摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch on police decision‐making has traditionally focused on the street‐level police officer's decision to arrest. This decision has often been characterized as one having low visibility and is thus highly discretionary. Although the on‐scene arrest is dramatic and fits the popular conception of policing, a great deal of police work involves follow‐up investigations of citizen complaints. While decisions about the level of investigative effort to be applied to a particular complaint are also of low visibility and are highly discretionary, they have been the object of little research. Though it might be expected that these investigative decisions would be determined almost exclusively by the level of evidence available, previous research suggests that the personal characteristics of the victim or complainant also affect these decisions. Findings from this study indicate that victim characteristics differentially affect the investigative decision in various types of criminal complaints. Discussion focuses on the need in future research to consider extra‐legal characteristics of victims and suggests an approach for such

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00463.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe allegation often made in regard to studies of white‐collar crime is that they tend to take the form of unrelated case materials devoid of hypotheses or theory. This article suggests that the radical criminologists fail to come to grips with this issue because of preconceived ideas about the relationship of economic structure and upper‐world criminal activity. The works of Adam Smith offer a number of interesting propositions that can form a framework for empirical investigation in the area of white‐collar crime. Smith's most fundamental hypothesis was that there would be an increase in violations by persons in power if there was interference with what he designated as pure capit

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00464.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article examines the relationship between individual's perceptions of arrest probabilities and socioeconomic status. Although actual arrest probabilities are generally thought to vary inversely with socioeconomic status, no theories predict how this should translate into patterns in perceived sanction risks. Variables that would influence socioeconomic patterns in risk assessment are identified and related to estimates of arrest probabilities. Survey data from a three‐state sample of adults show that lower‐status respondents perceive higher arrest risks than do upper‐status respondents. However, none of these differences can be explained by the theoretically relevant variables available in these

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00465.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article studies radical and socialist reactions to rehabilitative or discretionary penology in the early twentieth century. Far from foreshadowing the ideas of modern radical criminology, early leftists tended to support the rehabilitative idea very strongly, despite the logical contradictions this presented. I attempt to explain the naivete of early radicals in accepting the claims of the new penology at face value. In particular, an explanation is sought in the common reliance of both socialism and positivism on Darwinian ideas and a shared belief in materialism and determinism.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00466.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study describes the distribution, nature, pattern, and magnitude of sex differences in self‐report delinquency. A national probability sample of 1725 youths, ages 11‐17, was interviewed using a comprehensive measure of self‐report delinquency including serious and violent crimes. Major findings include (1) small but consistent sex differences in numerous delinquent behaviors and in most types of delinquent behavior due to higher offense frequencies of males and greater numbers of male offenders, (2) generally similar patterns of male and female delinquency (r = .82), (3) sex differences in the proportion of high‐frequency offenders, (4) few interaction effects of sex with other demographic variables, and (5) stable sex differences in certain delinquent acts across a

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00467.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe following study was aimed at assessing the impact of juvenile diversion program. A time‐series analysis was wed to examine the hypothesized systems level change for each of the programs. Reported crime levels and arrest rates for targeted offense categories are analyzed for each jurisdiction, and implementation evaluations are discussed in an attempt to clarify the finding

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00468.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have been unable to determine a satisfatory starting point for female emancipation in order to examine the proposition that this variable caused an increase in female criminality. This study uses arithmetic coordinate charts and polynomial regression to set 1967 and 1968 as years when changes in female emancipation, as measured by female labor force participation and divorce rates, should be followed by noticeable effects. The same procedures also show take‐off points for the percentage female contribution to various criminal offenses occuring in close proximity and subsequent to exceptional changes in female emancipation and to the 1966 founding of the National Organization for Women. Contrary to the dominant position in the literature, increases in female involvement for the serious offenses of auto‐theft and robbery, which may be attributed to women's liberation, are greater than increases in larceny‐theft and fraud/embezzlement, which may be attributed to the same

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00469.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis research explores the assumption that evaluations of criminal offenders are related to the ascription of stereotypic gender‐linked traits. Three hypotheses derived from the literatures on deviant stereotypes, gender roles, and female crime were tested with data obtained from a statewide survey of the general public of Washington State. The findings indicate that evaluations of offenders in terms of perceived motivations are related to both gender ascription and type of crime committed. Recommended dispositions for and anticipated social accetance of offenders, however, may be adequately described solely by their relationships to type of crime. These findings may be related to the nature of the stereotyping process, the specific types of stimuli–including characteristics of the research setting that trigger it, and the kind of evaluation being made of the criminal devi

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00470.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The literature of domestic violence is critical of police service dlivery in dmnestic disputes. Yet, little has been systematically documented regarding dispatch procedures, citizen‐police interactions, or the special circumstances surrounding domestic investigations. This article describes the actions of investigating officers with family or intimately related persons during police encounters. It wmpares these with like investigations of non‐related disputants. Among the major findings are that (1)dispatch tend to underreport the nature of domestic assaults; (2) patrol officers face mme agitated persons in domestic en‐ ccuunters; (3) police arrest suspects more often in domestic cases, but circumstances would appear to warrant even higher rates of arrest; (4) misis intervention appears to take precedence over arrest in some domestic assaults; and (5) police almost never refer citizens to social service agencies. Overall, the findings point to ule need for police service delivery in domestic disputes that is w e geared to law enforcement in cases of violent family Con

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00471.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article examines the effect of residential mobility on the crime rates of the 65 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the country. Mobility variables and population size are found to be better predictors of some crimes than measures traditionally used to measure the opportunity structure. A contextual interpretation of the mobility/crime rate relationship is posited. High rates of mobility are believed to negatively affect social integration, which decreases the effectiveness of community informal control mechanisms.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00472.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY