ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361899

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361900

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This introductory piece traces the growth of knowledge and activity associated with visual resource management in general. A specific framework of questions regarding methods of coastal zone visual resource management is presented. The state‐of‐the‐art in methodological studies is listed for each question, and the methodological questions are related to the major articles with the special issue of theCoastal Zone Management Journal.Major legal federal statutes, state statutes, and court cases are reviewed in light of visual resource management in the coastal zone. The remaining articles within the special issue that deal with integration of VRM into decision‐making are then arrayed against a management framework. This framework includes regulatory situations for (1) public land management and planning, (2) public projects involving private lands, and (3) public regulation of private projects.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361901

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The focus of this paper is theoretical, as well as methodological. It reviews previous studies of visual impact and reports research by the author on people's evaluation of the appropriateness of different man‐made facilities in different coastal‐area contexts and other environments. In this study, subjects were asked to react to slides developed through the use of landscape models and experimental facilities to simulate the appearance of a building in the landscape, while systematically varying the visual relatedness between the two. Specific interest centered on the variable of congruity vs. contrast between the appearance of the building and its landscape context, manipulated by co‐varying the attributes of color and size to create a five‐point scale of contrast/obtrusiveness. The hypothesis was that judgments of appropriateness, and to a lesser extent judgments of liking, would vary inversely with level of contrast. The role of two further variables, the functional significance of the building in its setting, and the character of the setting itself, was also investigated. The author reviews methodological issues involved where subjects respond to visual stimuli for purposes of judging change in visual quality. These methodological issues include: stimulus‐selection and problems of simulation, choice of response measures, and choice of respondents, and the treatment of individual differences. The author calls for development of standardized scales and indices such as “perceptually‐relevantenvironmental quality indicators.”

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361902

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Most scenery evaluation methodologies incorporate visibility extent. In New York's coastal zone, visibility mapping for planning and project studies is complicated by low topographic relief, and diverse configurations of water edge and upland surface character. A generalized visibility model has been developed, including macrolandscape, observer, and sight‐line recording. Based on a prior shorescape study of New York's coast, the Lake Ontario Port Bay site was selected to test alternative visibility methods. Within the study site, four “landscape control points”; were chosen which provided extensive views of representative land and water forms, and surface types. For each control point, four families of visibility mapping approaches were applied: primary (field observation); secondary (topographic maps and vertical air photo analysis); tertiary (physical topographic model); and quaternary (digital terrain computer model). Major study conclusions are: the methods require different resources; all methods readily produced visibility maps; all methods, except secondary, could be used to produce perspective scenes for subsequent content evaluation; all methods except primary omitted one or more elements of the general visibility model; all methods should incorporate field work due to critical viewer environment conditions; sensitivity analysis in each method produced ambiguous zones; each view map was different, particularly in the background. An integrated, multi‐approach strategy would appear desirable for most planning and project applications.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361903

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The coastal landscape in Santander, Spain, is analyzed in terms of landscapequalityandfragility(or vulnerability). Quality is intended to indicate those areas of major landscape value for conservation purposes. Fragility is utilized to detect areas which could easily deteriorate if certain human activities are carried out. The authors’ study has three clearly differentiated phases. In the first, landscape units are defined and mapped. In the second, units are classified by computerized techniques and grouped according to significance. In the third phase, the true significance of the groups is interpreted. A mountainous, coastal zone in northern Spain was chosen for this study. Landscape units were determined by visual criteria with strong topographical bias. The area covered by each unit is that visible to an observer situated approximately in its center. Each unit is represented by certain biophysical and visual variables. Data were subjected to clustering analysis on the basis of using threead casumdefined “distances.”; The first distance gives unit classifications grouped according to similarity or proximity of their characteristic variables. In this case, inventory data only are used, no subjective value judgments were introduced in the process. Value judgments are made at the end on the resulting groupings of units. Two other distance classifications are determined by the similarity or proximity of the units making up each group according to the landscape quality and fragility values of each unit. In these latter cases, classification is influenced by value judgments introduced at the beginning of the process. These procedures are more subjective but give more congruent results. With each mathematical distance configuration, an analysis is made of the variables shown to be most representative and which have, therefore, shown greatest discriminatory power in selecting final groups. Finally, the different possibilities of the above techniques are discussed as well as their potential generalization to other fields demanding the treatment of qualitative landscape variables.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361904

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper concerns the limitations on integrating visual management into the coastal zone planning process as exemplified by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, a state with a strong tradition of “home rule”; and a CZM implementation program based on a “networking”; of existing state authorities. The implications of the Massachusetts experience are that: (a) management of esthetic resources at the state level continues to be much less of a priority than management of ecological resources such as wetlands or floodplains; (b) visual management has yet to engender a strongly supportive constituency beyond that concerned with historic preservation; (c) project review focusing on visual impacts may be a more appropriate activity for local rather than state government; and (d) the technical aspects of visual management or impact assessment are far more advanced than their political acceptability. Political realities, together with the decision that implementation of the program should be based on a networking of existing authorities, thus determined the degree to which visual management could be incorporated into the state's program. As a result, the program's principal instruments of visual management became a strengthening of existing programs such as Wild and Scenic Rivers, reliance on wetland protection statutes to indirectly protect natural scenic values, and the use of the federal consistency provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act to foster focused growth patterns through provision of publicly funded infrastructures. Esthetically oriented project review, with the exception of potential impacts on historic sites, was left to the discretion of local government, and a technical assistance program was created to provide funding or professional skills to communities interested in developing their own esthetic controls or design review processes. Maine, Rhode Island, and other New England states have followed a similar course.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361905

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Winning a court case against a federal agency may seem to be the sweetest success for an environmental group, but losing litigation is not total failure. In the case ofOgunquit Village Corporation et al., vs. R. M. Davisthe plaintiff lost the legal skirmish against the Soil Conservation Service, but in doing so significantly aided the struggle within the agency to implement more environmentally sensitive planning and engineering procedures. This paper describes the court case in terms of the Soil Conservation Service's procedural and policy responses including the agency's modus operandi and the internal paths/pitfalls involved with the implementation of visual resource management. The author also speculates as to the visual resource understanding of the evidence presented by the plaintiff and a possible but unstated visual basis for the original complaint.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361906

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In the early 1970s, Seattle Piers 90/91 were declared surplus federal property by the GSA. These obsolescent half‐mile‐long piers and their adjacent uplands were purchased by the Port of Seattle for redevelopment. This urban waterfront site of almost 200 acres presents the Port of Seattle with a number of severe planning problems. While it is the last large deep‐water site on Elliott Bay, it is also in a very sensitive location, since it is overlooked on two sides by vocal residential communities with a history of active intervention in development projects on visual and other environmental grounds.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361907

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361898

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor