摘要:

Factors associated with spatial reference in a small‐scale space were investigated in three experiments. Subjects were first trained to anticipate an event at one specific location from two different directions of facing. They were then required to locate this event from a novel direction. Both 6‐ and 8‐month infants visually anticipated the whereabouts of the event from the novel direction and displayed persistent visual fixation towards the place where it had previously appeared. For 8‐month infants, successful anticipation was dependent neither on the distinctiveness of landmarks at the event position nor on the angle of their change in direction of facing. It was concluded that, at least for the space in front of the body, young infants are not exclusively limited to a fixed egocentric reference system for determining object or event l

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00529.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Delayed recognition memory was investigated in 5‐ and 9‐week‐old infants after extensive familiarization to a visual stimulus. Both age groups were found to demonstrate memory for colour and form information after a 24 hour delay. In addition the location of testing, relative to the location of familiarization, was found to influence the apparent strength of memory, while there was no effect of sex nor evidence of additivity of stimulus dimen

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00530.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Manual pick‐up of an object is a simple causal event frequently observed by infants. A habituation‐recovery of looking technique with filmed stimuli is used in experiments which seek to investigate aspects of the perception and encoding of such events in infants. In the first study with 28‐week‐olds, it is found that ‘lateral mirror‐image’ pick‐ups are hardly discriminable, while a change in the contact relation of hand and object is readily discriminable. In the second, again with 28‐week‐olds, the discriminability of the contact relation appears to be specific to a dynamic context involving a hand (rather than another inanimate object). The results of a further experiment make it appear unlikely that the previous results were simply due to the partial occlusion of the picked‐up object produced by the grasping. The implications of these results for infant perception of causality a

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00531.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The nature of adult‐child interaction was examined under two conditions: dyadic (adult with one child) and polyadic (adult with four children). The subjects were staff and children in day nurseries, who were observed in a specially set‐up task situation. In certain respects the interaction assumed different forms depending on group condition. The effects may be seen in stylistic differences in the adults' behaviour: thus in polyads individual children had not only less speech directed to them but also speech that tended to be more directive and prohibitive. While the total number of bids the adults received from children in polyads was considerably greater than in dyads, the increase was a selective one, referring only to requests for help and not to less urgent demands. The main strategy adopted by adults to cope with the increase in demand was by ignoring, the incidence of which was very much greater under polyadic than under dyadic conditions. Joint involvement of adult and child was also much reduced in the former setting. The implications of these findings for children reared under group care conditions are discussed, and attention is drawn to the importance of situational factors in determining caretaker responsiven

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00532.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A lost and found questionnaire was administered to 281 young and 153 old subjects to examine incidents in which objects were misplaced and recovered. Incidents were reported by 31·3 per cent of the young and 26·1 per cent of the old subjects, a difference that was not significant. Subjects reporting an incident rated themselves as more absentminded than subjects not reporting an incident. The roles of absentmindedness and perceptual problems in creating these incidents were examined. Only the latter showed significant differences with age. More old than young subjects reported finding the object in plain sight, in its proper place, and in a place already searched, suggesting a tendency with age to overlook objects in obvious place

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00533.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Seven‐ and 9‐year‐old children were presented with drawings which depicted two ambiguous action‐outcome sequences and asked to make judgements about the intention of an actor towards another, and then to provide an explanation for the judgement. The design incorporated two levels of actor valence (nice, bad) with two types of outcome quality (good, bad). Judgements were influenced by both valence and outcome factors, but no age effect emerged. Content analysis of the explanations did reveal an age difference in reasoning about social judgements which was associated with the bad outcome. Nine‐year‐olds used more inference‐based explanations which reflected a more objective appraisal of the incident. The explanations of the younger children tended to be dominated by the immediacy of the situation. The findings further highlighted the importance of consistency between actor valence and outcome information relative to the direction of the child's judgement. Inconsistency arising in the context of a bad outcome situation elicited more rigorous explanations from th

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00534.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study, we examine the influence of schooling and age on the development of concrete and operational thought and information processing as measured by non‐Piagetian tasks. One hundred schooled and 100 non‐schooled children in the age brackets of 6–8 and 10–12, and 50 4–6‐year‐old preschool children from a relatively homogeneous socio‐demographic background in a rural part of India were given four tests for information‐coding processes. Half of the subjects in each group were also given four Piagetian concrete operational tasks. As predicted, performance on Piagetian tasks increased as a function of age only, whereas the effects of schooling, age, and their interaction were clearly observed for coding processes. It is concluded that information‐processing modes rather than concrete operational skills are more sensitive to cognitive conseq

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00535.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three‐ to seven‐year‐old children judged a story‐character's satisfaction. Their comprehension of the relationship between motives and outcomes of action was tested by presenting them with matching and with mismatching outcomes. For example, one character's motive, depicted in a ‘thinks’ bubble, was to throw a ball to one of two children. In a matching outcome, the intended child caught the ball, whereas in a mismatching outcome, the other child caught it. Even the youngest children judged the character more pleased when the outcome matched his motive than when it did not. This suggests that children from three years old can integrate motive and outcome information. Children under seven years failed to judge satisfaction appropriately when motives and outcomes were bad. Comparisons of children's satisfaction judgements with their moral judgements of the story‐characters suggested possible reasons for this failure. The implications of the results for social cognition and information integration

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00536.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty‐seven mentally handicapped and 47 non‐handicapped children matched on mental age were assessed with Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT) and a Piagetian measure designed to elicit moral judgements. No significant differences were observed in the error and latency scores between the two groups nor in the proportion of reflective, impulsive, fast/accurate or slow/inaccurate individuals. The results also indicated that the subjects did not differ in their level of moral judgement; although reflectives made moral judgements on the basis of intention rather than consequence. Moral judgement was not significantly correlated with performance on the MFFT. The findings were interpreted as being consistent with Zigler's developmental concept of cultural‐familial retardation and suggesting that the ability to solve moral dilemmas appears to involve cognitive capac

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00537.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Psychopathology in Childhood. Edited by Juliana R. Lachenmeyer&Margaret S. GibbsPerspectives on Mental Representation: Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Cognitive Processes and Capacities. Edited by J. Mehler, E. C. T. Walker&M. Garrett. HillsdalePiaget Systematized. By Gilbert E. Voyat.

ISSN:0261-510X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00538.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY