摘要:

At two altitudes (3,600 and 5,200 m), resident native women (A) showed higher PAco2 and Paco2, lower PAO2 and PaO2, as well as lower arterial pH, than native males (C) of similar age. Resting minute ventilation (VE/m2), tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (f) were similar. The differences in the alveolar-arterial gas tensions in A stem from larger dead space (VDS), VDS/VT and reduced alveolar ventilation (VA). Newcomer females (B) at both altitudes differed from new- comer males (D) in regard to larger resting VA, f and smaller VT. No differences were demonstrated in size of VDS, VDS/VT or VO2/BSA; but PAco2 and PacO2 were lower, PAO2 and Pa higher and VE/VO2 and VA/VO2 (ventilatory equivalents) above those for resting newcomer males. A contrasted with resting B at 3,600 m (12,200 ft), showing higher PAco2 and Paco2, lower Pao2 and arterial pH, reduction in VA and larger VDS/VT. Both C and D at 3,600 and 5,200 m during steady-state 60-W (367 kg/m/min) exercise showed lower PAco2 and Paco2, higher arterial pH, smaller VDS and higher VE/VO2 than exercising A. The latter differed from C exercising at the same work load in that VE/m2 and VA were reduced, PAco2 and Paco2 were higher, Pa-ao2 gradients were wider, pH was lower and VDS as well as VDS/VT were larger. Contrasted with B during steady-state 60-W exercise at both altitudes, D showed consistently smaller VDS and larger VA. While both C and A had higher resting f than D, f of newcomer females at La Paz was higher than that of A. Control of ventilation by relating VE to Pao2 and Paco2 at rest and exercise at both altitudes showed marked attenuation of hypoxic and hypercapnic drives, particularly in the native resident female, suggesting diminished peripheral chemoreceptor function.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192911

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

18 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and ventilatory insufficiency had a differential spirometry with determination of the following parameters in each lung: oxygen uptake, ventilation, vital capacity and diffusing capacity. Lung scintigraphy was also performed. The factors influencing the diffusing capacity of each lung were the ventilation and the pulmonary arterial blood flow because there was a high correlation between each of these parameters and diffusing capacity – 0.9702 and 0.9634, respectivel

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192912

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The diffusion in the lungs is sufficiently rapid to obliterate a measurable concentration gradient during a normal breathing cycle. The shape of the alveolar plateau in the single breath nitrogen washout curve is due mainly to the mechanical factors and some other possibilities. In this paper, the author points out and demonstrates some of these factors and suggests the possible answers to part of this complex and controversial problem.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192913

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The author concludes from a study of the literature that the ground substance of lung parenchyma might play a fundamental role in the development of pulmonary emphysema. This ground substance forms part of the connective tissue and consists predominantly of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) and of acid mucopolysaccharide-protein ‘ complexes (AMPS-PC). Changes in composition of this ground substance may lead to a loss of viscosity and to a diminution of the cohesive properties in the fiber skeleton of the lung parenchyma. Analysis of pieces of fresh lung tissue removed during thoracic surgery (published in detail elsewhere in this issue) revealed a significant difference in AMPS composition between normal and emphysematous tissue, and the difference is compatible with a loss of viscosity in the emphysematous lungs. Practically all mechanisms proposed as being involved in the pathogenesis of lung emphysema can be thought of as acting through a change in composition and viscosity of the ground substance. This gives a universal character to the hypothesis formulated. The fact that emphysema is far more frequent in the masculine sex can also be explained by this hypothesis. The author hopes that his observations may contribute to an insight into the pathogenesis of lung emphysema and may perhaps lead to a more efficacious and functional treatment in early case

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192914

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Samples were taken at biopsies of peripheral lung tissue from patients with and without emphysema. The emphysematous patients were diagnosed as such by lung function tests and clinical history, and affirmed by the pathological anatomy of the resection preparations. The other group comprised patients negative for emphysema in all respects. A number of biochemically important substances were determined quantitatively in the dried, powder and defatted lung tissue. Typical cellular parameters, such as DNA, RNA and protein, were not different in the groups. Neither the soluble nor the buffer-insoluble collagen were quantitatively different in both groups; the individual variation is great. The amount of soluble collagen relative to the insoluble collagen per sample is much less variable; this ratio is the same in both groups as well. The total amount of mucopolysaccharides as measured by the uronic acid content is hardly different in both groups. The relative amount of galactosamine-containing mucopolysaccharides in emphysematous patients is significantly lower than in ‘normals’. This is still more evident if the ratio glucosamine/galactosamine is determined. This ratio is 3.20 for emphysematous patients compared to 0.77 in the non-emphysematous subje

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192915

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Two groups of patients were compared who were submitted to thoracotomy for carcinoma of the bronchus and had their respiratory function tested prior to operation. One group consisted of all the patients tested over a 6½-year period who suffered post-operative cardiopulmonary complications.The complications occurred more often in the patients with operations on the right lung than in the others. When the findings were differently presented it appeared that the patients who had more than half the total amount of lung tissue removed (i.e. a right pneumonectomy) had a higher incidence of complications than the rest.There were significant differences between the respiratory function test results (other than the vital capacity values) of the patients with complications and those without.There were no differences in the test results or in the nature of the operations between the patients who survived the complications and those that died.It was concluded that help might be obtained in assessing the possible risk of the complications following thoracotomy for carcinoma of the bronchus (but not of death from those complications) from the pre-operative respiratory function test results and whether or not the anticipated operation is a right pneumonectomy

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192916

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Rats were exposed to the smoke of non-filter cigarettes for various periods of time. The weight gain of the exposed animals was markedly less than that of controls, and they revealed signs of irritation of the respiratory mucous membrane. The frequency of ciliary beat and the rate of mucous flow in the bronchial tree of the exposed rats were not significantly altered. However, patches were observed in the tracheobronchial epithelium of these animals in which mucociliary mechanism was abnormal. Also numerous areas of ciliary inactivity were present. These alterations in mucociliary function were very similar to those found in bronchitis.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192917

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In seven normal subjects and in seven subjects with obstructive lung diseases, the kinetics of respiratory pressure changes produced by the respiratory muscles during the quickest and maximum static effort have been studied. The time course of the pressure was very different in the patients compared to that of the controls: the first slow phase of their pressure- efforts time curve is fourfold longer, whilst the half times ofthe last phase of the curve are similar, reflecting similar behaviour of the respiratory muscles after reaching the active state. It follows that the active state requires a longer than normal time to reach its full intensity. Such a behaviour should depend on the mechanical properties of the thoracomuscular system and shows the existence of mechanical disadvantage of the system converting the muscular force into pressure.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192918

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

This paper tries to examine pathophysiologic factors causing loop formations in pressure/flow diagrams recorded by a body plethysmograph. An account is given of pressure/flow traces in a survey of 564 patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung diseases. 34 % of the patients have shown a looped appearance in the traces. It can be demonstrated that the compressibility of gas not taking part in ventilation will cause phase shift in pressure/flow diagrams in cases of some defined factors like increased breathing rate, enlarged intrathoracic gas volume, increased airway resistance and high absolute pressure at resting mid-position in non-ventilated gas spaces. In case of elliptic loop formation in pressure/flow patterns, work (blind work) caused by compression and decompression of non-ventilated gas volumes can be determined from corresponding pressure/volume diagrams. The conclusion emphasizes that blind work can dramatically influence dynamics of breathing in advanced chronic obstructive lung diseases.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192919

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Automatic flow interruption technique has been utilized for the determination of lung and thorax compliance. The rate of interruption has been fixed at 120 min-1 with a closingtime of 0.36sec. The short interruption time does not create discomfort for the patientand allow very little time to the patient to activate his respiratory muscle or to close his glottis during stopping the flow. Compliance values, from 31 subjects of various health status, obtained by this technique as well as by slow inspiration technique agree well.

ISSN:0025-7931    

DOI:10.1159/000192920

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1972

数据来源: Karger