摘要:

AbstractRecent development and trends of development in progress within the field of structural fire protection are described and evaluated with a focus on the contributions circulated within CIB W14. The presentation is structured on the one hand with regard to different methods of design (experimental determination of fire resistance, analytical determination of fire resistance, analytical design based directly or indirectly on real fire exposure characteristics), on the other with regard to different structural materials (steel, concrete and wooden structures). The presentation gives evidence of a development towards an increased application of analytical design methods based on modern structural safety philosophy. The urgency of increased research is stressed for improving the present building code systems in order to achieve fire safety levels which are consistent with strictly defined functional requirements.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040102

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA description is given of a model which predicts the motion of combustion products and fresh air caused by a fire located in one room of a two‐room structure. The gas in each room is assumed to be divided into two homogeneous layers, a layer next to the ceiling which contains hot combustion products and one next to the floor which contains fresh air. The model predicts the motion of the interface separating these layers and the density of the hot layers as a function of time and an arbitrarily specified fire heat release rat

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040103

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper deals with legislation enacted in the United Kingdom for the control of the hazard form fire in buildings of public resort such as hotels, boarding houses, factories, offices and shops as well as domestic dwellings. It gives background to why the various Acts were deemed necessary, why subsequent Regulations under the Acts were introduced, an impression on the effect their enforcement has had and an introduction into what is envisaged for the future. The legislation is not the product of any one Government department nor is it enforced by any single agency. Much of it is enforced by local authority fire brigade fire prevention departments and other sections by local authority Building Control Officers. It is the view of the author that more controls are required by way of Regulations and that certain of the Regulations at present in force are in need of revision. Included in the paper are tables of the latest statistics available (1976) together with other data, previously unpublished, which in the author's opinion justify his claim that more controls are needed. In the final part of the paper the author recommends most strongly that the gap in the present British Standard fire tests produced by the lack of an effective means of evaluating the smoke‐producing qualities and the toxicity of the produced by the lack of an effective means of evaluating the smoke‐producing qualities and the toxicity of the products of combustion of different materials should be urgently studied with an amended prior

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040104

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of anti‐smoke additives in poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) has been studied using self‐ignition methods. The self‐ignition reaction was followed thermally, visually and by gas—liquid chromatography of the gaseous phase around the sample. Particular emphasis was palced on the determination of the CO, CO2and aromatic species. It is shown that ferrocence, among similar additives, considerably modifies the self‐ignition behaviour of PVC by inducing glowing phenomena of various kinds. In some cases this incandescence can lead to self‐ignition. From the analysis of carbon oxids and aromatic species as a function of time and temperature, it is possible to deduce that the anti‐smoke reaction is associated, at least partially, with reactions which lead to incandescence. These reactions transform the carbon into carbon oxides instead of producing, in the gaseous phase, molecules which on further condensation lead to aromatic species at the origin of the soot. In short, the anit‐smoke reaction appears to proceed mainly through a comp

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040105

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmong the various methods for predicting the development of a fire in real conditions we have chosen the one which works on a small‐scale model. The differences in gas concentrations, available fuel, and convection and heat transfer are recognized and discussed. A small‐scale model has been built in which any oxygen concentration, heat flux and air supply can be reproduced simultaneously. The method makes it possible to simulate a good range of conditions, and by controlling these conditions a better knowledge of the geometric reduction which is to be used in the smallscale model can be obtai

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040106

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study provides basic data with respect to pain and burns produced on short‐term contact of bare skin with heated substances. The data may also be used to determine the thermal properties and thicknesses of fabrics or coatings required to prevent injury in such contacts. The maximum temperature any material might attain without causing injury on contact with bare skin was determined from measurements of pain threshold during contact with heated materials representing a wide spectrum of thermal properties form good conductors to good insulators. Pain threshold times were converted to blister times and the latter extrapolated to predict those temperatures at which blistering would result form ‘instantaneous’ (0.3 s) contact. The predicted temperatures were verified experimentally in contacts with four different materials. From these data, charts and equations were derived by which the maximum permissible temperature for safe contact could be determined for any material solely form a knowledge of its thermal conductivity, density and specific heat. Additionally, equations for transient heat flow in two‐layer systems yield the thickness of coatings, fabrics or other thermal barriers of known properties which would be required to protect the skin form pain or burn on contact with materials at excessive tempe

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040107

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe toxicological end‐points used in a method for the assessment of the toxicity of combustion products are described. The evaluation considers three areas of toxicological interaction: incapacitation, death, and post‐exposure involvement. The model of incapacitation described is the leg‐flexion avoidance response of the rat. Additional end‐points to assist in the determination of the causality of the observed toxicity are included. The effects of the combustion products of Douglas fir, a phenolic foam, a urea formaldehyde foam and a flexible polyurethane foam on these endpoint are described. The wide range of types of potential toxicities resulting form exposure of animals to the combustion products of materials is discussed. Additionally discussed are the relative merits of the leg‐flexion avoidance response as a model of incapacitation. Conclusions as to the important components of a first‐tier toxicological evaluation of combustion product

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040108

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040109

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040112

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810040101

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY