ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020102

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Complexity of the behavior of smoke at fires can lead to great difficulties in obtaining measurements from instruments which are both reliable and correlatable with human observations. The first article in this two‐part review considers the principal characteristics of smoke, the factors which influence its behaviour at fires, the basic theory of light transmission through smoke, and the behaviour of the eye in smoky conditions. This information will be used in the second article to assess the performance and limitations of various types of smoke measuring instrument

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020103

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn attempt has been made to present toxicological results obtained by a biological evaluation method in a simple and comprehensive way. The calculation of a toxicity index which expresses mortality rates as a function of the very important time factor is proposed. Additionally it is shown how such an index could be used to rank a series of twenty materials according to their relative toxicity.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020104

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe small‐scale smoke testing apparatus now proposed as a standard in France under the designation NF–T51–073 measures the total obscuration from a stream of smoke generated from a small sample. Although like other small‐scale fire tests, it is not claimed to be of relevance to real fire situations, it is possible by varying the temperature over a wide range (200–900°C) to obtain a plot of specific optical density for various materials which broadly corresponds with general experience and certain other smoke tests. The plots show that nearly all flammable substances give a rapid rise in smoke opacity in the 350–500°C region above which there is always a steep drop sometimes to smoke densities of virtually zero. Apart from one or two synthetic materials which show a very low smoke density through‐out, there is no general trend as between natural and synthetic substances. Oxygen depletion which often occurs in a real fire situation has some effect on the smoke density but it is not a major one. On the other hand, in some cases reheating the smoke can have quite a dramatic effect, due very probably to further pyrolysis

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020105

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study was conducted of the smoke and flow field in a corridor subject to a room fire. The study was conducted using a scale model of roughly 0.35 m in height. The effect of corridor‐exit doorway width was recorded while the room doorway and fire‐room temperature were maintained constant. Smoke was generated from cotton wads soaked with titanium tetrachloride which produces white particles of titanium dioxide. By this means, the smoke layer resulting from the room fire and the corridor flow characteristics were visualized. The results show the lowering interface of the corridor smoke layer with decreasing corridor‐exit door width. Also a four‐layer horizontal counter‐current flow pattern was displayed and shown to result from a restriction (e.g. soffit) at the corridor exit. The mixing of the incoming cold flow and exiting hot flow at the corridor exit was observed to be shedding vortices swept into the cold floor jet. Results based on velocity measurements and smoke observations are presented for the corridor smoke layer height and doorway neutral‐plane heights. The limitations of current predictive models are demonstrated for layer‐heights and flow rates for the room and corrido

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020106

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe thermal degradation of untreated and wool treated by various flame retardants, using pyrolysis gas chromatography, has been studied. The concentration of CO, CO2and benzene produced does not appear to be affected by the flame retardants studied. The latter slightly decreases the concentration of toluene produced while the HCN production depends on the chemical composition of the retardant and on the temperature of exposure.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0408.1986.tb00025.x

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEquations have been developed which give the time available for escape or rescue, i.e., the time interval between detection and blockage of the escape route by smoke, heat or toxic gases. Alternative assumptions are explored concerning exponential vs power law fire growth and an extended fire plume vs uniform filing of the building. The equations are developed in such a form that the threat variable by which the fire is detected is not necessarily the same threat variable which first blocks the escape route. A number of interesting results have been obtained, and numerical values of key parameters measured in various test fires at Factory Mutual Research are tabulated. It is shown that for many polymeric fuels smoke will block the escape route well before temperature or toxicity becomes excessive. In such cases, if the fire, assumed to be growing exponentially, is detected by its smoke, the detector being located in the escape route, then the escape time, surprisingly, is independent of the smokiness of the material as well as the size and shape of the building. It is determined only by the growth rate constant (doubling time) of the fire and the sensitivity of the detector.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020108

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLimiting Oxygen Indexes were determined for a polyester resin fire retarded with a number of different brominated hydrocarbons. It was found that up to a concentration of 28 phr bromine the values obtained were linearly related to the bromine concentration and independent of the carbon‐bromine bon

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020109

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020110

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810020112

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY