年代:1916 |
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Volume 40 issue 1
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The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Proceedings, 1916. Part IV |
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Proceedings of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland,
Volume 40,
Issue 1,
1916,
Page 001-042
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摘要:
THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER. 1885. PROCEEDINGS, 1916. PART IV. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL (JULY-OCTOBER, 1916). ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL ON SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH. OBITUARY. ABSTRACTS OF THE REPORT OF THE EXAMINERS, OCTOBER, 1916. WITH THE FORCES. (SUPPLEMENTARY LIST.) THE REGISTER. NOTICES: JANUARY EXAMINATIONS ; APPOINTMENTS REGISTER; NOTlCE TO ASSOCIATES. Issued under the supervision of the Proceedings Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar mid Sewe!ary. 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C., November, I916. Proceedings Committee, 1916=17. H0RATI0 BAL LAN TY N E(Ch~ir~tctll), SIR JAMES J. DOBBIE (Presidefit). EDWARD J.BEVAN, M. 0. FORSTER, ALEXANDER LAUDER, H. R. LE SUEUR, D. NORTHALL-LAURIE, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERTS, \Y. LINCOLNE SUTTON, THOMAS TICKLE 3 Proceedings of the Council. JULY-OCTOBER, 1916. Glass Research.---Since the publication of Proceedings, Part III., Professor Jackson has reported on the folloning formulas :-(XVIII.) 31. A further modificaton of *. shell ” glass. (Slternativc to (IS.)2.5 and (XI\-.) 30.)-Conimunicatcrl to the Edinburgh and Leith Flint Glass Co. (XIX.) 33. Uranium glass showing strong fluorescence.-Communicated to Messrs. Ii700dBros. Glass Co., Ltd. (XX.) 36. Three further opal glasses of differc>nt quality, allowing for the use of other constituents with economical re~ults.-Comniunicated to the Jliniatry of Munitions, Messrs.Wood Bros. (;lass Co., Ltd., and The Edinburgh and Leith Flint Glass Co. (SXI.) 37. lniproved alternative formula for the glass for thc lens of an artificial human eye.-Communicated to the Edinburgh and Leith Flint Glass Co. (XXII.) 38. (:lass suitable for highly resistant lamp chimneys.-Com-municated to the Jlinistry of Munition.. (XXIII.) 39. Lead Glass as an alternative for the miners’ lamp glass.-Comniunicatcd to the Xinistry of Nunitions. The eshibition of British laboratory glassware and other requirements held at the Institute during August and Sep- tember was visited by a large number of professional chemists, engineers, pharmacists and others. Most of the exhibits are still on view in the Library and Council Room.The fo lowing firms exhibited :-Messrs. Ackroyd and Best, Ltd. (miners’ lamp glasses). Messrs Baird and Tatlock (London) Ltd. (laboratory glassware). Messrs. W. and R. Balston, Ltd. (filter paper). The British Laboratory Ware Association, Ltd. (labora- tory glassware). 4 Messrs. Doulton and Co., Ltd. (laboratory porcelain ware). The Edinburgh and Leith Flint Glass Co. (tubing, X-ray bulbs, electric lamps, glass for ampoules, glass for artificial eyes, etc.). Messrs. John Xoncrieff, Ltd. (laboratory glassware). Messrs. James Powell and Son (t hei-mometer tubing). 3Iessrs. Frank Toniey and Co., Ltd. (thermometer tubing). AIessrs.Wood Bros. Glass Co., Ltd. (laboratory glassware).The Worcester Porcelain Co., Ltd. (laboratory porcelain ware). The 17ariety and quality of the exhibits exemplify the results achieved by the co-operation of manufacturers and chemists in the establishment of these branches of industry and reflect credit on the enterprising firms concerned. Ma11~7 technical difficulties have been surmounted and it may be anticipated that in the near future the prices as well as the quality will compare favourably with those of German and Austrian chemical glassware. The British Science Guild has ascertained that 71 per cent. of the Public Schools and many of the Universities, technical institutions and secondary schools have undertaken not to purchase foreign chemical ware for a period of three years after the war, provided that an adequate supply of British manufacture is forthcoming at a price that is not prohibitive, and there is every reason to expect that practically all British users of such apparatus will support the manufacturers wh3 have come to their aid during the present crisis, in order that these important key industries may become firmly established in this country. The porcelain ware is showing steady improvement, the exhibits comprising a large variety of apparatus.Filter papers produced by various firms have proved highly satis-factory. The Glass Research Committee are considering the formu- lation of a method to be adopted for testing glass for laboratory use and will report to the Council on the matter in due course.A schedule of the formulas up to and inclusive of (XXI.) 37, with particulars of the firms to whom they have been com- municated, was published in the issue of The Efzgineer for September zznd, 1916. A similar schedule was communicated in July to the Society of Chemical Industry and appeared in the Journal of the Society. A short introduction with regard to the British-made chemical glassware exhibits was contributed to the catalogue of the exhibition held by the Society in Edinburgh in the same month. A report with regard to the Exhibition held by the Institute has been com- municated to the British Science Guild for inclusion in the Journal of the Guild. Statements of the laboratory glass and optical glass research accounts, respectively, to the 1st October, 1916, have been submitted to the Advisory Council, showing that of the grant of E5oo for optical glass research the Committee had in hand at that date a balance of approximately L225, and of the grant of f1400 for laboratory glass research there remained a balance of approximately k270. These figures are exclusive of the further grants agreed to be made from the funds of the Institute for these purposes.Clay Research.-Professor Jackson is continuing the research on clay for the Ministry of Munitions, the reports for the present being communicated only to the Optical and Glassware Nunitions Department. Hard Porcelain.-Although the question of hard porce- lain lies outside the reference to the Glass Research Committee, a considerable amount of attention has been given to the matter, and samples of British-made basins and crucibles have been examined from time to time by various members of the Committee.The reports received indicate that con- siderable progress in the improvement of the quality of these productions has been made, and it is hoped that the problems involved may be entirely successfully met in the near future. Professional Chemists and the War.-Owing to the demand for the services of chemists in the production of munitions, the authorities concerned have withdrawn from the Army a considerable number of those possessing recognised diplomas and degrees, and particularly such as have had experience in industrial work.The Institute continues to maintain for the assistance of the authorities a special Register, available to all British chemists. Those who have had control of plant and manufacturing operations or who have been engaged on research, and are in a position to offer their services in any way for work connected with the prosecution of the war, are urged to communicate with the Registrar. Students and others with less advanced chemical training who are liable for military service are also invited to make inquiries at the Institute before they are called up for enlistment. Advertisements have recently appeared in the daily and technical pres; inviting qualified technical and re;earch chemists to apply for positions in controlled establishments engaged in the supply of war material, the advertisements concluding with the words : " Apply your nearest Labour Exchange, mentioning this newspaper and So.-" As it seemed that few chemists were likely to answer the advertisements in the form referred to, and the managers of controlled works felt that they did not receive adequate response to their announcements, the Council have brought the matter to the notice of the Department of Explosives Supply and have expressed the hope that the method of inviting applications would be amended so that candidates rnight be brought into immediate touch with the duly consti- tuted Staff Bureau of the Ministry or with the principals of the controlled establishments. In view of the fact that many letters have been received concerning the enlistment of professional chemists with the Forces, the following information is reproduced from the List of Certified Occupations (R.IO~),published on Sovember 20th :-Under General Reservations, provision is made for the 7 exemption of Works Chemists of twenty-five years and over, and a foDtn3te states that where the works chemist at important works is under twenty-five and is the only man left in that position he should be treated as in a certified oscupatioln . Under Reservations in Particular Trades ,-Analytical, consulting or research chemists are to be treated as in a certified occupation if recommended by the Royal Society. Chemists engaged in chemical trades, or in dyestuff (natural or artificial) manufacture, are to be treated as in a certified occupati In, and analytical chemists engaged with wholesale manufacturing druggists are to be s3 treated if of the age of thirty or upwards.In a notice appearing in the front part of the List it is stated that the reservations will be reduced early in 1917by a further raising of the age limits, especially in the trades not mainly engaged on Government work. Members and Registered Students serving with the Forees are welcome at the Institute when they are in London, and will be provided with light refreshment at all convenient times. The Building Fund.-The Council have the pleasure to report an improvement in the position of the Building Fund.The summary on p. 42 indicates that the contributions received since the publicationof Proceedings, Part III., have increased by the sum of L766 9s. The Councilhave conveyed their thanks to the donors and to Fellows and Associates who have brought the appeal to the notice of companies and firms interested in the science of chemistry and its practical applications. Copies of an illustrated pamphlet, giving particulars of the building and the list of contributors, will be sent to any member who may be able to render similar assistance. A further sum of about &2,5oo is yet required to clear off all liabilities and to complete the furnishing and equipment of the building. C 8 Regulations.-Having in view the desirability of promoting the further organisation of the profession of chemistry and of making the Institute more completely representative of the profession, the Council consider it expe-dient to bring into operation as early as possible certain new Regulations for the admission of Fellows and Associates.The Council would remind the Members of the proposals referred to in the Annual Report for 1914-15,Proceedings, Part I., 1915,which have been reconsidered and amended in the light of the conditions resulting from the war. It was intended to submit the alterations originally proposed to an Extra-ordinary General Meeting, but in view of the fact that a large proportion of the Fellows and Associates is engaged with the Forces or in the service of the country in various capacities, the Council are of opinion that the views of the members can be best secured by issuing a circular giving particulars of the proposed changes, and by inviting the comments of the members thereon.A circular dealing with the matter has, therefore, been issued with this Part of the Proceedings. Special provision has been made for the admission of trained chemists who have been prevented by the prevailing conditions from taking the Examinations. These provisions also meet the general desire to avoid the imposition of unnecessary examinations on Candidates who have obtained degrees with First or Second Class Honours in Chemistry or other degrees or diplomas recognised by the Council as equivalent. In view of the objects to be attained, the Council hope that the proposals will be acceptable to the Fellows and Associates, to whom they look for co-operation and assistance in bringing the new Regulations, when finally adjusted, to the notice of eligible candidates. In the consideration of applications every care will be taken to safeguard the interests of existing mem- bers and to ensure that the standards of efficiency which the Fellowship and Associateship represent shall be fully main- tained.The replies received will be submitted to careful con- 9 sideration by the Council, who, acting under the powers conferred upon them by the Charter, will proceed to formulate the new regulations and bring them into operation with as little delay as possible.The Council request that all Fellows and Associates who wish to express their views on the proposals will communicate them to the Registrar before March 1st next, An outline of the proposed new Regulations is here repro- duced :-ABSTRACT OF THE TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP. A Candidate may proceed to the Associateship under either Regulations A or B, which are alternative. A. 1. An approved Preliminary Examination of Matriculation standard. 2. (a) Four years’ day training at a recognised University or College,with satisfactory evidence of having passed the class examinations in the necessary subjects ; or, (1)) three years’ such training, with satisfactory evidence of having passed the class examinations, and two years’ experience under a Fellow of the Institute in a laboratory approved by the Council ; or, (c) a degree in Chemistry and Physics taken at a recognised Univer- sity with, in the case of pass graduates, a subsequent year’s training in Chemistry at a recognised University or College, or two years’ esperience under a Fellow of the Institute in a laboratory approved by the Council ; provided in every case that the Candidate has produced satisfactory evidence of training in Physics and Mathematics.3. An Examination in qeneral theoretical and practical Chemistry for the Associateship, conducted by the Institute. B. A degree with First or Second Class Honours in Chemistry, or other degree or diploma recognised by the Council as equivalent, o’3tained after a three years’ day course, with three years’ subsequent experience of a standard and character approved by the Council ; or, a Degree with First or Second Class Honours in Chemistry, or other degree or diploma regarded by the Council as equivalent, obtained after a four year’s day course, with two years’ subsequent experience of a standard and character approved by the Council ; provided in every case that the Candidate has produced satisfactory evidence of training in Physics and Mathematics.(The Candidate cannot, in any case be elected an Associate unless he has attained the age of 21 years.) 10 QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. Three years’ continuous occupation (to the satisfaction of the Council) in the study and practical work of applied chemistry since admission to the Associateship, and either the production of records of original research of sufficient merit in the opinion of the Council, or of the devising of processes or inventions of sufficient merit in the opinion of the Council, or the pro- duction of evidence of knowledge and ability which, in the opinion of the Council, is equivalent to f ul311ing the conditions hereinbefore contained ; or, three years’ continuous occupation (as above) and the passing of an examination in a special branch, similar to the Final (A.I.C.)Examination at present held, but speciallv conducted for the purpose of ascertaining the fitness of the Candidate toYcope with any problem liable to occur in the branch of practice corresponding with the branch selected, the Candidate being required to show a good general knowhdge of at least one branch of chemical practice.The new Regulations will not in any way affect the powers of tile Council to elect Fellows, in exceptional cases, under the provisions of Clause 5 of the Royal Charter; nor will they affect the interests ,of existing Registered Students, who will have the option of proceeding to the Associateship and Fellow- ship by either the present or the new method ; nor the interests of existing Associates, who will be entitled to apply for admis- sion to the Fellowship under the Regulations now in force. The Board of Scientific Societies-In Proceedings, Part III., reference was made to the establishment under the auspices of the Royal Society, of a Board of representatives of the principal scientific and professional societies, and to the appointment of Sir James Dobbie, President, and Professor Herbert Jackson, Vice-president as the representatives of the Institute on the Board.The co-operation of the Council of the Institute has been invited in the consideration by the Board of matters relating to the production of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature and to the teaching of science in secondary schools. The Board has also invited the Councils of the affiliated Societies to submit for consideration questions relating to science, industry and education in which the Board might take action in the public interest.11 Examinations.-The Council have received a repxt on the Examination held at Adelaide of one candidate for the Fellowship in the branch of Mineral Chemistry. The Exami- nation WAS conducted under the supervision of Mr. W. A. Hargreaves, Government Analyst for South Australia. The candidate, Mr. Charles Eustace Chapman, satisfied the Board and has been duly elected a Fehw of the Institute. The Council will shortly receive the report on the recent examination of a candidate who presented himself for exami- nation in Biological Chemistry held in London (see p. 36). Professional Interests.-The increasing public appre- ciation of the value of scientific method in industry has led to a tendency on the part of municipal and other authorities to encroach on the province of professional chemists, and the attention of the Institute has been directed to a number of matters in which the Council have found it necessary to take steps to represent the danger of discouraging individual practice.In one case an important municipal corporation determined to establish a laboratory to undertake analyses for the trades in the neighbourhood at nominal cost, but representation; have been made, and it is hoped that the szheme will be considerably modified. In another case a protest has been lodged against the appoint- ment of the members of the staff of a College to official positions under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, on the ground that the qualifications required for such appointments are of a personal character, and it is not the function of educational institutions, as such, to assist in the adminis- tration of the Act.London Chamber of Commerce.-At the invitation of the London Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Edward Bevan and Dr. M. 0. Forster, Vice-presidents, and Mr. A. Gordon Salamon, Honorary Treasurer, attended, as representatives of the Institute, a meeting of the Chemical Trade Section of the Chamber held on October 27tl1, to discuss the general policy of the chemical and allied industries on practical 12 questions arising during and after the n7a1- and to consider what concerted action might be desirable in the common interest. Several months previously the Council of the Chamber had appointed a Special Committee to deal with such matters, who adopted and submitted the following recommendations :---(I) That any measure which may i)c considered in conncbction with trade during and after the war should provide : (a) for preferen-tial reciprocal trading relations hetween all parts of the British Empire ; (b) for reciprocal trading relations 1)rtween the British Empire and the Allied countrics ; (c) for the favourable trentment of neutral countries : and (d) for regilatinp, bv taritfs and otherwise, trade relations with all eneniy eountrie;, so as to rcnder impossible n return to pre-war conrtitions, and for stimulating the development of home manufncturcs and thc consequent increased employinrnt of native labour.12)That steps should ho taken to prevent thc (1uniI)ing (ant1 under- valuation) of enemy goods into Rritiqh niurket- attcr the. war. Mr. Thomas Tyrer was Chairman of the Xleeting, at which consideration was given to such subjects as freights, tariffs ;ncl other protective measures, consular service, the development of economic resources and parli mentary representation of the chemical industry. The Meeting unanimously agreed that the questions raised in the discussion should be referred to the respective sub-sections for consideration and such action as might be practicable. British Dyes, Limited.--In view of the interest shown by professional chemists in the endeavour Ivhich is being made to place the production of dycs on a satisfactory basis in this country and the opinions expressed by the late Professor ?rieldola in his Presidential Address at the A4nnual General Sleeting in March, 1915, the Fellon-s and ,Associates will note with satisfaction that the organisatioii of Eritish Dyes, Limited, includes chemists as members of its directorate and has the assistance of a Technical Committee and a Research Department in addition to an Advisory Council, consisting of twelve Professors of Chemistry. Pending thc establishment of a Central Research Laboratory, it has bcen arranged that research, so far as not conducted in the works, shall be carried 13 on in the laboratories of different universities under.the super- vision of the professors of organic chemistry.Research colonies have thus been established and much important work has been done. The Advisory Council “ has been formed for the purpose of increasing the number of chemists and promoting research in organic chemistry and particularly in that branch of it which relates to coal-tar colours. The Company have offered to place at the disposal of the Professors an annual grant for the remuneration of honours graduates in chemistry who have received special instruction in coal-tar products and who are prepared to contihue their training as research assistants. After such training the Company will be prepared to offer employment to suitable men recommended by the Professors. The Directors have also agreed to make a grant of -&,ooo towards a scheme for the development of advanced teaching and research in tinctorial chemistry in the Technical College at Huddersfield.” The Iate Professor MeIdola.-Fellows and .Associates will be interested to hear of the publication of a book entitled .‘ Raphael Meldola : Reminiscences of his Worth and Work.” The book, which is edited by Rlr.James Marchant, contains a preface by Lord Moulton and contributions from chemists (including Sir William Tilden, Dr. M. 0. Forster, Professor W. J. Pope, Professor Arthur G. Green, Sir Edward Thorpe and Sir Alexander Pedler), naturalists, astronomers and personal friends. It contains also a chronological list of Pro- fessor RIeldola’s publications prepared by Professor E. B. Poultcn. A copy has been received from the publishers, Messrs. Williams and Norgate, and can be seen in the Library.The profits of the production will be placed at the dispGsd of Mrs. Meldola for charitable purposes. Death of Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S.-The news of the death of Sir Willam Ramsay was received when Proceedings, Part III., was just being sent to press. The Council greatly deplore this loss to British chemistry. Sir iliilliam Ramsay had always taken a keen interest in the Institute : he was an Original Fellow, an Examiner from 1883 to 1887, a Member of Council for three periods, a Vice-Presi-dent, and a Censor for two periods. (See p. 33.) Death of Mr. Bedford McNeil1.-The Council record with much regret the death of Mr.Bedford McNeill, who was elected a Member of Council at the Annual General Meeting held on March Ist, 1916. (See p. 32.) Election of a Member of Council.-Mr. Charles Olden Bannister, A.R.S.M., has been elected to the vacancy on the Council caused by the death of hlr. McNeill. Gifts.-The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Mrs. hfeldola for a handsome long-case clock which she has presented to the Institute in memory of her husband. The clock was made by Thomas Wightman, of George Yard, London, about 1780. Thanks have been accorded also to Xlr. A. Gordon Salamon, Honorary Treasurer, for the gift of a bronze statuette of Pasteur, by Thkodore-Riviitre. Both gifts have been placed in the Council Room. Death of Mr. David Howard, Past-President (1903--1906).-The Council record with deep regret the death of Ah-.David Hcward, who had been actively asscciated with the work of the Institute thrcughout its history. Mr. Howard was an Oiiginal Fellcw, a Member of the first Council, Treasurer fcr eighteen years, President for three years, and Vice-president for three years. He was also a Censor for several pericds, in all twenty-four years, and held office as such at the time of his death, which occurred, suddenly, on Novem- bei 14th, 1916. A record of Mi-. Howard’s career will be prepared for inclusion in Proceedings, Part I., 1917. 15 Scientific and Industrial Research. The Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1915-16 (Cd.8336), published in August last, consists mainly of a Report from the Advisory Council constituted on July 28th, 1915. The Report is of such importance to the chemical profession that it is deemed desirable to give a fairly full abstract. Under the terms of the appointment of the Advisory Council, proposals are referred, for their report and recom- mendation,-'' (i.) for instituting specific researches ; " (ii.) for establishing or developing special institutions or departments of existing institutions for the scientific study of problems affecting particular industries and trades ; and " (iii.) for the establishment and award of Research Studentships and Fellowships. " The said Council may itself initiate such proposals and may advise the Committee on such matters, whether general or particular, relating to the advancement of trade and industry by means of scientific research as the Committee from time to time determine." After reviewing the previous Government action in the present century-including the establishment of the National Physical Laboratory, the appointment of the Engineering Standards Committee, the reconstitution of the Imperial Institute, and the foundation of the Imperial College of Science and Technology-the Advisory Council indicate that other machinery and additional State assistance is necessary in order to promote and organise scientific research D 16 with a view to its practical application to trade and industry. Reference is made to the appointment in August, 1914,of the Chemical Products Committee of the Board of Trade, to the support given by the Treasury to British Dyes, Limited, and also to the representations made by the Royal Society and other societies interested in chemistry to the Presidents of the Boards of Trade and Education, which were followed by the appointment of the Advisory Council as an integral part of a comprehensive scheme foi improving our educational system." The State had thus recognised the necessity for organising the national brain power in the interests of the nation at peace. The necessity for the central control of our machinery for war had been obvious for centuries, but the essential unity of the knowledge which supports both the military and industrial efforts of the country was not generally understood until the present war revealed it in so many directions as to bring it home to all.War has remained as much an art as ever, but its instruments, originally the work of the craftsman and the artist, are now not only forged by the man of science; they need a scientific training for their effective use. This is equally true of the weapons of industry. The brains, even the very processes, that to-day are necessary to the output of munitions were yesterday needed, and will be needed again to-morrow, for the arts of peace. " It has been questioned whether it would not have been il-iser to avoid the inevitable difficulties resulting from the war by postponing action until peace was restored, but BIr.Henderson "-then President of the Board of Education-' foresaw this criticism and pointed out that ' we cannot hope to improvise an effective system at the moment when hostilities cease, and unless during the present period we are able to make a substantial advance we shall certainly be unable to do what is necessary in the equally difficult perid of reconstruction which will follow the war.' The Advisory Council were therefore directed ' to frame a programme for their own guidance in recommending pro-posals for research and for the guidance of the Committee of 17 Council in allocating such State funds as may be available.’ This scheme will naturally be designed to operate over some years in advance, and in framing it the Council must neces- sarily have due regard to the relative urgency of the problems requiring solution, the supply of trained researchers available for particular pieces of research, and the material facilities in the form of laboratories and equipment which are avail- able or can be provided for specific researches.Such a scheme will naturally be elastic and will require modification from year to year; but it is obviously undesirable that the Council should live ‘ from hand to mouth ’ or work on the principle of ‘ first come first served,’ and the recommendations (which for the purpose of estimating they will have to make annually to the Committee of Council) should represent progressive instalments of a considered programme and policy.” The Council have decided for the.present to give preference in their deliberations to research of directly industrial applica- tion, particularly as the Universities, the natural homes of research in pure science, have been so depleted of both students and teachers by the war that they are barely able to continue their routine work. Inquiries led to information regarding researches, initiated by professional societies, which had been abandoned owing to the war, and grants were made to allow of their being continued. Conferences were held between the Chairman and Officers of the Council and the representatives of the principal learned and professional societies and indus- trial. associations.In this connection, the remarks of the Council are here noted :-“ The engineering trades, with their attendant group of distinguished professional societies, have long been alive to the need and value of scientific research, while the chemical trades for the most part are so divided and individual in out- look that the various professional societies have had neither the influence nor the means necessary to enable them to take any large share in promoting research in connection with those industries. The textile trades, highly organised as they are on the economic side, had made even less progress in the D2 18 systematic use of science. They had been content for the most part to leave science to the dyers and the dye-stuff manufac- turers, or to the engineers who supplied them with machinery, without much care in either case as to their nationality.The paper manufacturers were in much the same position. But now there are signs of a change, and already textile research into the electrification of fibres during manufacture is pro- ceeding at the University of Leeds with funds provided by the Textile Institute, and proposals are before the Council for fundamental researches into the cellulose fibres which form the basic material of the cotton and paper trades.” The Council have also taken steps to form a register of researches which were actually being conducted on the out- break of war and are making a careful survey in order to prepare a systematic programme of aid to individual researchers in educational institutions.‘‘ It is hoped that the register will enable suitable workers to be rapidly found when proposals for special lines of inquiry come before the Council, and that a survey of the directions in which research is now proceeding in our Universities and Colleges may enable the Council to make helpful suggestions to individual workers from time to time, as the need for research in particular directions becomes apparent .” The Council ‘‘ also have under consideration the possibility of inducing firms in some at least of our industries to assist the progress of research by informing us in confidence of the problems they have in hand or in contemplation. . . . Some manufacturers at any rate are beginning to realise that their most numerous and dangerous enemies are not their fellow- countrymen engaged in the same trade, but powerful com- binations of manufacturers in other countries supported by every device of rate and tariff that their Governments can provide. We appreciate the difficulties involved in an attempt to systematise the interchange, between manufacturers, of knowledge and experience often purchased at great cost, or to proceed more rapidly than the best opinion would approve, or to anticipate those conditions in the home and foreign 19 markets which would make a pooling of knowledge advan- tageous.But broadly speaking we think that any assistance that the industries or even individual firms can give us, from their accumulated experience, in bringing science to bear rapidly upon manufacturing problems will be of benefit to the trade as a whole, and indirectly if not directly of advantage to each manufacturer. In the numerous conferences we have had with representatives of different industries we have been impressed with the spirit of co-operation which is growing up and the willingness to accept our suggestions for the initiation of research for the benefit of the trade as a whole.Co-operative research, when it has done its utmost, will always leave ample room for individual initiative and ability in the application of its results, more than sufficient as an incentive and as a means to outstanding success. Co-operation is not the negation of individual effort ; it raises initiative to a higher power.’’ The authorities of Universities and Technical Colleges have been invited to consult “ the heads of their several depart- ments and to submit proposals, the Council making it clear that with the heads of the departments and not with the Senates or Faculties or other University authorities would rest the responsibility for the recommendations put forward.It was also explained that the Council would not recommend a grant in any case if in the result the funds of the University or College ordinarily available for teaching or research werc relieved. This proviso was necessary because (a) the State was already aiding the general funds of the Universities and Technical Colleges through the several Education Departments and the Treasury; (b) the intention was to increase the productivity of individual researchers ; and (c) it was impor- tant to avoid doing anything likely to diminish the flow of private benefactions for research.The responsible professors and teachers have in nearly every case exercised great care and discretion in making their proposals, and nothing could show in more lamentable and honourable clearness the service of the Universities to the country in the hour of her need than 20 the resulting list. The Board of Education and the Scotch Education Department had been able to retain with the concurrence of the military authorities a certain number of advanced students in Science, Technology, and Medicine, who were medically fit, because it had been foreseen that they would be required in the several national war services as they completed their studies.But all these and more than all these were needed, and from among the small remainder not taken for urgent scientific work the Council have only been able to recommend grants to some forty individuals, amounting in all to a sum not exceeding E6,ooo.” The Council regard research in pure science as being as much in their care as research in applied science ; but they think that as their relations with the Universities and Higher Technical Colleges grow closer they may be able to call the attention of both students and teachers to many interesting problems in industrial research, of which they will become aware in the course of their own work, and that individual members of the Council and their Standing Committees may come to be taken into counsel as to possible lines of research.If this hope is fulfilled they may help to encourage a better professional training for chemists, physicists, and other men of science. It is their desire so to order the relations of workers in pure science to the industries going on around them that they may receive the stimulus of a wider outlook than is always attainable under the limitations of an academic system of syllabus and examination. “ It will be an additional assistance to the establishment of a clearing house for information bearing on research if the professional societies with industrial connections are encouraged to use the facilities offered by the Universities for research in a systematic way.The professional engineering societies have already established relations with the Univer- sities, but, until recently, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists have probably been in closer connection with the profession or the industry than with the Universities and Technical Colleges. Links are, however, 21 being forged. The Institute of Chemistry in its work on glass has made a good beginning, and the Society of Dyers and Colourists is working out an interesting scheme under which it will form the natural connecting link between the manu- facturer who has problems that need solution and the Univer- sity or Technical College which may be able to solve them. We hope that similar developments niay in due course take place in other scientific and professional societies.' " Three Standing Committees have already been set up : a Committee on Metallurgy under the chairmanship of Sir Gerard Muntz, Bart., with special sections for ferrous metal- lurgy under the chairmanship of Sir Robert Hadfield, and for non-ferrous metallurgy with Sir Gerard hIuntz as Chairman ; a Committee on Engineering under the chairmanship of Sir Maurice Fitzmaurice ; and a Committee on Mining under the chairmanship of Sir William Garforth, with a Section on the mining of Iron, Coal and Hydrocarbons under the same chairmanship, and a Section on the mining of minerals other than Iron, Coal and Hydrocarbons, with JIr.Edgar Taylor as Chairman. . . . '. The terms of reference are as follows :-" The Committee will meet from time to time and advise the Council on researches relating to Engineering (or Mining or Metallurgy, as the case may be) and on such matters as may be referred to the Committee by the Advisory Council. "Members of the Committee will also be invited to act as espert advisers in the formation of Special Committees of the Advisory Council to consider individual applications for grants in aid of Researches. In the formation of such Committees the Chairman of the Advisory Council will consult with the Chairman of the Committee or Section concerned and with those of its members who are specially conversant with the subject of the proposed research." The Council hope with the assistance of their Standing Committees, the Professional Societies, the Home Office and the Board of Trade gradually to construct panels of names which will enable them to obtain the very best advice on the different aspects of the problems they are called upon to solve. The advice they need may be comiiiercial, economic, financial, or scientific. The best opinion in all these spheres will, it is 22 hoped, be available on the panels for the guidance of the Council and their Standing Committees, and will ensure the confidence of the industries concerned that the steps proposed have been considered in all their aspects." The number and scope of the Standing Committees will need extension from time to time. The organisation of the Council's machinery for dealing with the manifold chemical industries needs cautious handling in the first instance. Such questions as they have been able to approach have been referred to Special Committees of the Council itself. It seems unlikely that a single Chemical Committee, with the large number of special sections that would be necessary, could usefully be established at the present moment, and they are disposed to think that a series of Standing Committees dealing with particular branches of the chemical trades may be the better manner of proceeding." The Report also includes a reference to the activities of various Societies, institutions and the Press in arousing greater interest in science and its practical applications and in promoting educational reform." The movement has not been confined to professors and to scientific men; the practical man of business, the manu- facturer and the trader have been as anxious and interested as any. It is not to be wondered at, for they were the first upon whom the significance of a state of war was forced." In this connection, the work of the Institute of Chemistry again comes under notice. " In the early months of the war the great steel manufac- turers were in grave danger from the possible exhaustion of the supply of chemical glass necessary for the testing of their materials and products.The consulting chemists were in the same case, and the Board of Education instituted a census of all the chemical glass available in the educational institu- tions of the country in view of the possible need for its requi- sition. The Institute of Chemistry accordingly set up a Glass Research Committee, under the late Professor Meldola, an original member of our Council, and so enabled Professor Herbert Jackson to indicate the detailed process of manu-facturing a number of special glasses, which were rapidly produced by progressive firms.’’ The Advisory Council acknowledge the work of Dr. Mellor, and also of Messrs. Doulton & Co., of Lambeth, and the Royal Worcester Porcelain Co., in the production of hard porcelain for chemical ware, and report that they have recommended a grant towards the extension and maintenance of the Stoke Pottery School.The silk industry also has received attention ; a programme of research has been drawn up and problems are now being investigated at the Imperial College under the auspices of the Silk Association. Other trade associations appear to be desirous of extending their functions so as to include the prosecution of research. Thus the newly formed Association of British Chemical Manufacturers includes in its objects the furtherance of industrial research. The Council remark on the absence of Associations represen- tative of many important trades. “ There appear to be as yet no national Trade Associations for the organic chemical industries or for the heavy chemicals or for textiles, whether cotton or wool.. . . The functions of Trade Associations in this country are not as wide as those of similar Associations in Germany. The movements going on around us make it evident, however, that the difficulties of tradition, trade organisation, and national temperament, which stand in the way of combination and which extend far beyond the actual sphere of the Council’s activities, must be squarely faced if progress is to be made, and must be dealt with as part of a comprehensive plan. . . . “ The Council have sometimes found that manufacturers were unwilling to try new developments because they appeared to lack any ambition for extension so long as their existing plant was fully occupied,” but there are indications of a change of attitude. ‘‘ The Scottish shale oil manufacturers who have hitherto been content with an individualistic policy .. . are 24 making arrangements for . . . research into some of the problems affecting their industry. The Federation of Master Printers have directed the attention of the Council to several substances used in their trade which the war had shown to be supplied solely by enemy countries, and which they urge should be investigated with a view to the creation of an independent source of supply. The whole position was dis- cussed at a conference, and the Federation were sympathetic to the suggestion that the trade as a whole should endeavour to think out a plan for establishing some central institute for research and.for the diffusion of advice to the trade, which might enable it not merely to make good leeway, but to draw ahead.There are also significant movements among the textile manufacturers of both Lancashire and Yorkshire. We think a good deal of the inertia which British manufacturers have shown towards research may have been due to a realisa-tion, partly instinctive perhaps but partly based on experience, that research on the small scale they could afford, was at best a doubtful proposition.’’ The “ Impediments to Industrial Research ” are dis-cussed-questions of expense, financing of new undertakings, the British Banking System, and so forth. Attention is directed to the recent “ establishment by the Board of Trade of a Committee under the Chairmanship of Lord Faringdon ‘ to consider the best means of meeting the needs of British firms after the war as regards financial facilities for trade, particularly with reference to the financing of large overseas contracts, and to prepare a detailed scheme for the pur- pose.’ .. . “ The Council have also repeatedly been told, when they have urged the necessity for expenditure upon research with a view to improvements and developments, that there is no security that new ventures will not be left, when peace comes, to shift for themselves as best they may in face of the highly organised competition of our enemies. We do not need to be convinced of the reality of the danger, but we are inclined to doubt the efficacy of any single device for removing it.25 Organisation can only be fought by counter organisation, and so long as the Englishman treats his business house as his business castle, adding to its original plan here and there as necessity or inclination directs, with his hand against the hand of every other baron in his trade and no personal interest in the foreign politics of his industry as a whole, it will be as impossible for the State to save him, whether by research or other means, as it would have been for King Stephen to conduct a campaign abroad. In the main the State can only effectively help those who help themselves. " It appears to be incontrovertible, however, that for those industries at least which are essential to the conduct of other important national activities and which are both scientific in their character and relatively small in bulk there is very little chance of survival unless special means are taken by the State to safeguard them.\Ve are thinking of those scientific industries-sometimes called key or pivotal or master industries-which can never employ a large proportion of the population because the bulk of their products needed for the world's trade is inconsiderable; and yet without them many other trades would languish or die. Such industries are the magneto industry, the watchmaker's lathe industry, the optical glass industry, the chemical glass and porcelain indus- tries, the fine chemical industry, the dye-stuff, synthetic drug and high explosives industries.. . . We do not necessarily endorse the view sometimes expressed that all key or pivotal industries should be artificially encouraged, by research grants or otherwise, to establish themselves in this country irrespective altogether of the natural disadvan- tages under which they might be carried on. The question is one of balancing the various considerations that arise. If a particular product is essential to the national safety the case for State action will be stronger than if it is not. If the trade to which the product is a ' key ' IS relatively unimportant the case will be relatively weak. . . . On the other hand, the argument based on natural disadvantages must not be pressed too hard in dealing with the scientific industries, for 26 these industries undoubtedly show a tendency to arise and flourish in those places in which the processes used in the industry were developed.Moreover, it is undoubtedly a misfortune for the industrial life of a country as a whole if a fair proportion of the most highly scientific trades is not included among its industries. The general tone and spirit of its manufacture is liable thereby to be lowered, for the best scientific men will not find openings in manufacture, and the status of the industrial man of science will tend to fall. We think, therefore, that it may be desirable for the State to take special pains to encourage those scientific industries which are recognised to be essential to the national well-being, and that accordingly the State may be well-advised to assume a greater responsibility for the cost of the necessary research for these industries than would in ordinary cases be admis- sible.. . . " The Council are also persuaded that if a healthy con- dition of inquiry is to be fostered in the scientific industries, they must for some time to come expend a good deal of attention and money upon convincing the manufacturing world in general that scientific research is a paying proposi- tion. They believe that the shortest means to this end is an attack upon the pressing problems of manufacture which arise in the course of the ordinary routine-problems which the manufacturers ought, no doubt, to solve by means of their own scientific staffs, but which their present staffs are too small to undertake, often because the firms are too small to bear the necessary cost.. . . " Indeed, we recognise fully that unless the generality of British firms can be induced to alter their present attitude we shall have failed profoundly in one of our appointed tasks." The Council announce their intention to publish a series of pamphlets dealing with the promotion of industrial research in A4merica, and with similar subjects, showing that " if a manufacturer has the necessary capital and has once realised the value of research, he needs no encouragement to con- 27 tinue. . . . But in other cases we believe the best procedure will be to demonstrate the value of research to industry by carefully selected object-lessons, and by the periodical issue of the pamphlets which will contain accounts of what has actually been accomplished and what needs doing in this field.In course of time we may hope to be able to abandon these missionary efforts and leave more time and money available for the big national problems that lie ahead.” In a paragraph dealing with American and German practice, information is given indicating that associated companies in America have established research laboratories for their common benefit and that manufacturers have established arrangements with Universities, under which advanced students may carry out investigations for manu- facturers which may form the basis of research for the doctor’s degree.Both schemes are said to be working well, though ‘I it is too soon to draw any certain conclusions. Research undertaken exclusively for the benefit of one among a number of competing firms either by a public institution or at the cost of the State is indeed always likely to give rise to diffi-culties. Universities and public Research Institutes are maintained by endowments and public funds for the common good, and any arrangement which gives exclusive rights or benefits to a single firm as against others in the same industry is not easy to reconcile with the public advantage.” The Advisory Council have been unable to confirm the suggestion that in Germany the Government subsidises industry from public funds, except only in the case of the Jena glass industry, for the assistance of which the firm of Schott is said to have received a grant of fs~o,ooofrom the Prussian Government; but this case is regarded as excep- tional, as Schott was at that time the only firm in Germany making optical glass.Dealing with the sphere of the Universities and Technical Colleges in the application of science to industry, the Council state that “ The Universities can and must be the main sources of research in pure science, the discoveries in which lie at the 28 root of all practical and technical applications ;” but that “ Until our Universities are in the position to offer appoint- ments which carry with them real freedom from financial anxiety, it is certain that their teachers will not, because they cannot, take the leading part which they should in the national contributions to knowledge.If the Universities can do their full share of the new work in pure science they will do much, but they can do more. They can also with their existing organisation assist smaller firms and less important industries to solve the problems immediately in front of them, and they can, no doubt, attack those fundamental problems of research in applied science which are not too complex or too extended in their nature.” Attention is then directed to the existence, in Universities and Colleges, of technological departments closely related to industries.“ The metallurgical department at Sheffield, the departments of tinctorial chemistry and of leather at Leeds, the engineering departments of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, the departments of economic botany and of engineering at the Imperial College, the depart- ments of mining and of brewing at Birmingham are obvious examples.” The Council “ believe that the present organisa- tion of such departments will need modification and develop- ment if they are successfully to carry the burden that will be put on them.” Reference is made to the research activities affecting the interests of the Governments of the Empire, the work of the Royal Society, the National Physical Laboratory, the Im- perial Institute and the Imperial College of Science and Technology, and to the steps being taken towards the establish- ment of a National Research Institute in Australia and similar organisations for the promotion of research in Canada, New Zealand and India.The Advisory Council have also been urged to consider the desirability of instituting a central clearing house of information as to research, which, subject to the approval of the Committee of the Privy Council, they hope to supply. In this connection they consider it probable that “ one of 29 the first and most necessary preliminaries to joint research in the stricter sense will be found to be the making of a systematic survey of the mineral and other resources of the Empire.” On this point they remark: ‘‘ We are disposed to think that no machinery less independent than that of a Government office would suffice, but the whole question will doubtless be considered by the Committee under the Chair- manship of Lord Balfour of Burleigh, appointed by the Prime Minister to consider the commercial and industrial policy to be adopted after the war, with special reference to the con- clusions reached at the Economic Conference of the Allies, and to a number of other questions, among which are:-to what extent and by what means the resources of the Empire can be developed; and to what extent and by what means the sources of supply within the Empire can be prevented from falling under foreign control.” In the conclusion to their Report the Advisory Committee summarise the conditions necessary for the success of their work: “ First, a largely increased supply of competent researchers ; secondly, a hearty spirit of co-operation among all concerned, men of science, men of business, working men, professional and scientific Societies, Universities and Tech- nical Colleges, Local Authorities and Government Depart- men t s.” A list of aided researches is given in Appendix 111.The Report is obtainable directly or through any book- seller from the usual Government Agents, price 3d. 30 Obituary. JOHNANGELL died at Manchester on September 9th, in his ninety- third year. His early training in science was obtained at the London Mechanics’ Institution, in which he afterwards held a Lecturership for about two years, subsequently becoming private assistant for a similar period to Professor Thomas Graham at University College, whom he left to assist Mr.George Combe, of Edinburgh, in conncction with a scheme for the introduction of science teaching into the curriculum of general education. In 1852 he was appointed Head of the Boys’ School at the Salford Mechanics’ Institute, and about five years later became organiser of the day and evening classes at the Manchester Mechanics’ Institution. He resigned from this appointment in 1869 to accept the position of Senior Science Master at Manchester Grammar School, where he attained a high reputation as a teacher and remained for eighteen years. He was the author of text-books on magnetism and electricity and animal physiology, in Collins’ Elcmentary Science Series.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. DUNCANLieut. JAMES ARCHIBALD,of the Esses Regimefit, died on July 20th, from wounds received in action. He was a Registered Student of the Institute and at the outbreak of war was receiving his training at King’s College, London. PERCYCARTERBELL was the son of the late J. Carter Bell, A.R.S.M., F.I.C.,and received his scientific training in the laboratory of his father and at Owens College (now the University), Manchester. He was engaged for about three years in assisting Dr. Edward Schunk in an investigation of some of the properties of the glucosides and in researches on chlorophyll and on colouring matters derived from madder; he also arranged and classified a considerable portion of the collection of mineralogical and geological specimens in Dr.Schunk’s collection. From 1890 he held an appointment in Messrs. Frankenburg’s rubber works at Salford and subse- quently proceeded to america, where he engagcd in various branches of chemical industry, ultimately establishing in New Jersey works for the manufacture of rubber substitute. He died at East Orange, New Jersey, on August 23rd. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1892. Second Lieut. GAVIN BOYD, a Registered Student of the Institute, was killed in action in France on July 13th in his twenty-seventh year. He was educated at Shawlands Academy, and proceeded to GlasgowUniversity for his scientific training.He received a commission in the 14th Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, but at the time of his death was serving with the Royal Engineers. The Rev. Father JAMES BREDIN, died in his fifty-second CRAWFORD year. He received his training under Mr. Edward Davies (1879-84) and 31 Dr. A. J. Bernays, of St. Thomas's Hospital (1881-85). In 1886 he obtained an appointment as a Science Master at the High School, Roundhay, Leeds, and in 1888 was elected to thc Associateship of the Institute. He held other teaching appointments in various Colleges until his death. ARTKURJOHX DICKINSOX died at Lcwisham on Map 4th in his seventy-sixth year. He gained his experience in industrial chemistry in the alkali works of his uncle, Richard Smith, of Glasgow, where also he obtained experience in the preparation of aniline.and the manufacture of colours and dyers' chemicals, at the same time attending courses under Dr. Penny at Anderson's College. On leaving Glasgow he took charge for two years of the chemical laboratory of Jfessrs. Wright and Frances, where he superintended the preparation of photographic and medicinal chemicals, and in 1806 he established on his own account the Neptune Tar and Chemical Works at Deptford, which he conducted successfully until his death. He also erected other factories and was frequently consulted on matters con- nected with tar distillation. He was elected a Fellow of the lnstitute in 1880. HAROLDEDWARDGRESHAMdied at Birkenhead on July 33rd in his thirty-fourth year.He was educated at the Kottingham High School and received his scientific training at the local University College, taking the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1903 and the Associateship of the Institute in 1905. During the latter part of his training he was engaged in analytical work in the laboratory of Mr. S. R. Trotman, and in 1903 he received an appointment on the laboratory stag of the late Dr. J. Campbell Brown and Mr. W. CollingwoodWilliams at Liverpool. He was chief assistant to \Villiams, Public Analyst for Lancashirr, at the time of his death. He was elected to the Fellowship of the Institute in 1909. CORNELIUSHANBURYdied at Berkhamsted on April 11th in his eighty- ninth year.Intending to practise medicine, he became a student at St. Battholornew's Hospital ; ho also worked as a pupil-apprentice under Dr. (later Bishop) Callaway, andqualified as M.H.C.S. in 1849. In the follow-ing year, however, he entered the business of Nessrs. William Sllen, Han- burys and Barry, of Plough Court, Lombard Street, London, in which he became a partner six years later, and sole proprietor on the retirement cf his cousin, Daniel Hanbury, in 1870. The business was subsequently registered as a limited liability company under his Chairmanship. He \\as Treasurer of the Pharmaceutical Society, from 1876 to 1878. He was an Original Fellow of the lnstitute. EDWARD died at Moseley, near Birmingham, on April 1Gth in JACKSON his fifty-ninth year.Educated at a private school at Southport, he acquired his firatexperience in chemistry in the laboratory of an alkali works in that town, and later proceeded to Owens College, Manchester, where he worked under Itoscoc and Schorlemmer. On leaving the College he was appointedchemist to Messrs. Wigg Eros. and Steel, at the Runcorn Soap and Alkali Works, with whom he remained until 1582, when he was appointed a Sub-Inspector under the new Alkali, etc., Works Regulation Act. He was engaged at first as assistant to Ih. Blatherwick in Scotland and later in the South Midland District, for which he became a full Inspector in 1894, 32 occupying that positon until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. ARTHURGARFIELD LEVY died in New York on July 12th in his thirty- sisth year.He was born in America and educated partly in Germany before coming to England. He received his scientific training at Finsbury Tech- nical College, qualified as an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry and took the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.), with honours. In 1899 he became assistant in the laboratory of Mr. Bertram Blount, with whom he remained for ten years, when he returned to the States and took a position with Professor H. M. Howe, in the Department of Metallurgy, School of Mines, (‘olunibia University, New York. He was the author of many papers published in the Anctlyst and other journals, and was entrusted with the preparation of the second edition of Blount and Bloxam’s ‘‘ Chemistry for Engineers and Manufacturers.” He was electcd a Fellow of the Institute in 1003. GEORGEDUNCAN died at Dundec on March 4th in his MACDOUCAT.D sisty-third year.He was born at Edinburgh and received his scientific training at the University where he worked first as a student and then as assistant to Dr. Lyon-afterwards Lord --Playfair and Professor A. Crum Brown. He also assistcd Professor Dittmar in a number of researches. In 1874 he started a practice as a consulting and analytical chemist at Ilundee, where he became pulilic analyst for the Borough, and in tlie course of time held many other appointments under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts and in connection with various agricultural and other associations. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1879.GEORGEXCBRETYEYEDMUND died at Xewcastle-on-Tyne, on 26th .Tune in his 65th year. He studied chemistry under Mr. George Ward at the Leeds Mechanics Institute-now the Technical School-and after being assistant to Mr. Thomas Fairley from 1883 to 188i, became chemist to Messrs. Breffit and Co ,Ltd., of the Aire and Calder Bottle Works. Hc may thus be regarded as a pioneer in the application of chemistry to glassbottle manufacture. During the Fession 1915-16 he nns ltlcturer on glass technology at the Castleford Technical School, one of the ccntres established by Sheffield University in connection with the ne~Iy-formedDepartment of Glassmaking. He \\as elected a Fellow of tlie Institute in 1891. BEDFORD ~KEILL dicd at Claygate.Surrey, on Septemb~r 18th in his fifty-sixth year. In 18i6 he entered the laboratory of Jfessrs. (‘hance Bros. S: Co.’s Alkali Works at Oldbury, near Birmingham, where he worked for two vears, attending during the same period the Birmincham and Midland institute, where he obtained the first Priestley Scholarship. In 1878 he proceeded to the Royal School of Mines and two years later, on obtainingthe Associateship of the School, became assistant to Mr. ,John Darlington, Civil and Mining Engineer, in the City of London, for whoni he Controlled an assay laboratory and was from time to time engaged in inspectiilg and reporting on mining properties in England, Germany, Transylvania and the ‘I‘nited States. In 1897 he succeeded to the practice ancl became consultant to n number of important enterprises.His name is well known, especially in the engineering and mining industries, in connection with a telegraphic code, originally published in 1803, and now. estended and improved in a new edition published in 1908, in wide use throughout thc 33 world The code, which waq the result of several years’ hard work, reveal3 an intimate acquaintance with the details of mining opera-tions and will no doubt long remain a memorial to the author. He was President of the Institution of Mining and JIetallurgy in 1913--14 and was for several years Treasurer of the Geological Societv. He was elected a Fellow of the‘Institute in 1888, and was aJJrember of‘ the Council at the time of his death.He was buried at Hollir gton Church-in-the-Koocl, near St. Leonards, and a wreath of flowers was forwarded as a tribute of esteem from the President and Council. Lieut. JULIUS was killed in action at Loos on Sep- SEFTOSPRIXCE tember 25th, 1915, in his twcnty-fourth year. He received his general education in Germany and Switzerland and became registered as a Student of the Institute under JIr. C. T. Bennett. At the time of his death he held a commission in the 7th Battalion o€ the London Regiment, having joined the London University O.T.C. befoie the outbreak of war. WIT~LIAM was born in Glasgow on October 2nd, 1832, the only RAMSAY son of William Ranisay, Civil Engineer. Educated at Glasgow Academy, he matriculated at the Univcrsity in his fourteenth year, and four years later proceeded to Germany, where he worked under Bunsen at Heidelberg, and afterwards under Fittig at Tiibingen, where he obtained the degree of t‘h.1). Returning to Glasgow in 1872, he was appointed an assistant in the Young laboratory of technical chemistry, and subsequently tutorial assistant in the University under Professor Ferguson.Tn 1880he succeeded Professor Letts in the Chair of Chemistry at University College, Bristol, and the follow- ing year was appointed Principal of the College, where he remained for seven years, when he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at University College, London. In 1903 the Chemical Department of the College was reorganised and he became Professor of Inorganic Chemistry.He retired in 1913. He was the author of “ A System of Inorganic Chemistry” (1S91), of which there were several subsequent edition., “ The Gases of the Atmosphere ” (189G), of whichL there were also reveral editions,‘. Modern Chemistry ’. (1901), Essays Biographical and Chemical ” (1908) ; and was the editor of a valuable series of teut-books of physical clzcniistry. His contributions to the journals of the chemical and other scientific societies both in this country and abroad were very numerour, and he took a prominent part in many matters of public interest. His researches covered practically every domain of Chemistry, but he will be remembered especially for the discovery, simultaneously with Lord Rayleigh, of argon, in 1891, the isolation of helium, and the discovery, with Travers, of krypton, neon and xenon, in 1898.Soon after tlie discovery of radium by Madame Curie in 1902 he identified helium as a disintegration product of radium emanation. He was elected a Fellow of the RoyalSociety in 1858,received the navy Medal of the Royal Society in 1895, and the Lonqstaff Medal of the Chemical Society in 1897. He was created a 1C.C.B. in 1902, was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1904, and many foreign distinctions were conferred on him. He was President of the Society of Chemical Industry (1903--4), and of the Chemical Society (1907-9). He was an Oriqinal Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry. He died on July 3rd at his residence at Hazlenicre, Bucks.in his sixty-fourth pear and was buried at High 1VT;vconibr. The President attended the funeral as the representative of the Institute. 34 Lieut. ALBERTALEXANDER was killed in action on July 20th ROBINSON in his twenty-second year. He was educated at St. Paul’s School, and at the outbreak of war was training, as a Registered Student of the Institute, at University College, London. He received a commission in the Royal Garrison Artillery in November, 1914, and was gazetted as Lieutenant a few days before his death. He wa4 awarded an Honorary War Degree of B.Sc. (Lonrt.) in May of this pear. nLieut. FRANrIs WILLIAM SANDERSON, ltegistered Student of the ’Institute. was killed in action on September 1st in his twenty-fourth year.He received his general education at Haberdashers’ School. and proceeded for his scientific training to Finsbury Technical College. He enlisted as a Private in the Artists Rifles, and at the time of his death was serving in the Royal Engineers. Captain WILLIAM GILREKT SAUNDERS was killed in action on September 6th in his twenty-seventh year. He received his early education at Marlborough College, Liverpool. the Gymnasium in Bonn, and the hole SupPrieure de Commerce at Ncuchatel. A4fter two years’ experience in the laboratories of Messrs. Ayrton. Saunclers & Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists, Liverpool, he took courses at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and at Liverpool University, and passed the E~aminations for the Associateship of the Institute in 1913.At the outbreak of war he was one of the 1)irectors of Jlessrs. Xyrton, Saunders C% Po., Ltd., of which his father is Chairman. He joined the King‘s (Liverpool) Regiment and at the time of his death was -4djutant of his Battalion. Lieut. T~U-ARD LESLIEJo~issosSTOCKDALE,a Registered Student of the Institute. was killed in action on the Sonime on July 7th in his twenty- third ycar. He received his general cducation at Elstow School, Bedford. and King‘s (‘ollege, Ely. and his chemical training at King’s College, London, taking the degree of B.Sc. with honours. On cornplcting his training he obtained an appointment as an assistant in the laboratories of the London County Council, and at thc outbreak of war received a commission in the loth Lancnbhire Fusiliers, being promoted to a Lieutenancy in July, 1915. FREDERICK died at Bristol on April 15th in his WALLISSTODDART fifty-eighth year.He was educated at Bristol Grammar School, and in 1872 became assistant to his father, Dr. William Walter Stoddart. first City Analyst for Bristol, also attending courses under Professor Letts at the University C‘ullege. Later, with a view to qualifying in medicine, he pro- ceeded to St. Thomas’s Hospital Medical School, where he turned his atten- tion more especially to chemistry and assisted 1)r.Rernays from 1877 to 1880, when. on his father’s death. he succeeded to the Rristol appointment, which he oeciipied until he resigned in 1903. He was also appointed T’ublic Analyst for Bridgwater and Salisbury and continued a consulting practice in l3ristol until his death. Hc was the inventor of a well-known bacterio- logical method for dealing with sewage and contributed many papers on sanitary chemistry to various Journals. For many years he was Lecturer in Hygienic Chemistry and Bacteriology in Rristol Jfedical School-now the Faculty of Medicine in the L‘niversity, Rristol.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895, and served as a Member of Council from 1915 to 1916. 35 Second Lieut. OLIVER JOHNSTONEdied on September 22nd in his thirtieth year from wounds received in action on the Somme. He was educated at ltossall School, and recci~-etl his scientific training at King’s College, London, passing the Elaminations for the Associate- ship of the Institute in 1910, and the degree of B.Sc.with first-class honours in chemistry, in 1913. He continued at the College for a time as a Student-Demonstrator, and conducted some investigations of a bio- logical and chemical nature on antiseptic dressings for Mr. Cheatle, of King’s College Hospital. Later he undertook some research work with Nessrs. C‘ross and Bevan. and was subsequently appointed chemist to Nessrs. Day and Martin. Soon after the outbrcali of war he enlisted in the Artists Rifles and afterwards received a commission in the Royal Field Artillery. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913. EDWINWHITFIELD WHEELMRIGHT cliecl at Jtalvern on May 2nd in his forty-eighth vear.He received his general education at the Salt Schools, Shipley, and his training in chemistry first at the Yorkshire College, Leeds, and then at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in the Honour School of Science, later proceeding to Munich, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D., having published with Professor Bamberger a research on the action of diazobenzene on acetoacetic ether. In May, 1893, he became Demonstrator at Balliol College, and in Novrniber of the same year was appointed research chemist to Messrs. Albright and Wilson, Ltd., of Oldbury, Birmingham, with whom he remained until shortly before his death. He was elected a Fellow of the InstflitUte in 1903. Second Lieut. CYRIL GEORGE WILLI.IMSOSwas killed in action before La Roiselle on July 3rd in his twenty-third year.He was a Registered Student of the Institute, training at the IJniversity of Birmingham. -4t the time of his death he held a commission in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. 36 FINAL EXAMINATION IN BIOLOGICAL CEEMIS- TRY, BACTERIOLOGY, FERMENTATION, AND ENZYME ACTION. OCTOBER, 1916. The examination was held from October 23rd to 27th ; one Caiididate presented himself. The result of the Examination will be published in Proceedings, Part I., 1917. The following papers and exercises were set -MONDAY, OCTOBER 23rd, 10 a.w. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of recent researchcj on protein metabolism in the animal organism. 2. Give a detailed account of the e:nploymcnt of micro-orgmisms in anyindustry with which you are acquaint.d othsr than brewing, distilling and vinegar-making.3. What aqalytical estimations would vou make for the purpose of deciding whether a given sewage efflue.it was suitable for discharging into a fishing stream .’ Give your reasons. 4. Describe in detail ths steps you \vould take to a3certain whether given specimens of tissue contain (a) trypsin, (b) laztase, (c) lipa3ej aiid { d) peroxidase. TUESDAY, OCTOBER 24th, 10 u.m. to 4.30p.m 1. Make a biological examination of the sample of Milk ‘‘A ” and report upon its suitability for huma? conwmption. 2. Separate and identify th: throe organisms contained in the liquid “B.” (Theseexercises will be continued to-morrow .) WEDXESDAY, OCTOBER 23th, 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.nz. Continue t,he exercises of thg previous clay. 1. Examins and report upoa the tlvo specimens of Takadiastase ‘‘C ” and “D.” 2. E3timate in the sample of Meat Extra:t “ E” the percentages of total nitrogen and of the nitrogen existing as proteose3 a:id peptones. Also estimate th: percentages of creatin and crcatinine. (These exercise3 will be continued to-mwrow.) THURYD-4 Y, OCTOBER 26th, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Continue the cxexises of the previous clay.5. 66 p 7) conjists of a mixture of milk, sugar and starch. Estimate the percentagc of milk sugar. (These exercises will be contin tied to-morrow.) FRIDS Y, OCTOBER 27th, 10 a.m. lo 4.30 p.m. Complete the previous exercises. The Candidate was examined orally in general theoretical chemijtry and was required to translate passages from French and German technical literature.37 FELLOWS, ASSOCIATES, STUDENTS AND CANDIDATES FOR EXAMINATION WHOARESERV-ING OR WHO HAVE SERVED WITH H.M. FORCES. (SUPPLEMENTARY LIST.) It is requested that any inacczsracy or oiizission be reported inemedintely to the Registrar. FELLOWS. Campbell, L. E., 2nd Lieut. 10th Battalion Royal Highlanders. Davis, 0. C. ill.,Lieut. R.A.M.C. Gimingharn, C. T., Lieut., General List. Innes, A. G., Lieut. R.N.A.S. Makin, C. J. S., Lieut., General List. Matthews, C. P., 2nd Lieut. 3,Wh Battalion East Surrey Regiment. Paulley, W. Jf., 7th Battalion Durham Light Infantry (T.F.) Price, T. S., Lieut. R.N.V.R. Salter, C., Sergeant Malay States Volunteer Rifles.Thompson, James, Lieut., General List. Wilson, F. G., Captain and Gas Officer to 15th Division. STUDENTS. Branier, J. D. S., Lieut. and Adjutant, 9th Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment. l)a?-, F., Lance-Corporal R.G.A. Hofmeyr, R., 2nd Lieut. King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, attached 13.F.C. Knaggs, John, 2nd Lieut. R.E. Sonier. A. J., R.A.3l.C. Since the publication of the List given in Proceedings, Part III., entries have been altered in the following cases :-FELLOWS. Bacon, G. N., 2nd Lieut. R.G.A., attached No. 3 Anti-Aircraft Section. Bridge. 6. W., Lieut., Divisional Gaq Officer, Guards Division, H.Q. Eynon, L.. 2nd Lieut. R.E. Goldsbrough, H., Lieut. R.E. Knight. Leslie, Lieut. R.F.A.(Mentioned in despatches). ASSOCIATE. Whitcb,l!. D., Lieut. R.E. STUDENT. Butlcar, F. H. C., Lieut. li4th Hants Regiment, Asst. Provost Jlarshal, 3rd Uivision Mesopotamian E.F. McLac.hlan, T., Corporal R.E. (Distinguished Conduct Medal). 38 The Register, Since the publication of Proceedings, Part III., 1916, the Council have elected g new Fellows; 6 Associates have been elected to the Fellowship, and z new Students have been admitted. The Institute has lost g Fellows, z Associates, and 7 Students by death. New Fellows. Chapman, Charles Eustace, Government Analyst’s Departme-it, Adelaide, South Australia. Innes, Alfred George, M.A. (Oxon), Yh.D. (Ziirich), Central Chemical Laboratory, H.M. Factory, Dornock, Scotland.Joseph,. Professor Alfred Francis, A.R.C.S., D.Sc. (Lond.), 296, Willesderr Lane, London, N.W. Lodge, Edward, 33, Scale Hill, Cowcliffe, Huddersfield. Moir, James, M.A., D.Sc. (Aberd.), 48, llitton Avenue, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa ; and Government Laboratory, Johannes- burg, South Africa. More, Andrew, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Ellesmere, King’s Road, Walton-on-Thames. Parker, Professor Matthew Archibald, B.Sc. (Glas.), The University, Mani- toba, Winnipeg, Canada. Simonsen, Professor John Lionel, D.Sc. (Manc.), The Presidency College, Madras, India. ’Cvilson, Forsyth James, D.Rc. (Edin.), Ph.D. (Leipzig), Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Associates Elected to the Fellowship. Campbell, Laurence Eversley, B.Sc.(Lond.), Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Ceylon. Cunningham, Alexander, 15, Selly Hill Road, Bournbrook, Eirmingham. Earl, John Campbell, Office of Government Analyst, Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia. Grinling, George Noel, 61, Cartwright Garden , St. Pancras, London, W.C Sproxton, Poster, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Gables, Manningtrec, Essex. Wheatley, Robert, B.Sc. (Leeds), 63, Wentworth Road, York. New Students. Griffith, Percy Terence, 54, Ncw Park Road, Streatham, London. S.W. Squires, Gordon Albert Upton, Biddulph House, 58, Narborough Road, Leicester. DEATHS. Fellows. Angell; John. Hell, I’ercp Carter. Ferguson, John, M.A., LL.D. (Glas.). Gresham, Harold Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.). Howard, David, Past President.Levy, Arthur Garfield. McHretney, Edmund George. McNeill, Redford, A.R.S.M., Assoc. 3I.Inst.C.E. Stone, Oliver John, B.Sc. (Lond.). (Died of wounds.) Associates. Bredin, Rev. Father James Crawford. Saunders, William Gilbert. (Killed in action.) Students. Archibald James Duncan, (Died of wounds.) Prince, Julius Fefton. (Killed in action.) Robinson, Alkert Alexander. (Killed in action.) Sanderson, Francis William. (Killed in action.) Stanbury: Albert Cyril. Stoclidnle, Edward Leslie Johnson. (Killed in action.) Tt’illiarnscm, Cjril George. (Killed in action.) 40 General Notices. Intermediate and Final Examinations.-The next Intermediate Examination and Final Examinations in (a) Mineral Chemistry, (6) Metallurgical Chemistry, (c) Physical Chemistry, (d) Organic Chemistry, and (e) The Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc., will be held in January, 1917.Due notice of the exact dates will be sent to each Candidate. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to November, 1913,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain forms of application for election to the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to communicate with the Registrar in any instance in which they are able to assist in securing appointments for qualified chemists. The Laboratories.-The Laboratories of the Institute of Chemistry are available for the use of other Institutions for examination purposes, on terms to be obtained from the Registrar. The Library.-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. to z P.M.), except when examinations are being held. 41 Society of Chemical I ndustry.-The Society of Chemical Industry has decided to publish Annual Reports of the Progress of Applied Chemistry, presenting a critical summary of the advances made in various branches of chemical industry.The first volume will be ready in Decem- ber. The subjects which will be dealt with and the names of the contributors to the volume are as follows :-Fuel-J. W. Cobb, B.Sc., F.I.C. Gas, destructive distillation, tar products-E. V. Evans, F.I.C. Mineral oils-A. W. Eastlake. Dyestuffs-G. T. Morgan, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. Fibres, paper, dyeing, printing- Julius Huebner, F.I.C. Acids, alkalis, salts, etc.-H. A. Adden, Ph.D. Glass, ceramics, cement, etc.- J. A. audley, B.Sc., F.I.C. Metals, metallurgy-W. R. E. Hodgkinson, Ph.D., F.I.C. Electro-chemistry-J. T. Barker, Ph.D. Fats, oils, waxes-G. H. Warburton. Paints, pigments, varnishes, resins-R. S. Morrell, MA., Ph.D.Indiarubber-H. P. Stevens, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C. Leather, glue, etc.-J. T. Wood, F.I.C. Sugar, starches-J. G. Macintosh. Fermentation-A. R. Ling, F.I.C. Sanitation, water purification-F. R. O’Shaughnessy, F.I.C. Fine chemicals, medicinal substances, essential oils-F. L. Pyman, D.Sc., Ph.D. Photographic materials and processes-B. V. Storr, M.Sc. As the issue is to be a limited one, orders should be sent to the Secretary without delay. The price to Members of the Society of Chemical Industry will be 2s. 6d. (plus6d. postage) and to non-Members 5s. ($us 6d. postage). 42 PRESENT POSITION OF THE BUILDING FUND. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE. E s. a. E s. a. Contributions ... 17,389 10 0 Site, Building and Dividends and In-equipment costs terest ......1,149 10 1 to date ...... 20,017 6 8 Realisation of In-Investments, includ- vestments ... 4,557 9 7 ing Commission., . 4,806 11 0 Loans ...... 1,882 10 2 Interest on Loans ... 61 8 8 Balance at Bank, 21st Nov., 1916... 93 13 6 -€24,978 19 10 €24,978 19 10 -LIABILITIES. € s. a. s P. a. Balance at Bank, Loans ...... 1,882 10 2 21stNov., 1916 ... 93 13 6 Outstanding ac-Legacy from the late counts estimated Ed 11’ a r d Riley, at......... 843 8 3 Esq., F.I.C. ... 1,000 0 0 Interest on Loans.. . 10 0 0 Outstanding Pro-Further equipment mises ...... 533 7 0 and furniture ... 1,275 0 0 Approximateamcuirt yet Ye-guired ...... 2,3S3 17 11 f4,010 18 3 f4,010 18 5 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.C. 21st Novenabev, 1916.
ISSN:0368-3958
DOI:10.1039/PG916400D001
出版商:RSC
年代:1916
数据来源: RSC
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