摘要:

Research has been carried out in the town area of Milan on 275 subjects. For each patient the following data have been measured: ventilatory profile, aspecific bronchial reactivity, arterial concentration in CO and acid-base balance. The results obtained have been divided into four groups, according to the level of SO2 in the area of residence of the subjects, who have also been studied with reference to the habit of smoking. The data obtained have shown (1) an alteration of the ventilatory function, with decrease of oxygen tension in arterial blood in all subjects. (2) Increase of bronchial irritability and CO concentration in arterial blood have been found in these subjects, with rates higher than those established by the WHO (1.5–1.7). (3) The division of our results according to the level of SO2 pollution in the areas of residence of the patients showed the presence, in the most polluted areas of Milan (NE and SW), of higher levels of bronchial irritability and higher CO rates in arterial blood. (4) Cigarette smoking does not seem to play a major role in causing bronchial irritability. It certainly.increases CO concentration: smokers have HbCO concentration higher than nonsmokers in all four areas. (5) Air pollution is more important than cigarette smoking in determining CO saturation of blood. Nonsmokers living in the most polluted areas of Milan (NE) show a higher concentration of CO in arterial blood than smokers living in the less polluted areas (SW

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194742

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We performed pulmonary function tests after antigen inhalation challenge in 6 patients with hypersensitive pneumonia. 2 patients showed a reduction in maximal expiratory flow at 25% vital capacity (V25) within the first 1–3 h (early reaction) followed by a decrease in vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 s and increased respiratory resistance in the next 4–7 h (late reaction). In the other 4 patients, only V25 decreased within the first 1–3 h. Diffusion capacity did not change significantly. It is suggested that the small airway is the most sensitive site of reaction to an antigen inhalation challenge in hypersensitive pneumonia and that the obstructive change of the small airway could occur as the early rea

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194743

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Zaditen has a partial blocking effect in exercise-induced asthma, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. In our study we investigated the effect of Zaditen on one of the mediators released by mast cells. We measured the serum neutrophil chemotactic activity – by using a modified Boyden chamber assay – after 2 week’s treatment with Zaditen or placebo. The airway parameters (SGaw) were recorded with a whole-body plethysmograph. Our studies on 10 patients show that Zaditen has a protective effect on the release of the neutrophil chemotactic factor during an exercise challenge test. A direct effect of Zaditen on the mast cell degranulation process is postu

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194744

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Enflurane and isoflurane, widely used general anesthetic agents, were shown to significantly inhibit the microbicidal oxidative activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) at clinically relevant concentrations. This inhibition was reversible, as exposing the anesthetic-treated PAM to air for 30 min completely removed any depression of oxidative activity. Using chemoluminigenic probes to analyze the generation of oxidative metabolites, a significant reduction in superoxide anion (O2-) production was found in PAM exposed to enflurane or isoflurane.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194745

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The influence of the hemoglobin concentration in the peripheral venous blood on the diffusing capacity of the lungs for CO (DLCO) was tested with the single-breath method. 9 patients with histologically verified interstitial pulmonary fibrosis of varying etiology and 26 persons with healthy lungs with anemia requiring transfusions were investigated before and after compensation of the anemia. It was found that the true maximum diffusing capacity of the lungs measured in anemia patients was too low. In the test subjects with healthy lungs, there was a positive linear correlation between the hemoglobin content of the blood and DLCO. A correction factor to calculate the true DLCO in patients with healthy lungs but with anemia is specified. In the patients with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, the influence of the reduced diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary membrane on the extent of the diffusion disorder was in each case greater than the effects due to the anemia.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194746

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

It was suggested by analysis of theoretical lung models that low V/Q units are unstable and can be converted into shunt by breathing O2. We tested this theory in 21 subjects with various lung diseases (mostly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) by having them breathe O2. We also increased the tidal volumes in these patients to see whether this maneuver could prevent the development of shunt. We found that mean P(A-a)O2 increased from 30 ± 2.8 (mean ± SEM) Torr breathing room air to 135 ± 20.7 Torr breathing O2 for 10 min (p < 0.0001), to 124 ± 20.4 Torr breathing O2 for 20 min (p < 0.0001), and to 125 ± 19.0 Torr breathing oxygen with inspiratory capacity breaths (p < 0.0001). The corresponding shunt increased from about 2.8% of the cardiac output to 7.9 ± 1.01, 7.3 ± 1.03 and 7.3 ± 0.98%, respectively. We conclude that: (1) breathing pure oxygen can convert low V/Q units to shunt, hence measurement of P(A-a)O2 and shunt by oxygen technique will overestimate the actual values; (2) 10 min of oxygen breathing will cause complete atelectasis of low V/Q units, and (3) increased tidal volume does not prevent absorptive atel

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194747

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We have studied the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats using p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) which inhibits 5-HT synthesis. We measured right ventricular mean systolic pressure (Prvs), right ventricular hypertrophy, medial thickness of muscular pulmonary arteries, and muscularization of pulmonary arterioles 17 days after a single dose of monocrotaline (60 mg/kg) and after 26 days of chronic hypobaric hypoxia (380 mm Hg). In monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension, pretreatment with PCPA (500 mg/kg) was associated with significant reductions (p < 0.05) in Prvs (29%), right ventricular hypertrophy (33%), and medial thickness of muscular pulmonary arteries (14%). In chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, pretreatment with PCPA was associated with significant reductions in Prvs (20%), right ventricular hypertrophy (28%), medial thickness of muscular pulmonary arteries (14%), and muscularization of pulmonary arterioles (47%). 5-HT may play a role in the development of monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194748

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Formulae from the complex number method of network analysis are used by respiratory physiologists with increasing frequency. As yet, however, no elementary derivation of these has been found in physiological journals, the reader usually being referred to electronic texts: the derivations in these texts are not directed to respiratory problems and are generally more involved than required for respiratory purposes. The present presentation of the complex number analysis method is elementary, the necessary grounding in the field of complex numbers being given in an Appendix. The analysis is directed first to a one-compartment lung, then to a simple two-compartment lung (effectively the same method applying also to simple multiple-compartment lungs), and finally an indication is given of the analysis of more complex models that include air-compression effects. By gaining an understanding of the underlying principles the respiratory physiologist will improve the extent and depth of application of this powerful method of analysis. In particular, he will be in a position to analyse the body plethys-mographic measurement of the non-uniform lung.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194749

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Of 57 patients who were operated on for adenocarcinoma of the lung during the period 1966–1970, 18 with mediastinal lymph node metastases successfully underwent potentially curative pulmonary resection combined with complete mediastinal lymph node dissection. The 5-year survival rate was nil. In light of this poor outlook, we do not recommend surgery as the primary treatment of choice in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung and known mediastinal lymph node metastase

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194750

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

21 patients with protracted unilateral pleural effusion were studied with respect to the etiology of their pleurisy. 13 presented with unilateral chest wall edema (UCE). These were classified as group A patients. 8 group B patients suffered from unilateral pleural effusion without UCE. A malignant cause of the effusion was established in 8 out of the 13 patients in group A, and in 2 patients from group B. Empyema was present in 4 additional patients, all of them belonging to group A. The diagnosis of purulent pleural effusion could be made promptly by microscopic examination of the pleural fluid. If excluding the empyema patients, the presence of UCE was significantly associated (p < 0.025) with a malignant etiology of the pleural effusion. It seems that careful examination of the chest wall skin texture can be a simple and useful method in the initial evaluation of patients with pleurisy.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000194751

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger