摘要:

AbstractA review was made of smoldering fire experiments conducted in closed rooms and buildings. The results were summarized by tabulating maximum levels of CO, the time integral of CO concentration (‘dose’), CO2, temperature rise and oxygen consumption. A hazard time based on the attainment of a CO dose equal to 4.5% CO‐minutes and the time for transition to flaming were also tabulated. The likelihood of reaching a critical CO condition during smoldering seems to be comparable with the likelihood of having transition to flaming occur. A theoretical model, requiring inputs of CO production rate and energy release rate, was executed and compared with available data. The theoretical results for CO concentration as a function of time were in good agreement with the experimental data. The model offers a means of extrapolating test data to compartments of various size in order to assess the general hazard of CO due to smold

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060302

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA fire test device suitable for small‐scale, comparative testing as a first step in investigating the performance of fire retardant materials is described. The procedure developed is not intended to predict the performance of a given material in a real fire, since the local conditions can be extremely variable. However, the parameters in the device can be varied over a wide range to screen the performance of various materials in given situation. Typical results for an intumescent mastic consisting of epoxy resin, hardener and melamine phosphate are quoted, together with appropriate calibration curves. A method of estimating the thermal resistance of the developing char is also discusse

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060303

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMelamine orthophosphate crystals vary in shape and formula according to their method of production. The types vary widely in their behaviour when incorporated into an epoxy resin intumescent coating for trials in a small scale fire test. Heat treatment of melamine phosphate crystals at 210 °C, a process designed to reduce their solubility, profoundly affects the performance of any crystal type in a fire test. In such cases crystal shape alone appears to determine performance, whereas the shape, formula, and state of agglomeration affect performance in coatings produced with untreated melamine phosphate. Small plates of side 20 μm heat treated at 210 °C, are the preferred type for optimum performance and weathering characteristi

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060304

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study has been made of the effect of antimony and molybdenum oxides on the temperature‐critical oxygen index relationship of halogenated polyester thermosets. The polyesters were prepared from maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride and propylene glycol, using either tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, tetrabromophthalic anhydride or chlorendic anhydride as the halogen source. Marked differences were observed in the effect of the two oxides. The critical oxygen index values of the halogenated polyesters containing maoybdenum (VI)oxide decreased with increase in timperature, which is in accordance with what is normally found for organic polymers, with and without additives. In contrast to this, the critical oxygen index values of the formulations containing antimony(II)oxide increased with increased with increase in temperature to reach a maximum value at around 100–150 °C. These results indicate that antimony(II)oxide is a better flame retardant than molybdenum(VI)oxide, since not only is it superior at the primary ignition stage but it shows enhanced activity at the higher temperatures which would be experienced by polymeric material in the early stages of a fire. It is concluded that higher temperature critical oxygen index studies provide a better guide to the flame retardant activity of additives than do ambient critical oxygen index determinations a

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060305

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReaction to fire tests are the main criteria used by legislators of fire regulations to determine the suitability of different materials for use in building construction. These do not always give reliable results, particularly when applied to new man‐made materials. Part of the explanation for this is the lack of detailed understanding of the heat and mass transfer processes occurring in fire. This is in part due to a lack of measurements of the fluctuating property field in the source plume. In this paper measurements of the probability density functions, spectra and mean square fluctuations of temperature together with the probability of combustion are reported for a stimulated fire plume. The results are consistent with the model of a fire comprising a series of narrow flame fronts oscillating at the flame flicker frequency (which for this system is 3 Hz). The effects of thermal inertia in thermocouples on the determination of mean and fluctuating gas temperature have been examined using the treatment of Ballantyne, Boon and Moss. The high‐frequency limitations of thermocouple and electrostatic probes have been discussed in the context of trubulent filed measurements in fi

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060306

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA mathematical Model for estimating the time available for safe egress from a fire is formulated. The model simulates the conditions which develop during the course of an enclosure fire. Since life safety considerations are primary, the simulation model which is adopted focuses attention only on phenomena which develop between the times of fire ignition and onset of hazardous conditions. This allows significant simplifications in modeling which may not be otherwise justified. Using computed variables of a simulated fire scenario of interest, times of fire detection and onset of hazard which are deduced from realistic detection and hazard criteria would be estimated. The Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) would be defined as the length of the time interval which separates these two events. Quantitative specifications for a variety of detection and hazard criteria are identified. Results of exercising the model are presented, and ASET estimates are obtained for a wide variety of realistic fire scenarios. A comparison between experimental results of a multi‐room fire test and prediction of the single‐room model suggest that the model has potential utility in providing practical simulations of multi‐room fire environ

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060307

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn extensive review is presented demonstrating the nature of comparison between full‐scale fire smoke data and test method results for materials. These correlations are presented in terms of consistent parameters established through a development of the governing equations for smoke concentration and light attenuation. Visibility data limited to light transmission through smoke are also presented. The complex dependence of smoke production on many parameters acting in fire growth limits the success of simple correlation methods. Recommendations are made for further research to establish a sound basis for correlations, and the prediction of smoke obscuration due to fir

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060308

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060309

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060301

出版商:Wiley Heyden&Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY