摘要:

Processes underlying reading in profoundly congenitally deaf children were investigated in three experiments using the Stroop paradigm, where subjects were required to respond to coloured letter strings displayed on a video‐monitor. Each experiment examined two response measures: A manual one where subjects pressed the button corresponding to the appropriate colour, and a colour‐naming task. Unpronounceable letter strings, pronounceable non‐words, colour related and unrelated words were displayed as well as colour words. In both deaf and hearing children of similar reading skill the pattern was very similar. Colour words generated most interference in the vocal, least in the manual task, suggesting automatic access to word meaning (the manual task) and, additionally, to word pronunciation (the vocal task). In a second experiment, where unique letter strings were presented in different colours, the same general pattern was observed: These results are not limited to repeated associative pairings of colours and their names, suggesting that the deaf, like hearing children, have automatic access to word pronunciations in reading. In a third experiment, non‐words that were homophones of incongruent colour words also produced interference with output forms for pronounceable letter strings. Taken together, these results indicate that access to orthographic, semantic and even phonological information can occur automatically when deaf children are presented with writte

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1993.tb00585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The sites and routes that children of different ages considered to be safe to cross the road were investigated. In Expt 1, children aged 5, 7, 9 and 11 years were instructed to choose ‘the safest’ crossing sites and routes to specified destinations. The results showed a gradual developmental shift with safer, more adult‐like choices appearing with increasing age. Five‐ and 7‐year‐olds exhibited only a rudimentary selection procedure, choosing the most direct route as safest and showing a marked lack of awareness of the dangers posed by nearby roadside obstacles or other visual restrictions. In a further experiment, 5‐year‐olds were individually trained in finding safe places to cross. Training took place either in the real road environment or using a tabletop model of a traffic environment. A series of pre‐ and post‐tests enabled the effectiveness of the training to be assessed. Substantial improvements following training were obtained in both groups. No differences were found between the two training methods. Though performance fell somewhat over the two months following training, trained children still outperformed their untrained peers eight months after the programme ended. The implications for road safety educ

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1993.tb00586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study 10‐month‐old infants were presented with a vertical or horizontal toy that was obtainable only by reaching through an aperture. In each of three experimental conditions there were two apertures of the same size and of differing orientation—horizontal and vertical. In the first condition the toy was visible only through the aperture of congruent orientation and in the second only through the aperture of orthogonal orientation. In the third condition it was located between two apertures and equal portions of it were visible in both of them. Infants reached successfully for the toy in the first and third conditions but experienced greater difficulty in the second. This was reflected in indices of first and successful reaches, reaching efficiency and anticipatory hand orientation. In the presence of the apertures (experimental trials) infants were more likely to reach with the hand that was ipsilateral with the side of toy presentation than when reaching was unobstructed (baseline trials). Since most indices reflected behaviour prior to contact with aperture or toy, it was concluded that infants of this age perceive that a match in orientation of toy and aperture better affords access to the toy than does a mis

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1993.tb00587.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The questions asked in the present paper concern the role of the social context in the early development of perception and action. How do infants acquire the various means of manual exploration and how do they get to apply these means appropriately to specific exploratory problems? An experiment is reported testing the possibility that infants learn these skills by observing adults doing them. Six‐month‐ olds and 12‐month‐olds were presented with four different objects which varied in form, size, texture, substance and sound potential. The subjects' mothers were also participants in the experiment and presented the objects to the infants after modelling a specific manipulation with it. Four different manipulations were modelled; banging, shaking, rubbing and rolling/sliding. These actions were paired orthogonally with the four objects. Amount of manual activity in each condition was compared to an initial baseline at which the objects were presented to the child without modelling. It was found that infants selectively imitated the actions performed by adults on objects. For the same object, some behaviours demonstrated by the mother were repeated much more frequently than others. Finally, the implications for perceptual development of the idea that infants utilize their adult surroundings for finding out about the world is di

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1993.tb00588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four‐year‐old children (22 girls and 18 boys) participated in a study investigating concurrent relations between attachment, gender and behaviour in preschool. Security of attachment was assessed in the laboratory. Focal child observations were carried out during indoor free‐play in preschool. Individual differences in behaviour with adults were related to security of attachment. Insecure children sought more help than secure children, but adults were less responsive to their dependent requests. Further, there was a significant interaction between attachment and gender on several measures. Secure girls and secure boys did not differ significantly in the behaviour they showed. Insecurely attached girls received the most help. Insecure boys received little guidance, instruction or help. They elicited the most discipline and were least compliant to adults' controls. These boys showed more negative behaviour and received fewer positive responses from adults than did other chi

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1993.tb00589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The central purpose of this study was to provide additional support for interpreting the development of prosocial behaviour in children in accordance with a theoretical perspective which integrates the two micromodels Piaget used in succession to explain the child's transition from preoperational to operational thought: a cost‐gain evaluation (Piaget, 1957), and the equilibration theory (Piaget, 1974). Twenty‐four children at each of three age levels (5‐year‐olds, 7‐year‐olds, and 10‐ year‐olds) were studied. We assessed (a) children's level of negational thinking on a Piagetian task of affirmation/negation; (b) children's cost‐perception/gain‐construction conceptions on a hypothetical prosocial dilemma; and (c) children's prosocial behaviour in a contrived donating situation. Two cohorts involved in this study were also participating in a two‐year longitudinal research programme on cost‐perception/gain‐construction individual change. Consistent with predictions, (a) cross‐sectional data showed that with increasing age children become more likely to consider prosocial acts in terms of gain rather than cost; (b) longitudinal data showed that this children's tendency changes in the direction of ‘higher levels’(i.e. from cost perception to gain construction) and without regression; and (c) correlational data showed that this tendency is positively related to level of negational thinking, on the one hand, and positively associated with level of prosocial behaviour, on the other. These findings strengthen the hypothesis of explaining children's development of prosocial behaviour in accordance with the two Piaget

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1993.tb00590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY