ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00783.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three experiments are described which investigated the ability of neonates to discriminate between the face of their mother and that of a strange adult female and to show face recognition. The first experiment indicated a reliable preference for the mother's face even where a control for olfactory information was used. No evidence for any effect of sex or breast vs. bottle feeding was found. A second experiment used the same procedure but substituted a visual mask for the olfactory one previously adopted. Under these conditions no evidence of preference was found. Finally, a third experiment considered the possibility that mothers were actively recruiting their own infant's attention and found that adult observers were unable reliably to distinguish mothers from strangers on the basis of any differential behaviour by mother and stranger. The conclusion is drawn that neonates can recognize their mother on the basis of visual clues alone and that these cues relate to memory for featural attributes of the mother's face rather than to attention‐recruiting behaviour on her par

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00784.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two experiments, 6‐ and 10‐year‐old girls and boys played a computer game that simulated a hunting problem for an animal forager. Girls and boys were equally successful at this stereotypically masculine spatial task, and both girls and boys foraged optimally in terms of the theoretical predictions of the ecological theory of optimal foraging. Only one minor sex difference appeared: girls tended to use slightly more careful strategies than did boys. This finding corroborates other reports that sex differences in spatial problem solving may be due in part to girls' excessive use of ca

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00785.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Development in the way the hand approaches and intercepts a moving target was studied with children aged 6–11 years. The speed and trajectory of the target was varied. Hand movement was analysed in terms of: the speed and direction of the initial part of the response; ongoing modifications to the speed and path of movement; the speed and accuracy of the hand when close to the target. Results showed that the speed with which the hand moved initially was planned specifically for the target's speed and trajectory, while the direction of movement was planned only roughly. During the movement, there was usually only one adjustment to the speed of the hand, but frequent adjustments to the path of movement. The data show there are two important stages in the development of reaching to targets of different speed. By 8 years there is an advance in ability to plan a movement, while at 10 years there is development in ability to control the ongoing movemen

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00786.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments aimed to explore whether children's failure on conservation tasks is due to their tendency to give subjective judgements when objective ones are required. In Expt 1, 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐year‐old children were given four conservation tasks. First, the subjects were asked to say how the task situations looked and then how they really were. The results indicated that the children gave significantly more correct answers in this appearance‐reality (A‐R) condition than in the control condition, a standard procedure. In Expt 2, an extended conservation task with both appearance‐reality and standard statements was used. It appeared that a particular group of children gave non‐conserving answers to standard statements and conserving answers to A‐R statements. This group intermediated between real non‐conservers and real conservers. The findings are discussed in relation to the Piagetian concept of the intermediate child and to recent research on socio‐cogn

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00787.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three subgroups of phonologically disordered children, those exhibiting predominantly delayed errors, consistently deviant errors and deviant inconsistent errors, were compared on a series of tasks. In one experiment, children's phonological errors when imitating, picture naming and describing absurd pictures were analysed. The results distinguished between the groups. In a second task, children's understanding of the phonological system was examined by asking them to indicate a preference between legal and illegal nonsense words. While the delayed and inconsistent children showed a preference for phonologically legal nonsense words, children with bizarre but consistent phonological processes did not. A third experiment investigated the three groups' perception of their own phonological forms as compared with their perception of the correct form of the same words. None of the children showed any difficulty in discriminating the correct forms, but all had considerable difficulty identifying their own tape‐recorded utterances. The results are discussed in terms of deficits that might underlie the three different types of developmental phonological disorde

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00788.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a modified Stroop colour‐naming task, words which were semantically unassociated with the colour names, but which shared soundandspelling characteristics with those names, produced Stroop‐like facilitation and inhibition in groups of college students, 12‐ and 8‐year‐olds. When the stimulus words rhymed with the colour names but were orthographically dissimilar, effects were observed only for the 8‐year‐olds. The pattern of results suggests that phonological and orthographic characteristics of a word are available rapidly enough, in visual word recognition, to affect colour naming. For older subjects, the pattern of effects is consistent with lexical priming. For the younger subjects, the effects are attributed to the continued influence of grapheme‐phoneme translation rules in establishing production codes

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00789.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ability of 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children to evaluate the internal consistency of three different types of short, orally presented passages that varied in the extent to which they were based on the young child's experience. The passage types wereexperience‐based, presenting information that was within the child's experience;neutral, presenting information that was arbitrary with respect to the child's experience; andcontra‐experience, presenting information that contradicted the child's experience. The results of the study revealed that the ability to evaluate the consistency of short passages is developing around 5 years of age and that young children are equally able to evaluate experience‐based and neutral passages. Both 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children have more difficulty evaluating the internal consistency of contra‐experience passages, especially when such passages present internally incon

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00790.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00791.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY