ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01192.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The group character of delinquency has been recognized for more than 60 years, but the nature of delinquent groups remains poorly understood. Data from the National Survey of Youth are used to examine delinquent groups, with special attention to the identity and role of instigators in those groups. Delinquent groups are small and transitory, but offenders commonly belong to multiple groups and thus have a larger network or pool of accomplices. Groups appear to be more specialized than individuals, which suggests that offense specialization is the primary source of group differentiation. Most delinquent groups have an identifiable instigator, a person who tends to be older, more experienced, and emotionally close to other members. Males almost always follow other males, whereas females are much more likely to follow a member of the opposite sex. As a rule, offenders do not consistently assume the role of instigator or joiner over time, but instead switch from one role to the other depending on their relative position in the group in which they are participating at the time. The roles that offenders adopt are thus determined, not by some stable individual trait, but by the situational interaction of group and individual characteristics.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01193.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Strain theories have conceptualized delinquency as a form of adaptive, problem‐solving behavior, usually committed in response to problems involving frustrating and undesirable social environments. The most recent version of strain theory, Agnew's general strain theory, provides the most complete formulation of this argument by suggesting that delinquent behavior enables adolescents to cope with the socioemotional problems generated by negative social relations. To date, however, the actual coping effectiveness of delinquency remains unexamined. This study explores the ways that delinquency may enable adolescents to cope with strain, and it uses national survey data to test the coping effectiveness of delinquent behavior. The findings indicate that delinquency enables adolescents to minimize the negative emotional consequences of strain, and they provide empirical support for the interpretation of delinquency as an adaptive response to aversive environments. Implications for criminological theory are discusse

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A recent study of police behavior using data collected in Dade County, Florida, found that citizen demeanor is a spurious correlate of arrest in light of control for criminal conduct (Klinger, 1994). This finding calls into question the long‐standing belief that hostility directly increases the odds of arrest in police‐citizen encounters. Responding to this research, Lundman (1994) reanalyzed data used in several previous studies that had reported hostility effects. His reanalysis offered limited support for a demeanor‐arrest link. Because the measures of demeanor he used and the models he estimated were somewhat different from those Klinger had used and estimated, Lundman suggested that it would be valuable to revisit the Dade County data to see whether Klinger's null finding regarding hostility effects might be artifactual. This study reanalyzes the Dade County data. It indicates that one of four measures of demeanor is a significant net correlate of arrest under some circumstances. The implications of this finding are disc

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent research has called into question the seemingly well‐established conclusion that the likelihood of arrest by the police rises when suspects display a disrespectful or hostile demeanor toward the police. In this article we reanalyze data collected for the Police Services Study, on which a substantial body of supporting evidence for this conclusion is based, to determine whether previous analyses of these data have misestimated the effects of demeanor on police behavior. We find that, insofar as the data permit us to address the criticisms, the original findings hol

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We estimate the impact of determinate sentencing laws (DSLs) on prison commitments, prison populations, and Uniform Crime Report crime rates. Ten states enacted these laws between 1976 and 1984; all abolished parole and most established presumptive sentences. The research uses a multiple time‐series design that, among other benefits, controls for national trends and facilitates the use of control variables. We found that DSLs are clearly associated with prison population growth in only one state, Indiana, and with major reductions in two, Minnesota and Washington. The remaining laws show no evidence of increasing populations and may have reduced them somewhat. The estimated impacts on commitments are similarly varied. There is little or no evidence that DSLs affect crime. Earlier studies evaluating individual DSLs are often criticized for poor research designs, and our findings support the criticism

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01198.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY