摘要:

This paper explores the relationship between legitimate corporations that generate hazardous waste and elements of organized crime with whom they contract for the removal, treatment, or disposition of those wastes. The scope and importance of hazardous waste as a social problem is first described and the variety of organized crime participation in waste handling is summarized. The paper then explores the factors that enabled organized crime to become active in this sector of the economy. Lax implementation and en forcement, the most common explanations, are discussed. The formation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 is analyzed to show that there was a prior and more fundamental factor: large corporate generators of hazardous waste fought for a regulatory structure that would prove to be highly vulnerable to organized crime intrusion. This fact is then used to discuss and critique two current explanations of the relationship of corporate generators to organized crime waste handlers: “ignorance” and “powerlessness.” Finally, it is argued that although generators did not consciously intend to facilitate organized crime entry into hazardous waste hauling, they did subsequently enjoy tangible benefits from tha

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sutherland's conceptualization of professional crime, while hailed as a milestone in criminology, has been criticized as excessively narrow, and its applicability to modern criminal activity has also been seriously questioned. Using qualitative data developed during an 18‐month investigation, this paper demonstrates that modern‐day stoopers, who retrieve discarded winning racetrack tickets, manifest criminal behavior that closely resembles Sutherland 's characterization of professional crime. The characteristics of this small group of determined thieves are delineated by using the j v e criteria of professionalism established by Sutherland. This delineation demonstrates that the Sutherland model remains viable and shouId not be relegated to the status of an historical footn

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research on race, sex, and social class discrimination in the juvenile justice process has yielded mixed results. These conflicting findings have been attributed to the use of diverse research strategies and various methodological shortcomings. There are, however, two potentially important issues that have not been previously addressed: the need to examine the juvenile justice system as a process, rather than as a series of separate and unrelated decision points, and the failure to control for the impact of administrative factors such as pretrial detention. The purpose of the research reported here is to examine the impact of race, sex, and social class on juvenile court dispositions while controlling for pretrial detention and appropriate legal factors. The analytical strategy employed permits an examination of the impact of these factors over three stages of the juvenile justice process: referral, adjudication, and disposition.Findings indicate that while legal factors and pretrial detention decline in importance as predictors of disposition as one moves from an examination of all referred to adjudicated youth, race and social class become more important. These results are discussed in terms of their methodological significance and their implications for the conceptualization of discrimination in the juvenile justice process.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a sample of over 700 high‐school sophomores, a jive‐category measure of family structure is found to be not related to either frequency or seriousness of self‐reported illegal behavior, except for unusually high delinquent behavior by boys from mother/stepfather homes. On the other hand, family structure does show an overall association with self‐reported trouble with police, school, and juvenile court officials. Specifically, while boys (not girls) with stepfathers admit the most delinquent acts, controlling for the amount of admitted delinquency shows that officials are more likely to respond to the misbehavior of children (especially girls) from mother‐only families. None of these findings are accounted for by race, social class, the quality of parent‐child relationships, or the quality of school

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social control and social learning theories suggest divergent relationships between attachment to parents and children's drug use when level of parent drug use is considered. Social control theory proposes a uniformly negative relationship between children's drug use and attachment to parents whereas social learning theory proposes that the relationship is affected by parental drug use. The relationship between attachment to parents and children's drug use was investigated for each of three groups of low, moderate, and high parental drug use through estimation of a latent variable structural model of attachment to family on children's tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Results indicate that attachment to parents related inversely, but with different magnitudes, to children's drug use for youths whose parents use drugs at low or moderate levels. No significant relationship exists between attachment to family and children's drug use for youths whose parents are relatively high‐level users. Neither ethnicity nor sex affected these findings. The implications of these results supporting social learning theory are discusse

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Provision of occupational and educational opportunities has been the accepted means of reintegrating offenders into society because, with assumption of conventional roles, they are believed to experience improved economic conditions and renewed feelings of respectability. However, given the limited legal options available to them, offender self‐esteem may continue to depend on immersion in deviant subcultures. To examine the effects of subcultural and conventional life‐styles on offender self‐esteem, a sample of 372 heroin addicts in treatment was surveyed. Employment had a positive effect on the self‐esteem of white male addicts only; the self‐evaluations of black male, black female, and white female addicts were unaffected by employment because these users were subjected to less stable working conditions. Subcultural integration had no impact or negative impact on the self‐esteem of black male, black female, and white female addicts while subcultural involvement was associated with higher self‐esteem in white males. The fact that white male addicts experienced favorable self‐evaluations with involvement in both conventional and deviant life‐styles is inconsistent with research which suggests an antagonism between crime and work: rather, these data seem to indicate that the join pursuit of legal and illegal professions m

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A structural model based upon data from a random sample of 1,000 U.S. drivers accounted for 56% of the variation in alcohol‐impaired driving, with total monthly alcohol consumption as the strongest predictor. Significant contributions of age, sex, peer group values, and preference for beer suggested the operation of socialization to group norms. There was a substantial contribution of personal moral commitment against drinking and driving. However, there was no significant inhibitory influence of legal knowledge and perceived arrest risk. These findings are consistent with Andenaes's view that general deterrence should be more broadly construed to include the moral component as well as the fear component of the l

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the effectiveness of the Repeat Offender Project (ROP), a specialized police unit in Washington, D.C. It documents how the ROP unit operated, what it cost, and how well it achieved its goal of “selecting, apprehending, and contributing to” the conviction of persons believed to be committing jive or more Part I offenses per week. A controlled experiment showed that the ROP substantially increased the likelihood of arrest for the persons it targeted. Quasi‐experimental data indicated that ROP arrestees had longer and more serious histories of prior arrests than a comparison sample of arrestees of officers in other police units. The former arrestees were also more likely to be prosecuted and convicted on felony charges and more likely to be incarcerated. ROP officers’arrest productivity was cut in half; but this cost appears to have been offset by the greater seriousness of the current and prior offenses of its arrestees. The study concludes that the creation of selective apprehension units provides a promising new strategy for major urban police depa

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When modern policing in cities developed in the United States, detection was more a private than a public matter. Once public detectives became an integral part of police departments, their role and activities gradually changed. Between the middle of the 19th and 20th centuries, detectives evolved through three phases: secretive rogue, inquisitor, and bureaucrat.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY