摘要:

AbstractThe ignitability of solids, including fire‐retardant‐containing polystyrene, is reported using results of a small‐scale thermal radiation exposure test (a modified ISO ignitability test procedure). Additional information is provided from the results of exposure to convective heating and from oxygen index determinations. The use of a permanent sample mask and smaller samples than described in the ISO procedure proved convenient. The ISO procedure was found useful for determining the response of ignition time to changes in radiant flux. Good agreement was found with the analysis of Quintiere and Harkleroad for most samples but not with polystyrene, with and without halogen fire retardant. The increase in ignition resistance with fire retardant concentration suggested by the oxygen index is not always consistent with the ignition delay times under radiative or convective as

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810120102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLow‐density polyethylene, with and without an antimony–bromine synergistic fire retardant or aluminium hydroxide, was subjected to standard fire tests and to experiments which determined the smoke and harmful fumes emitted on overheating. Both additives improved most fire properties but the fire retardant increased the smoke generated by intense radiant heat. The onset of smoke, flammable gas, carbon monoxide and acids was generally delayed by the additives. The total amounts and maximum values of these volatiles were lessened. Sample weight and form affect the results of these experiments. Observations during heating show that the additives reduce spreading of the melt, thus reducing the surface area available for oxidat

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810120103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the influence of oxygen and environmental temperature on the generation of smoke from burning polystyrene sheet. The experimentation was performed using a Stanton Redcroft HFTA linked to a Stanton Redcroft FTB Smoke Box. The results showed that different forms of smoke were formed depending upon the environmental conditions. For example, in oxygen‐enriched atmospheres and at elevated environmental temperatures, as in spacecraft fires, large smoke particles were formed with a lower level of obscuration. This phenomenon was accompanied by higher rates of burn and high fire temperatures. At lower oxygen contents, as in real‐life fire conditions, close to the Critical Oxygen Index, finer smoke particles were formed which gave a higher level of obscuration. The time to maximum obscuration was comparatively l

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810120104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies have been carried out of the thermal decomposition and combustion of cigarette paper with heating rates and final temperatures similar to those encountered during the smoking of cigarettes. Measurements have been made in particular of the amounts of carbon monoxide formed from the paper, both on its own and when it forms part of a cigarette. The extent of formation of char from cigarette paper decreases as the heating rate is increased, but carbon monoxide yields pass through a maximum at a heating rate ofca60° s−1, due to the competing effects of temperature on the several different mechanisms by which carbon monoxide is produced. Measurements on cigarette papers impregnated with a wide range of inorganic and organic salts show that all the additives used tend to decrease carbon monoxide yields at low heating rates but to increase them quite sharply at very high ones. With cigarettes containing impregnated papers the concentration of carbon monoxide is increased in both the mainstream and sidestream smoke. Possible reasons for the behaviour observed with the various individual salts are discussed. Certainly, on the assumption that the results obtained with cigarettes are a good reflection of those on paper alone it seems unlikely that treatment of cigarette paper can ever reduce the amounts of carbon monoxide formed under cigarette smoking conditions, for all additives affect char formation in such a way that there is an overall increase in carbon monoxide yiel

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810120105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe article outlines the analysis of data collected by questionnaire, inspection and detailed surveys of a selection of boarding houses in Northern Ireland. A statistical model is developed which enables a cost of compliance to be estimated for boarding houses having more than six bedspaces. Comparisons are also made regarding cost with previous studies in England and Wales for similar boarding houses/small hotels. Finally the cost of compliance for these houses and other buildings is given with an estimate of the impact of this cost on the building industry and the public at large in Northern Ireland.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810120106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810120108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810120109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810120101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY