ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155311

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The major milestones in physiology, chemistry and pharmacology which eventually resulted in the birth control pill are reviewed and the subsequent developments in steroidal contraception are discussed in the light of certain cultural, social and political changes, which have taken place over the past twenty years. The needs of some developing countries for a variety of improved, safe and inexpensive fertility regulating agents are considered against the background of the dramatically increased costs for the development of new fertility regulating drugs. It is suggested that an increased collaboration between the Pharmaceutical Industry and an International Public Sector Agency, such as the World Health Organization, might provide a suitable framework for the future development of new fertility regulating agents.

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155312

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Published by the author in its main part also in Gynecologic Endocrinology, Third edition, Harper&Row, Publishers Inc. Permission granted by the Publisher.

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155313

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The results of two randomized prospective studies on metabolic changes induced in groups of healthy Young women by commercial oral contraceptives (OC) are described. In the first study, four low‐estrogen (30 μg or 35 μg ethinylestradiol) combined products were compared, while in the second, effects of four different formulations, each containing levonorgestrel plus ethinylestradiol, were determined. Results are presented for oral glucose tolerance and plasma insulin responses, serum total cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, triglycerides, coagulation factors I, VII, VIII, and X, plasminogen, anti‐thrombin III, and (for study no. two only) renin activity, substrate, and concentration. In the first study, products containing norethisterone or ethynodiol diacetate were associated with significant increases in serum triglycerides and total cholesterol, though HDL cholesterol fell. Coagulation and fibrinolytic factors showed similar changes. The product containing levonorgestrel showed the smallest alteration in all tests.In study 2, the effects of formulation were investigated. Most tests showed changes approximately in proportion to the dose of both steroidal components, though the estrogen appeared to exert the most pronounced effect. Minimal alterations in most tests occurred in women using the lowest fixed dose formulation (150 μg levonorgestrel + 30 μg ethinylestradiol), or the triphasic product. Significant effects on the renin system were seen with all four formulations; again, the two lowest dose preparations produced the smallest changes.Most of the biochemical changes observed were established during the first few cycles of oral contraceptive treatment, then remained approximately constant to the end of the present study periods. The effects appear to be determined by the estrogen and progestogen doses of the various products, and to interactions between the two

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155314

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The Oral Contraception Study of the Royal College of General Practitioners is a long‐term, controlled, prospective survey which is now in its 14th year. The substantial data accumulated permits assessment of the effects of particular brands upon morbidity. We have shown that the progestogen content of the Pill is associated with the incidence of hypertension, benign breast disease and, more important, of total arterial disease. The data support the findings of other investigators who have shown that progestogens lower HDL‐cholesterol levels and that low HDL‐cholesterol increases the risk of arterial disease. The implications are that the progestogen content of an oral contraceptive and the relative potency of the estrogen and progestogen it contains must be considered carefully not only in terms of present clinical practice, but also in terms of the direction of new Pill formulation develo

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155315

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Ninety‐eight women seeking contraceptive advice were randomly allocated to 6 months of treatment with one of the following four combinations of ethinylestradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (NG): 20/250, 30/250, 30/150, and the so‐called triphasic drug. The EE/NG ratios were 0.08, 0.12, 0.20 and 0.36 respectively. Blood lipids, HDL‐cholesterol and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were determined twice before treatment and after 1, 3 and 6 months of medication.Plasma triglyceride levels were moderately elevated in all groups, with the highest increase in the women taking the triphasic drug. The HDL‐cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol to cholesterol ratios were both markedly reduced, by 20/250 and 301250, while 30/150 and the triphasic drug caused only minor reductions. The mean change in HDL‐cholesterol showed a good correlation with the mean changes of SHBG (r = 0.916) and with the EE/NG ratios (r = 0.979).It is concluded that both SHBG and the EE/NG ratio may be used as an index of the estrogenicity of a combined oral contraceptive drug. As reduced HDL‐cholesterol levels and HDL‐cholesterol to cholesterol ratios have been shown to be directly correlated to the risk of developing ischemic cardiovascular disease it would seem important that the estrogenicity of such a drug should be su

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155316

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Twelve young fertile women participated in a cross‐over design study whose purpose was to evaluate the effect on lipid metabolism induced by two sequential contraceptive preparations. Sequilarum (50 μg of ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel where the levonorgestrel dose is varied from 50 μg during the first 11 days up to 125 μg during the last 10 days of the cycle) was compared with Ova‐none (50 μg of ethinylestradiol for 22 days with the addition of 2.5 mg lynestrenol during the last 15 days of the cycle).Serum triglycerides, phospholipids, free and total cholesterol were determined, as also was the level of these lipid components in ultracentrifugally isolated lipoprotein lipids. The relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin and serum cholesterol ester was assessed by gas‐liquid chromatography.As expected, both of these preparations are predominantly estrogenic in their effects on lipoprotein metabolism, since both raise serum and VLDL triglyceride levels. The absence of any substantial influence on HDL cholesterol should probably be interpreted as a modifying effect of the progestogen component of both preparations.As to the relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin the shift induced in palmitic and stearic acids was the same as found in earlier studies when 17C‐alkylated exogenous sex steroids were administered, i.e. an increase in the palmitic acid concomitant with a decrease in

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155317

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Scanning electron microscopy and a capillary tube sperm penetration test were used to study the cervical mucus of women using a triphasic oral contraceptive supplying a varying dosage of estrogen and gestagen during the cycle. The findings were compared with those of healthy women having regular cycles and not using contraception. Generally speaking, the ultrastructure of the cervical mucus was dense during medication, like that found in normal luteal phase. No conspicuous changes occurred with different dosages of estrogen and gestagen. For the control cycles a loose structure of the cervical mucus was found on the days prior to the temperature rise, after which a dense structure was predominant. The sperm penetration of the cervical mucus was low during medication, being less than 6 mm/h. For the controls, a high sperm penetration rate was found on the days prior to the temperature rise, while it was low in the luteal phase. The progestogenic type of cervical mucus produced by the medication at all dosages, probably contributes to the contraceptive effect.

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155318

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155319

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155320

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY