摘要:

SummaryIn a sample of approx. 19 000 Polish schoolgirls from the three largest cities of the Upper Silesia conurbation, menarcheal age was studied in relation to parental education (four levels) and father's occupation (12 groups). Menarcheal age tends to increase with decreasing parental education, although the gradient is not steep. When families below a certain level of economic standing are discarded from the best-educated and the least-well-educated groups, mean menarcheal age, surprisingly, decreases much more in the former than in the latter. Mean menarcheal ages for girls from different occupational groups range from 12–82 to 13–30 years and form the following sequence, in increasing order: managers—police—non-technical professionals—engineers, technicians and foremen—skilled industrial workers and small businessmen—unskilled workers—coal-miners. Mean menarcheal age for an occupational group is strongly dependent upon the group's socio-economic status, the latter being defined in terms of parental education, family income, family size, and dwelling conditions. However, daughters of men in the police force mature significantly earlier, and daughters of coal-miners significantly later, than would be expected from each group's rank in socio-economic status. The findings are compared with the results of other recent studies of social gradients in menarcheal age in Poland.

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008161

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryGene frequency data from six polymorphic blood group systems in 70 South American Indian populations are used to derive synthetic gene frequency maps that document the geographical pattern of genetic variation. Additional analyses are directed toward the elucidation of mechanisms that give rise to or maintain the observed distributions. Variables of local ecology do not appear to explain gene frequency distributions in South America. Instead, local isolation and the action of stochastic forces appears to be the most parsimonious explanation of the observed geographical patterns. This is distinctly different from the geographical patterns of genetic variation seen in other continents.

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008171

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryRecords in Vienna of the heights of (a) Military Academy youths born between 1730 and 1760, (b) orphanage children born between 1760 and 1780 and (c) military boarding-school children born between 1775 and 1815 have been retrieved and analysed. This constitutes the earliest extant set of measurements of the heights of a group of individuals. Stature was increasing in the late 1740s and decreasing after the 1770s. This evidence indicates a rise and subsequent fall in nutritional status and is consistent with the known pattern of European agricultural conditions in the eighteenth century. Shifts in the age of maximum increment support the notion of the secular changes in the nutritional status of these boys. The stature of the Habsburg boys was greater than the poorest boys of contemporary London but compared unfavourably with the height of the English gentry and American cadets of the nineteenth century and, of course, with the height of today's populations.

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008181

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThirty-three cephalometric and craniometric measurements were made on lateral radiographs of 154 males and 199 females, aged 21–83 years, from Vienna, Austria. The measurements were studied in age-groups by univariate and multivariate analyses. The results showed that the height dimensions of the face and viscerocranium increase up to the fourth decade but then decrease, while the height dimensions of the neurocranium decrease progressively with advancing age. However, the latter findings could possibly also reflect a secular trend. The thickness of the soft tissues showed continuous increases throughout the series, especially along the lower face. Although the age changes were greater in cephalometric than in the craniometric dimensions, those of the skull were also statistically significant. Using discriminant analysis on the cephalometric data results in correct assignment of 63–32% of females to their age-group but only 58–44% in males. The higher correct assignment of the females could have been due to their larger sample size.

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008191

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySix blood samples were taken from each of 33 healthy young men during the course of 2 weeks. From these, the testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and oestradiol levels were determined. In addition, free testosterone was measured using saliva samples obtained from 23 of the subjects. Both coefficients of variation and variance analyses showed that the inter-individual variability is greater than the intra-individual for all of the hormones. No influence of the day of the week could be ascertained. However, it was discovered that the serum hormone levels dropped with age (weakly significant for oestradiol, insignificant for the androgens) in spite of the subjects being in or near their third decade. The pooled intra-individual correlations between the hormones all fell within the moderate to middle-high positive domain, whereas the inter-individual correlations ranged between highly positive (testosterone to dihydrotestosterone), middle highly positive (free testosterone to total testosterone), and slightly negative (free testosterone to oestradiol).

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008201

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryUrban Tswana schoolchildren (721), aged 6 to 14 years, were measured for height, weight, triceps skinfold and upper arm circumference. Boys and girls at all ages exhibited mean heights and weights less than the 50th percentile values of American and British reference standards, with large numbers of children falling into the 10th percentile or lower based N.C.H.S. (National Center for Health Statistics) values. Weight-for-height percentile distributions did not show such large numbers in the lowest percentiles. Triceps skinfolds were smaller than those of British children and changed little in boys over the measured age range. Girls' skinfold values were more variable than boys', and in older girls approached British means. For both boys and girls, skinfolds showed a developmental pattern similar to those of other African children. Arm circumferences also developed as those of other urban African children, and by later ages were similar to those of British references. Differences between Batswana and Europeans may be due to smaller heights and weights of young Tswana adults when compared with their counterparts in developed countries, and also to growth tempo differences. Such tempo differences also exist between Batswana and other African groups.

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008211

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryBetween October 1980 and June 1981 a total of 2528 recorded menstrual cycles were collected from 422 girls in four girls' secondary schools at Enugu and Nuskka in Anambra State, Nigeria. The mean and standard deviation for all cycles were 30–9 and 18–60 days, respectively. The results support the findings from other parts of the World that menstrual cycles are highly irregular during the first few years after menarche and that the variability of these cycles decreases as menstrual life continues. A comparison between the pattern of irregularity indicated in our study and those of earlier studies in North America and Europe at different time points suggests that socio-economic development, with its attendant improvements in nutrition and the elimination of infectious diseases, may be helping to bring about a reduction in the variability of early menstrual cycles, the reduction being particularly significant in respect of very long cycles.

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008221

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008231

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008241

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0301-4460    

DOI:10.1080/03014468600008251

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor