulations, control, isolation and cleanup of contamination sources and areas of polluted ground water can be so effective that migration of the pollution front can be stopped and actually reversed with time.The same technology that provided us with the new chemicals and the wastes that show up in water analyses, has also provided us with the means of detecting many more contaminants at much lower levels of concentration in a water sample than was possible 50, 25 or even 10 years ago. One must thus ask, has ground‐water pollution really become a national crisis, or do we just know more about an old problem made apparently more complicated by our own technologic

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03269.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03270.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn objective view of the need for ground‐water quality standards requires that an individual recognize the value that ground water contributes to the water supply needs of our nation. A vast number of people living in rural areas and a large number of communities are dependent upon ground water as their sole source of water for domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural needs.This large use and dependency upon ground water dictates that these resources are valuable and must be protected for both present day and future uses. There are many examples where present methods of disposal of wastes generated in America have not been satisfactory from an environmental standpoint, with an exception of projects where disposal sites have been properly designed, operated, and managed for protection of the ground water.One possible solution for ground‐water protection is the establishment of ground‐water quality standards. The purpose of such standards is to protect the public health and welfare and maintain the quality of ground waters in all usable aquifers for individual, public, industrial, and agricultural water supplies. A legal basis must exist and the prescribed steps must be followed as dictated by the rule making process. The primary aim of such standards is to prevent the degradation of ground waters such as they will not become a public health hazard or harm the users of the ground water.The backbone of such a standard rests on the completion of a hydrogeological study which is necessary to determine background water quality information, set up the monitoring program and outline sampling to determine when water quality changes are taking place and what is a significant c

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03271.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe opportunity to begin formulating a national ground‐water quality protection program is at hand. In building the new program we should use the host of lessons learned in the experience of related environmental programs. This is necessary so that the new program will be realistic at the outset and congruent with the integrated planning and management of the ground‐ and surface‐water resources of the nation.The keystone of program development, implementation, and evaluation is and will continue to be water quality standards. To the extent that the goal “Safe Drinking Water for Americans” has already been established, the point‐of‐use regulations (IPDW Regs and the RPDW Regs), should serve as water quality objectives thus facilitating ground‐water program formulation and evaluation. The major regulatory thrust of the program, the water quality standards, must be technology‐based site selection, construction and operational standards, with only limited monitoring in a conventional water supply and water pollutio

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03272.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTProposals to establish national ground‐water quality standards appear to be premature, and redundant because of the geohydrologic and geochemical factors governing the occurrence and development of ground water. Although it can be reasoned that there is no “good time” to establish additional governmental standards (and the resultant additional governmental regulations), it can also be strongly argued that now is a “bad time” to consider establishment of the proposed standards.First, a present mood of the general public is away from more governmental involvement in the business and private sectors, and a rebellion against the increasing cost of government. Second, the applicability and workability of present Federal (and some State) laws that could be used to adequately protect ground‐water quality, have yet to be implemented or otherwise sufficiently tested.The full force and effect of the Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92‐500 with amendments) has yet to be implemented, and Congress is still considering its “oversights” in their drafting of same.The Safe Drinking Water Act (PL 93‐523), particularly those sections designed or usable to protect ground‐water quality, have yet to be tested by the EPA. Like PL 92‐500, the deadline for implementation of parts of PL 93‐523 has long since passed.And the far‐reaching effects on ground‐water quality protection that three other federal laws‐the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (PL 94‐580); the Toxic Substances Control Act (PL 94‐469); and Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (PL 95‐87)—are totally unknown, since the procedures for full implementation of these acts have yet to be developed.Therefore, it appears that establishing a new ground‐water quality control act prior to testing existing law and thereby learning from their flaws or shortcomings, could result in unnecessary proliferation of law without its reasonable testing.This appears to be good time to interrupt the geometric progression that tends to spawn additional laws when laws are developed ahead of their established need.Equitable and workable ground‐water quality protection could be fostered through the enactment of the long overdue requirements for the integration of surface‐and ground‐water development and management structures. This integration would decrease inefficiency of use of these water resources—which are actually inseparable i

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03273.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03274.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY