ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00816.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two children with callosal agenesis, who were born without the 200 million nerve fibres of the corpus callosum, which normally connect the two hemispheres of the brain, were tested on the Piagetian and post‐Piagetian tasks of perceptual perspective taking and a task of cognitive perspective taking. Unlike children with autism and despite the discussions of the relative distributions of cognitive skills which followed the studies of commissurotomy patients, the children with callosal agenesis could accomplish these tasks. There is thus no evidence that absence of the corpus callosum causes a failure to establish a ‘theory of mind’, nor do acallosals display a duality of mind such that deductions relating to belief states and viewpoints are unavailable to conscious perception and logical verbal ana

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00817.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigated the ability of high functioning verbal children and adolescents with autism or Down's syndrome to tell a story to a listener. Sixteen subjects with autism and 16 with Down's syndrome (DS), matched on verbal mental age, watched a short puppet show or video sketch and were then asked to tell the story to a listener and answer follow‐up questions. The majority of both groups were able to produce recognizable, though primitive, narratives. The groups did not differ in general story characteristics and both groups exhibited errors in language use. Subjects with autism had a greater tendency to produce bizarre language and adopt an ‘externalized’ point of view in which the puppets/actors were seen as objects rather than characters. Also, DS subjects produced significantly more communicative gestures. Although the groups were about equally able to supply information for follow‐up questions, autistic subjects produced a higher proportion of bizarre responses. Results indicate that the story recall ability of autistic subjects resembles that of language‐matched, mentally retarded persons. However, some autistic subjects appeared to have difficulty grasping the story as a representation of meaningful events. Results are discussed in relation to the autistic person's awareness of listeners' needs and aspects of the social en

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00818.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although work on ‘conservation accidents’ furthered study of the cognitive processes in Piagetian conservation tasks, there has been little attempt to use children's meta‐cognitive awareness as access to such processes. The present study sought (a) to replicate effects on number conservation of variation in transformation conditions and (b) to investigate children's processing of such tasks by means of their commentaries on silent video‐replays of their performances.Two separate groups of 64 children aged 5–7 years participated in two similar experiments, each comprising four transformation conditions involving a human experimenter or a toy fox. Neither between‐ nor within‐subject data showed any evidence of transformation condition effects upon conservation in either experiment. Children generally denied that the counters had really been moved by the fox and overwhelmingly asserted the necessity of the experimenter's presence. Theories concerning the effect of repeating the equivalence question, the role of toy animal interference and the influence of meta‐cognitive awareness in conservation were further contradicted by the failure of performance to relate to any aspect of the video‐replay commentaries gathered in Expt 2, including reported correctness of children's pre‐transformation judgement, their belief in the agency of the toy animal, and their construal of the purpose of the task. Memory lapses before and during the video commentary confirm the usefulness of this procedure as well as the need for caution in interpreting what it yields. The possible role and implications of experimenter effects in this area of research ar

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a recent study by Gelman&Markman (1986), boys and girls were found to show different patterns of inductive inference. Children were asked to infer whether an object (e.g. a shark) would be more likely to share a property with a dissimilar‐looking object from the same category (e.g. a tropical fish), or with a similar‐looking object from a different category (e.g. a dolphin). Boys made more category‐based inferences than predicted by chance for objects from biological categories like fish, but not for non‐biological objects such as gold. Girls showed the reverse pattern, making more category‐based inferences than predicted by chance for non‐biological objects, but not for biological items. The present study tested the possibility that the sex difference was due to the way the properties were described rather than the biological‐non‐biological difference in the items. In the Gelman&Markman study, the properties of biological items were presented as actions or states, while the non‐biological properties were presented as the consequences to the object due to an outside agent. The results of the present research indicated that the content of the items (biological versus non‐biological) is irrelevant; sex differences in patterns of correct inference are a function of the way items are described (actions/states versus consequences). Boys made significantly more correct inferences than chance for items whose properties were described as actions or states, while girls made significantly more correct inferences than chance for items whose properties were described as consequences. Thus, it appears that boys tend to use an object's actions as a basis for inference, while girls tend to use the consequences for an object when categorizing the object and making

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous studies of the information integration rules used in area judgements have employed either rating scales, or area‐matching techniques in which a pair of rectangles is presented and one is adjusted to match the other in size. In this study a PEST (Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing) procedure was used to track the point of subjective equality between a standard rectangle and a comparator rectangle of different shape. This method has the advantage that a simple binary choice is the only response required. Functional measurement analysis was carried out on groups of adults, 5‐ and 10‐year‐old children who each completed two replications of a 3 × 3 design in which 3 values of standard area were combined with 3 values of comparator width. The results supported previous findings that young children generally use an addition (height + width) rule whereas older children and adults use a multiplying rule in area judgement. A second experiment confirmed the difference in predominant strategy between 5‐ and 11‐year‐old children and eliminated one possible artefact due to the starting value of the tracking series. This confirmation of the development change in area‐judgement strategies using a different method suggests that the strategy changes are real and not an artefact of measurement techniques. In addition, the present technique reveals more widespread use of the multiplying strategy than previous methods based on rating scales. The implications of this findi

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the relationship between the ability to discriminate and produce facial expressions and social acceptance by peers of young preschool children. Multiple measurements of affect discrimination ability, production ability (posed and spontaneous) and sociometric status (ratings and preference scores) were included, along with one measure of verbal labelling of affective expressions. Results indicated that abilities to discriminate and produce expressions were unrelated when the contribution of age and IQ to the relation was removed. Furthermore, posed and spontaneous productions of expressions were not related. Sociometric preference scores but not rating scores were predicted by the ability to discriminate affective expressions (R2= .68). Sociometric preference scores were also predicted by spontaneous expressivity scores (R2= .38) but not by the ability to pose affective expressions. No gender differences were observed on any measures. Thus, results indicate that children's discrimination ability and spontaneous expressivity predict social competence, as indexed by liking by peers. Results are discussed in terms of a social information processing model of social competence.

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an attempt to examine children's encoding and storage of faces, two experiments are reported on temporal factors in recognition memory for unfamiliar faces by 7‐year‐old and 10‐year‐old children. In Expt 1, viewing durations of 1 and 3 seconds and delay intervals of 0 and 1 week were examined. The younger children were less accurate at immediate test: no difference between the two age groups was evident after a week's interval. Faces presented for 3 s were recognized more accurately than those shown for 1 s. Experiment 2 involved a modification in design and temporal parameters: faces were shown for either 2 or 6 s and testing followed immediately, a day later, or a week later. The performance of 7‐year‐olds was unaffected by duration of encoding or length of interval. In contrast the 10‐year‐old children performed better with 6 s compared with 2 s exposure. They also made more accurate recognition at immediate test compared with intervals of 1 day or 1 week. The results of these two experiments provide the first systematically derived data on the way children process facial information as a function of viewing duration and delay interval. Theoretical and practical implications of the observation

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:A Border Dispute: The Place of Logic in Psychology.ByJohn Macnamara.Children and Emotion: The Development of Psychological Understanding.ByPaul L. Harris.The Beginnings of Social Understanding.By Judy Dunn.Developing Theories of Mind.Edited by J. W. Astington, P. L. Harris&D. R. Olson.

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY