ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.01-21.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article contains a summary discussion of human health effects linked to indoor air pollution (UP) in homes and other non‐industrial environments. Rather than discussing the health effects of the many different pollutants which can be found in indoor air, the approach has been to group broad categories of adverse health effects in separate chapters, and describe the relevant indoor exposures which may give rise to these health effects.The following groups of effects have been comdered: effects on the respiratory system; allergy and other effects on the immune system; cancer and effects on reproduction: effects on the skin and mucous membranes in the eyes, nose and throat; sensory effects and other effects on the nervous system; effects on the cardiovascular system; systemic effects on the liver, kidney and gastro‐intestinal system. For each of these groups, effects associated with IAP the principal agents and sources, evidence linking IAP to the effects, susceptible groups, the public health relevance, methods for assessment, and major research needs are briefly discussed.For some groups of effects, clear relationships with exposure to IAP have been reported in the world literature. Among these are respiratory disease (particularly among children), allergy (particularly to house dust mites) and mucous membrane irritation (particularly due to formaldehyde). Large numbers of people have been, and are still being affected.Many chemicals encountered in indoor air are known or suspected to cause sensory irritation or stimulation. These, in turn, may give rise to a sense of discomfort and other symptums cummonly reported in so‐called “sick” buildings. Camplex mixtures of organic chemicals in indoor air also have the potential to invoke subtle effects on the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to changes in behaviour and performance.An increased risk of developing lung cancer has been linked to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and to radon decay products. Lung cancer is a very serious disease with a high fatality rate; however, the number of people affected is much lower than the number of people contracting resparatory disease or alhgies, or experiencing irritative effects due to exposure to indoor pollution.The effects of IAP on reproduction, cardiovascular disease and on other systems and organs have not been well documented to date. To a certain extent, this may mean that no serious effects occur, but there has been little by way of research to clearly document the absence of these tvpes o

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.02-21.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndoor air bacteria and fingal spore levels were studied in 71 non‐complaint homes. lk data were analyzed according to the season and the higher limit of the range within which 95% of the cases fall was computed. On the basis of the data the following highest normal levels are proposed for winter: for bacteria 5000 cfulm3and for fingal spores 500 cfulm3. The recommended levels apply in a subarctic climate for urban and suburban homes when the measurements are made using the same method as in this study. We recommend that if abnormal indoor sources are suspected, indoor samples should be taken in winter when the ground is frozen and covered with snow. At that time, the background levels are at their lowest and the abnormal indoor sources are most easily detected. lk recommended levels should not be used as an indicator of a health risk, but as an indication of abnormal indoor sources or insufficient ventilatio

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.03-21.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA two‐season survey of indoor222Rn concentrations was conducted in 226 occupied houses in Roane County, TN, during 1985 and 1986. A similar survey of 86 houses in Madison County, AL, was conducted in 1988 and 1989. Alpha track detectors were placed in each of the houses for three or more months during the winter heating season. Detectors were placed at the same sampling sites during the following cooling season. In this study, comparisons were made between winter and summer sampling times and between building types. For the data from Madison County, additional comparisons were made among regions of the county that differed in geological characteristics, especially the thickness of overburden above the Chattanooga Shale layer a geological stratum that has high concentrations of226Ra and is widely found in the southeastern United States. The geometric means of summer and winter measurements in Roane County were 33 and 54 Bq m−3, respectively. For Madison County, the summer and winter geometric means were 121 and 88 Bq m−3, respectively. The winter222Rn concentrations for houses in Roane Coutuy exceeded summer222Rn concentrations, as is generally the case for houses in the US. For houses in Madison County, we found the opposite and atypical situation of higher222Rn concentrations in the summertime.222Rn concentrations differed significantly among groups of houses in distinguishable regions of Madison County. Substructure and other building factors had no observable effect on indoor222Rn concentrations found in this

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.04-21.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhere indoor concentrations are high, radon entry into houses with basements is usually due primarily to the convective transport of soil gas through openings in the subsurface part of the building shell. The factors determining the rate of entry may conveniently be divided into those associated with the undisturbed soil and those associated with the structure and its surroundings. This paper uses a numerical model to determine the influence of the latter factors on the soil gas and radon entry rates. The most important of these is the presence or absence of a gravel layer below the slab; the presence of the gravel can increase the radon entry rate through the perimeter gap betureen the foundation footer, slab, and wall (slab‐footer gap) by as much as a factor of 5 over that for homogazeous soil. The permeability of the gravel becomes important when the soil permeability is unusually high, i.e., greater than 10−10m2. Of lesser importance are the thickness of the gravel layer and the radium content of the gravel. The sizes and numbers of openings in the slab are relatively unimportant so long as the total opening area is vey small compared to the slab area. If cracks in the basement walls are major radon entry paths, as in concrete‐block construction, the permeability of the soil restored to the region adjacent to the walls after completion of construction (backfill) is the determining factor in convective radon entry through these openings; if the soil is packed loosely, so that there is a gap between wall and soil, radon entry through a wall crack may be further increased by as much as a factor of 7.5. Radon entry rates through the slab‐footer gap and through openings in the slab are only weakly influenced by the permeability of the backfill. The resistance of the perimeter gap to soil gas entry becomes significant when the gap width falls below 0.001 m, assuming a soil permeability of

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.05-21.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo models, one physical and the other empirical, have been applied to the characterization of emission data of thin film products tested in small environmental chambers and have been compared in temts of emission results and m e of use. The physical model, being based on equations with coefficients bearing a physical meaning, is, in principle, more informative than the empirical one. However, it is uncertain whether it always gives accurate and unambiguous results. Moreover, in orakr to be exploited in a reasonable amount of time, it requires the use of non‐linear regression routines, e.g. those fom SAS Institute Inc., implemented on mainframes and, even then, it is often quite diffiult to handle. The empirical model does not rely explicitly on physical effects. Although by definition it can only describe but not interpret the experimental data, it does estimate parameters describing the emission with an accuracy comparable to that of the physical model. It is easier to handle than the latter as it can employ non‐linear regression routines such as those used on personal comput

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.06-21.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration can be used to estimate the degree of air recirculation and outdoor air supply rate. Three types of CO2detector tubes were evaluated by using Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy as a reference method. Two types of detector tubes (Draeger CH 30801 and Kitagawa 126 B) showed a good correlation with the reference method (r = 0.98), the 95% confidence interval of the slope being 0.89‐1.06 and 0.80‐0.95, respectively in linear regression analysis. The third type (Gastec 2LL.) showed lower correlation (r = 0.91) and a wider 95% confidence interval (0.52‐0.80) of the slope. A t CO2concentrations in the range 800‐1000 5 l/l(ppm), control values suggested for the indoor environment, the Draeger and the Gastec tubes underestimated the CO2concentration, while the Kitagawa tube showed a correct value. The difference in reading between observers was similar for all three brands of detector tubes (5‐7%), expressed as relative standard error No significant influence of the air humidity or temperature on the readings could be demonstrated. It is concluded that some brands of CO2detector tubes can be used to measure indoor carbon dioxide concentration with sufficient precision and accuracy. Since the relative error is relatively large at lower CO2concentrations, the use of such tubes for the determination of air recirculation in ventilation systems should be avoided. As a crude estimate of the outdoor air supply rate, however, CO2detector tubes may be used. In order to minimize the error in reading, the type of detector tube and the need for recalibration should be considered. When using CO2measurements as an estimate of outdoor air supply rate, the influence of age and work‐load on the individual's emission of CO2and the time needed to reach equilibrium, should also be taken into

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.07-21.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY