摘要:

REGISTER, 1924. ADDITIONAL CORRIGENDA. PAGE. 114. Insert A. 1923. Kirby, Christopher Stanhope, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77 Weetover Road, S.W. 18. 156. Transfer to page 231. Tempany, Harold Augustine, Department of Agriculture, RBduit, Mauritius. 246. For Ferris read Ferriss. Under Auckland insert Griffin, Kenneth Massy, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Government Analyst, Auckland ;and delete entry under Welling- ton on page 247. 290-293. The names of the following Associates who passed the Examination for the Associateship in January, 1924, should be inserted in the sup- plementary Register :-A. 1924. Cohen, David Solomon, 86 Croydon Road, Beckenham, Kent. A. 1924. Doyle, Robert Cyril, 120 Rectory Place, Woolwich, London, s E., 18. A 1924. Exell, Harold Cyril, l3.S~.(Lond.), 41 Cautley Avenue, Clapham Common, London, S.W.A. 1924. Goldthorpe, Harold Hopwood, B.Sc. (London.), Shelley, near Huddersfield, Yorks. A. 1924. Hare, Andrew Thomas Stewart, Port Setori House, Cockenzie, E. Lothian. A. 1924. Hornby, Frederick l’ercival, B.8c. (Lond.), 2 Milton Road, Highgate, London, N. 6. A. 1024. Johnston, James, B.Sc. (Edin.), 80 Balgreen Road, Edinburgh. A. 1924. Pullen, Alfred Norman Douglas, The Larches, Greenham Common, Newbury. A. 1924. Radford, William Howard, Westwood, Shobnall, Burton-on-Trent. A. 1924. Watridge, Hoy Warren, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30 Whitworth Road, Southampton. A. 1924 Wood, Reginald John, 3 Birtley Avenue, Tynemouth, North-umberland. 303. Index-Fine, T., for 234 read 235. The names of members elected since the publication of the Registor will be found in the Journal and Proceedings.P.T.O. ADDRESSES REQUIRED. The Council will be obliged if Fellows or Associates who >trc iaMc to supply the addresses of any of the following membcrs will comrnunicatc immodiately with the Kegistrar :-Fellows: dhord, Henry Janies. Hay, Janies Gordon. Hill, Edgar. Xolan, Harold. Reeve, Howard Tccsdalc. Associates: Asherson, Nehemiah. 13eynon, Edgar Mostyn. Brown, lvor Vernon. Xvans, Horace George Gardner, Mrs. Gladys Emma Penlie. Hanna, Godfrey FitzGerald. Hargreaves, George Watson. Harrap, Frank Keettleton. Jones, Edward Oswald. Kenny, Terence Charles. Lawson, George Kamsey Willinni Lewis, John Stanley.Morton, Edward. McEntegart, James Mathews. McLaren, Miss Mary Campbell. Neilson, John Francis. Oxley, Horace Finningley. Purdon, Arthur Oscar. Robinson, Eric. IZobinson, George. Savage, Herbert. Talbot, Richard. Thomas, Alfred Ernest. Thompson, Harold. Walker, Chasles. Weil, Jacob Albert. \Yoreester, Darcy. REGISTER : March, 1924 In addition to very numerous changes of address, the Registrar has been notified of the following errors and omissions :---Page 41.POOL,G. E. For “I?. 1011.”read (‘I?. 1913.’’ ,, 42. SLATTER,G. W. For A.R.C.S.C.I.” rcad “A. K.C.Sc.I.” ,, 58. HINTON,C. L. After “A. IC)IZ.” irisert (‘F.1916.” ,, 72. BRIGHTMAN, For “A.C.G.I.” rcn1E “*I.C.G.F.C.”K. ,, 72. CAMPBELL,A. F. Insert (‘’Phone, Middleton 273,” and (‘Director, Hardmnn G Holden, Ltd., Tar Distillers and Size Mamfacturers.” ,, 103.FERGUSON,W. 13. Insert “MA. (Oson), K.C.” ,, 109. HILLS, J. S. For (‘Stewart ” read Stuart.”(‘ ,, 112. JOHNSON, J. C. For (‘A.C.G.I.” read (‘A.C.G.F.C.” ,, 117. MENDEL, E.L. For (‘A.C.G.I.” read (‘A.C.G.F.C.” ,, 119. NELSON,W.R.F. For “A.C.G.I.” read “A.C.G.F.C.” ,, 124. REEVE, L. For “ Louis ” read (‘Lcwis.” ,, 129. SPIELMANN, P. E. Insert ‘‘ A.Ins t .P.” ,, 129. STEVENS,H. P. Imert “’Phone Hop 2154. Analytical and Consulting Chemist (Rubber In-dustry).” ,, 130. STEWART, A. W. For (‘(Bris.)” read “ (Brus.).” ,, 139. COSTE, J. H. Insert ( ‘ I;.Inst .P.” ,, 154. ’TXNSLEY, L.B. Insert “MSc. (Lond.).” ‘I,, 173. YOUNG,W. M. G. Inscrt ’Phone, Doncaster 295 ; tel. address, ‘ Young, Doncaster 295.’ Analyst, London G North-Eastern Rail-way Co.” ,, 185. READ, W’. J. Delete Deputy Chief Inspeclor and Chief Chcmist, West Riding of Yovkshire Rivers Board.” For ‘‘ KILMARNOCH ” read (‘KIL-MARNOCK.” ,, 197. TIIOM, W.A. S. For (‘Strong ” read “Strang.” ,, 206. CAVEN,li. $1. Insert (‘Profcssor of Inorganic and AfLa- lytical Chemistry.” C. E. For “A.C.G.I.” read “A.C.G.F.C.”,, 229. SPEARING,

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG924480X001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1924. ~ ~~ PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30,RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. 1. April, 1924. Publications Committee, 1924=25 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D, OHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). ANDREW MORE, L. G. PAUL, 6. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE FORSYTH J. WILSON. LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL For the Year ending March 2nd, 1925. PRESIDENT: GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, M.A., LL.I)., V.H.S.VICE-PRESIDENTS : EDWARD CHARLES CYRIL BALY, C.B.E., M.Sc., F.R.S. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. ANDREW MORE, A.R.C.S., A4.R.T.C. THOMAS SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D. ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., B.Sc., F.R.S. EDWARD WILLIAM VOELCKER, A.R.S.M. HON. TREASURER: PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: LEONARD ARCHBUTT : (BURNHAM,SOMERSET).EDWARD FRANKLAND ARMSTRONG, D.Sc., F.R.S. :(WARRINGTON).EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON: (LONDON). ALFRED ARCHIBALD BOON, D.Sc. : (EDINBURGH).FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. : (OXFORD).RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. : (LONDON).HAROLD GOVETT COLMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (LONDON).*LEONARD DOBBIN, Ph.D. : (EDINBURGHAND E. OF SCOTLAND!. *HERBERT JOHN EVANS, B.Sc.: (LIVERPOOLAND NORTH WEW’ERN). JOHN EVANS : (SHEFFIELD).*WILLIAM ROBERT FEARON, M.A., Sc.D.: (IRISHFREESTATE).*WILLIAM HOWIESON GIBSON, O.B.E., D.Sc. :(NORTHERNIRELAND).RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, D.Sc. : (LONDON).ARTHUR JAMES HALE, B.Sc. : (LONDON).*CYRIL ALEXANDER FREDERICK HASTILOW, M.Sc. : (BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS).*ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS: (LONDONAND S.E. COUNTIES).WILLIAM HENRY LEWIS, M.A. : (EXETER).*ROBERT DEXTER LITTLEFIELD : (BRISTOLAND S.W. COUNTIES).WILLIAM McDONNELL MACKEY: (LEEDS). HAMILTON McCOMBIE, D.S.O., M.A., Ph.D.: (CAMBRIDGE).*SAMUEL ERNEST MELLING : (MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT).ROBERT SELBY MORRELL, M.A., Ph.D. : (WOLVERHAMPTON).*LEWIS GORDON PAUL, Ph.D. : (NORTH-EASTCOASTAND YORKSHIRE).GEORGE HENRY PERRY, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: (LONDON).JAMES CHARLES PHILIP, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: (LONDON). ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.: (LONDON). BENJAMIN DAWSON PORRITT, M.Sc. : (LONDON).FRANK LEE PYMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.: (MANCHESTER).WILLIAM DAVID ROGERS, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : (MANCHESTER).*CLARENCE ARTHUR SEYLER, B.Sc. :(WALESAND MONMOUTHSHIRE).HARRY SILVESTER : (BIRMINGHAM).ARTHUR SLATOR, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (BURTON-ON-TRENT).GEORGE TATE, Ph.D. : (LIVERPOOL).JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: (LONDON). JAMES FOWLER TOCHER, D.Sc. : (ABERDEEN).DOUGLAS FRANK TWISS, D.Sc. : (BIRMINGHAM).FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (GLASGOW).*JOHN HENRY YOUNG, M.Sc. :(GLASGOWAND WESTOF SCOTLAND).* District Member.82 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1924: APRIL 25~~. 1924: NOVEMBER, 21sT. MAY, 16~~. DECEMBER 19~~. JUNE 20TH. 1925: JANUARY 23~~. JULY 25~~. JANUARY 3oTH. OCTOBER 1~TH. FEBRUARY 27~~. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: MONDAY, MARCH 2ND, 1926. CENSORS: 1924-1 925: THE PRESIDENT, ex-ofiio. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D Sc , F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1924-25. CHAIRMAN FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: TEEPRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON, R. L. COLLETT, HAROLD G. COLMAN, R. H. GREAVES,E. M. HAWKINS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, A. MORE, R. H. PICKARD, B. D. PORRITT, J. F. THORPE, AND E. W. VOELCKER. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE.LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: TEE PRESIDENT, WITH E. F. ARMSTRONG, R. L. COLLETT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, R. D. LITTLEFIELD, W. McD. MACKEY, H. McCOMBIE, A. MORE, R. S. MORRELL, F. L. PYMAN, ARTHUR SMITHELLS*, J. F. TOCHER, D. F. TWISS, AND E. U'. VOELCKER. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (Vice-chairman: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY .) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH A. A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. L. COLLETT, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. MORE, L. G. PAUL, B D. PORRITT, T. SLATER PRICE*, W. D. ROGERS, G. TATE, AND F. J. WILSON. 83 SPECIAL COMMITTEES : I924-25.BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, TELE HON. TREASURER*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH H. BALLANTYNE, JAMES BARR (MANCHESTER),0. L. BRADY, A. J. CHAPMAN, LEONARD DOBBIN (EDINBURQE), A. VINCENT ELSDEN, JOHN EVANS, C. A. F. HASTILOW (BIRMINGHAM), H. L. HEATHCOTE, OTTO HEHNER, A. G. G. LEONARD (DUBLIN), R. D. LITTLEFTELD (BBISTOL),W. D. MACKEY (LEEDS),L. G. PAUL (HUDDERSFIELD), G. H. PERRY, C. PROCTOR, H. SILVESTER, C. J. H. STOCK (NEWCASTLE), G. TATE (LIVERPOOL),G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES), 0. TRIGGER (LONDON),E. W. VOELCKER, AND F. J. WILSON (GLASGOW). In the case of Section representa- tives, the-names of their respective towns are inserted. LECTURES AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H.BALLANTYNE, F. H. CARR, C. H. CRIBB, L. EYNON, A. J. HALE, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, GEORGE McGOWAN, G. T. MORGAN, J. C. PHILIP, B. D. PORRITT, T. SLATER PRICE*, J. MILLAR THOMSON, AND THE EXMINERS. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: TEIE PRESIDENT, WITH E. R. BOLTON*, 0 L. BRADY, A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, C. H. CRIBB, T. W. DRINKWATER, J. T. DUNN, BERNARD DYER, JOHN EVANS, E. M. HAWKINS, OTTO HEHNER, EDWARD HINICS, G. N. HUNTLY, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, G. H. PERRY, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERTS, C. A. SEYLER, H. SILVESTER, A. SMITHELLS, C. J. H. STOCK, G. RUDD THOMPSON, J. F. TOCHER, E. W. VOELCKER, J. A. VOELCKER, AND W. M. GATHORNE YOUNG. SPECIAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: RESEARCH CHEMICALS, LABORATORY(CHEMICAL REAGENTS, GLASS AND PORCELAIN,ETC.) TEEPRESIDENT*, WITH E.R. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, W. T. BURGESS, F. a.CARR, A. J.CHAPMAN, J.T. DUNN,BERNARD. DYER, J. J. FOX, G. N. HUNTLY, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, PATRICK H .KIRKALDY, A. LAPWORTII, WILLIAM MACNAB, G. T. MORGAN, D. NORTHALL-LAURIE, R. H. PICKARD, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, S. SMILES, J. F. THORPE, C. K. TINKLER, AND E. W. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THEPRESIDENT*, WITH HORATIO BALLANTYNE, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Vice-chairman). * Ohairman. 84 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1924-25. Chairman: THE PRESIDENT. Three Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee.Examiners for the Associateship: OSCAR LISLE BRADY. B.A. (Cape Good Hope), D.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C. ; GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Examiners for the Fellowship: Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:JOHN THOMAS DUNN, D.Sc. (Dun.); WILLIAM HENRY MERRETT, A.R.S.M. Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: JOSEPH EDWARD COATES, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Birm.). Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANCIS E. FRANCIS, D.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Erlangen). Branch D.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. (Lond.). Branch E .-THE CHEMISTRY(including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and Water: EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.). Branch F.-BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY,BACTERIOLOGY,FERMENTATIOK, AND ENZYMEACTION: ARTHUR HARDEN, D.Sc.(Vict ), Ph D. (Erlangen), F.R.S. (t.p.m ) THERAPEUTICS, ANDPHARMACOLOGY, MICROSCOPY: FREDERICK GO WLAND HOPKINS, D. Sc.(Lond.).M.B. (Lond.), F.R S. Branch G.-CIEEMICAL ENGINEERING. As required. Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY. The Board. HON. AUDITORS: 1924-1 925. CHARLES THOMAS ABELL, M.Sc., AND WILLIAM HERBERT SIMMONS, B.Sc. AUDITOR : 1924-1 925. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS: THE WESTMINSTER BANK LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.l. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.R.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: GEORGE STANLEY WITHERS MARLOW, B.Sc., F.1C, Barrister-at-Law.85 Forty-Sixth Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 3rd MARCH, 1921. THE Forty-Sixth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Monday, 3rd March, at 4.30 p.m., Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S. (President), in the chair. PRESENTATIONOF THE MELDOLA MEDAL. The President said that he felt sure that the members would wish him to extend to Mrs. Meldola on their behalf a very warm welcome. (Applause.) Mrs. Meldola had been present on both the occasions when the medal had been awarded, and he knew they would wish him to tell her what pleasure it gave them that she was able to be present. (Hear, hear.) In presenting the Medal to Mr. Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, B.A.(Oxon), the President said :-“ Mr. Hinshelwood,-one of my most pleasant duties this afternoon is to present to you the Meldola Medal. That Medal, as no doubt you are aware, is the gift of the Maccabaeans, and is awarded by the Council of the Institute, with the concurrence of the Society, in memory of the late Prof. Raphael Meldola, a former President of the Maccabaean Society, and also of this Institute. The Medal is intended to serve as a recognition of chemical research work of outstanding merit and importance carried out by a British chemist under 30 years of age, and completed during the year in respect of which the award is made. I do not propose, Mr. Hinshel- wood, to deal in detail with the nature of your investigations even if I felt myself competent to do so; and it may perhaps suffice if I say that the Medal has been awarded to you for your researches during the past year in continuation of your investiga- tions of the kinetics of chemical change, investigations which have brought to light important new aspects of the phenomena of gas reactions.“Your work on the decomposition of formic acid has con- tributed to the better understanding of the factors which condition 86 the rupture of a chemical molecule, and you have shown that the magnitude of the (‘heat of activation” of the molecule varies so greatly when in contact with different catalytic surfaces that it cannot be regarded as an inherent property of the molecule. “Your study of the decomposition of chlorine monoxide has demanded great experimental skill, and has added another to the small number of gas reactions which take place in the body of the gas instead of on the walls of the containing vessel.On the other hand, your experiments on the thermal decomposition of phosphine, by which you have extended the chemical work of van’t Hoff to higher temperatures, have shown that, contrary to the generally accepted view, the reaction only takes place at the solid surface even at 800 degrees centigrade. “Your work has throughout been distinguished by the in-genuity with which you have overcome experimental difficulties, by the directness of the methods which you have employed, and by your skill in interpreting your experimental results.In handing you this Medal I should like, at the same time, to offer you my warm personal congratulations, and to express the hope that you have many years before you in which to continue your investigations and to make important contributions to our science.” Mr. Hinshelwood, in reply, said :-(‘ Mr. President,-it is a source of embarrassment to me naturally to be in this position this afternoon, but I appreciate very deeply the honour that the Institute has done me by awarding this Medal which bears the name of a chemist of such distinction. I thank you very much indeed, and assure you that I regard it as a great encouragement to my future work.” (Applause.) The President said that a happy suggestion had been made to the effect that a message should be sent from the meeting to Sir William Tilden.It was perhaps too much to hope that Sir William Tilden would be with them that afternoon. Among their senior members or past presidents, he did not think there had been any more regular attendant at their annual meetings than Sir William Tilden. He felt sure that Sir William would appreciate their letting him know that they were thinking of him that afternoon, and would be glad to receive an expression of their good wishes. If it were the pleasure of the meeting, a telegram would be sent to Sir William Tilden. (Applause.) 87 The meeting then proceeded with the ordinary annual business. The Minutes of the Forty-Fifth Annual General Meeting were read and confirmed.Mr. E. W. Voelcker (Hon. Treasurer), in submitting the accounts for the year 1923, said that he was glad to be able to point to the highly satisfactory condition of their affairs. In the Journal which had been recently issued, and which they had all received, and, no doubt, carefully studied, the main features of the accounts were set out so fully that he thought it would not be necessary to take up time by entering into a lengthened explanation of them. He would be pleased, however, to do his best to give any further information which it might be thought desirable should be given. From the particulars given on page 6, it would be seen that there was a surplus of j6870, which might be regarded as “profit on the year’s working.” He must point out, however, that in the statement of liabilities on page 22, the items referring to “Official Chemical Appointments ’’ and the new Register, represented only the liabilities incurred up to the 31st December, 1923, for work actually done; they did not include the work remaining to be done, namely printing off and actual production, for which they were committed to the extent of something like @oo.The “Official Chemical Appointments ’’ would be in their hands shortly, and he was certain that they would all agree that it was a most useful publication. Its publication had involved an exceptional amount of work compared with previous editions, owing to the fact that it was twelve years since the last edition was issued.As to the new Register, they would be aware that he, personally, was not in favour of the proposed changes, and that he was apprehensive of the cost of preparation and production. The delay in its issue was due to the complicated nature of the work and to the constant changes and additions necessitated during the period of compilation. It would appear shortly, however, and they would then be better able to judge of the value of the new scheme of arrangement, and of the new features which had been intro- duced. Turning for a moment to the Benevolent Fund (on pages 17 and IS), they would find that the Committee was appealing for further and continued support, and was anxious to encourage “group ” contributions. A few contributions of that nature had been received, and experience indicated that it was desirable to 88 extend that plan of collecting small amounts.He was glad to note that there had been an increase of fTrzo in the amount of annual subscriptions during I923; the amount received was &38, of which sum j6220 had been disbursed in grants, as against L96 in 1922. Judging by the amounts which had been received for the present year, he looked forward to an augmented list of annual subscribers; he was glad to be able to amounce that there had already been received in annual subscriptions an amount which closely approximated to the whole of the annual subscrip- tions received last year. (Applause.) That indicated that there would be a considerable increase on the year.He would like again to urge his views that a sound capital fund was essential to the proper working of the benevolent scheme. So far they had been fortunate in not having had to face an appeal for an annuity or for the education of children; but he felt that they should keep that aspect in view, and should endeavour to get together a sufficiently large fund to provide a certain annual income to be available for such objects, apart from grants provided out of annual subscriptions. To build up such a fund must of necessity take time, but if all their members would reckon it part of their duty to the Institute and to the profession to help the fund, they would be well on the way to success, and would be in a better position to claim the support of other benevolent people who might become interested in their affairs.As this was the last occasion on which he would have the privilege of addressing them in the capacity of hon. treasurer, he might be allowed very briefly to give an account of his steward- ship, and to contrast the position of the Institute as it was in 1918,when he took up his office, with its position at the present day. He did so with the earnest hope that the confidence that they had shown in him might be shown not to have been alto- gether misplaced. (Applause.) In 1918,under the old sub- scription terms, the income amounted to fT4725;in 1919,with an increased subscription, it rose to L6085; in 1920,it was j66488; in 1921,fT7600;in 1922,fTg682;in 1923,fT1o,go3; thus showing a steady increase.(Applause.) The excess of assets over lia-bilities was fi11,041 at the end of last year, as compared with j65478 at the end of 1918. In 1918the invested funds amounted to L5,734, and on the 31st December, 1923, to &,o44-a very substantial increase. (Applause.) Since the accounts for 1923 were closed they had received the sum of LIOOO,a legacy under the will of the late Mr. Edward Riley. That sum had been invested. 89 The improved position of their finances was due not only to the increase in the subscription fees in 19x9,but also to the intro- duction in 1922 of an entrace fee to the Associateship. He thought the members would agree with him that the increase in the subscription had been justified by the increased activity of the Institute in numerous directions, which would not have been possible had the Council been without the necessary funds and restricted in their efforts by the necessities of a hand-to-mouth existence.He was very proud to have been allowed to occupy the posi- tion of Hon. Treasurer for nearly six years. and for many reasons he regretted being obliged to relinquish the post; but he would be much more concerned were it not that he was confident that his successor, Mr. Patrick Kirkaldy, would not only be in every way acceptable, but at all times keenly alive to their interests and to the well-being of the Institute. (Applause.) To the members of the committees of which he was Chairman, he was also deeply grateful for the excellent way in which they had attended the meetings, and for the help and advice which they had afforded him, and so enabled him to carry out the duties of the treasurership.Lastly, he could not adequately express the deep obligation he owed to Mr. Pilcher for all that he had done to help him, and to make his work lighter. He would acknowledge also the con- stant and cordial help of Mr. Marlow and Miss Cawston, and, indeed, the whole staff, which had added much to the pleasure of his post, and to his regrets at relinquishing it. (Applause.) He formally moved: “That the financial statement and the report of the auditors for the year 1923 be received and adopted, and that a vote of thanks be accorded the auditors for their services.” Mr.Oliver Trigger formally seconded the motion. The President, having invited observations on the motion, it was put and unanimously carried. Mr. Simmons, replying on behalf of Mr. Abell and himself, thanked the members very much for the vote. He was sorry that Mr. Abell was unable to be present. He would like to add that they had received every assistance from the Treasurer, the Registrar, the Chartered Accountant, and the other officers of the Institute, which had rendered their duties not only extremely pleasant, but also very light. 90 The President then delivered his address (p. gg), and moved: (‘That the report of the Council for the year ending 1st March, 1924,be received and adopted.” Dr.Dyer said that, as a Fellow of the Institute outside the Council, he had very great pleasure in seconding the resolution with which the President had closed his address. He took it they had all read the report of the Council. They had all heard the amplificatory observations on it which had been made by their President during his exceedingly interesting and fascinating address. He therefore did not think it was necessary to say anything more, except that he was sure everyone of them must deeply appreciate the work which the Council were doing, which was set forth in the record ot its activities during the past year. The work done by the Council had been unremitting, and ex- tended in so many directions that he felt sure every one must be full of admiration and appreciation of the way in which the interests of the Fellows, the Associates, and of the profession generally were being looked after by the Council of that now most important public body.(Applause.) No further observations being made on the report, the resolution for its adoption was then put and carried unanimously. Prof. J. Millar Thomson moved a vote of thanks to the President for his address, remarking that he did so with very great pleasure. To those who remembered the earlier days of the Institute, the stormy days of the (‘seventies” and the “eighties, ” it was a great pleasure to see the progress that the Institute had made, the ramifications into which its work had gone, and the great success which it had achieved.It was altogether pleasant to the early members to see that dignified and calm repose which now pervaded the annual meetings. (Laughter.) He moved: “That the thanks of this meeting be accorded to the President for his address, and that he be asked to allow it to be printed in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.” Dr. Brady said that, as one of the younger members, he would like to second the motion, and to express his own appreciation of what their President had done for the Institute during the last three years. They had not been easy years. There had been some very difficult questions to decide, and he felt that the President’s judicial spirit and the rein which he had kept on the discussions of the Institute had added a great deal to the satis- factory results which had been achieved.Whenever he (the 91 speaker) had served on a committee, he had felt that they had in the chair a President who was impartial, who saw both sides of any question, and guided them to a decision, which, even to those who were opposed to it at the time, subsequent consideration showed to be really a wise decision. (Applause.) Prof. Thomson put the motion, which was carried unanimously. The President, having returned thanks, called upon the Registrar to read the report of the Scrutineers on the election of Officers, Members of Council and Censors, giving the number of votes cast in favour of each candidate. The officers were declared elected, as follows:-President: G. G.Henderson (698). Vice-presidents : T. Slater Price (686), Arthur Smithells (684),A. Chaston Chapman (683), E. C. C. Baly (682), Andrew More (678), E.W. Voelcker (675). Hon. Treasurer: P. H. Kirkaldy (700). The number of valid votes cast for the General Members of Council was 701. The General Members of Council were declared elected, &S follows :-E. F. Armstrong (524), J. F. Thorpe (508), J. C. Philip (501),D. F. Twiss (499), J. F. Tocher (490), F. L. Pyrnan (481), F. D. Chattaway (474), R. L. Collett (473), R. H. Pickard (466), F. J. Wilson (462),H. McCombie (455), G. H. Perry (451), A. A. Boon (444), B. D. Porritt (441), R. S. Morrell (438), H. G. Colman (435), L. Archbutt (430), John Evans (429), Arthur Slator (428), W. D. Rogers (426), H.Silvester (426),E. R. Bolton (418), G. N. Huntly (412), W. H. Lewis (407), A. J. Hale (404), W. McD. Mackey (404), R. H. Greaves (403). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 653. The Censors were declared elected as follows: A. Chaston ChBpman (655), Sir Herbert Jackson (494), Sir Robert Robertson (399), G. T. Morgan (376). The total number of ballot lists received was 807. Of these 701:were valid and 106 invalid (13per cent.). The majority of these were invalidated owing to non-payment of subscription. The President proposed a vote of thanks to the Scrutineers, Mr. McLachlan and Mr. Shadbolt, for their services. The Scrutineers had had to do a great deal of hard work-more than a full day’s work, as the Registrar informed him.So that it was more than anordinary formality to propose this vote of thanks to the Scrutineers. He was quite sure that the members realised that the Scrutineers had done some hard work for the Institute. The motion was carried unanimously. 92 Mr. McLachlan, speaking on behalf of Mr. Shadbolt and him- self, said that as two of the younger members, it had been an honour to both of them to be entrusted with this work. He need hardly say, however, that owing to the help of the staff, it had not really been work, but a pleasure. On the motion of the President, Messrs. Charles T. Abell and William H. Simmons were re-appointed Hon. Auditors for the ensuing year. The Hon. Treasurer moved, and Mr. A. J. Chapman seconded, that Mr.David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, be re-appointed auditor at a remuneration of 25 guineas. The motion was carried unanimously. The President said that the Hon. Treasurer had some special business to bring forward. The Hon. Treasurer moved “That, in accordance with By- Law 42,the consent of this meeting be given to the proposal of the Council of the Institute to allow, at the discretion of the Council, a pension of EI a week to Mrs. William Smith, the widow of the late housekeeper and laboratory attendant, who, together with her husband, was in the service of the Institute for about twenty years, and that this consent take effect from 1st November, 1923.” That date had been put in, because since that time they had been paying the sum mentioned.He did not think it was necessary for him to say anything about this motion because he was expressing the wish of the Council, who had care- fully considered the matter. He asked the meeting to agree to the action that the Council had taken, and to sanction what had been done. The motion was carried. The Registrar and Assistant Secretary having retired, tem- porarily, the Hon. Treasurer then moved :-“ That in accordance with By-Law 42, the consent of this meeting be given to the proposal of the Council of the Institute to contribute a sum, not exceeding l250 in each year, towards the establishment, on a contributory basis, of a Superannuation Fund for members of the staff of the Institute, whose salaries are not less than iroo per annum.” He read By-Law 42:-“The Council may, with the consent OF the General Meeting, make such provision as the Council may think fit for pensioning the salaried officers and servants whether by agreement at the time of appointment or other-wise.” 93 The Council felt that it would be a very useful way of encourag-ing thrift on the part of the staff if the Institute paid 5 per cent., and the members of the staff each paid 5 per cent.of their respective salaries, as premiums on endowment policies in an Assurance Company, which would ensure a useful sum of money at the age of 60, or, afford some provision for their relatives in the event of death earlier. Enquiries were made of various Insur- ance Offices, and favourable terms were obtained from the Sun Life Assurance Society, under which, on the payment of monthly instalments on the basis suggested, a sum amounting to over E7000 would be secured for 10members of the staff.The terms were favourable, and he thought it was the right thing to do. He was directed to ask the meeting to authorise the Council to proceed to take out these policies with the Sun Life Assurance Society, having learned that the members of the staff were willing to co-operate in the scheme. Dr. Brady seconded the proposal. Mr. Coste inquired whether the scheme provided for any grant on early retirement owing to ill-health-retirement after a fairly considerable period of service, such as 10or 20 years. The Hon. Treasurer replied that there was always a surrender value.Mr. Coste said the word “pension” had been used, but this was not a pension; it was a grant which was given at the end of the period of service. The Treasurer replied that it was a capital sum which the Assurance Company paid when they arrived at the age of 60 years, or sooner, if, unfortunately, they died before. It did not anticipate necessarily that the staff would stay till 60 years of age, but while they were on the staff the Institute would contribute 5 per cent. of their salary towards the capital sum, which they would receive on arriving at the age of 60. Mr. Coste inquired what would happen if one retired before the age of 60 voluntarily. The Treasurer replied that in that case he would have a option of taking the surrender value or carrying on the policy himself.Mr. Coste inquired if the members of the staff could carry on the policies after they had left the service. The Treasurer replied that that was so. Mr. Coste remarked that they would get no better terms if they retired in consequence of illness, than if they retired 94 voluntarily. That was the point he wanted cleared up. He himself served under a system where, after 10 years’ service, a member got a pension if he retired on account of ill-health. The Treasurer: That is from your Authority? Mr. Coste concurred. The Treasurer said that was outside the present proposal. This was only to do with the insurance company. . In reply to a further inquiry from Mr.Coste, the Treasurer said that they would be individual policies. Dr. Brady asked for further information on the nature of the policies. He would like to know whether they were to be in favour of the Institute or in favour of the individual. Under the Federated Universities’ Superannuation Scheme, which was a very similar system-he did not know whether the Treasurer had considered that system at all in connection with this scheme-the policies were definitely in favour of the Institution, and the Institution had power to devote the proceeds in whatever way it chose. For some reasons there were advantages in that. While he agreed to the principle, he did not know whether a better method would not be to approach the Council of the Federated Universities’ Superannuation Scheme and see whether they would agree to help in the matter, because he was not at all certain that they might not be able to get improved terms from the insurance companies concerned in that Scheme.The Treasurer replied that several schemes were suggested, and the most favourable one was from the Sun Life office, which agreed that if policies for ten members of the staff were taken out they would have an endowment insurance with participation in profits. The Finance and House Committee went into the matter very carefully. No doubt one sort of policy might suit one person, and the same policy might not suit another, but, taking it all round, the best terms, and what they thought the most convenient scheme and the simplest to work, was that offered by the Sun Life office.The various members of the staff had all been interviewed on the subject, and they quite agreed. Practically it came to this, that it was a 5 per cent. increase in their salaries. A member asked whether the proposal was not really that the Institute should insure their officers and not provide them with a pension as such. That, as he understood, was the scheme. If he was right he would like to know whether, in the event of the 95 death of an officer before arriving at pensionable age, his dependents would receive the capital sum such as they would get on an ordinary life endowment policy; if he left a widow, for instance, would she receive the capital sum? The Treasurer replied that in the event of the insured person dying, the company would pay the sum that was insured.It was an endowment assurance. A member remarked that that was very much more beneficial to the officer than a normal pension would be. In an ordinary service where one was pensionable, one would certainly get a pension at the end of the time, but if one died before, though the widow might get a grant, she would get little else. He did not see, without criticising the terms, why the Institute should necessarily put their officers in such a more favourable position than most persons who were under other pension schemes. Most professional men had to pay a very considerable proportion of their income to insure their own lives.If this scheme were put into operation, it seemed to be giving their officers, not undeservedly, no doubt, a very much better benefit than the average pension scheme, which was merely providing a pension on retirement. As he understood it, this was an endowment life policy, which was a very much better, and a much more expensive thing to buy in the insurance market. The Treasurer asked whether he might state more clearly the terms which had been provisionally arranged. He said that, provided ten of the present staff each contribute 5 per cent. of salary in addition to 5 per cent. contributed by the Institute, the total sum assured would be 47000 plus profits estimated at E3221 at an annual premium to be paid by the Institute of &6.That was the present basis. The premiums would be paid monthly, and would be increased in the event of the salary being increased. A commission on the sum assured would be deducted from the premium for the first year, and a commission would be deducted from all subsequent premiums. These commissions would be disposed of for the benefit of the assured. The Council were of opinion that it would be to the best advantage of those who participated in the scheme that the insurances should be taken out in one office, and instructed the Registrar to ascertain which members of the staff would be prepared to participate. He understood that all the members of the staff concerned had agreed to participate. 96 Mr. Proctor asked what was the number of the staff.’ Supposing one of the members left within five years after paying five years into this scheme, if the scheme is carried out, what would happen? If that member of the staff left, he assumed another one would have to be appointed.Supposing the new one was not agreeable to the scheme, what would happen then? The Treasurer replied that there was no compulsion. They could not compel them to come in. Dr. Brady remarked that they might make it a condition of their appointment, as was done at the universities. The Treasurer said that they could provide that each member should take up the policy as a condition of appointment; but he did not think that any difficulty would be likely to arise in that respect. Mr. Proctor saidihe was not clear what would happen when a member of the staff left before the age of 60.Did he take his policy with him? The Treasurer replied that, unless a member of the staff was dismissed for misconduct of any sort, the policy would be pre- sented to him. In the event of a member leaving after less than two years’ service, the premiums that the Institute had paid would be returned, or, if the policy were surrendered, a proportion of the surrender value that was received in respect of it, otherwise the whole of the policy would simply go over to the member, either to keep up or to surrender as he thought fit. Mr. Coste asked if he clearly understood from the Treasurer whether a member of the staff leaving in consequence of ill-health received, so far as this scheme was concerned, no better considera- tion than a member of the staff who left to take up a better appointment.He did not suggest that the Council would not, in the event of a member leaving on account of ill-health, perhaps caused by work for the Institute, be prepared to consider the case generously. He knew it was very difficult to make a scheme equitable all round, but it seemed that a person retiring in conse- quence of ill-health ought to get some advantage over a person who left to take up a better appointment which he probably had been able to obtain by the experience he had secured through working for the Institute. * The present staff consists of 17 members, of whom four are not yeteligible for the scheme, two are temporary, and one not whole time.If a pasticipating member leaves after two years’ service the policy is given to him or her. 97 The Treasurer replied that those were points for which it would be difficult to provide without making the whole scheme unworkable. Mr. Coste inquired whether they had considered that point. The Treasurer replied that the point had been considered. The President said that if no other member wished to make any other remarks or ask any further questions he would put the motion. The motion was carried unanimously. Prof. G. G. Henderson, the new President, was then invited to take the chair. Prof. Henderson said that it was difficult for him to thank the members adequately for the great honour which they had conferred on him in electing him to be President of the Institute. He could not imagine any chemist, unless he were more than human, who would not feel on receiving such a distinction what he might call a thrill of legitimate pride.His own feeling was rather chastened, however, because he realised very deeply the responsibility that fell on his shoulders in endeavouring to tread, however unworthily, in the footsteps of those great chemists who had distinguished themselves as presidents of the Institute. He felt how particularly difficult it was to follow on his friend, MP. Chaston Chapman, because he had established a standard for presidents, which it would be not at all easy for some of them at least to maintain in the future.He must confess, when approached on this subject, that he decided to submit himself for election with very considerable misgivings because he realised his own shortcomings with respect to many of the qualities which they were entitled to expect in a President. He felt, moreover, that his residence so far from headquarters might entail considerable difficulties and drawbacks. He was even selfish enough to remember that every attendance at a meeting in London meant for himself a journey of 800 miles, but he reflected that, after all, if the members thought he could be of any service whatever to the Institute, then it was his bounden duty to do what he could for them. That ultimately led him to accept the great distinction which they had conferred on him. He only appealed for their forbearance if on account of that geographical difficulty, to which he had referred, it was not possible for him to give such constant attention to the affairs of the Institute as his immediate predecessor had done.With that limitation he 98 promised that he would do his best; no man could do more. (Applause.) Mr. W. T. Burgess said that it was his pleasant duty to propose “that the hearty thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring President, Vice-presidents and member of Council for their services.” Only those who had served on what might be called the governing body of their Institute knew the amount of work that such services entailed. Although they got to know something of the work from the proceedings and from the details in the President’s address which had been given to them, that did not tell them exactly the days’ and hours’ work which they spent in carrying out their duties.He was sure they were all very grateful to them for those services, for which they desired to record their hearty thanks. Mr. Hawkins said it gave him very great pleasure to second the motion which had been put by Mr. Burgess. During his past service he recognised what tremendous services Mr. Chaston Chapman and other Fellows had rendered to the Institute. He was very grateful that the votes of the Institute had put his old friend, Dr. Slater Price, in a position in which he would continue to do valuable work for the Institute.He would like to add one word with regard to Mr. A. J. Chapman, who bad retired from the Council. He was sure that no one could have put in more work for the Council. He wished most heartily to second the motion which had been moved by Mr. Burgess. The resolution was carried with acclamation. The meeting was dissolved. 99 The Address of the Retiring President: MR. A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. THREEyears ago you did me the great honour of electing me your President, and it is my duty to-day to report to you upon the working of the Institute during the past year and, on my vacation of this chair, to give you some account of my steward- ship. The rate of growth of the Institute’s activities, to which I referred in my last address, has not only been maintained, but appears to have been proceeding with ever increasing acceleration, a fact which, though eminently satisfactory as an indication of health and vigour, makes it especially incumbent on us to assure ourselves at every stage of our journey that we are keeping to the main road which will lead us safely to our desired destination.To this point I shall refer again. Before I proceed to deal with several of the matters arising directly or indirectly out of the report of the Council, it is my saddening duty to refer briefly to the losses by death which the Institute has sustained. If happily those losses have not been exceptionally numerous, we have unfortunately to mourn the passing of colleagues who have not only been very prominently identified with the progress of our science, but who have been intimately associated with the working and development of our Institute.The list includes the names of 20 Fellows, of whom 6 had served on the Council, 5 Associates, and z Registered Students. Of Sir James Dewar, whose death occurred shortly after our last annual meeting, it is not necessary, nor would it, I think, be fitting, that I should say more than that the physical sciences in general, and chemistry in particular, have to mourn the loss of one whose genius illuminated every problem with which he concerned himself , and whose brilliance as an experimenter must have filled with wonder and admiration allof us who have had the good fortune to witness any of his demonstrations.His 100 connection with the Institute dated from 1878-the year after its foundation. Although Prof. Herbert McLeod had resigned his membership of the Institute on his retirement from active work some years ago, he was one of our Original Fellows, and his distinguished services to chemistry-both as a teacher and as an investigator- are well known to us all. He had served for three full periods on our Council. The recent death of Prof. Clowes removes from our midst a very outstanding figure. Like so many occupants-past or present-af proiessorial chairs, he gained great distinction not only as a teacher, but as a chemical adviser, in which capacity he was attached to the London County Council for many years.It is interesting to recall that he was an assistant to Frankland when the Institute was founded, and was thus intimately associated with it from the commencement. He served on the Council for three periods, as a Vice-president for two, and also as a Censor. To very many members of the Institute the death of George Embrey must have come, not only as a personal sorrow, but as a shock, for it was difficult to realise that one so full of energy and so vigorous in manner had in fact reached the ripe age of 83, and, almost to the end, his physical and mental powers showed no decline. He was a Past President of the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists, and had also served QI-Lour Council. By the death of William Thomson there passed away another Original Fellow of the Institute, and one who always took a keen and at times a very critical interest in its progress.He served for two full periods on the Council, and was an active member of the Manchester Section. The loss to professional chemistry is great, and by many of us his death will be felt as a personal sorrow. In John Edward Stead and Edmund Knowles Muspratt, professional chemistry and metallurgy on the one hand, and industrial chemistry on the other, have lost each a leading repre- sentative, and the Institute two of its oldest Fellows, both having been elected the year after its foundation, and both having served on the Council. Much as I should like to pay a personal tribute to the memory of all those of our members who have gone from us during the past year, and to refer to the services which they have rendered to our science and to our profession, this is unfortunately impossible within the limits of a Presidential address.It is also perhaps the less necessary, seeing that notices referring to their life work and to their connection with the Institute have already appeared in our Journal and elsewhere. A reference to the figures given in the report of the Council shows that after allowance has been made for our losses our membership has increased by 337. This increase is, it is true, rather less than that recorded during the previous two years, but it has to be remembered that we were then still experiencing the after effects of the war, and that we may now be said to be settling down to more normal conditions.This consideration equally explains the decrease in the number of our Registered Students, for during the years immediately following the war the recognised universities and colleges were filled to overflowing with students, and this was, of course, reflected in our roll. The majority of these students have now become Associates, and their numbers have in consequence assumed more usual proportions. Consider-ing the present crowded condition of the profession, this is not, I think, to be regarded as a matter for serious regret. The following statement will serve to show at a glance the membership of the Institute and the number of Students on the Register at the close of the three years I~ZI-ZZ, 1g22--23 and 1923-24 respectively:- 1921-22 1922-23 1923-24 Fellows ...1568 1601 1638 Associates ... 2073 2461 a761 Students ... 883 955 862 During my term of office the number of Fellows and Associates has increased by no less than 11-29,a statement which indicates forcibly the enormous headway which the Institute has made during that brief period. I may add that during that time 302 candidates have sat for our examinations, and of these 163 passed. But great as has been our numerical expansion, our influence and our authority have developed in an even greater degree. Government departments and other authorities are showing an ever increasing tendency to consult us, and a greater readiness to give a sympathetic ear to our representations, and a glance at the report of the Council will indicate the number and diversity of the 102 public or quasi-public bodies by which the Institute has been consulted, or on which it has been represented. To one or two of these I may have occasion to refer in some detail.This increasing influence is, of course, due to a number of causes, but foremost among these is undoubtedly the policy, involving the modification of our regulations, which was framed in 1918,and which has been in operation since that date. Our appeal to the professors and teachers in the universities and colleges to encourage the enrolment of duly qualified honours graduates has met with a ready response, and we are fast ap- proaching the day when no properly qualified chemist will be outside our ranks.But this modification of the conditions under which candidates may secure the Associateship makes it more necessary than ever for the Institute to maintain the high level of the Fellowship, and on this point I can assure the members that they need have no fear. I have always felt that one of the strongest claims of the Institute to the su2port of the chemical profession was its ability to devise and impose exami- national and other tests, in respect of its Fellowship, such as no other body could apply. During the past few years there has been a tendency, which many of us deplore, to increased speciali- sation and to the multiplication of examinations.Our universi- ties and other teaching bodies appear to be vieing with one another as to which can grant the most highly specialised diploma, and there is some fear that in this process, true education and that culture which was once the hall-mark of a university training may suffer very considerably. There is, it seems to me, an increasing tendency to turn out a body of narrow-and in the true sense-imperfectly educated specialists, and this tendency makes it essential that we should maintain our high standard both in respect of the training we demand of those who apply for admission to our examinations and in the character of our examinations themselves. The Fellowship ought, in fact, to differ from other diplomas, in that it should carry to anyone, who may require the services of a chemist, the absolute assurance that a man possessing it is one on whom the public may im- plicitly rely in respect of training, special knowledge, experience, character and professional conduct.That the finances of the Institute are in a thoroughly sound condition is evidenced by the report of the Honorary Treasurer, to whose able guidance and unceasing efforts this gratifying state 103 of affairs is largely due. When Mr. Voelcker took office our financial outlook was far from being satisfactory, and the case for an increase in our subscriptions was put forward by him socogently and so persuasively that the opposition it met with was practi- cally negligible.To-day our Treasurer is in the happy position of being able to show a substantial balance after due investments have been made, and after somewhat heavy expenditure has been incurred in connection with the provision of new and necessary office accommodation. To the deep regret of the Council-a feeling which will I know be shared by every member of the In- stitute-Mr. Voelcker has felt himself compelled-acting on medical advice-to resign the office which he has held with such great advantage to the Institute during the past six years. I know how much he feels this severance of his official connection, but it may be some consolation to him to know that on his retirement he takes with him our warmest regard and gratitude, and our earnest wish that his health may speedily improve.Happily we may look forward to receiving the continued benefit of his valuable advice and assistance in his new capacity of Vice-President. I would like to add that we are fortunate in securing so able a successor as Mr. Kirkaldy, whose long record of service to the Institute is so well known to us all. The question of finance leads me naturally to a brief reference to our Benevolent Fund, full particulars of which were published in a pamphlet issued at the close of last year. The Fund is making progress, but it is very far from being commensurate with the importance of our profession and the number of our members. What is, it seems to me, absolutely essential is the payment by every Fellow and Associate of a small yearly sum which could conveniently be sent at the same time as his annual subscription. A sum of, say, 5s.could scarcely be missed, and this from our 4000 members would bring in a very substantial income which would enable the Committee not only to deal generously with cases needing temporary assistance, but also to form a fund for more important purposes such as annuities, or for special emergencies such as may at any time arise. I have on several occasions during my term of office emphasised a point of view which is sometimes overlooked, namely, that our very proper insistence on a high standard of professional conduct throws upon our shoulders the duty of making it as easy as possible for all our members to conform to 104 that standard. It is not a difficult matter for those of us who are in comfortable circumstances to avoid even the appearance of professional misconduct, but when a man is in want-perhaps of the bare necessities of life-it is expecting a great deal that he should have the same scrupulous regard for the unwritten law. I have always felt, therefore, that it is not merely a privilege, but a duty, to do all we can to help any of our colleagues who may be in distress, and as in the ordinary affairs of life the last wishes expressed by any person are usually the most effective, I hope that this appeal to all our members to subscribe may have additional weight from the fact that it will be the last which I shall have to make in my presidential capacity.To add to the report of the Council anything in the nature of a detailed criticism of the work of the various committees would not, I think, serve any useful purpose, even if time and space permitted. The work of our committees is certainly not diminishing, either in variety or in importance, and only those perhaps who are officially connected with the working of the Institute can properly appreciate the immense amount of time and labour which so many of our members are cheerfully devoting to our service. I shall have occasion to refer to this again, and I propose now to follow the plan I have adopted in my previous addresses, and to consider briefly one or two of the matters with which the Council has had to deal, and which appear to me to be of chief importance. Since the question of education would appear naturally to claim attention first, I may just refer to the scheme of co-operation between the Board of Education and the Institute, which has, as you know, resulted in the issuing of National Certificates in Chemistry in place of the former local certificates. We have now had two years’ experience, and, on the whole, I think I may say that it has been of an encouraging character.The number of candidates has increased from 103 in 1922 to 190in 1923,the number of passes has also increased considerably, and the assessors are able to record a much higher level of attainment. A similar scheme has now been entered into with the Scottish Education Department, and doubtless its results will be equayy good.There was at firs1 a feeling of anxiety-and, I confess, I shared in it-that there might be some confusion betweem the Full-time National Certificates and our own Diplomas I need scarcely remind you that every possible step has been, 105 taken to prevent such confusion, and I am less nervous OII this point than I was. I still think, however, that it is one which will need to be carefully watched. For some years past I have come into occasional contact with the students in, a number of our technical schools, and have learned to appreci- a$e very highly the work which they are doing, often under conditions involving a great deal of real self-sacrifice, and I do feel that anything we can do to help them, and to raise the level of chemical training in those institutions, must meet with our general approval. It is clear, however, that our first duty is to our own members, and our Council may be trusted to see that this scheme shall not operate in any way to their detriment.In the next place I should like to mention, owing to its important national significance, one of the matters which has come within the purview of the Special Purposes Committee. refer to the supply and standardisation of scientific glassware. This is a matter in which the Institute has played a prominent and notable part, and it will not be forgotten that during the early days of the war the Glass Research Committee, under the inspiration and guidance of my predecessor, Sir Herbert Jackson, did some highly important work towards establishing the scientific glassware industry in this country, with the object of ensuring our independence of foreign supplies and of preventing a recurrence of the state of affairs which was revealed in 1914.It will be recalled that two years ago a committee was formed, with Sir Joseph Petavej, Director of the National Physical Laboratory, as chairman, for the purpose of dealing with the standardisation of volumetric apparatus, and of lamp-blown and furnace-made scientific glassware, as well as with the chemical and physical properties of glass. This Committee, which was a very representative one, held a number of meetings and did some very useful work of a preliminary character.The Treasury having decided, however, that the cost of work of this nature could not properly be defrayed by the State, it was suggested that it should be continued under the zgis of the Institute. This suggestion received very full consideration, and was endorsed by the Council at the end of last year, the Institute undertaking to contribute as its share the necessary secretarial and clerical assistance. I have always felt that this development of the Institute’s activities was from every point of view desirable, and I sincerely hope that the labours of this Committee, which wilI have the co-operation of the Department of Scientific and 106 Industrial Research, of the National Physical Laboratory, of the Glass Research Association, and possibly of other bodies, will result in making this truly “key” industry a British industry, and of putting it on a firm and permanent foundation.In my address last year I referred at some length to the very regrettable tendency of Government departments and public bodies to undervalue-at least so far as remuneration is concerned-the services of the professional chemist. That this is not due to any special need for the practice of economy, an excuse which might perhaps be urged with some force at the present time, is shown by the fact that the grievance is one of long standing. It is, I think, due rather to ignorance of the lengthy and expensive training which the chemist has to undergo, and to the failure to realise the complex and responsible nature of his work, The suggestion of the Ministry of Health that five shillings was an adequate fee for the bacteriological examination of milk under the Milk and Dairies (Amendment) Act, 1922,is a case in point.Although a strong joint deputation representing the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts attended at the Ministry and produced evidence that the sum in question was wholly inadequatc, was open to grave objection from the point of view of the practitioner, and was opposed to the public interest, no satisfaction was obtained. It will not be necessary for me to refer to other cases, in some of which it is pleasant to be able to record that the representations of the Institute were not without effect, since these have been fully dealt with in our Journal.That Government departments and other public bodies do not consciously desire to exploit either the public spirit or the necessities of scientific men, I am quite willing to believe, but in attaching to public chemical appointments conditions of remuneration which are not in any way commensurate with the importance of the services demanded, and which are not consistent with the self-respect of a professional man, they are incurring a very serious risk. A solid and contented public chemical service is becoming every year a more and more important part of the machinery of government, and it is obviously essential in the interest of the nation that that service should attract and hold men of the highest professional qualifica- tions and attainments.I may, in this connection, remind you that the Council have sent to the official side of the National Whitley Council 107 a statement expressing their opinion that the scale of salary and the prospects of promotion of the lowest established grade of chemists in the Government service should be at least equal to those of the Cadet Corps of the Administrative Class of the Civil Service. In addition, a letter signed jointly by the Presidents of the Engineering Societies and by myself as your President, has been addressed to the Prime Minister, expressing the opinion that the scientific and professional classes in the Civil Service have not received that recognition which is compatible with the generally accepted importance of scientific and professional work at the present time, or which is com- parable with that accorded to grades of the Service requiring a corresponding standard of education. In this letter it was urged that the matters in respect of which there had been failure to reach a complete and unqualified agreement between the official and staff sides of three committees of the Civil Service National Whitley Council should be submitted forthwith without limitations to a competent and impartial tribunal.It was further suggested that this tribunal should be empowered to deal also with the case of superior officers excluded from the consideration of the Whitley Councils, and should thus cover the whole field. It is very much to be hoped that these representations will receive sympathetic consideration, since there can be little doubt that the present position of scientific and professional men in the Civil Service is far from satisfactory, and cannot fail to be prejudicial to the advancement and development of the sciences they represent.I will now proceed, with your permission, to deal with one or two questions relating to the general policy of the Institute, and in this connection to survey very briefly a few of the more important developments which have occurred during my term of office. Foremost among these I unhesitatingly place our Local Sections. The organisation of these Sections had its inception during the Presidency of Sir James Dobbie, and proceeded apace during 1918and the following years, largely owing to the tact, no less than to the energy and vision of my old friend and prede- cessor in this chair-Sir Herbert Jackson.Those early years were certainly not free from difficulties or from anxiety, for there was at the commencement some feeling that the Local Sections might become merely centres of sterile criticism, and so tend to disturb the general harmony and hamper the working 108 of the Institute. It was very soon recognised, however, that this was far from being the case, and that whilst the various Sections were by no means wanting in the critical faculty, their criticism was generally of the constructive kind, and added very materially to the progress of the Institute.Nothing has been brought home to me more forcibly during my presidency than the immense value of these organisations to the profession in general and to the Institute in particular. They have been the means of suggesting to the Council new and fruitful lines of policy, and they have served the no less useful purpose of building up the sense of professional unity and brotherhood. It is, in fact, no exaggeration to say that they have infused new life-blood into the Institute, have made it more than ever a vigorous and a living body, and have caused it to become truly representative of all that is best in professional chemistry in this country.Among the happiest experiences of my term of office have been the visits which I have paid to the Sections, and I am only sorry that the many claims on my time have prevented me from making those visits more frequently. I have on every occasion met with a reception characterised not only by great warmth and friendliness, but also by the acknowledgment in many graceful ways of what they regarded as a compliment paid to them by the Council at headquarters. I cannot leave the subject of the Local Sections without referring to the London Students’ Association, at whose birth I assisted, and which has now become a very sturdy infant. This Association has naturally lost a good many of its original members, who in the ordinary course of things have ceased to be Registered Students.It is, however, flourishing, I am told, even more vigorously this year than last, and I believe that it will be found helpful in many ways to the Students, whose interests the Institute has so much at heart. ,4nother and very important development which has occurred during my term of office, and which owes its origin to the Local Sections, is the holding of provincial conferences to discuss matters of general policy. In the spring of last year a letter was addressed to the Council on behalf of the Liverpool and North-Western Section urging the importance of bringing the Council into more intimate contact with the rapidly increasing body of Fellows and Associates residing outside London, and suggesting that perhaps the best way of effecting this would be to hold conferences from time to time in the provinces. Letters 109 in support of this idea were received from other Sections, and the proposal met with the warm sympathy and approval of the Council.Suggestions had been previously made on various occasions that we should hold our Annual General Meeting, or, failing that, occasional Council meetings in the provinces, but for various good reasons this had not been regarded as practicable, and the Conference was welcomed as an excellent alternative. The Council realised that under the new regulations for the admission of Associates, a good many of our members are not brought into the same close associations with the headquarters of the Institute in London as was the case under the old regula- tions, and it was generally felt that these conferences would provide the best remedy for this state of affairs.The paramount need for knitting the whole of the Institute into a solid and coherent body, and for emphasising the personal and human side of the profession has been very much in the minds of the general body of members, for some considerable time, and has occupied the serious attention of the Council on many occasions. It was a recognition of this need which led to the election of Sectional and District Representatives, and later to the intro- duction of an admission ceremony, the main object of which was to bring the newly elected member into personal and friendly con- tact with the President and Council, or with the chairman and committee of his Local Sections, at the earliest possible moment after his election.It was felt, too, that these conferences would provide opportunities for our members-and especially our younger members-to put their views, their ideals and their grievances-if they had any-directly before members of the Council, assured that they would be accorded a hearing, both friendly and sympathetic. Other advantages of these meetings are alluded to in my Liverpool address, and need not be again referred to, and I will content myself with expressing my personal conviction that this departure is one which cannot fail to make for the strengthening of the Institute and for the increased solidarity of our profession.The Liverpool Conference, over which I had the honour to preside, and which was attended by two Vice-presidents, by eighteen members of Council, and by the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary, proved very successful in every way. The discussions were maintained on a high level, and although some of the matters which came before the meeting were decidedly controversial, the greatest good feeling was manifested throughout, 110 As the proceedings of this Conference have been published and issued in pamphlet form to all our members, I do not propose to refer to them in any detail. I cannot, however, leave this subject without saying a few words about one of the more important subjects of debate, as this clearly concerns the future of our profession.I refer, of course, to the demands for further organisation and closer co-operation not only among chemists, but among men of science generally, propositions which in their general form, must command almost universal assent, but which are found on closer examination to present many serious diffi- culties. It will be within the knowledge of our members that the Liverpool Conference, on the motion of Prof. Baly, passed a resolution approving the formation of a National Federation of Men of Science and a General Science Council, and this was in due course transmitted to our Council for consideration. Although I was requested to explore the ground covered by these proposals, it was understood that nothing should be done until an informal meeting of the presidents of the professional scientific bodies concerned had been arranged by some one other than one of the presidents in question.Although this meeting has not material- ised, and I am consequently not in a position to state the views of the other presidents, I may perhaps be permitted to submit for your consideration just one or two personal comments which, in my position as Chairman of the Conference, I had not the opportunity of making at the time. It is suggested, I gather, that the proposed Federation should consist of all the members of the recognised professional bodies of chemists, engineers, physicists and others, to which entrance is obtained by examination, and that its authority is to be exercised in the public interest rather than in connection with matters in which private interests are concerned. This, so far as it goes, is well, for if the Federation were intended to exercise what may be described as trade union functions, it would, in view of its heterogeneous character, be ineffective and very liable to dis-ruption from within.At first sight, the reasons advanced by Prof. Baly and his colleagues for the creation of a big scientific federation appear to be so strong as to be almost irresistible. The need for such a federation might be held to have been established by the circum- stance that from time to time nd hoc conferences between the bodies concerned have already taken place, and joint action has followed upon such conferences, with beneficial results to all concerned.The professional chartered societies have, for example, co-operated in defence of their privileges, and the representative professional scientific bodies have conferred on matters of common interest, such as patent legislation and, quite recently, Patent Office procedure. Then again, matters of general interest to men of science have been dealt with by com- mittees formed by such bodies as the Royal Society, the British Science Guild, and the Royal Society of Arts. This, however, is what may be termed an elastic form of procedure, which is per- haps better suited to our individualistic British temperament, than that represented by a very highly organised, but at the same time more complicated, association of the kind suggested. The main difficulty, it seems to me, is to ensure that the united support of the whole body, or of the professions concerned, should be behind any action which the General Science Council might see fit to take.If present or future members of the professional bodies in question were to be allowed to accept or reject member- ship of the Federation, many might elect to stay outside, and that body would be deprived of some of its weight. If, on the other hand, it were suggested that membership should be auto- matic, that is, should be acquired by the individual on joining one of the federated bodies, I think that even greater difficulties would arise.It is, in my judgment, very doubtful whether such ancillary membership could be made obligatory, and whether the new member could be compelled to conform to the rules and regulations of the Federation, or to be bound by its findings or pronouncements. It is not necessary, or perhaps desirable, that I should say more, as this very important proposal will obviously have to be considered by the Council in all its aspects and bear- ings, assuming, of course, that there is a general desire that the matter should go forward. On the more modest proposal for closer co-operation and organization among chemists much has been said during the past few years, and I need not remind you of the valuable contribu- tions to this subject made last year by Dr.E. F. Armstrong, and more recently by Mr. Woolcock. With these, and similar sug- gestions, it is impossible to deal in any detail within the compass of a presidential address, but it is clear that a scheme which is practicable, and which would make for greater efficiency, greater economy, and for the fuller public recognition of our profession, must have the warm approval and support of every one of us. It 112 must, however, be remembered that the position of the Institute is peculiar in that it is essentially concerned with the professional or personal side of chemistry. It will be recalled, in this con- nection, that the Institute is not a constituent body of the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry, but an associated body, and it is unique in that respect.The functions of the Institute, moreover, differ from those of all the other chemical bodies, since it is concerned with the training and qualification of the profes- sional chemist, and one of its main objects is to guard the interests of its members and of the profession generally. It is often said that chemistry ought to be in a position to speak with a united voice, and it was with this object, chiefly, that the Federal Council was brought into being. Whilst the Institute has always been, and will continue to be, very ready to co-operate with the other bodies whenever it is desired to make the united voice of chemis- try heard, I think that, in general, it will be more effective as an independent body than as part of a large association containing perhaps a considerable preponderance of members with interests lying outside those with which the Institute is usually concerned.Our work does not clash with or duplicate that of any of the other chemical bodies, and I feel very strongly that the Institute might easily lose much of its authority and power for good, if in some scheme of amalgamation or co-operation it were to sink any of its individuality . There is another aspect of the matter which ought not, I think, to be overlooked. The Institute has already its own building, and that building can be made adequate to our needs for many years to come. We have a long lease to run, and we have a sinking fund formed for the benefit of those who come after us.We have raised this building by our own efforts, though not entirely with our own money, and not only with a view to the needs of the present, but of the future. It is a valuable property, of which we are in a sense the trustees, and our responsibilities in this connection will, I am sure, be present in the minds of our Fellows and Associates, even while they watch with interest and sympathy the future developments in the direction of securing a greater degree of co-operation, and possibly a habitation in keeping with the dignity and importance of our profession. Another matter to which I feel I ought to allude in passing, is the increasingly frequent public references to the science and profession of chemistry and the growing general recognition of the importance of our work to the community.This cannot fail to 113 affordus considerable satisfaction, and in connection with this the Institute has played a prominent part. The Council have given its entire approval to a publicity campaign, and the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section has been particularly active in this direction. Articles showing the complete dependence of many of our industries on chemistry have been contributed by the members of that section to the public press, and I hope that very soon effect may be given to a suggestion which I have made on several occasions, that public lectures of a popular character, illustrating the importance oE chemistry to local industries, should be delivered in different parts of the country.It is gradually being borne in, even upon our politicians, that chemistry isoneof the most powerful factors in the creation of material wealth, and that, at the present time, it is much moreimportant to add to the wealth of this country and of the world than to quarrel about the distribution of the seriously diminished amount which the war has left us. No longer has this country the mar- kets of the world at its feet, and it is daily becoming more clearly recognised that every nerve must be strained to the utmost if we are to hold our own in face of the ever increasing competition. cannot refrain, in this connection, from quoting some recent remarks made by Mr. Baldwin at G1asgow:-“When we were beginning to manufacture chemicals on a large scale we found a great shortage of chemists.Many had to be called back from the colours, and the shortage aroused public attention and stirred many of us to declare that we would never again allow industries requiring skill in natural science to remain in the control of the foreigner. There was a quick response on the part of the young men of this country, and an enormous increase in the number of the students entering our colleges. A couple of years ago there were seven thousand students taking full-time courses in engineering, applied chemis- try, and similar subjects. To-day many of these young men are unemployed, or in positions where their special qualifications are not being properly utilised.Just consider what this means. Modern industry depends upon co-ordination of many men’s work, but you must maintain a large number of average men to make a brilliant man possible. . . . Under the stimulus of the war we have made great headway in pure chemistry, and we have now schools in this country which well compare with any in the world. What is going to happen to the output of these schools? Our race is not only second to none, it is the race 114 in the world for producing original genius. Are we going to take care that our scientific industries should exist and absorb this priceless material, or are we going to run only rule-of-thumb industries and leave those highly organised industries which depend so much upon brain power to the foreigner? That is the prospect before us when Germany recovers, unless we do a little thinking now and realise in time what lies before US.” It is, I think, a cause for gratification that a British Prime Minister should have felt himself compelled to speak in these terms, and in view of the reports of negotiations between the British Dye-stuffs Corporation and the In teressen Gemeinschaft which are now being so widely discussed in the Press and else- where, these words of Mr.Baldwin have, I think, a very special significance. This leads me to the question of unemployment, and I feel that I ought to reiterate the warning which I have uttered in each of my last two presidential addresses. The present supply of qualified chemists unfortunately exceeds the demand, and this surplus cannot be absorbed at a satisfactory rate until the present period of industrial and commercial depression ends, and the trade revival to which we have been looking forward sets in.Unless, therefore, a boy has so strong a love of the subject that nothing will turn him from it, and is prepared for much hard work and a great deal of real self-sacrifice, he will be well advised to choose some other career. On the other hand, there is not, I think, any real ground for despondency, for although during the past three years the net increase in the number of Fellows and Associates has been over 1100,the net increase in the number of unemployed does not exceed 150. From this, it follows that nearly 1000of our members have during that period been success- ful in obtaining positions.At first sight it is somewhat dis- quieting that nearly 200 members of the Institute should be out of employment, but it must be remembered that other professions are in a worse position, and that it is due chiefly to the large number of ex-Service students who have qualified from our colleges during the year 1921,since which time we have almost kept level with the influx of new members. The Institute is, I need hardly say, doing all that is possible to ameliorate this state of affairs. Looking back over the past few years I think that the out- standing feature of our chemical life is the increasingly keen interest shown by chemists in all matters affecting their profes- sion, and in all movements directed to the greater development and fuller recognition of chemistry as an important element in the affairs of every-day life, and as a powerful factor making for the greater welfare of the community.A steady but active process of fermentation has been visibly in progress, inferior, perhaps in intensity, but greater in persistency, than the sporadic upheavals of pre-war days. Of this fermentation our younger members have often been the exciting cause, and this is, I think, a n--tter for great satisfaction. Nothing is more fatal to any profession than apathy and stagnation, but on the other hand it is well to remember that change is not necessarily progress, and that the greater the speed the greater the need for cautious driving.I have felt-and the feeling has I know been shared by a good many members who certainly cannot be described as reactionaries-that the time is coming, or has perhaps already come, when the Institute might with advantage devote a period of relative quiet to a calm consideration of future main lines of policy, and to the consolidation of the important position it has won. In their report, the Council have acknowledged the important services which so many of our Fellows have rendered to the Institute during the year, and I may perhaps be permitted to say in this connection that during my term of presidency nothing has impressed me more than the alacrity with which very busy men have responded to the numerous demands made upon their time and energies, demands which have been getting steadily heavier year by year.I have already referred to the debt of gratitude under which the Honorary Treasurer has placed us, and I desire to offer my warmest thanks to the Vice-presidents, members of Council, chairmen of Committees, and others who have done so much to lighten my labours, and who appear to have striven always to make me feel less conscious of my own shortcomings. To-day, in accordance with the By-Laws, two distinguished Vice-presidents retire from office, having completed their pre- scribed term. I refer to Sir Herbert Jackson and Mr. Macnab. Of Sir Herbert Jackson’s long record of valuable service to the Institute, in many capacities, including those of Vice-president and President, it is unnecessary, and would be almost presump- tion on my part, to dilate.I would, hewever, take this oppor- tunity of offering him my personal thanks for much help and wise advice on occasions when matters involving exceptional doubt and difficulty have arisen. Of Mr. Macnab’s valuable and devoted services it is equally unnecessary for me to speak at any length, for they are known to you all. No wiser or more reliable counsellor could be desired by any president, nor could the Institute have been more worthily or more ably represented on the many important occasions on which we have called upon Mr. Macnab to act 2s our representa- tive. It is always a difficult and an invidious task for a president to make special mention of certain Fellows, where all have worked so well, but I feel that I cannot refrain from alluding to the exceptional assiduity with which Mr.A. J. Chapman and Dr. Slater Price have devoted themsehes to the business of the Institute. Dr. Price’s election to the office of Vice-president will, I am sure, give general satisfaction. I am now fast approaching the end of my address, and with it the end of my term of office as your President. When, three years ago, you conferred upon me the greatest hopour which it was in your power to bestow, or to which ally professional chemist could aspire, I entered upon my duties with a full sense of the difficulties and responsibilities attaching to this high office, but also with a determination to do everything that lay in my power to justify the confidence you were reposing in me.I felt that I was assured of the support and kindly indulgence of the officers, the members of Council, and, indeed, of the whole body of Fellows and Associates, and I knew that, like all my predecessors in this chair, I could count upon the ever ready help and assistance of the Registrar, the Assistant Secretary, and of all the members of the office staff. Never was such support and help more needed, and never, I feel confident, has it been more freely given. cannot recall a single occasion during the whole of my term of office when I have not met with the greatest kindness and the most loyal support on every hand.For this I am profoundly grateful. To Mr. Pilcher I have so often expressed my personal gratitude and my deep sense of indebtedness that I can scarcely add any- thing to thosc expressions. I have said on a previous occasion that he has not only rendered my occupancy of this chair possible, but that he appears to have conspired with Mr. Marlow, Miss Cawston, and all the members of the staff to make my term of office a very happy one. 117 I now come to my last and very pleasant duty, and confidentIy anticipating the result of the ballot, to welcome my old friend, Prof. Henderson, as my successor in the presidential chair. Of Prof. Henderson’s eminence as a chemist it is unnecessary for me to speak; his record is known wherever chemistry is practised and honoured.Of his distinguished services to the Institute I need also say but little, as they, too, are well known to you all. A Fellow of thirty-seven years’ standing, he has served for three full periods as a member of Council, for one year as a Vice- President, and for four years as one of our examiners. As further evidence, if such were needed, of his keen interest in all that pertains to the welfare of chemistry, I may just recall that for a number of years he acted as Honorary Secretary and Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and that he served later as President of that Society. As a teacher he has always shown himself very active in preparing candidates for our examinations, and it is noteworthy that more candidates for the Associateship have entered from his college than from any other university or college in the United Kingdom.Prof. Henderson’s personal qualities are such as to endear him to all who come into contact with him, and in handing over to him the reins of office I know that the future of the Institute could not be in safer or more competent hands. Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1924. Council and Committees,-The list of Officers, General and District Members of Council who took office on 3rd March is given on p. 81. At their first meeting held on 14th March, the new Council appointed the Standing and Special Committees and their chairmen for the ensuing session (see pp.82-83). Election of Member of Council.-In the place of Mr. George Nevi11 Huntly, who has been appointed a member of the Board of Examiners, Dr. George Tate, of Liverpool, has been re-elected as a General Member of Council. Patent Office Proced ure.-Mr. Horatio Ballantyne and Mr. William Macnab, who represented the Institute at a Con- ference, arranged by the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents, on 14th February, to consider matters relating to Patent Office Procedure, have reported that the Conference was attended by representatives of a considerable number of professional and technical institutions, and that the following resolution was passed: “That the tendency on the part of the Patent Office, as shown by numerous official letters and decisions of recent date, to raise and deal with questions of Patentable Subject Matter under Section 93 of the Patents Acts in respect of patent applications relating to inventions concerned with manufactures, as distinct from those relating to mere in-tangible schemes or ideas, is viewed with great regret and some apprehension by those who are present at this Con- ference as representing the leading engineering, chemical, scientific and legal Institutions, Societies and other bodies, since it is submitted that in no one of the published decisions of the Law Officers or of the Judges of the High Court is there to be found any real ground for departure by the Patent Office from the practice under this head which has been followed for very many years, and it is considered most desirable that this tendency to a change in practice in the Patent Office should cease and that the former and well- established practice should be reverted to.” 119 It was decided that a copy of the foregoing resolution be sent to the Comptroller-General of Patents, together with a list of the bodies represented at the Conference, and that he be asked to fix a time and date when a Deputation from the Conference could appear before him, in order to present the views expressed by the members of the Conference.The following representatives were deputed to represent the Conference before the Comptroller-General of Patents and elsewhere as might be desirable: Sir MAURICE FITZMATJRICE,or other representative of the En-gineering Joint Council.Sir DTJGALDCLERK, as Honorary Advisor to the Engineer- ing Joint Council. Mr. J. WHITEHEAD,K.C., representing the Bar. Mr. HORATIOBALLANTYNE, representing Chemists. HADFIELD,Sir ROBERT Bart. or other representative of the Federa- tion of British Industries. Mr. W. H. BALLANTYNE representing the Chartered Institute of Mr. B. E. DUNBARKILBURN, Patent Agents. Professional Technical Civil Servants.-With the con- currence of their respective Councils, the Presidents of the leading professional institutions have subscribed to the following joint letter, addressed to the Prime Minister, pressing for the improvement of the status of members of their professions who are engaged in the Civil Service, and for an early settlement, by a competent and impartial tribunal, of other matters referred to therein.[COPY.] 19 Febmcary, 1924. To the Rt. Hon. J.RAMSAY M.P.,MACDONALD, 10, Downing Street, S.W.1. SIR, We have the honour to request your qonsideration of the present pesition of the Scientific, Professional and Technical Civil Servants, a large number of whom are members of the Institutions and Societies of which we are the Presidents. 1. It will be recollected that on the 18th October, 1920, the then Presidents of six of the undermentioned Institutions addressed a letter to the Prime Minister dealing with certain questions relating to Civil Servants of the classes mentioned. We understand that three, Committees of the Civil Service National Whitley Council were subsequently set up to consider and report upon the duties, organisation, recruitment, status, etc., of Scientific, Professional and Technical Civil Servants, excluding, however, those whose basic salaries exceeded €500 per annum.We are informed that the matters referred to these Committees have been presented to them in detail, and that a considerable amount of evidence has been adduced by the Staff side of the Committees in support of their claims for reorganisation and regrading. It has been brought to our notice, however, that after protracted proceedings extending over more than two yearn, a stage is being reached at which either disagreement or, at most, partial acceptance, under protest, between the sections of each Committee will have to be registered, and further, that the negotiations in regard to the Civil Servants of the classes mentioned who were excluded from the purview of the Committees have been equally unsuccessful in relation to regrading.A situation therefore arises which, in our view, is most detrimental 60 thq interests both of the State and of its Scientific, Professional and Technical Civil Servants.2. The seriousness of the position has, in our opinion, been ag- gravated by certain references to status and re-grading amongst such Civil Servants made by the Committee on Pay, etc , of State Servants, of which Sir Alan G. Anderson was the Chairman. Whilst the principal term of reference to that Committee related to the standard of remuneration of the various classes of State Servants and the Report is essentially a state- ment of the pay of the fighting services as compared with that of the Civil Service, certain inferences are drawn which closely affect the status of our professions, and it appears to us desirable to express our disagreement with the principle8 therein disclosed.Thus the Report states that the present scales of pay attract good candidates. On this point we woiild say that in times of depression, such as the present, it is possible that suitable recruits might be available, but it is, we submit, only by reviewing the position of a professional Civil Servant throughout his career as a whole that a fair opinion on this point can be formed.It is also evident that the Committee is not in favour of the ap- pointment of Scientific OP Technical Civil Servants to manage professional departments. With this view we entirely disagree, for, in our opinion,it affects adversely, not only the progress of the sciences in question, but also the management of the professional operations of scientific and technical departments, and it may not be out of place to draw attention in this connection to a recent Act in America-the Classification Act of 1923. The latter, of course, deals very largely with questions of pay, but also-and it is this we wish to emphasise-with the administration of the scientific and professional branches by men of scientific and technical training and professional experience-a system which could, we think, be adopted with advantage in this country.It is also germane to our submission to note that in the classification for which that Act provides, scientific and professional work is given a position of paramount im- portance in the service. We are of opinion that to close to scientific and professional men promotion to the grade of Secretaries and Directors of Departments in Government service will undoubtedly reduce the prospects of Government service as a career, and consequently will attract men of lower calibre, and thus lead to applicants for such service being less qualified men whose abilities are only suitable to subordinate positions. This, we submit, is injurious, not only to the State, but also to the advancement of the Sciences in question, and we think that in the public interest, the treatment of this question should be such as to attrmt to the Service first-rate scientific and professional men, having regard to the magnitude of their responsibilities and to the very large sums of public money which are expended by them or on their advice.3. It will be within your knowledge that in the past decade the number of scientific and professional Civil Servants has increased very considerably, and in this age of specialisation this is not surprising, but we urge, as our considered opinion, that the scientific and professional classes in the Civil Service have not received that recognition which is due to the generally accepted importance of scientific and professional 121 work at the present time, or comparable with that accorded to gradesof the service requiring corresponding education.In conclusion, we beg to urge strongly that the matters in respect of which agreement-unqualified and without protest-has not been reached between the Official and Staff sides of tho three Committees referred to, should be submitted forthwith without limitation to the arbitration of a competent and impartial tribunal, which should also deal with the case of the superior Officers excluded from the consideration of the Whitley Councils, and thus cover the whole field. We feel that, in the interests of the State not less than in those of its Servants concerned, 8 thoroughinvestigation and an early settlement of the matters in dispute are urgently needed, since the present position of scientific and professional men in the Civil Service is, in our opinion, prejudicial to the advancement and develop- ment of the sciences which our respective societies were formed to promote.We have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient scrvants, CHAS. L. MORGAN, J. A. GOTCH, President, the Institution of Civil President, the Royal Institute of Engineers. British Architects. JOHNDEWRANCE, NORTHUMBERLAND, President, the Institution of President, the Institution of Naval Mechanical Engineers. Architects. JAMESI. DAVIDSON, ALEXANDERRUSSELL, President, the Surveyors’ President, the Institution of Insti tution .Electrical Engineers. WM. CASH, A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, Past-President, the Institute of President, the Institute of ChemistryChartered Accountants in of Great Britain and Ireland. England and Wales. British Dyestuffs Industry.--The following Memorandum, prepared by a Sub-committee of the Special Purposes Committee, has been approved by the Council and forwarded to the Board of Trade, to Members of Parliament and to the Press: .Having regard to the wide.discussion upon the position of the British Dyestuffs Industry and the possibility of an agree- ment being come to between the British Dyestuffs Corporation and the Interessen Gemeinschaft, the Council of the Institute of Chemistry, representing the main body of professional chemists in the country, desire to give publicity to their views on certain aspects of this matter, for the careful consideration of Members of Parliament and others concerned.The Council hold the opinion that the progress which has been made in Great Britain in the art of manufacturing syn- thetic dyes and their essential intermediates during the past ten years is very remarkable. The industry as it exists to-day may be regarded as an entirely new creation rather than as an outgrowth from the 122 small and languishing industry existing before the war. To take one striking example of this change, reference may be made to the highly specidlised industry of vat dyes. Prior to 1914the modern vat dyes were entirely a monopoly of German and Swiss firms. Now, these valuable and essential colours are manufactured by three or four British firms and, what is satisfactory to the users, the prices have been greatly lowered.Nevertheless our present position is only comparable with that of the Germans before the war, in that we have been able to prepare in a pure condition the dyestuffs hitherto produced by them. Except in perhaps one or two instances, the research work carried out does not represent new knowledge, and much remains to be done in the way of scientific research if we are to retain a position even of equality in the future. Owing, however, to the exceptional conditions prevailing in Germany in regard to rates of exchange and consequent amortisa- tion of capital charges, the German makers have a very great advantage over our producers, and could at present undercut the latter completely, were it not for the operation of the Dyestuffs Act.Under this Act the Licensing Committee refuses applica- tions for the importation from abroad of any dyes which are made in this country, provided the prices charged by British makers are not more than three times the pre-war prices of such so-called "contentious " dyes. This arrangement-although a very severe test of industrial efficiency in the case of the more complex dyes still in an ex-perimental stage-is nevertheless accepted under pressure in the majority of instances by the British dye makers, who are continuing to make good progress in improving their works processes and in extending their plants, so that their efficiency continually improves under the Act. The preservation of our national independence in the matter of dyestuffs and fine chemical industries must remain for a period of years dependent upon some such protective policy, owing to the exceptional conditions briefly referred to above.The Council of the Institute insist most strongly on the necessity, in the best interests of the nation, of developing and maintaining a successful dye-making industry. If it is main-tained we shall have extensive and complicated plant and large numbers of highly trained and skilled chemists and chemical engineers available for the service of the nation in any time of emergency-an asset of immense value and importance.The Council, while emphasising the great progress and success which has been attained already in this industry, desire to state that they are confident that the necessary skill and ability to achieve complete success are available, provided sufficient support is given meanwhile. The Importance of Chemists. A great and developing dyestuffs industry must maintain a very large staff of chemists in carrying out researches leading to the discovery of new dyes, in exercising the necessary scientific control to maintain efficiency, and in making improvements in existing processes. In addition to the large staffs directly employed, the operation of the dyestuffs factories stimulates other chemical activities which give employment to many professional chemists. Among the large-scale developments from the German dyestuffs industry may be cited the following:- The utilisation of atmospheric nitrogen (with its important bear- ing on agriculture and national defence), the manufacture of synthetic drugs such as aspirin, antipyrin and salvarsan, the production of photographic chemicals, synthetic tanning materials, artificial essences, flavourings, and resins, and more recently the discovery of preservatives against moths and insect pests.The creation of such flourishing industries has a most stimu- lating effect on the scientific activities of the Universities. Prior to the war the chemical schools of Germany became thronged with German and foreign students, and the atmosphere of research which was thereby engendered in all branches gave Germany the chemical hegemony of the civilised world.As the result of the achievements made in developing the organic chemical and dyestuffs industry in Great Britain a similar repercussion has occurred between the industrial and academic branches of the chemical profession. For whereas in the most important universities and colleges there were before the war about 1700 students being trained annually, there were soon after the war over 4200 such students. As a result of this increased activity, research schools have sprung into existence in our universities comparable in size and in the standard of their investigations with the best schools of the Continent.Students, well instructed and trained in research methods, are at the disposal of industrialists for the chemical exploitation of our natural resources, without which we cannot hope to maintain our place among the nations. 124 Productivity. Under modem conditions the power and pre-eminence of a modern state depend chiefly upon the application of scientific control to the forces of nature. In the preceding generation the application of physical science (engineering) has held greatest sway. In the present generation the greatest additional power is being derived from the application of chemical science, and the potentiality of a country in a large measure depends upon its ability to employ chemists productively for peaceful purposes.The influence of chemistry in procuring efficiency and cheapening production extends to every sphere of industry and of communal activity. It is felt that in discussions concerning the fostering of the chemical industry the vital interests of the country and of chemistry, on which so much depends, have received too little attention. UniJied British Effort. The Council of the Institute would view with disfavour any agreement entered into, even if favourable to the limited number of chemists employed by the British Dyestuffs Corporation, Ltd., which would act unfavourably towards the large body of chemists employed by the independent dyemakers and fine chemical manufacturers of this country. Any step taken by the Board of Trade should be, so far as possible, directed to the unification of British effort, which unification, apart from being desirable in itself, is necessitated by the powerful unification of the German Interessen Gemeinschaft. To sum up: Great progress has been made in the dye- making industry, and the technical ability is in this country to bring it to complete success and make this country independent of Germany, in this respect.A successful dyestuffs industry provides a numerous personnel and large plant, able quickly, in time of need, to turn out a wide variety of complicated organic compounds-an important national asset. It provides in addition an excellent training school for industrial chemists. It should be emphasised that the good position already won by the British dye manufacturers should be thoroughly safeguarded, so that the productivity of the British dyestuffs industry should not in any way be curtailed or hindered.125 Local Sections. Belfast,-On 6th February, Dr. E. W. McClelland, of Queen’s University, gave a lecture on “Recent Developments in Organic Chemistry.” He indicated, in an interesting manner, how the outlook of the organic chemist is changing and the era of indiscriminate synthesis is passing, the present tendency being to endeavour to elucidate the formation and composition of naturally occurring substances. On 14th March, the members of the Section were the guests of Professor J.,W. Wilson, of the Hygiene Department, of Queen’s University, who discussed recent developments in bacteriology.This proved of much interest to members, and it appearednot unlikely that some of the work described would have local applications. Birmingham and Midlands.-By kind invitation of the Chemical Society of the University of Birmingham, all members of the local section of the Institute were invited to a dance which was held on 19th March. On 24th March the Chairman of the Section, Prof. G. T. Morgan, gave an address on “Recent Developments in the Coal Tar Industry.” A report will be published in due course. Birmingham, Edinburgh and Glasgow.-At meetings of the Edinburgh Section, held on 20th March, the Glasgow Section, on zIst March, and the Birmingham Section on 24th March, Mr.Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, gave his views on “The Consolidation of British Chemical Interests and the Ac-quisition of British Chemical Headquarters,” explaining that his remarks should not be taken as bearing an official expression of the opinion of the Council, but as affording a basis for the discussion of a topic of immediate importance to all concerned with chemistry. Bristol and South-Western.-Mr. R. D. Littlefield presided over a good attendance at a meeting of the Section held at the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College on 16th January, 126 when Prof. J. Wertheimer delivered a lecture on “Experiments with Water-finders.” The lecturer gave a brief history of the use of the divining rod, and said that there were certain persons who believed firmly that by the use of a rod they were able to find not only water, but also metals and coal, and, as one had alleged, corpses ! There was abundance of well-authenticated (‘evidence that dowsers” or “jowsers ”-as water-finders were termed in the West of England-had repeatedly indicated spots where good supplies of water had been found, as recently at Bath. The object of Prof.Wertheimer’s experiments, the conditions for which were arranged beforehand, was to ascertain whether or not the indications of the rod were caused by any influence outside the ‘(dowser,” or whether he unconsciously gave indications not caused by anything external to himself. Experiments were described which dealt mainly with the finding of water and gold or silver by “dowsers,” some of whom used a twig, others a watch spring, and one of the best “dowsers,” neither twig nor spring.The experiments were carried out at Brislington Hall, at Teddesley (Staffs.), Downside Abbey, and in West Town Lane, Brislington; and, for the “fmding” of gold and silver, in the Great Hall of the College. An experiment was also described with the Rev. F. W. Newman to determine if the motion of a “dowser’s” rod was due to an electrical cause; but it was shown that insula- tion of the (‘dowser” from earth did not affect the action of the divining rod. The opinion of the lecturer, based on the results of his experiments, was that the motion of the “dowser’s” rod and the sensations which he experienced were not due to any cause outside himself.On the other hand, he believed that when the “dowsers” with whom he experimented stated that they did not cause the rod to move they were saying what they believed to be the truth, but were unconsciously misleading themselves. The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides, and provoked an interesting discussion, in which Dr. Hooper, Messrs. O’Brien , Southerden, Littler, Andrews, Storey, and Brinkworth took part. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Edward Russell, and seconded by Dr. D. Hooper, was given Prof. Wertheimer for his excellent lecture. Subsequent to the meeting, a challenge was made by a local “dowser,” and as a result experiments were carried out at Almondsbury.The following report was received from the umpire (Mr. Henley Evans), the name of the dowser being omitted and “Mr. X. ” substituted. 127 “As a result of reading the report of an address on ‘Experi-ments with Water Finders,’ given at a meeting of the Bristol and South-Western Section of the Institute of Chemistry by Prof. Wertheimer, Mr. X. published a challenge stating that he was willing to locate a spring, and, after being taken away from the spot and blindfolded, to point out the same spot on being led over it . “I have seen the correspondence between Prof. Wertheimer and Mr. X., and ascertained that the experiment was conducted on lines approved by Mr. X. “Mr. X. traced out a line in the field where his rod gave indications; pegs were placed on either side of this line marking the area within which the rod indicated.Mr. X. then went over the ground on either side of the two lines of pegs and ascertained that his rod did not indicate there. “He was then blindfolded, so that he was not only unable to see in front of him, but also unable to see the ground. Prof. Wertheimer then led him about the field in such a way that he crossed the area marked by the two lines of pegs nine times; his rod gave indications twice when crossing the area and seven times when outside the area; that is, in parts of the field where the rod had not previously indicated.” The Bristol and South-Western Counties sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Chemistry and their friends dined together at the Royal Hotel, College Green, on 16th February.Mr. M. W. Jones (Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided. The Chairman expressed his regret that Sir Ernest Cook was unable to be present owing to illness. Mr. R. D. Littlefield proposed the toast of “The Society of Chemical Industry,” which he said was the leading society in all matters affecting the interests of chemical manufacture. Its aim was the continued progress of chemistry as an industry. The source of its success did not lie entirely in its list of dis- tinguished past presidents, but in the groups of men spread over the country, which met from time to time to discuss some topic of scientific interest bearing on their industry.The Society had life and vigour, and the elements necessary to continue its vigorous existence. Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, responding on behalf of the Society# read a letter of regret, at his being unable to be present, from 125 Dr. E. F. Amstrong. He expressed the opinion of the Council of the Society that they were most anxious that the closest possible co-operation should obtain between its various sections and the Council themselves. They greatly appreciated the work done by the Bristol Section, the Secretary (Mr. Marsden), and everybody connected with them in that part of the country. They had suffered in the past because, like true Britishers, they had hidden their light under a bushel.They had been particu- larly inarticulate in letting the public know what their functions were and the great achievements in chemical industry in Great Britain. There was now a possibility that those of the public who were anxious to read something of a scientific nature would, as the result of the action of the Council, be provided for in the production of a weekly journal devoted to the industry. In order further to educate the public they proposed to show at the British Empire Exhibition what was behind present-day progress. There was a flood of inventive genius and an output of work by chemists of this country that would demonstrate to the world that the scientific genius of those men was a guarantee that the industry would continue.Speaking of the movement for rapprochement which was taking place amongst scientific societies, he said it ought to be encouraged in every way possible. He had found that chemical manufacturers had become more and more conscious of the help that their scientific staffs could give, and that was a particularly hopeful sign of the times. He was convinced that the work done during 1923 in co-operation with other learned bodies was greater than in any previous twelve months, and he was equally confident that there would be even greater progress during the present year. Prof. J. McBain, proposing “The Institute of Chemistry,’’ said that the Institute did a work which was of the greatest importance in maintaining the professional qualifications of chemists.They were profoundly convinced that the future of civilisation lay in the practice of science, not merely in the material benefits science brought in medicine and industry, but in the moral and intel- lectual ideals it inculcated. It was therefore important that the Institute should maintain its professional ideals. He thought that the Institute should be congratulated on the success of its Appointments Register and, in conclusion, he paid a warm tribute to the public spirit displayed by members of the Council and those who served the various chemical bodies in official capacities. 129 Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, replying, said that he thought that the joint dinner was a happy augury of the great scheme of joining together the various chemical bodies in a commonwealth of chemistry.He referred to the scheme which had been outlined before the London Section (see JOURNAL, Part I., 1924,pp. 37-45). He thought, however, that the fears expressed at that meeting as to the impossibility of finding a common home for chemical organisations were not justified. Since that date a legacy had accrued to the Society of Chemical Industry under conditions which made it imperative that a house, which he hoped would be a common house for all interested in chemistry, should be brought into being. He felt, however, that the cost of building premises, such as had been outlined by the Federal Council in 1919,was prohibitive, and accordingly he was in favour of floating a separate company which should attack the problem from a purely business standpoint.The main object of the building would be to house the chemical organisations, including a club; but a large portion of the floor space might at first be available for letting as office accommoda- tion. He hoped they might persuade chemical manufacturers to form, in Chemistry House, a chemical “Bush House” and a permanent British chemical exhibition. They would not expect to make extortionate profits out of their company, but, if the shareholders were mainly chemists, they would be content with a smaller return on their capital, if they could at the same time house their organisations rent free, and conduce to such a simplification or organisation as wpuld involve substantial reductions of their subscriptions to the various chemical societies.It was true that the functions of the various societies differed, and it might at first sight seem difficult to bring them all together; but the ultimate aim of all was the advancement of chemistry, and towards that ultimate aim they could surely work together. Dr. T. Howard Butler proposed “The University of Bristol,” to which Prof. F. Francis responded. An enjoyable programme of music was provided. The fourth annual general meeting of the Section was held on 12th March at the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Mr. R. D. Littlefield in the chair. The Hon. Secretary’s report showed that six meetings had been held during the year, including a meeting and a dinner held jointly with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical 130 Industry.The financial statement showed a balance in hand, and the membership had increased by five. Dr. E. Vanstone and Mr. R. P. Littler were elected to the Committee in place of the retiring members, Mr. Littlefield and Mr. Marsden; Mr. E. Lewis and Mr. F. H. C. Bull were re-appointed auditors. Various important matters, referred by the Council of the Institute and Local Sections, were considered and decisions taken thereon. Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring Chairman for his services during his term of office, and to Prof. Wertheimer and the Society of Merchant Venturers for the use of the rooms in the College. At a meeting of the Committee held subsequently, Mr.C. J. Waterfall was elected Chairman of the Section. The arrangements for next winter session will follow a scheme of co-operation with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry whereby joint meetings will be held on the first Thursday of the months from October to February. In addition, it is proposed to hold a meeting at Exeter in the middle of September. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the local sections of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 25th January in the Engineers and Shipbuilders Institute, Mr. J. H. Young presiding. Mr. F. W. Harris, Corporation Chemist and City Analyst, Glasgow, read a paper on “Modern Methods of Sewage Purifica- tion.’’ After contrasting conditions obtaining in England with those in Scotland, Mr.Harris pointed out that at the end of 1923 in England a sum of ~40,000,000was outstanding in loans on existing installations, maintenance charges amounting to an additional EII,OOO,OOO. In Scotland, the capital value of the Glasgow works, which treat go,ooo,ooo gallons of sewage daily, amounts to ~2,500,000, and the annual operating cost of the sewage department to nearly ~300,000. The preliminary methods of screening and settling and the obsolete method of septic tank treatment having been briefly outlined, the lecturer passed on to a short consideration of land filtration, showing its general inapplicability to large towns owing to the huge area of land necessary.By way of illustration, 131 he cited the case of one town where, some twenty years ago,over a square mile of land was used for filtration alone. He pointed out that had the value of research work been properly appreciated, and concerted action taken on the lines of the Massachusetts Experimental Station, the development of sewage purification might have taken a different course-with an immense saving of public money. Passing on to modern methods, he showed that the scientific foundations of these rested on chemical research directed principally to accelerating changes normally brought about by natural agencies; and that by the use of percolating filters it was possible to treat much greater volumes very efficiently, as in the case of the Corporation works at Dalmarnock.' There nearly 8,000,000 gallons of strong trades and domestic waste of rapidly varying composition were purified daily, the area of the filters being just over five acres, the cost of filtration being LI 10s.2.8d. per million gallons. Operating difficulties due to surface ponding, excessive fungal growth, etc., which reduce working capacity, formerly gave much trouble, but these have been successfully overcome by the method adopted by Mr. Harris of inoculating the beds with Achorutes Viaticus. The activated sludge process was finally considered, and stress was laid on the special features of agitation by compressed air and by mechanical means. As an indication of the economy in land brought about by this process, Mr.Harris mentioned that an activated sludge plant of a total area of 1450 square yards was capable of purifying a volume of sewage that would require at least IOO acres of land to treat as efficiently on the older system of land purification. Both the compressed air and mechanical agitation systems are at present being investigated by means of large scale experimental plants. An interesting discussion followed, and members were invited by the Manager of the Department, who was present, to visit the Sewage Works of the Corporation during the summer. It was agreed to accept this invitation. Pzcblicity.-Since February, 1923,members of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section have published 35 articles in the Glasgow Herald, 4 in the Glasgow Citizen (evening) and 7 in the Evening Times, dealing with subjects on which Chemistry has a bearing.132 Huddersfield,-A joint meeting of the Huddersfield Section of the Institute and the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held on 28th February at the Technical College-Dr. L. G. Paul in the chair. Dr. Hodgson gave a lecture on “The Tautomerism of the Nitrosophenols,” opening with a historical survey of the subjects of dynamic isomerism, steric hindrance and geometrical isomerism, and proceeded to describe research which he and his colleagues had carried out on m-chlor-nitrose- phenol. The method of preparation resulted in the formation of the nitrose form of the body. The transformation of this into the sym.and anti-quinone-oxine forms was described in detail. The stabilising effect of the m-chlorine atom was noted and the possibilities opened up thereby were briefly indicated. A discussion followed, and the meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, on 5th March, when a paper was read by Dr. N. M. Comber, Lecturer in Agricultural Chemistry in the University of Leeds, on “The FertiliseIs and Feeding Stuffs Act, and the Professional Aspects of Agricultural Analysis.” The Act of 1906 was briefly described, and its possible im- provement was discussed under four headings. I. Sampling and Analysis. The Act did not impose upon local authorities the duty of taking samples regularly and systematically.Local authorities were allowed to take samples under certain conditions, if they wished, but were only com- pelled to sample at the purchaser’s request. As a consequence very little was done in some areas to check guarantees. Systematic sampling, such as is required by the Food and Drugs Act, seemed to be a very desirable amendment of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act. After urging the necessity for the proper training of official samplers, Dr. Comber referred to the view, which had frequently been expressed, that the analysts under the Act should always be specifically agricultural chemists. While agreeing that it would be all to the good if the analysts were agricultural chemists, he could not regard the point as of much importance.2. The Definition of Fertilisers and Feeding Stu8s. Certain waste products, useful as fertilisers and feeding stuffs, were so 133 variable in their composition that no guarantee could be ex-pected. At present, the decision as to what substances shall be amenable to the requirements of the Act depended upon technical legal definitions in the Act. It was thought to be far wiser to allow an agricultural rather than a legal authority to decide in any disputed case whether a particular material should be sold with a warranty. 3. The Contents of the Warranty. Dr. Comber agreed with the majority of agricultural chemists that the soluble carbo- hydrates and fibre of a feeding stuff should be guaranteed as well as the oil and albuminoids, and that lime, and carbonate of lime, should come under the Act.He disagreed with what he thought was the opinion of most agriculturists that the guaran- teeing of one constituent in terms of several entities should be forbidden. Statements that a certain percentage of nitrogen is equivalent to so much ammonia and to so much sulphate of ammonia were essentially true, and it was very undesirable to establish the principle of forbidding a seller from giving more information than the minimum guarantee. 4. The Basis of Legal Proceedings. It was undesirable in the seller’s interests that criminal proceedings should be possible, as they now are, on the basis of the analysis of samples taken after the goods had been delivered.Referring to the facilities offered by some agricultural colleges, whereby farmers could obtain analyses at nominal fees, and to the professional interests involved, the lecturer said that it was quite obvious that an educational body should only undertake analyses of educational value and of research character. It was im-possible, however, to make a hard and fast rule. A pedant might prove any analysis to be of educational value. This matter depended far more upon goodwill and common sense than upon regulations. When all chemists concerned belonged to the Institute of Chemistry and had regard for the proper interests of the profession of chemistry, the problem would cease to exist.In this connection there were two cases requiring special mention, namely, milks and soils. Agricultural colleges usually made a large number of fat determinations in milks, and more recently bacteriological analyses, at nominal fees. This was admittedly routine work; but it must be clearly understood that such work is an incidental necessity to educational work. 134 With regard to soil analysis, Dr. Comber pointed out that this was a subject which was only in its research stage, and he con- tended that it should only be done by agricultural chemists. He saw no justification for the general consultinig chemist under- taking soil analysis the results of which, apart from a special knowledge of soil problems, were practically valueless.London and South-Eastern Counties.-At the Ordinary Meeting of the Section held on 27th February, under the chairmanship of Mr. E. R. Bolton, the following resolution (notice having been given), was moved by Mr. C. E. Barrs, seconded by Mr. McLachlan :-“That the London Section make a grant from its funds to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute.” Mr. Barrs and his seconder accepted an amendment to add the words-“ Such sum to be left to the discretion of the Committee.” The resolution, as amended, was carried unanimously. Dr. Ormandy opened a discussion on “The Relationship between Employers, Works Chemists and Consultants.” Considering the relations between chemists and theiremployers, he deplored that so little was done at the Universities and Colleges to advise students on the attitude which they should adopt on entering industrial life.In other learned professions, students were given some such instruction before they were qualified. A chemist when beginning professional life would, in any case, require to exercise a great deal of tact, but he had nothing but pity for such a chemist when he was engaged as the first and only chemist in a small works; his chiefs often did not know what they wanted him to do, but expected great things from him. A great many of the difficulties of chemists arose from the fact, that in too many cases the directors of concerns were ignorant of their own industries, and had been put on the Board mainly in order to strengthen the financial position of the company.Therefore, one of the first things a chemist had to tackle was the education of his directors. He advised any such chemists to avoid making rash promises as to what he was going to effect, and to ask for at least three or four months in which to look around and pain a true perspective of the work which lay before him. He suggested that among the first problems which he could tackle should be fuel economy, in order to assist the buying department to make good contracts. In this department he should have good opportunities of making real and obvious economies. 135 When the chemist was asked to fit up his own laboratory and invited to prepare plans accordingly, he would be wise to defer the matter until he had gained some experence of what the work would involve, and then ask for an adequate laboratory.It was often much easier in practice to secure proper equipment at the outset, than to secure additional funds at a later date to supple- ment an inadequate estimate. A great deal of the difficulty which young chemists experi- enced, through their lack of instruction as to their relationships with their employers, arose from the fact that in this country professors were chosen mainly for purely academic attainments. In very few cases indeed had professors any industrial experience ; this was largely a question of remuneration. On the Continent it was a well-known fact that professors, who had taken up industrial life, were offered salaries in excess of those they could secure in industry in order to attract them back to academic life.If we in this country could not change our system so radically, at any rate it would be possible to insist that the lecturer and junior demonstrators, with whom the students came most intimately into contact, should be required to spend a certain portion of their time in industrial life. He would also like to see a short course in industrial psychology introduced into the chemical curriculum. Among other points the chemist must bear in mind, perhaps the most important which was not impressed upon him in his College days, was the value of time. Then, he must school him- self into the faculty of putting scientific facts into plain English. Nothing was more irritating to untechnical directors than to receive a highly scientific report of which they understood not a word.Again, the chemist must consider his relations with his fellow employees. He must endeavour to keep on the best of terms with the works operatives, and also with the technical member of the staff with whom he would come into the most intimate con- tact, who would probably be the engineer. So far as the relations of consultants with works chemists were concerned, he always held the view that a consultant should refuse to arbitrate over a works difficulty unless he were given a free hand to confer with the technical staff of the works. When called in to solve some problem which the technical staff has failed to solve, if he were not forced to adopt an attitude of antagonism, but were allowed to collaborate with the technical staff, it would be to their mutual advantage, and they would be better able to solve the problem which was before them.Again, with regard to consulting work, he would like to utter one word of warning. The consultant would, no doubt, at some time in his career, be asked to report upon some matter wherein his client desired to secure, for his own purposes, a report either definitely favourable or unfavourable. He should be careful in undertaking work of that type, since, apart from the moral question of the doubtful honesty of such proceedings, his reputa- tion and, therefore, his professional future, would be greatly endangered.In conclusion, he said that the British working man was the best in the world, and British chemists were the equal of any, but the difficulty in chemical industry was the lack of technical experience in our directorates. The Chairman, in opening the discussion, related how, noticing that there had been a falling off in the work sent to him from certain works, he discovered that the works foreman, with commendable ingenuity, had made a rough hydrometer out of a piece of weighted stick, which had given him much of the useful information which they had previously required from a chemist. Mr. Lemmens said that he thought that Dr. Ormandy had been unduly deprecatory of his own countrymen ; in his experience English directors were by no means ignorant of their own in- dustries.It had ben suggested that a young chemist introduced as the first chemist in a small works, possibly with no laboratory or a very inadequate one, would find life very difficult ;his advice to such a chemist was not to attempt it. At the same time, he knew that much good work was done with very inadequate laboratory accommodation. He did not commend the sugges- tions that insdruction in professional relationships and in psycho- logy should be included in the chemical course. He thought that the subject was too varied to be met by any systematic course of instruction. Mr. Bernard Howard said that, as a director, he felt that he was speaking from the dock, but he imagined that Dr. Ormandy’s criticisms of directors bore relation chiefly to those concerned with large industries.In his experience, the smaller firms were run very largely by technical directors, and he would ask the meeting to bear in mind that at least 80 per ccnt. of the 137 industry in this country was in the hands of comparatively small firms. Among seven fine chemical firms in the London area, the chemical directors most certainly out-numbered the business directors. He thought that a great deal of the difference between English practice and German practice arose from the fact that, whereas in Germany the professors were generally under arrangement with the big works to carry out research for those works with the aid of their students, they were seldom allowed to do so in this country.He would add the following hint to chemical students: they should carry out preparations with a cost sheet before them and ascertain, for instance, whether the increase of the yield in a preparation, and the cost of recovering solvents or by-products, were commercially advisable, or whether the cost of such yield or recovery was prohibitive. We had not in this country-and he would not advocate-the differentiation between the officer and the N.C.O. class which existed in Germany, but in Germany the professional chemist was definitely an officer. He was not sure whether, if we had the same differentiation over here, chemists would be so classed. Mr. Collett suggested that directors were not necessarily useless because they were ignorant of their particular industry.The ignorant man who was keen on his duties would be con- stantly asking questions, and might very reasonably put his finger on a weak point by reason of this thirst for information, He felt that chemists in industry would be well advised to broaden their interests, and not be content merely to live in their laboratories. With regard to industrial training in a college course, he felt that much could be done by visitors with industrial experience, but he did not think that tact could be taught at college. He did not think that the rank of a chemist could be stereotyped: the esteem in which he was held depended on himself. Mr. Stephens felt that the chemist should maintain his professional dignity in relation to the workpeople; he needed to use tact, but tact was born in a man and not easily acquired.Mr. Innes endorsed the suggestion that a technical director who had no experience of the actual branch of industry with which he was then concerned was a very useful addition to the Board, since he often brought in fresh views and ideas. Mr. McLachlan said that the chemist’s first difficulty was to get his reports read. Secondly, he would not always find it easy 13s to assist the buying department, who might deprecate the in- trusion of the chemist into its branch of work. Mr. Hollingsworth emphasised the value of time. Dr. Ormandy had referred to a student’s analysis of a brass; on Dr. Ormandy’s figures the analysis would cost about E35.Mr. Tritton said that, as a young chemist with a firm em- ploying a chemist for the first time, he was not going to take Mr. Lemmen’s advice. At the same time, he found that a good deal of what Dr. Ormandy had advised was difficult of accom-plishment. His directors had acquiesced in his ideas that he should look around before making any drastic suggestions, but he knew that they expected him to solve single-handed in a very short time a problem which had been beyond the powers of the entire staff of one of the best equipped industrial laboratories in the country. His difficulty was to know how to impress this fact on his directors, if, as he feared, he might also fail. Then, again, Dr. Onnandy had suggested fuel economy as a fruitful line to adopt; he realised the value of tact, but felt that at first he would make himself very unpopular in the boiler house.Mr. Anthony-Langsdale deprecated the inclusion of such specialised courses as had been suggested in University training. He thought that Universities should be educational and not voca- tional. At the same time, questions involving cost problems might well be introduced into the Institute’s examinations, and he would like to see some provision made for holiday courses in industry. The Hon. Secretary mentioned that the Council of the Institute, in collaboration with the Local Sections, were at present considering whether it would be possible to arrange for chemical students to gain some insight into industrial practice, other than that slight impression which was gained by works visits.He also emphasised the need of exercising tact and maintaining good fellowship with workmen. On several oc-casions, when asked to find chemists through the Appointments Register, it had been pointed out to him that, if the chemist were proficient in some sport in which he would meet the em- ployees on equal terms, he would be at an advantage. Mr. Barrs said that whatever might be the feelings of directors, the managing director, at any rate, must be a practical man. The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to Dr. Ormandy, who replied briefly. 139 Professor Henry E. Annstrong gave the following address on “The Education of the Chemist” before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, in the rooms of the Institute, on the 19th March:- “We are in Pain to make them Scholars but not Men! To talk rather than to know, which is true Canting.” Some Fruits of Solitude.-Wm.Penn (1718). You ask me to discuss with you “The Education of the Chemist.” There are two preliminary questions to consider :-What is a Chemist? What is Education? Of late, there has been great agitation of mind among those who would fain make out that they were legally entitled to use and use ex- clusively the name Chemist. Yet these all consistently belittle themselves by the use of a prefix-such as Bio or Colloid (without regard for grammar) or Physical or Research (worst and most affected of all,perhaps, because it is the business of the chemist ever to experiment), thus suggesting that they are but bits of chemists:which is true.The good pill-roller, of whom they are absurdly and un-warrantably jealous, not only calls himself chemist-r, still better, chymist, a word of delightful archaic flavour and fom- but also druggist. He is as much or as little a chemist as are all but very few of those who would have themselves exclusively so labelled to-day. In addition, he has the great advantage over the stenchy laboratory article that he comes out into the open, stands bravely behind his counter, is in touch with the world, has manners and some regard for dress-in short, has much savoir faire and openly renders public service :he is, indeed, a man with whom you can talk, as he gives himself no air of superiority and is without pretence of jargon.He can proudly point to the portrait of Scheele and claim for his cloth the dis- covery of oxygen, of chlorine, of manganese, of prussic acid and not a few other major satellites of the sun chemical; in modern times he can advance a Daniel Hanbury to judgment. His jars and his mortars are greatly beprized of collectors. Who collects a single article of the “chemist’s” wardrobe ? Where would this Institute have been without Michael Carteighe? So it comes that, when noble lords dine with us, they pay us the compliment of addressing us as if we were honourable 140 members of the class of druggists, naturally speaking in terms of the known and obvious.The “chemist”-he who would so call himself-is unknown, in no way vocal in the world. I speak with knowledge and a real measure of respect, as my sons are grandsons of a most estimable proper pill-roller of the past-of a man who made live pills himself, in his youth, in days before tabloids, a man of parts who could play his part in society as well as in the store. How many “chemists” can to-day? He really knew something of drugs. Does any chemist to-day even know what a “chemical” is, let alone anything about more than a few? No; the lawyers are allowed to dispute such issues and make thousands and thousands out of “chemists’ ” ignor-ance and their neglect to put even the grammar and dictionary of their belief in order.This brings me to Education. This should be a means of making men and manners, not machines and mere mechanics. Where is Science to-day? not chemistry only. The public hears of its great power to kill; even Dean Inge’s penetrating intellect has caught this much of its echo. Whispers of its ability to save are heard, it is true, yet they are very faint and we are but little advanced along the path into which Pasteur led us. The wireless signals which drift into their ears give people some slight inkling of its wondrous power, even in children’s hands. Yet science is of no avail in our political system; when Government officials make use of it they use it in a wooden way, without logic-in fact, just as the “scientific” workers themselves do.Our Royal Society affords us no protection. The Committees ap- pointed are almost always incomplete. The Press is not with usit is almost against us. The literary and the scientific spirit are definitely antagonistic and likely always to be in conflict. Our own journals do not help us; they do not promote discussion in any sufficient way; they avoid criticism. We are openly told, their proprietors and editors boast, that they are run on journalistic lines-that a journal must be run by a journalist: you know what that means. Until we are our own journalists there will be no progress. Professional painters will never compose the music of the future-a music they cannot hear- however dulcet their daubs may appear to those who regard only the melody of rhythm. 141 There is frequent criticism in the Press of Art, the Drama, Literature, Music, Politics, of science never-so I write it with a small “s” the while.Only one London paper, the Morning Post, is in any way sensitive to our seductions. On our side we have nothing corresponding to the brilliant articles of the Times’ dramatic critic-we have no Walkley to discuss with a Shaw whether we should say is-so-meric or eye-so-meric, if not e-so-meric; if we had, he would never get so far, as he would be too fully occupied in clearing our writings of slang and ignorance of meaning. We have no Edmund Gosse to review our literature with real knowledge of subject and historical sense; no Ernest Newman, no James Agate, no Harold Cox--all regular weekly writers in the Sunday Tzmes, each speaking with knowledge, displaying his learning with effect and stimulating some effort of thought in the minds of his readers.We make no attempt to make ourselves interesting within our own circle, let alone outside. The journalist will never do this for us; we must learn to be our own journalists. Just think of the illuminating criticisms that might be written week by week of the Royal Institution lectures-how good it would be for the lecturer to be ci it icised. Science is both killing itself and more and more withdrawing itself from the public ken, by the use of an indefensible jargon which it cannot itself understand. We are truly a house divided against itself.We are at a stage like that of society fifty years ago when it was suggested that table-legs should be draped- a state far removed from the present-and no lady dared be seen in a hansom-cab. Our tongues are furred by the flavour of superstitious dogmatic rites which we dare to dub theories. The art of experimenting is practised by but few. Dean Inge tells us that Science has the future of humanity in its hands and can develop itself with exultant confidence; whilst giving this much with one hand, he takes far more away with the other, in saying that Science cannot provide us with a religion or a philosophy. This is a striking illustration of the way in which the meaning of words does not penetrate even into the diaconal mind; it shows that the Dean has not applied his classical knowledge and thought out the meaning-to appear learned and be distant, I suppose I should say connotation-af 142 the word Science.Evidently he thinks of it mainly as “stinks.” If I do not misunderstand him, Truth, Beauty and Goodness, the three values he ever trots out in his essays, are not of science; he would have us believe that the world is not redly materid but made of mind; ultimate reality is spiritual, he says. This is very beautiful and serves no doubt to give tone to his article-does it cut any ice? Yet these are the “arguments” we have to meet -the kind of antagonisms we have to face and floor. As to Truth, can the clerical mind grasp the meaning of the word? Is not the doctrine TRUTH= FAITH his equation? Does he ever test his conclusions consciously? We of the cloth of Science have to make it clear that truth is something absolute-something to be worked for, with un-remitting toil of observation and experiment, to be considered, and tested over and over again, from every possible and im- possible point of view and then only provisionally accepted.We can assert nothing but we can opine that mind is a mechanism, that the more we learn of it the more analogies we find between it and mechanisms at our command. At least, we can say that our class knows as much, if not more, about it than the Dean’s does; we, too, may claim to be philosophers, lovers of wisdom; indeed, we may write WISDOM SCIENCE as a reversible equation.As yet, however, Science has no such meaning in the public mind; it is accounted grossly “material” -whatever that may mean. Yet, if the Church had red sense of truth and beauty, it would acclaim scientific method as the mark of man’s greatness : Mendel would be its hero and cloistered study of Nature’s work its privileged occupation. It has never yet learnt “to consider the lilies of the field : how they grow ” ; the words have but narrow meaning in its ears. Charles Kingsley stands almost alone among divines, on account of his regard for wisdom as displayed in scientific inquiry. Verily is the scientific spirit altogether peculiar and limited in its distribution : it is “something not ourselves, which makes for righteousness ”-in but the few! How many are to be found even among the 143 intelligent to appreciate a reflexion like that of Sir Thomas Browne : “Those strange and mystical transmigrations that I have observed in silkworms turned my philosophy into divinity.There is in these works of nature, which seem to puzzle reason, something divine; and hath more in it than the eye of a common spectator dot h discover .” The poet of the future will sing the wondrous songs of science-or poetry will be proved unfit to picture man’s highest visions. Literary men constantly express a view similar to the Dean’s. Thus the great writer, Anatole France-speaking of fiction of the day, the attempt to paint every shade of character, says:- “It is claimed that it is literature founded upon science.In reality it is discovered by science, which only knows the true; and by art, which only knows the beautiful. In vain does it drag its dull deformity from one to the other. Both reject it. It is not useful and it is ugly.” Later and worse :-‘*You know well that poetry and art only spring from feeling, that science is ignorant of beauty and that a verse which has fallen into the hands of a philologist is like a flower in the fingers of a botanist.” They are of strange mentality, these literary men: the ex-planation is clear; as M. France himself remarks of his class:- ‘‘We never go outside of ourselves. That is a truth applicable to everybody but one which is seen more clearly in certain natures of a marked originality and definite character .” It is the office of the scientific worker to go outside of himself -to go everywhere.In these days, the world is not to be led by those who always remain at home within themselves and their like, without sense of our method of progress, the Shavians who can do nothing but paint themselves. As to the Dean’s other values, goodness is a psychical at- tribute, a relative value, which we have no need to discuss- being all bad at present, especially in classical and clerical eyes. As to beauty, though the sciencer may not claim it, as his personal 144 attribute, yet may we safely say that the world outside science has no red conception of the full beauty of the universe: l1 ’Tis not a lip or eye we beauty call But the joint force and full result of all.” Green fields are attractive to most: l‘ A league of grass, washed by a slow broad stream, That, stirred with languid pulses of the oar, Waves all its lazy lilies and creeps on-” Burne- Jones too may revel in colour of scarlet and gold-but think of the magic visions that may form in the mind of the instructed chemist, who has the wondrous mechanism of chloro- phyll and of hzmoglobin, beautiful even as words, of dyestuffs generally, mentally before his eyes; who can picture the serie’d ranks of elongated, upstanding molecules upon a soap film and the manner in which they endow it with fluctuating hues of the rainbow.The religion of the future must be the Beauty of the Universe as revealed by Science and Truth as the outstanding attribute of the scientific worker-a rare species, I grant, at present; yet at least an ideal we may set before us.Or take coal. In coal may be read the story of life and much of the past history of the earth and it is pregnant with the future fate of the nations. We are born to worship its burning glow and flames, to us it is ever the silent symbol of the sun. Can the Dean see no religion in our reverence of its majesty and mystery? You will now fathom my meaning when I say that the chemist, in future, to be of worth, must be trained to the public service; that he must be trained to a knowledge of his subject ; also that his subject must be many subjects.We have to drive home the fact, in every quarter, that chemistry is the funda- mental science among the sciences-at the root of every other branch of experimental science. It must be so, as it is the business of the chemist to know the world-to study its materials and their interactions . I draw no distinction between chemistry and physics-they are inseparables and also dependent variables and must be studied together in the early stages. The link by which they are twinned is electricity-chemical and electrolytic action are interdependent effects; indeed, the terms are synonymous. In the old days, the fundamentals of chemistry and physics were 145 taught at the beginning of the course-by one man. Then there was sympathy between the two disciplines-now they are divorced, greatly to the loss of both branches.Far too little attention is paid by chemists to the fundamentals of physics, relatively too much to mathematics-not really to be regarded as an attribute of the chemist, perhaps his bane, if he really have feeling for the subject-as depriving him of sense of proportion and freedom. Mathematicians, after all, are but faith worshippers-only, instead of “let us pray,” they say “let it be granted”; the best of servants, but bad masters. The philosophy of education is inevitably disclosed in the following passage from Ruskin :-(‘The greatness or smallness of a man is, in the most con- clusive sense, determined for him at his birth, as strictly as it is determined for a fruit, whether it is to be a currant or an apricot.Education, favourable circumstances, resolution and industry can do much; in a certain sense, they do every-thing; that is to say, they determine whether the poor apricot shall fall in the form of a green bead, blighted by the east wind and be trodden under foot or whether it shall expand into tender pride and sweet brightness of golden velvet. Bat apricot out of currant-great man out of small-did never yet art or effort make and, in a general way, men have their excellence nearly fixed for them when they are born; a little cramped and frostbitten on one side, a little sunburnt and fortune-spotted on the other, they reach, between good and evil chances, such size and taste as generally belong to men of their calibre; and, the small in their serviceable bunches, the great in their golden isolation, have these no cause for regret nor those for disdain? “Therefore it is that every system of teaching is false which holds forth ‘great art’ as in any wise to be taught to students or even to be aimed at by them.Great art is precisely that which never was nor will be taught, it is pre-eminently and finally the expression of the spirits of great men; so that the only wholesome teaching is that which simply endeavours to fix those characters of nobleness in the pupil’s mind of which it seems susceptible; and without holding out to him, as a possible or even probable result, that he should ever*paint like Titian or carve like Michael Angelo, enforces upon him the manifest possibility and assured duty 146 of endeavouring to draw in a manner at least honest and intelligible; and cultivates in him those general charities of heart, sincerities of thought and graces of habit which are likely to lead him, throughout life, to prefer openness to affectation, realities to shadows and beauty to corruption.” The game of education, as we now play it, is largely a farce, a survival from times entirely different from those in which we live, especially the scientific workers.These have methods at their disposal which are vastly different from those of former generations. Education is in wrong hands, in the hands of the literary class, a narrow body which is not only without know-ledge of scientific method but antagonistic to it-seeing in it a rival.The class is also unreflective and bound by precedent. You meet it every day in society, urging the claim of the classics -not a fair modicum but classics, more classics, all the classics in the world, and “to hell” with science and all things modern and mechanical-forgetting that we have hands. It is useless to temporise with such a class and we must be up and doing against it. Some real effort must be made to give the schools true understanding of the elements of scientific method. A beginning must be made at the Universities-Oxford and Cam- bridge. No others count socially but they will not long count, if they continue to develop a studied neglect of manners.These are still in the shackles imposed by the literary mind-also almost entirely didactic, whether in lecture room or laboratory. They are also, too exclusively, professional schools, not schools in which the method of science is taught as such for general consumption. The consequence is that, if not working towards its downfall, science is doing nothing to promote its own popularity and to make itself of public avail. I take the following from the report of a recent meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society : “The addition of emulsoids to suspensoid colloids affects the susceptibility of the colloid to electrolytes. In its cationic form gelatin will sensiti~e colloidal gold. A decrease in sensitivity may result from a shift in the equilibrium between colloidal micellar and ionic forms of a protecting agent on the addition of salts; thus soaps protect by virtue of the content of the colloidal form, the ionic and micellar forms being in- active; addition of salts increases the colloidal form and hence enhances the protective power, The lyotropic series of 147 precipitating electrolytes, which represents the differential adsorption of anion and cation for the colloid, varies with the nature of the latter and will thus follow a different order ior a suspensoid and for the same when protected with the adsorbed emulsoid envelope.” This is philosophical fustian with a vengeance.We do not send our sons to Cambridge in order that they may learn to chatter in such gibberish.At least, I am not advising that my grandsons go there-rather to France, where there is respect for language and much attention given to rhetoric. Let us hope that Sir A. Quiller-Couch will rise up in the majesty of his wrath and dynamite a school “ Ruining along the illimitable inane” that can do this great wrong to our language. Such jargon should be held inexcusable in an University of any kind, any- where, let alone one that has been in high literary repute and is supposed to be the training ground of English gentlemen, not of “barbaroids ” mouthing “concatenoids” of twaddle! The lieofull language common among chemists to-day is but an outward, visible sign of an inward, spiritual void. The tide of science began to flow in this country about the time of the 1851 Exhibition, largely through the influence of the late Lord Playfair.Faraday, Charles Kingsley, Huxley, Herbert Spencer, Tyndall and others then came on the scene -the Millennium was supposed to be at hand. I began to swim on the crest of the wave. In fifty years I have seen its force all but spent. Science is a failure in our schools--just as most subjects are failures, the reason being that didactic, dogmatic teaching prevails everywhere. The teachers are not competent. Our teaching is a combination of that of the Church with that of a cookery book. The few choice spirits who are innately logical, therefore scientific, mop up method by some unconscious process -to the rest it is unknown; not openly practised by anyone since Faraday Mental inertia, as he said, is the prevailing charac- teristic; we have never consciously set to work to overcome this.I would refer you to Faraday’s lecture on “Mental Education,” republished in a cheap reprint, at the instance of Sir E. Ray Lankester, a few years ago by W. Heinemann; also to Bence Jones’ Life of Faraday. The Institute of Chemistry should issue Faraday’s lecture to all its members in some specially ap- pealing format to give it a vogue among bibliographers. Black’s Essay on Magnesia Alba might accompany it. 148 What am I to say of the Education of the Chemist specifically kt chemistry? There are two essential ends to be kept in view- that he learn to think and think for himself-to experiment; secondly, that he learn to use his fingers and know materials.Years ago, from 1880 onwards, I ran an experimental school, seeking to overcome the mental inertia of the student and develop in him the art of thinking in what he is pleased to call his mind. I came to the conclusion, after thirty years of severe trial, that something but not much could be done. The red difficulty lay in securing sympathetic assistants-assistants who did not nullify one’s efforts. Colleagues, too, constantly counter- act one’s attempts. It is useless to complain. It must be so; we are necessarily built to resist change; otherwise there would be no stability. Science is an anti-human occupation. The late Mr. Clutton-Brock would have said: “It is something which transcends our human nature.’’ In seeking to be scientific we are seeking to overcome ourselves, to overcome the herd instinct and our almost unconquerable and necessary human desire to come under cleric rule.The modern development of chemistry along mathematical lines I hold to be entirely wrong; the “let it be granted” attitude is the very last to be taken up by the chemist. His but to reason why, to experiment and explore; to study the ways of materials, of tangible things generally. In this single sentence I have given you my idea what the Education of the Chemist should be. Of course, we all think in terms of our own experience. began chemistry with Pepper’s Play-Book of Science and a Statham’s Chemical Cabinet ; then I passed to Stockhardt’s Chemistry.I recollect carrying out, as a lad, a fermentation, and the terrible smell and taste of the product. I recollect the intense dissatisfaction I felt in just copying. I could discover no method in what I read and was doing. The one book in which I found method was Trench’s St.udy of Words. When I went to the College of Chemistry, at once things began to take shape and method to emerge; my soul was in some degree satisfied. I made a few gases and rapidly passed through a simple course of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Then, after little more than a year, Frankland took me to his heart and into the private laboratory and confided to me the task of elaborating a method of determining the organic matter in ordinary water.We systematised the use of the Nessler test and developed the method of determining nitrates; Lunge only 149 added a pressure leg to our nitrometer tube. With the aid of the methods we devised, Frankland revolutionised our water supply and gave this country a sanitary system. The world has been gradually led to appreciate the value of an a-typhoid water supply by our British example. We did a great piece of public work; that is to say, Frankland did, aided only by me, a mere youth. Frankland’s greatness as a chemist has yet to be appreciated. Had his contemporaries not been jealous of him, had they treated him fairly, not pushed him aside, he might have led a great organic school; he privately resented the treatment and passed into practice.To-day only the engineer is accounted righteous of water and the fact is carefully hidden that the public owes its health to the chemist who taught that it was unholy to drink a liquid merely strained from an adjoining cesspool. Frankland was before Lister and worked on a larger scale but without having Pasteur in mind; his son was able, later on, to connect his father’s work with Pasteur’s and gave its final form to our modern outlook on water supply. Encouraged into independence by Frankland, I went to Germany, then a land of freedom, before “Prohibition” had entered into original inquiry. All senior students were free to do as they chose, if they were in any way able to choose for themselves-there was no spoon-feeding, no obligation to fall into line with the Professor’s work-German science was not yet; overcome by the spirit of commercialism and of competition.The teacher’s one object was to make the student seZbst-sl&ndig--able to walk alone: he required proof from him that he could do something. Kolbe suggested a theme to me-to study the phenol- and nitro-phenol-sulphonic acids-but I had bought the Annalen and began to translate papers and study them closely. This led me to make the things I read about. It was SOOIL obvious that there were problems to be solved and one mads various shots-most of which were off the target. The resulk was I prepared a great number of substances according to the original recipes-not from the lifeless descriptions of a laboratory manual.To-day, no one reads original writings and works from them-we have killed reading by introducing Abstracts, Tit- Bit’ry. What I feel is, that, to-day, there is far too much teaching-an entirely insufficient knowledge of materials. The mania d research, SQ-C~~,is upon us, which means too often, lit& 150 more than doing over again what some other fellow has done before, with Professor as leaning post, if not Professor and assistant as well. The word must become of evil repute, if we continue to call mere student’s exercises research work, and a Government Department glory in the amount of work of no account which it subsidises. It may be said-the degree compels.Maybe; but what is it worth? A good deal to the examiners, very little to the examinees. Seriously, what is it worth? Employers are already gauging its worth and may easily come to rate a degree as a disability. The question is now being asked- what school do you come from? And already some are tabu; few are known to give serious, safe instruction and trusted. Some employers already go so far as to say, we will only engage men from such and such a school-not because of its chemistry but because of its manners I may end on this note-“Manners make the man.” I believe this to be the main consideration to be attended to in the education of the chemist. If I were charged to-day to found a school-I have founded two, one of which is gone out for lack of leadership and the other suppressed, because we dared to attempt to make students, especially engineers, think and be reasoning beings, not automata -1 should have no set lectures until a large amount of prepara- tion work had been done and intimacy gained with chemicals.Chemistry should be taught as a whole-I would run the school as a factory, not as a forcing house. Students might swear as much as they pleased, in the vernacular, provided no jargon were used, no Ikons worshipped. Here I would end, were it not that I feel some further notice should be taken of our egregious modern craze-research. Search is a beautiful old English word, though probably ii comes to us from the Latin “circus,” through the French “chercher.” Research or re-search seems to be but an awkward hybrid; why or when the diminutive re- was added, I do not know.The word is fast assuming an unpleasant significance and will, as I have already said, unless care be taken, soon be made a word of reproach and a stigma. We no longer make inquiry of any kind; no, we engage in research; we may expect the coming Poe or Gaboriau, an ectoplasmic Sherlock Holrnes, to write research stories, not detective tales ; “cherchez la femme ” will be displaced by “research the lady.” The search after truth has been commended as higher than truth itself-though by 151 Heine, an atheist, not by Dean Inge, a theist. Why do we not recognise this and act accordingly? My great objection to the word is that it has a distant, foreign meaning.In the public mouth, it is now just a shibboleth-a practice which those un- known people who lead a life apart, speak strange tongues and armgate to themselves the title of scientific are accustomed to indulge in and are consistently booming. The “See-Oh-Too!” worshippers. People who have not a tinge of Bohemianism to recommend them-no sense of proportion. To-day,the silliest little experiment is termed a research. This is not merely my contorted view, for I find, in Mr. Saintsbury’s Scrap Book, the following : “ ‘Research’ has been another of your ‘blessed words’ for a long time now; but it has been observed of the thoughtful that blessed words sometimes come to exercise a rather unblessed influence.. . . An invaluable thing it is, when it is valuable at all; but there is perhaps nothing in all the wide range oi human occupation which has been the occasion of more lost time and more lost labour. In literature, the main danger is the losing of these on things not worth doing at all; in both literature and science, the redoing of things that have been done already.” I turn from the word almost with loathing and yet, at one time, I did nothing but preach the Gospel of Research. At the Education CoLference held at the Health Exhibition in 1884, I came forward as an advocate of what my son-in-law terms the eucharistic method and consistently endeavoured to develop and apply the doctrine during a period of thirty years-I think with some success.Yet, in these days of research, I am uni- versally scoffed at-my method is said to be impossible as a school method, the teachers are too tired to practise it. In 1885 in my Presidential Address to Section B, at the British Associa- tion meeting at Aberdeen ,I dealt with two topics-the conditions of chemical changz and the neglect of research, insisting that an atmosphere of research must pervade the College. What I said holds to-day. What I was then thinking of, however, was the very antithesis of what is now practised. I was assuming that, in the new heaven we were adumbrating, others would do what I had been taught to do. Frankland gave me a theme and left me largely to work it out. I saw him, sometimes each day, during a few minutes; then, during several days, he left me to myself, expecting results when he again came-and he got them.152 In Gmany, during little short of three years, I found myself a free lance and most of my companions were similarly placed. The tottering student, needing constant spoon-feeding and the professorial leaning-post, was not of my day. I thought of students growing up under a research system which made individual, thinking men of them; of research as an antidote to mere cramming for the degree, by garret-study; it is now its concomitant. Unfortunately, our science became commercialised. In Germany, the search for patents took the place of the search for truth, and students were no longer left free but led by the nose.Here the degree-hunger set in. Far too many new schools were established and there were not enough men of quality to “go round” and set the necessary example of high purpose. So a mere student’s exercise is now constantly dubbed a research and scholarships and fellowships are largely given to unqualified workers who have not the slightest gift of experimental ability in them. Kekule’s words are ever ringing in my ears-I see him as I heard him utter them in Berlin, in 1890,on the occasion of the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his Benzene formula :-“Lassen wir immer die Friichte hangen, bis sie reif sind. Unreifes Obst bringt selbst dem Zuchter wenig Gewinn; es schadigt die Gesundheit deren die es geniessen; es gefahidet namentlich die Jugend, die Reif und Unreif noch nicht zu unterscheiden vermag .” “Let us always leave the fruit hanging until it be ripe.Even the grower gains little from unripe fruit; it endangers the health of those who partake of it ; it is harmful particularly to yuung people, who are not yet able to distinguish ripe from unripe.” Little but unripe fruit is now offered us. The product of the schools is unripe in conception, unripe in execution, unripe in presentation, unripe in its conclusions, without sense of modesty ; there is no proper method behind it, so it is not sound training. Take away the work done by a few of the leaders and not much remains of consequence, little which could not well be spared. The vast field of animal and vegetable chemistry, including agriculture, is left untouched, Vse are doing nothing to train chemists for the supremely difficult service of agriculture and of medicine.The so-called bio-chemists, for the most part, are 163 given over to mere ratting and the pursuit of the weak hydrogen ion; in no way properly prepared for their office. No attempt is being made to gather up the reins of discovery and direct teams into fertile and necessary fields. It is useless to accu-mulate knowledge and make no considered use of it. We need to take stock of our knowledge and decide which way progress lies. As yet we have no right regard for the high office of the chemist, for the greatness of our chemic art. We do not suffi- ciently realise how the chemist stands at the gate of knowledge, relieved at times by the physicist, yet ever prime guardian of the entrance.Chemistry is the veritable Aladdin of sciences. Think of. Bayer zog! the proclaimed cure of “Sleeping Sickness.” Think of the quest that must have been carried on in the great German dyeworks factory to evolve a substance likely to be a remedy of the disease-verily has this been a search after Truth! Think of the vain attempt to keep the discovery secret-f the acute French chemical detective’s skill in picking up the clue and at last seeing through the veil. The work has been fitly done in the building wherein lie the great Pasteur’s ashes-the discovery is one to make him rise up again! Fourneau 309 (the Fourneau who discovered the lumbar anaesthetic, Stovahe), if not Bayer 205, has its power of destroying the Trypanosome.It is an excessively complicated naphthylamine trisulphonic acid deciva- tive-of one of the many acids Wynne and I have studied- scarcely the substance we might expect so to act, in no way pre- indicated. The potency is said to be specific-alter the positionof a single radicle and it is made worthless. Well may our science counter Dean Inge’s contention and claim to be on the way to frame a religion of humanity, when such achievement can be put to its credit. However, in this our country, biology and medicine know not chemistry. The Medical Research Council, the Cancer and the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Committees, are without chemists-we need not wonder that we wander in the wilderness.I trust you will pardon my thinking back to Arcady. To chemists, let me say, in Wyat’s charming, old simple words: “All is possible! Whoso list believe; Trust therefore first and after preve--” ‘‘Yes ! Always preve I Believe only the proven! ” 154 Sir Herbert Jackson said that the meeting had been privileged to hear Prof. Armstrong putting very bluntly before them what many had been thinking. He agreed with much of Prof. Armstrong’s criticism of modern so-called research ; and he ventured to predict that the views which had been expressed would hold good in 50 years to come. He felt, however, that no time had been or could be more inspiring for the future of science than the present.Commenting on the excellent literary style of the paper, he said that what they lacked at the present time were men of science who were also masters of literature. Sir Robert Robertson felt that without an opportunity of thinking over Prof. Amstrong’s address, it was difficult to discuss it. He was, however, an optimist, and felt that the modern educational policy of incorporating science in school curricula was so much to the good. He was of opinion that the chemists now turned out by the Universities were better material than had been turned out some ten years ago. With regard to Prof. Armstrong’s criticism of modern research methods, he would point out that these methods gave young chemists facility in working with their hands and made them more useful as thinkers.Dr. Pickard commented on the fact that no teacher of chemistry from any of the London colleges was present. He felt that the present methods of teaching research were grossly unfair to the student, if he were so unfortunate as to receive only an occasional visit from his research director. He criticised also the present method of teaching organic chemistry, which savoured too much of the cookery book, and suggested that many first-class honours graduates who had been taught by these methods were almost worthless as chemists. He felt that there was far too little instruction in physics and that this subject was too much divorced from the chemistry in the course of study. He would like to see physics taught by lecturers with a real conception of chemistry and vice versa.For this reason he advocated the inclusion of a certain proportion of com-paratively large scale preparation work in the organic course, so that the students would realise that physics was not to be taken as a nauseating dose, but as a necessary and interesting adjunct to chemistry. Mr. Woolcock said that Prof: Armstrong was a prophet in the land of chemistry, and perhaps suffered from the prophets’ usual disability. He told them many home truths in perhaps 155 a slightly exaggerated form, and he would find many who would not agree with him. He endorsed the view that manufacturers who employed chemists would not necessarily take the man with the highest paper qualification, but would prefer the man who could go into the works with a real capacity for meeting the world and its difficulties.Mr. Lemmens thought that possibly too much stress was laid upon examinations and their results, and too much also upon simple analysis. He felt that, for example, it was very little value to have an expert knowledge of how to analyse flue gases if one did not know how to study the composition of the gas with a view to securing the requisite fuel economies. Mr. Collett said that he felt that they would do well to let Prof. Armstrong’s address sink in and not attempt to discuss it until they had had time to think it over. He expressed his high appreciation of the kindness shown by Prof. Armstrong in coming to address the Section.Mr. Tritton suggested that the main difference between the modern generation of chemists and those of bygone days was that they were being trained primarily for a vocation, whereas in the past chemists were to a considerable extent amateurs. Under the modern system, with larger numbers, there were possibly more men of mediocrity, but he did not think that the number of geniuses had been reduced in absolute terms. As a consequence, however, of the increase in numbers, the standard of enthusiasm aroused in the students had been diminished. The question was whether chemical training should be purely educational or vocational. He felt that in the vast majority of cases the second alternative must be adopted.Mr. Hawkins said that one of the great difficulties was the fact that, in schools, chemistry and physics were dealt with as separate entities. It would be better if the subjects were treated as one at that stage. Dr. Lampitt thought that the constructive suggestions underlying Professor Armstrong’s criticisms were that more training was necessary in the fundamentals of science, and that they should not pluck unripe fruit. He had been much struck by the number of assistants sent to him who retained very little knowledge of fundamentals, but had been crammed up with the sole object of passing examinations. The standard of their practical work was often very low. As to Prof. Armstrong’s suggestion that under modern conditions professors had no real 156 personal touch with their students, he would mention that an important research University department which, in rgog, had twelve engaged on research now had seventy-two.The staff had not been increased and clearly could not deal in the same detail with the work of the research students. Prof. Armstrong, in reply, said that our methods had been too academic and that we had attempted too much. What was wrong with chemical education was the artificial‘ examining system whereby examiners who knew nothing of the candidates attempted to examine them. In this matter the Institute might well consider its own position. The meeting closed with a hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Armstr ong . NewcastI e-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 6th February a meeting was held in the Chemical Industry Club, Newcastle-on-Tyne, when Prof.Henry Louis, Chairman of the Section, read a paper on “The Problem of Accuracy from the View Point of the Works Chemist.” This was a subject which had always had for him a great deal of interest. Although his own experience was almost entirely of metalliferous works, he had no reason to suppose that the general principles underlying the activities of works chemists would differ in other industries. A works chemist appointed straight from college was usually put on routine work at first, and he then came face to face, for the first time, with the fact that accuracy (in analysis) had its economic, as well as its scientific, aspect. Any gain in accuracy could only result from an increased expenditure in both time and money, and of these the former was often the more important.Another fact which the new chemist had to realise was the actual monetary value of the material under analysis. To take an example, it was just as easy to determine accurately the percent- age of iron in an ore as the percentage of copper, but owing to the higher value of the latter element the accuracy of its determina- tion had a much greater economic value, and therefore deserved more attention than that of iron. Provided the analysis was sufficiently accurate to guide those in charge of the works operations, any greater refinement would involve a loss of time that might be serious. Hence it was the duty of the chemist to find what degree of accuracy would give the best results from an economic standpoint.157 Another phase of the chemist’s work was sampling. In his college work he was taught to regard the correct analysis of a sample as an end in itself; under works conditions he soon began to realise that it was only a means to an end, the real object being the determination of the composition of the shipment. The extent to which the composition of the sample represented that of the shipment was the limit of accuracy to which the chemist could attain, however scrupulously he might carry out his analysis. Therefore, systematic methods of sampling were a sine qua now The principles underlying sampling were those of alternate halving and crushing, until in the end the sampler obtained a representative amount of material weighing, say, somewhere about a gramme.Although no hard and fast rule could be laid down to meet all cases, yet it could not be too strongly emphasised that as the mass of the sample was fairly constant within fairly well defined limits, the accuracy of the analysis was increased by the fineness of the particles, and the number of these should beaI a definite relation to the percentage of the constituents to be determined. For instance, to take rather an extreme example, supposing a sample of ore consisted of 10,000particles, 10 of which were gold, and 500 particles were to be taken for an assay sample, it would obviously be impossible to obtain a correct assay. Although this was admittedly an extreme case, it illustrated the point he wished to emphasise, namely, that the finer the sample was ground before each division was made, the greater was the chance of accurate halving.The lecturer then went on to show how the chemist could estimate the likely error produced in his analysis by grinding the sample. Of the various methods of sampling practised, in the lecturer’s opinion the classical one of coning and quartering required an experienced worker. But whatever the method adopted, fine grinding was a necessity. To take one example, when working on a particular gold ore, he found it impossible to obtain concordant results by grinding to an 80-mesh sieve, but the analysis agreed perfectly if he ground to a Ioo-mesh sieve.But here again it was possible to carry accuracy to too fine a pitch ;many pounds’ worth of time could easily be spent in crushing and cutting to achieve an accuracy represented by so many shillings. Though the lecturer was naturally averse to advocating anything that might be constructed into slipshod working, yet he wished to emphasise that it was only by a careful attention to the 158 economic aspect of accuracy, that the chemist could hope to secure for himself the proper recognition of his value to the nation. At the conclusion of the paper a vote of thanks was passed to Prof. Louis, on the motion of Mr. James Hamilton, seconded by Dr. P. E. Bowles. At the invitation of the Cleveland Institution of Engineers, a joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute, the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Cleveland Institution of Engineers, was held in the Cleveland Institute, Middlesbrough, on the 3rd March, when Mr.C. H. Ridsdale gave a paper on the subject of “The Interpretation of Chemical Specifications for Iron and Steel in Relation to Analytical Accuracy.” From an examination of the work of the British Chemical Standards Movement, the lecturer had gathered data which should have a definite practical bearing on the interpreta- tion of chemical specifications. When unnecessary rigidity was exercised in the interpretation, the difficulties of commercial competition were increased and the prosperity of the country suffered accordingly; so that the question was one which did not affect chemists only. As an example of what happened, whether rejection or delay was due to real or imagined necessity, he would quote from Mr.Samuelson’s presidential address CJournaZ of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. I., 1922, p. 301: “Two railways, over whose lines many of the same trains run, vary by 0.02 per cent. for both elements ”-phosphorus and sulphur-“ If one of these railways be not endangering the lives of its passengers, the other is needlessly increasing the cost of making steel rails and restricting the use of certain ores.” Although, on the whole, foreign makes were allowed more latitude, our engineers, in being more rigid, aimed at maintaining our well-earned reputation for high quality and safety.The chemical limits which they specified were those which they had reason to consider as most desirable. For carbon, manganese and silicon, they usually gave an upper and a lower limit, arranged to give certain strength and toughness and to meet the manu- facturer’s unavoidable working margin, but for elements that were regarded as impurities only a maximum limit was given, so low that their effect would be negligible. They then looked to the chemist to tell them whether or not the materials came within these limits. 159 By rigidly adhering to the engineer’s physical specifications, the manufacturer could be certain that his product would conform to all requirements as to shape, weight, etc., but for its composi- tion his sole guide was a paper figure, arbitrarily fixed by analytical operations which were subject to ever varying personal and other factors, so uncertain that another test of the same sample might give quite another value.The divergences, from absolute accuracy, of the buyer’s, maker’s and reference chemist’s analyses, might truly be said to be so small as to be unimportant, so far as the actual effect on the properties of the material was concerned. Yet being so near the given limit they might be large enough to cause the material to be rejected. These differences were quite within the range of working by good chemists. If analytical chemistry had not been brought to so fine a pitch, specifications could not have become so stringent. No allowance was officially recognised for the discrepancies which he would show existed between analyses of the same sample by good chemists.In the provision of standard analysed samples, the important factors which tended to differences between chemists in ordinary working were removed. The chemists were men of status using what they regarded as the most reliable methods and with the greatest care. Yet whenever a large number (10to 20) tested the same sample, the final carefully considered results had shown an appreciable variation ; the averages of the differences for each element also showed a range of variation. The work of three other known movements (beside the B.C.S.movement) had borne this out. Hitherto, on work under ordinary condi- tions, one had regarded such differences as due to bad work or choice of a bad method. But with such incontrovertible evidence, the whole aspect was altered, and the question that arose was, “Is there justification for regarding any result by one or even two or three chemists as correct, except to within a similar range of variation? ” Or, “Should material be rejected solely for wrong composition when the variation from the figure specified does not exceed that by which the reference, or works chemist might be in error? ” These facts and considerations were submitted to the general meeting of the British Chemical Standards Movement on 9th February, 1923,and their views were embodied in Resolution 4: “That as co-operators in the British Chemical Standards Move- ment, we believe that it would be useful to manufacturers and users of steel, cast iron, etc., to have a definitely expressed opinion 160 as to the limits of accuracy of analytical methods usually met with in practice as indicated by the differences found among the results obtained by different qualified chemists working on the same sample, since these represent fairly accurately the limits of difference which should be accepted.. . .” In accordance with the rest of this resolution, a circular and an opinion slip, duly approved by the committee, were sent out to co-operators and users of standards and others whose opinion would be of value-about 550 in all-comprising chemists, metallurgists, engineers, manufacturers representing iron and steel makers and users and independent men in the British Empire and elsewhere.The circular contained a table showing the suggested ‘‘ tolerances” for differences in composition of iron and steel for the elements carbon, silicon, sulphur, phosphorus and manganese. Out of the whole 550 to whom the opinion slips were sent, not one objected outright to the principle, though several said that the tolerances were not sufficiently large ,or raised partial objections. The vast majority approved both of the principle and the amounts. The lecturer then gave details of some of the partially adverse replies. Such tolerances as were advocated in the circular would only be a recognition of an existing state of affairs-the slight un- certainty which had always existed as to the exact value of the chemist’s accuracy. He had brought forward this matter because he had come across the facts and, from his independent position, it would be known that he had no axe to grind.The fact of the existence of these differences between chemists, even when working most carefully, could not be gain-said; it caused considerable trouble, and did not improve the chemist’s status in the eyes of engineers and commercial men. Did these differences really matter in practice? A difference of 0.005 per cent. might look a lot as compared with a total of 0.03 per cent., but it was really only one twenty-thousandth of a unit.Was not determination of composition to such a degree of accuracy really very fine working? One way of dealing with the matter seemed to be for chemists not to report to the third decimal place, at any rate by less than 0.005 per cent. at a time. If the present custom (of reporting to the third decimal place) were to be continued were not tolerances imperative? And did not the decision as to their allowance rest pre-eminently with chemists? If, however, chemists held that the present custom should con- tinue, and that these differences were important, then they must 161 still further improve their working. To facilitate this, should not engineers supply, or at least refer to, definite standardised samples, obtainable by all? So, too, all the facts drove them to demand a standardisation of analytical methods, and also a mechanicalisation of the methods, in order to eliminate as many as possible of the personal variants.Whatever might be the exact means by which the differences and difficulties referred to would be removed ultimately, the more the subject was ventilated and discussed, between engineers, managers and chemists the sooner would this come about. Messrs. H. B. Toy, Hanson, Archer Coulson, and Holmes took part in the discussion which followed. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). On 14th February, Mr. W. E. Watson Baker, Hon. Curator of Instruments of the Royal Microscopical Society entertained the Association to “An Evening with the Microscope.” The members of the London Section of the Institute had been invited, and many were present.Commencing with a short historical survey of the development of the microscope, he proceeded to explain the reasons underlying the various constructional details of a inicroscope, which he brought in parts and displayed to the meeting. A number of other instruments were set up, with slides to show the necessity of accurate adjustment both of the instrument itself and of the light source, and, in particular, to demonstrate the uses of a condenser for fine work. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. Marlow, who deplored that adequate instruction on the use of this instrument was not usually included in the ordinary curriculum of the chemist.162 The second annual dinner of the Students’ Association was held at Pritchard‘s Restaurant, Oxford Street, on 13th March, Sir Herbert Jackson, President of the Association, in the chair. The guests of the evening were the President of the Institute, Prof. G. G. Henderson, and Mr. and Mrs. Chaston Chapman. There were present fifty members and guests. Replying to the toast of “The Institute,” proposed by the Registrar, the President emphasised that the future of the Institute depended upon the coming generation and, therefore, in a measure upon the Association, to which he wished every success. The toast of “The Association’’ was proposed by Mr. Chaston Chapman, who said that during the years of his presidency he had been very gratified to note the progress of the Association.Sir Herbert Jackson, in responding, referred to the increased activity and usefulness of the Association, which in its second year had increased in numbers by over forty per cent., the greater portion of the increase being due to the addition of student members ; the number of honorary members remaining practically the same as last year. A musical programme was provided by Mrs. Blake, Miss Garlick, Miss Smith, Mr. Moss, the Registrar, and the Assistant Secretary;and an enjoyable evening conclilded with well-known songs in which the whole company joined. British Em pi re Exh ibition,-Arrangements are being made, under the auspices of the Students’ Association, for a special visit of students in chemistry to the Exhibition during July.The exhibits will be demonstrated, and it is hoped that arrangements will be made for fares, entrance and luncheon at special rates. Those interested should apply to the Honorary Secretary, R. T. Claydon, 116, Queen’s Road, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Societe de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Fourth Congress of Industrial Chemistry, under the auspices of the Sociitt6 de Chimie Industrielle is to be held at Bordeaux commencing on 15th June, 1924. Fellows and Associates of the Institute who propose to attend the Conference are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 163 0bituary. WALTER GEOFFREY BLACK, who died in London recently in his 43rd year, was educated at St.Paul’s School, and received his scientific training at the Central Technical College. Having obtained the diploma of A.C.G.I., in 1901, he continued at the College for a year, and then became chemist to the Dowson Economic Gas and Power Co., at Basing- stoke. In January, 1903, he was appointed manager of the chemical works of Messrs. Harnett & Co., Ltd., Stratford, and in October, 1907, research chemist to Messrs. S. Courtauld & Co., Ltd., at Bocking, near Braintree. In 1907 he acquired an interest in a business at Norwich, with which he remained connected until shortly before his death. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in Organic Chemistry, in 1903, and was elected a Fellow in 1906.LINCOLNWYCHERLEYEVANS died on 6th March, 1924, at Wye, Ashford, Kent, in his 35th year. Born at Ellesmere, Shropshire, and educated at Grove Park School, Wrexham, and at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, he graduated as B.Sc. (Wales) in 1913. At the outbreak of the war he was engaged as a research chemist with Wet- carbonizing Ltd., Dumfries; in February, 1915, he obtained a commission in the 6th K.S.L.I., and early in the following year was transferred to the Machine Gun Corps, proceeding to France in May, 1916. In April, 1917, having attended an Anti-Gas course, he was associated with Capt. Barley, Chemical Adviser to the 2nd Army, and conducted a lecture course at the 2nd Army H.Q., and for a time as Divisional Gas Officer, before returning to M.G.Corps as second in command of the 116th Company. In 1918 he was mentioned in dispatches and awarded the Military Cross. After the war he became assistant lectnrer in chemistry at the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. ROBERT GILLESPIE died at Glasgow, after an operation, on 13th January, in his 44th year. Born at Glasgow and educated at Allan Glen’s School, he proceeded to the Royal College of Science, London, as a National Scholar in 1898. He gained the Associateship of the College in 1901, his intention being to pursue chemistry on the industrial side, but, having accepted a temporary post as a science master in Allan Glen’s School, he continued there and, in 1904, succeeded the late T.A. Cheetham as head of the Chemistry Department, which position he held at the time of his death. He passed the examination for the Associateship in Mineral Chemistry in 1907, and in the same year graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.) GEORGENAYLORSTOKERdied at Clapham Common on 15th March, in his 86th year. He was appointed as an analyst in the Inland Revenue Laboratory at Somerset House in 1861, and retired from his official duties in 1901, having reached the position of Superintending Analyst in the Laboratory, which had during his term of service become the Government, Laboratory. He wrote the articles on Alcohol and Alcoholmetry for the earlier editions of Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.On his retirement from official life, he became keenly interested in municipal work, taking an active part in connection with $he welfare and education of children, and was chairman of the managers of several County Council schools. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. 164 The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. 1923, the Lectures and Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSRS. ARNOLD& Co.:EDWARD Analytical Microscopy, its Aims and Methods. T. E. Wallis, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1 92 3. BAKER,ARTHUR: The Action of the Beater. Dr. Sigurd Smith. Translated into English by Major Renold Marx, M.C., B.Sc.Published under the auspices of the Technical Section of the Papemakers' Association of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1923. Mmssas. ERNEST BE", LTD.: Coal Tar Distillation and Working up of Tar Products. A. R. Warnes. 3rd edition. Fats: Natural and Synthetic. W. W. Myddleton, D.Sc., and T. Hedley Barry. London, 1924. The Utilisation of Low Grade and Waste Fuels. W. Francis Goodrich, M.B.E. London, 1924. Pulverised and Colloidal Fuel. J. T. Dunn, D.Sc., F.T.C. London, 1923. The Genesis of Petroleum. Percy E. Spielmann, Ph.D., F.I.C. London, 1923. Coke and its Uses in Relation to Smoke Prevention and Fuel Economy. E. W. L. Nicol. London, 1923. The Causes and Prevention of Corrosion. Alan A. Pollitt, M.Sc.hndon, 1923. By-Product Coking. G. Stanley Cooper. 2nd edition enlarged and completely revised by E. M. Myers. London, 1933. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON,LTD.: Quantitative Chemical Analysis and Inorganic Preparations. R. M. Caven, F.I.C. In 2 parts. Part I.: Preparation of InorganicSalts. Exercises in Gravimetric and Volumetric Analysis. London, 1923. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCEFOR THE ADVANCEMENT : Report on Absorption Spectra, No. 12. London, 1923. THECAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS: Stories of Scientific Discovery. D. B. Hasnmond. Cambridge, 1923. CAVEN, R. M., D.Sc., F.I.C.: Quantitative Chemical Analysis and Inorganic Preparations. R. M. Caven, D.Sc., F.I.C. In 2 parts. Part I.: Preparation of In-organic Salts, and simple Exercises in Gravimetric and Volumetric Analysis.Glasgow,1923. 165 MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL: Organic Synthesis. An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals. H. T. Clarke, Editor-in-chief. Vol. 111. London, 1923. Differential Equations in Applied Chemistry. Frank Lauren Hitchcock, Ph.D., and Clarke Shove Robinson, S.M. Lo&, 1923. Pharmaceutical and Food Analysis. A Manual of Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes, and substances in which they exist, together with Allied Products. Azor Thurston. London, 1923. Perfumes and Cosmetics with a special reference to Synthetics.William A. Poucher. London, 1923. Theoretical and Applied Colloid Chemistry. The World of Neglected Dimensions.Dr. Wolfgang Ostwald. Authorised Tramlation from the eighth German edition by Dr. Martin H. Fischer. 2nd and enlarged American edition. London, 1922. Qualitative Organic Analysis. An Elementary Course in the Identi- fication of Organic Compounds. Oliver Kamm. London, 1923. The Chemistry of the Inorganic Complex Compounds. An intro-duction to Werner’s Co-ordination Theory. Dr. Robert Schwarz, Authorised Translation by L. W. Bass, Ph.D. London, 1923. Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry. A Course of Laboratory and Class- room study for first year college students. Arthur A. Blanchard, Ph.D., and Joseph W. Phelan, S.B. Entirely re-written and greatly enlarged. 3rd edition. London, 1922. MESSRS. J. & A. CHURCHILL: Quantitative Chemical Analysis.Adapted for use in the Laboratories of Colleges, of Technical Institutes, and of Analysts. Frank Clowes, D.Sc., and J. Bernard Coleman, A.R.C.Sc. 12th edition. London, 1924. MESSRS. CROSBYLOCKWOOD& SON: Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names. A Dictionary and Com-mercid Handbook. William Garher. London, 1924. DAVIES,L. J., and D. OWEN: South Wales Coals, their Analyses, Chemistry and Geology. L. J. Davies and D. Owen Davies. Cardig, 1923. THE FARADAYSOCIETY: The Physical Chemistry of the Photographic Process. A General Discussion held by the Feraday Society, May, 1923. London, 1924. The Electronic Theory of Valency. A General Discussion held by the Faraday Society. July, 1923. London, 1924. MESSRS. HENRYFROWDE & STOUQHTONand HODDER (Oxford Techpica1 Publications): Varnishes and their Components.Robert Selby Morrell, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C. London, 1923. SIR ROBERT Bart., F.R.S., F.I.C.A. HADFIELD, The History and Progress of Metallurgical Science and its Influence upon Modern Engineering. Sir Robert A. Hadfield, Bart. London. JENKINS,H. C., A.R.S.M., F.I.C.: Boyle’s Sceptical Chymist (1680). KEANE,CHARLESA , D,Sc., F.I.C. : Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis. Charles A. Keane, D.Sc.,F.1.C , and P. C. L. Thorne, M.A., M.Sc. 2nd edition. Vol. I. London, 1924. 166 THE LIBRARY PRESS, Lm.: Catalysis in Organic Chemistry. Paul Sabatier. Translated by E. Emmet Reid. London, 1923, MESSRS. J. B. LIPPINCOTTCo.: Chemistry Applied to Eome and Community.A Textbook and Laboratory Manual. Pauline G. Beery, A.M. Philadelphia and London, 1923. LITFLEFIELD,ROBERTD., F.1C. : Gerard’s Herbal (1597). Edted by Thomas Johnson, 1633. LME~~~~. GREEN& Co.:LONGMANS, Monographs on Biochemistry. The Vegetable Proteins. 2nd edition. Thomas B. Osborne, Ph.D., Sc.D. London, 1924. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. IV. J. W. Mellor, D.Sc. London, 1923. Practical Physical Chemistry. Alexander Findlay, M.A., D.Sc., F.I.C. 4th edition, revised and enlarged. London, 1923. Supplementary Notes on Gravimetric Analysis for Beginners. W. Lowson, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1923. Practical Bacteriology for Chemical Students. David Ellis, D.Sc.London,1923. Monographs on Bio-chemistry. The Chemistry of Urea. The Theory of its Constitution and of the origin and mode of its Formation and Living Organisms. Emil A. Werner, M.A., D.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1923. Monographs on Biochemistry. Alcoholic Fermentation. A. Harden, D.Sc., F.R.S. 3rd edition. London, 1923. PILCHER,RICHARD B., O.B.E. : What Industry owes to Chemical Science. Richard B. Pilcher and Frank Butler-Jones, B.A., A.I.C. 2nd edition, revised and en-larged. London, 1923. SEWAGEDISPOSAL,THECONVENERAND MEMBERSOF THE COMMITTEE ON: Report on the Activated Sludge Process of Sewage Purification: Its Efficiency and Applicability to the Glasgow Works. F. W. Harris,F.I.C. Ghsgow, 1923. %SSRS. SHERRATT& HUGHES: The Chemists’ Year Book: 1924.Edited by F. W. Atack, D.Sc., P.I.C. London, 1924. TRUSTEESTHE ROYAL TECHNICAL (through the OF COLLEUE, GLASUOW courtesy of Dr. H. F. Stockdale, Director): Bibliotheca Chemica: Catalogue of the Collection of James Young of Kelly. John Ferguson, GZasgow (1906). MESS-. H. F. and G. WITHERBY: Tested Methods of Mineral Analysis. B. T. Kitto. London, 1924. THE:WOODALL-DUCKHAMVERTICAL RETORT AND OVEN CONSTRUCTION Co. (1920), LTD.: Industrial Oxygen. T. Campbell Finlayson, B.Sc. London, 1923. The Lectures and Library Committee are also indebted to Fellows, through whose kindness the supply of various journals has been continued, and will be grateful to Fellows, Associates, Authors, and Publishers for the continuance of their generous support.167 Books Purchased. Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organischen Chemie. Vol. V. B. Prager and P. Jacobson. Berlin, 1922, Chemical Reagents-their Uses, Methods of Testing for Purity and Com- mercial Varieties. Dr. C. Krauch. Translated from 3rd German edition. 2nd English edition, revised and enlarged by H. B. Stocks, F.I.C. London, 1919. A Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. Newton Friend, D.Sc., F.I.C. Vol. IT. The Alkali-Metals rand their Congeners. A. Jamieson Walker, Ph.D., F.I.C. London, 1924. A Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry. J.Newton Friend, D.Sc., F.I.C., and D. F. Twiss, D.Sc., F.I.C. Vol. VII., Part I. Oxygen. London, 1924. The Mineral Industry, its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1922.Founded by Richard P. Rothwell. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. XXXI. London, 1923. Books and their Contents. * Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur-chased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] *“ Chemical Analysis, Technical Methods of .” Lunge and Keane. 2nd edition. Vol. I. Edited by C. A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne. Pp. xx.+704. London: Gurney & Jackson.) 63s. “Crystals, The Natural History of.” A. E. H. Tutton. Pp. xii.+287. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.) 15s. The simple law limiting the possible number of forms; Mitscherlich and isomorphism; morphotropy ; the crystal space-lattice ; X-rays and crystal structure ;polarised light ;liquid crystals; chemical significance of crystallography. “Electric Steel, The Manufacture of .” F.T. Sisco. Pp. x.+304. (London and New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.) 15s. The Heroult and other direct arc furnaces; the cold scrap process; the manufacture of special steels; the hot metal process; pouring practice; acid melting practice. 168 “Fuel Economy, A Manual of.” C. F. Wade. Pp. viii.+144. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 9s. 6d. For engineers and others in charge of boiler and furnace plants. *“ Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-Book of.” Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. 11.: The Alkali Metals and their Congeners. A. Jamieson Walker. Pp. xxvi. +379. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd. 20s. Hydrogen; lithium; sodium; potassium; rubidium; caesium; am-monium compounds; copper; silver; gold.Vol. VII., Part I.: Oxygen. J. Newton Friend and D. F. Twiss. Pp. xxvi. f-370. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 18s. General characteristics of the elements of Group VI.; oxygen; physical properties of oxygen; chemical properties of oxygen; ozone; the at- mosphere; water; physical properties of water; chemical properties of water; composition and molecular complexity of water; water as a solvent;water analysis; hydrogen peroxide. *“The Inversion of Science, and a Scheme of Scientific Reforma- tion. Frederick Soddy. (London: Hendersons.) 6d. “Metallurgical and Allied Products, Technical Methods in Analysis of.” W. W. Scott. Pp. xxix.+875. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 42s. Part I. : General analytical methods.Part 11.:Detection and estimation of the commoner metals (arranged in alphabetical order). Part 111.: Special methods of analysis. “Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, The.” B. Stoughton. 3rd edition. Pp. xv.+51g. (London and New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.) 20s. *“Mineral Analysis, Tested Methods of.” B. T. Kitto. Pp. 127. (London: H. F. & G. Witherby.) 7s. 6d. *“ Soap and Detergent Industry, The Modern,” including Glycerol Manufacture. Vol. I. G. Martin. Pp. xxvi.+ 367 (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 36s. Theory and practice of soapmaking; nature of soap and detergent action; inorganic and organic raw materials; perfuming substances; manu- facture from free fatty acids; boiling process; household and laundry soaps.“Textile Printing, The Principles and Practice of.” E. Knecht and J. B. Fothergill. and edition. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 63s. “Vegetable Proteins, The.” Monographs on Biochemistry. T. B. Osborne. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii.+I5+ (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 9s. 169 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 29th February, 1924, 3 new Fellows were elected, 5 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 46 new Associates were elected, and 52 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 3 Fellows and 2 Associates by death. New Fellows. Callan, Thomas, M.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Heid.), 2, Spring Bank, Crumpsall Lane, Crumpsall, Manchester. Stuart, Thomas Wilson, 7, Livingston Drive, Tipton Park, Liverpool IVhytlaw-Gray, Robert, O.B.E., Ph.D.(Bonn.), The University, Leeds. Associates elected to the Fellowship, Elliott, Frank Larriston, 2, The Crescent, Barnes. Martin, William George, A.C.G.F.C., 31, Queen’s Avenue, Blackhall, Midlothian. Thomas, Richard, D.Sc. (Wales), 46, Dacre Hill, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Wheeler, Thomas Sherlock, A.R.C.Sc.I., Research Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, S.E.18. Wintle, Albert Watkins Maggs, 170, Newbridge Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. New Associates. Bamford, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, The Square, Fairfielci, Manchester. Barker, George, B.Sc. (Leeds), Beech Grove, Tong Park, Baildori, Yorks. Barnes, Thomas Walden, M.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Earlham Grove, Fdrest Gate, London, E.7. Barraclough, Frank Tweedale, M.Sc.(Manc.), 59, Albertroyds Street, Rochdale, Lancs. Burtles, Richard, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), 1, Romanby Place, 286, WellingtonRoad, Heaton Chapel, Stockport. Chilvers, Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), High Street, Ringwood, Hants. Crowe, William Haughton, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 203, Adelaide Road, Swiss Cottage, London, N.W.3. Dee, Thomas Pride, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Princess Drive, Borrowash, Derby.Dickes, Miss Winifred Esther, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.Inst.P., Eversley, Carlyle Road, Croydon. Dodds, Gilbert Elliot, Allerton, Orchardhead Road, Liberton, Edinburgh. Duffey, Patrick Aloysius, A.R.C.Sc.I., B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Longwood Avenue, South Circular Road, Dublin. Elford, William Joseph, B.Sc (Bris.), 35, Northumberland Road, Redland, Bristol.Gay, John Glen, B.Sc. (Glas.), 454, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, W. Golding, William Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 167, Monega Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. 170 Grifliths, William James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Thora Wood Road, Lee, London, S.E.13. Hamer, William Edward, B.Sc. (Wales), Cwm-Mawr, Llambadarn-Fynydd, Penyhont, S.O., Radnor. Harris, Leslie Julius, Ph.D. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Vict.), Carrow Works, Norwich. Hegan, Walter Gerald, B.Sc. (Birm.), 2, Widdrington Road, Coventry. Hendry, Frederick William Firman, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 11, West Mount Street, Aberdeen. Hoff, Ronald William, A.R.C.S., 14, West Street, Leominster. Lloyd, William Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), Keeston, Holland Road, Weymouth. Lusty, John Dalby, B.Sc. (Lond.), Berkeley Lodge, Ashtead, Surrey.Macleod, Hector Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 20, Finlay Drive, Dennistoun, Glasgow. Maddy, Alfred Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Trothy Road, Bermondsey, London, S.E.l. Mead, Brian, A.R.C.S., M.Sc. (Manc.), 39, Methuen Road, Bournemouth. Mellor, Albert, B.Sc. (Leeds), 77, Denby Dale Road, Wakefield. Minchin, Sidney Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Chestnut Road, Morton, London, S.W.20. Mitchell, Thomas Corlett, BSc. (Glw.), A.R.T.C., Templehall Buildings, 168, Quarry Street, Hamilton, Scotland. Morris, Victor Allen, M.Sc. (Mcmc.), 1074, London Road, Derby. Ramsay, Alexander Gray, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 23, Sycamore Road, Birkenhead. Richardson, Edward, B.A. (Oxon), Keble College, Oxford. Salmon, Robert Joseph, M.Sc.(Manc.), Holly Bank, Rowton, Nr. Chester. Smith, Ernest Walter, M.Sc. (Leeds), 46, Harehills Terrace, Leeds. Snoad, Albert William, BSc. (Lond.), 90, Corbyn Street, Stroud Green, London, N.4. Southern, Herbert Kenneth, M.Sc. (Vict.), Glenariff, Start Lane, Whaley Bridge, Cheshire. Stewart, Daniel, B.Sc. (Edin.), 10, Pilmuir Street, Dunfermline, Fife. Storrie, Frederick Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), Southpark House, Paisley. Sutcliffe, Arthur, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 88, Mawson Road, Cam- bridge.Taylor, Cyril James Allen, B.Sc. (Birm.), 7, Chetwynd Road, Wolver- hampton.Tlompson, Frank Peberdy, M.Sc., Tech. (Manc.), 36, Palm Street, Slade Lane, Manchester. Thorneloe, Alfred Hubert, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Beechwood, Couslmd, Dalkeith. Vyle, Leonard Reginald, B.Sc.(Lond.), 17, Carnarvon Road, West Bridg- ford, Nottingham. Wade, Miss Elsie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 195, Baker Street, Alvaston, Nr. Derby.Wall, Thomas John, B.A. (Oxon), Northcote, Alexandra Road, Malvern. Weeks, Edward Joseph, M.Sc. (Lond.), 62, Forest Hill Road, E. Dulwich, London, S.E.22. Willcox, James Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), Henry Road, Lenton, Nottingham. New Students. Agnew, William Young, 24, Malville Street, Kilmarnock. Baird, Ronald John, 1, Craighall Crescent, Leith. Bamford, John Sherlock, 9, Grange Road, Edinburgh. Bayley, Dudley Perrin, Oban, Greenbank Road, Latchford W., Warrington.Bell, Frank, 39c, St.Stephen's Road, Bow, London, E.3. Blood, John Walter, Market Place, Bingham, Notts. 171 Bond, George Douglas, 19, Aldermanbury, London, E.C.Cameron, Archie Hector, 19, Park Drive, Rutherglen, Glasgow. Carter, Charles Francis Jack, 32, Priory Road, London, N.W.6. Cashmore, Joseph Alfred, 4, Octavia Street, Battersea, London, S.W.11. Champ, Myer Martin, 49, Carnarvon Road, Stratford, London, E.15. Croucher, Herbert Harry, 80, Patricks Hall, University College, Reading. Davies, Ronald Glyn, Glanlbynfe, Naesteg, Glam. Davis, John Gilbert, Iver, Milton Road, Hanwell, London, W.7. Dudman, Walter Henry, 1839, Maryhill Road, Maryhill, Glasgow. Gallimore, Eric James, Hardwick Road, Sherwood, Nottingham. Green, Raymond George, 22, Windsor Road, Wanstead, London, E.ll. Greenwood, Ernest Leslie, 33, Woodlands Terrace, Stanningley, Nr.Leeds. Hamilton, William, 26, Milton Street, Abbeyhill, Edinburgh. Harley, David, 47, Castleblair Park, Dunfermline, Fife. Harpsr, Walter Jackson, 5, St. Paul’s Avenue, St. Paul’s Road, Moseley, Birmingham.Harries, Gwynne Hughes, 29, Queen’s Road, Leytonstone, London, E. 11. Harris, Leslie Eli, 82, Minet Avenue, Harlesden, London, N.W.lO. Herd, Magnus, 27, Daisy Street, Govanhill, Glasgow. Hickson, Louis Robert, 2, Devonshire Villas, White Hart Lane, London, N.17. Holmes, Ernest John, 2, Castle Row, Gosport, Rants. Howitt, Frederick Oliver, 98, Kingsland Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. Hulme, Alfred Cresswell, 39, Poplar Avenue, Edgbwton, Birmingham. Hunter, John Bell, 11, Brunton Place, London Road, Edinburgh. Kaufmann, Frederick, 28, Swanage €$,ad, Wandsworth, London, S.W.18.Lockwood, Harold Claude, 6, Hawthorne Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham. Lorimer, Henry, 90, Buccleuch Street, Garnethill, Glasgow. Malpas, John Colman, 22, West Park, Clifton, Bristol. Marsland, John Lawrence, Gravel Lane, Fulshaw, Wilmslow, Manchester. McKenzie, Donald, Mayfield, Dalratho Road, Grangemouth, Glasgow. Medley, George Arnold, 45, Hill Top Road, Dalton, Huddersfield. Miller, Hesbert John, Lyndon, Park Lane, Fallings Park, Wolverhampton. Nutton, Arthur, 29, Fitzwilliam Street, Huddersfield. Orr, Peter Cumming, 3,Mavis Bank Terrace, Paisley. Read, Percival Russell, 28, Gladstone Terrace, Grantham. Ritchie, Archibald, 11, Wednesbury Road, Walsall, Staffs. Roper, Arthur John, 34, Causton Street, London, S.W.l. Sciver, Albert, 84, Vineyard Hill, Wimbledon Park, London, S.W.19.Sheasby, Arthur David, 63, Styvechale Avenue, Coventry. Sosson, Charles Edwin, 27, Springvalley Terrace, Edinburgh. Thimann, Kenneth Vivian, 28, Manor Drive, Wembley Park, Middlesex. Thornton, Ernest, 17, Romney Avenue, Burnley, Lancs. Timms, Eric Spencer, 96, Grange Park Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Town, Bernard William, 79, The Grove, Hammersmith, London, W.6. Walker, Austin, 78, Victoria Grove, East End Park, Leeds. Weatherall, Harry, 9, Hale Road, Walton, Liverpool. Wilson, Miss Eileen Mary, Balholm, 38, Iona Road, Dublin. DEATHS. Fellom~s. Walter Geoffrey Black, A.C.G.I. Frederick John Bolt. George Naylor Stoker. Associates. Lincoln Wycherley Evans, M.C., B.Sc.Robert Gillespie, R.Sc., A.R.C.S. 172 General Notices. Examinations.-The next examinations for the Associate- ship and Fellowship of the Institute will be held during the weeks commencing 15th and 22nd September, 1924. Candi-dates desirous of presenting themselves are notified that the list of entries will be closed on Monday, 21st July. Examinations for the Fellowship in Bio-Chemistry will be held in October. Candidates intending to present themselves are requested to communicate with the Registrar not later than 2ISt July, 1924. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to April, 1921, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register,-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are reqdired to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists for a further period of six months if necessary. 173 The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and I P.M.), except when examinations are being held. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. History of the Institute, 1887-191 4.-Anymemberwho is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct, on application to the Registrar. LOCAL SECTIONS Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon.Secretariesof the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Birmingham and Midlands: C. A. F. Hastilow, M.Sc., F.I.C., Chenda, Bittal Road, Barnt Green, Worcester- shire. Bristol and South Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 170, NewbridgeCounties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland: Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glssgow and West of Scot- W. M. Cumming, B.Sc., F.I.C., Royalland : Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield: T. A. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, LyndaleAvenue, Birkby, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : Dr. W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., F.I.C., York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast.,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. R B. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Mmchester and District: James Barr, B.Sc., A.I.C., The Bungalow, Waterside, Marple, Cheshire. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C. J.H. Stock, B.Sc., F.I.C., County Analyst’s North-East Coast : Office, Darlington, Co. Durham. South Wales: Arthur Grounds, B.Sc.Tech., A.I.C., 30, Charles Street, Cardiff. Malaya : R. 0.Bishop, M.B.E., A.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon Secretary: R. T. CLAYDON,116, Queen’s Road, Finsbury, N.4. ~~ ~~ INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY BENEVOLENT FUND. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 19 14-1 9 18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,EENEVOLENT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.l.LONDON,

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9244800079

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1924. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, Juite, 1924. Publications Committee, 1924-25 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairntan), G. G. HENDERSON (Prestdent), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurev) ANDREW MORE, L. G. PAUL, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, F WILSON 177 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY. 1924. Journal and Proceedings.- On reports received froin the Finance and House Committee and the Publications Committee, the Council have considered the increasing volume of matter which has been received from Local Sections for inclusion in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.In many instances, the Sections ask for only very moderate space for the publication of reports of meetings, but not infrequently the matter received occupies many more pages than the subject warrants when the reports have also been contributed to other publications, such as Chemistry and Industry, the Clzemical Age and the Chemical Trade Journal.The Council have decided, therefore, that Local Sections be informed that the amount of space available in the JOURNAL for reports of meetings should, except in special circumstances, be restricted to one page per meeting.Conference,-The Council, having received an invitation from the Executive Committee of the North-Eastern Sections to hold a Conference of the Institute this year at York, have expressed their thanks to the North-Eastern Sections for this invitation, which they will be glad to bear in mind for another year; but they felt that if a Conference were considered to bc necessary this year it should be held in London, in view of the circumstances that many members will probably be desirous of visiting the British Empire Exhibition. The Council decided, however, that no Conference should be held unless the Local Sections expressed a strong desire for it. The matter has been referred, therefore, to the General Purposes Committee, with power to act, and the Sections have been invited to forward any suggestions which they may wish to make with regard to the programme of matters for consideration if the Conference is to be held.Academic Dress.-The Council have considered replies received from Local Sections with regard to the proposal sub-mitted at the Liverpool Conference in October last that members should be authorised to wear a distinctive gown. Of the replies 178 from twelve Sections, four were more or less in favour of the proposal, four were opposed to it, one was neutral, while three Sections had not arrived at a decision. In the absence of any general wish for the provision of a distinctive gown, the Council do not feel called upon to take any further action in this matter.Vacation Training-With reference to the resolution passed at the Liverpool Conference-"That in the opinion of this meeting it is desirable to obtain facilities for extending to students in training the facilities for insight into works practice and technical operations,"-the Council, having received and considered replies from the Local Sections on the proposal, were of opinion that any possible steps to afford such facilities should be taken by authorities of Universities and Colleges, with the co-operation of members of Local Sections of the Institute. Admission Ceremony,-The attention of the Council has been directed to the circumstance that in some Sections the admission of members and the presentation of certificates is treated more ceremoniously than in others. The Council feel that the admission of members and the presentation of certificates should be somewhat formal, though cordial, and that a short address should be given by the Chairman for the time being, on the lines of the procedure adopted at head- quarters, where the President offers, on behalf of himself and the Council, a personal and formal welcome to the newly-elected members, and congratulates them on their admission whereby they acquire a recognised status in their chosen profession.The object of the ceremony is to bring the member, at the earliest possible moment, into personal contact with the Institute, through his Section, in order that he may realise that the Institute is not merely an impersonal examining body but a professional brotherhood, in which he is expected to do all he can to make himself acquainted with those with whom he will in future be associated, and with whom he should endeavour to co-operate in every way for the advancement of his profession and the Institute.The President, at the same time, emphasises the importance of the declaration which has been made by the new member, namely, that he will observe the provisions of the Charter and By-laws, conduct himself honourably in the practice of his profession, and do the utmost in his power to maintain the dignity and welfare of the Institute. The new member may be 179 reminded that he enjoys the advantage of finding the profession in a far better position that it would have been had no such body as the Institute existed; he may be reminded of the many great chemists who have served the Institute in the past, and may be encouraged to look forward to the time when he may take his part in forwarding its work and thereby repay, in some measure, the services of those who have brought it to its present position as the representative body of a profession which is held in honour and maintained at a very high level both in its practice and in its standards of professional ethics.The new member may be further reminded that chemistry, like all professions, makes great demands on its followers, and calls for persistent effort and much self-sacrifice; also that all such bodies as the Institute exist for the public service, and by sup- porting such a body and by adherence to its rules, every member is contributing to a public work of increasing importance to the welfare of the country; finally, that the Institute will be always ready to help him so far as it is able, and, in offering him a hearty welcome to its ranks, the members wish him every success and a happy sareer.Gas Examiners-Under the provisions of the Gas Regulation Act, 1920,the price of gas was made to bear definite relation to the quality and not simply to the quantity of gas purchased. For the purposes of assessing the quality of the gas, Section IV. of the Act requires the appointment of “competent and impartial ” persons as Gas Examiners.The Joint Committee appointed, in 1922,by the Council of the Institute of Chemistry and the Board of the Institute of Physics, has given further consideration to the question of defining the qualifications which, in their opinion, shwld be required of candidates for such appointments. The Committee considered it most important in the public interest that the words “competent and impartial” should be defined. Section V. of the Act, which relates to the powers of the Gas Referees, does not require the Referees to define “com- petency,” and there is no reference in any part of the Act to such a definition. The Referees, however, have published from time to time, for the information of local authorities and Quarter Sessions, a Memorandum of the appointment, qualifications, and duties of Gas Examiners.This Memorandum carries no 180 statutory authority, and the local authorities are at liberty to place their own interpretation of the words (‘competent and impartial person.” The Referees, in their Memorandum, revised in December, 1923, recommend : (‘As regards ‘competence’ of Gas Exanliners, the Gas Referees consider that it is important that a Gas Examiner should have a sufficient knowledge of physics and chemistry to enable him to understand thoroughly the tests to be applied to the gas. It is also important that he should be a person accustomed to making quantitative measurements, the accuracy of which he is prepared to sustain under cross examination.A person of good professional standing as an analyst or engineer, and with experience of the physics and chemistry of gas, should be suitable.” The Joint Committee of the Institute was of opinion that the word “sufficient” in the Gas Referees recommendation was indefinite; and while it was clearly necessary that the Gas Examiner should thoroughly understand the tests to be applied to the gas, he should also thoroughly realise when the tests applied are erroneous through some slight failure of the apparatus. Further, the Examiner should be a person of good professional standing as a chemist, physicist, or engineer, and should be a member of a reputable body of chemists, physicists, or engineers, implying a recognised professional standing which would give the consumers and the gas undertakers confidence, both in respect of his competence and his integrity.Towards the end of 1922,the Joint Committee of the two Institutes had framed certain recommendations which were forwarded at that time to the Board of Trade and to the Gas Referees, and also submitted by the Assistant Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry, as a witness before the Thenn Charges Committee in January, 1923. Although it was not strictly within the terms of reference to the Thenn Charges Committee to make recommendations on the matter, that Committee expressed the opinion that it would be to the best interests of gas consumers that the most efficient per‘sons available for the duties should be appointed, and that consideration could usefully be given to the question of pre-scribing a minimum qualification for future appointments. 181 The Joint Committee, therefore, in framing their recommen- dations, had before them paragraph 54 of the Report of the Them Charges Committee.The recommendations of the Joint Committee related only to appointments made hereafter, and therefore would not act against the interests of officers who have for some years made tests and become familiar with the work to be undertaken. The Joint Committee felt, however, that the Board of Trade should secure statutory power to issue orders defining com- petence, and with the concurrence of the Council of the Institute of Chemistry and the Board of the Institute of Physics, decided to approach the Board of Trade with the following recom- mendations : (I) That Gas Examiners hereafter appointed under the Gas Regulation Act, 1920, should possess the following qualifications : A.Attainments. 1. The Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry or of the Institute of Physics. Or 2. Corporate Membership of a recognised institution of engineers, with training in chemistry and physics certified by a recog-nised University or College as equivalent in standard to that of the ha1 examination for a degree in those subjects. Or 3. A Degree of a recognised university provided that the can- didate has passed in chemistry and physics in the final examination for his Degree. Or 4.The Associateship or equivalent Diploma in Chemistry or Physics of recognised Technical Colleges such as the Royal College of Science, the Royal School of Mines and the City and Guilds Central Technical College (all incorporated in the Im-perial College of Science and Technology) ; Finsbury Technical College ;the Technical College, Bradford ;the Royal Technical College, Glasgow ; Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh ; the Manchester College of Technology ; and University College, Not tingham. NOTE.-The word “recognised” in the above paragraphs (2,3 and 4) denotes that tha University, College or Institution has been recognised for this purpose by the Board of Trade. B. Experience.The candidate must produce evidence of having actual experience in the tests required, obtained under qualified supervision, and must be fully cognisant of the laws and regulations relating to the control of the quality of gas.C. Professional Standing. Every Gas Examiner should be a member of a reputable pro-fessional body of chemists, physicists or engineers. (2) That appointments of Gas Examiners be subject to confirmation by the Board of Trade. It was arranged that the President of the Board should receive a deputation from the two Institutes on 1st May. The 182 deputation consisted of Sir Richard Gregory, Sir Charles Parsons, Professor Eccles, with Mr. Spiers (Secretary) representing the Institute of Physics; and Sir Herbert Jackson, Mr. Ernest M. Hawkins, Mr.G. Nevill Huntly, with the Registrar, and the Assistant Secretary, representing the Institute of Chemistry. In the unavoidable absence of the President of the Board of Trade, the deputation was received by Mr. Alexander, Parlia- mentary Secretary. The members of the deputation having been introduced by Major A. G. Church, Sir Richard Gregory repeated the views referred to above, emphasising the importance of defining the phrase “competent and impartial person,’’ as the section of the Act which related to the powers of the Gas Referees did not require them to define competency, and there was no reference in any part of the Act to such a definition. Sir Richard showed that the practice of local ailthorities with regard to the appointment of gas examiners varied considerably. As a general rule, the authorities in the metropolitan area and of large provincial cities secured highly competent persons as their Gas Examiners ; but small local authorities, particularly in rural areas, were inclined to regard with some disfavour expenditure on this kind of service; the protection to the public from small local gas companies, often not too efficiently directed, was correspondingly reduced.He claimed that the Gas Ex- aminer should be a person of similar standing to a public analyst, over whose appointment the Ministry of Health could exercise a veto, and suggested that the Board of Trade should secure this right under statutory powers. In his opinion, the higher the standing of the Gas Examiner and the stronger the corporate body to which he belonged, the more adequately the users would be safeguarded. Sir Herbert Jackson pointed out that the chief concern of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Physics, and similar professional bodies in matters of this kind was to safeguard the interests of the public.Properly qualified professional men had behind them the traditions and status of their institutions, and were sensible of the grave responsibilities of their duties, and answerable to their professional institutions for their conduct. Interesting examples were given by Mr. Hawkins and Mr. Huntly of the manner in which incompetent gas examiners might fail to detect irregularities by which the users would suffer loss.Sir Charles Parsons pointed out that in the case of gas examination no simple fool-proof instruments existed, as in the 183 case of the measurement of electrical units. It was not until he was associated with Sir George Beilby in the work of the Fuel Research Board that he realised how difficult was the task of carrying out the test with gas calorimeters; and it was only recently that he had been made acquainted with the fact that in some places incompetent people were being employed as Gas Examiners. As other speakers had done, he insisted that Gas Examiners should be persons of high professional qualifications and standing. Mr. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry, said that the case of the Institutes was that the word “com- petence” in the Act required definition.The point would be met if the Board secured the necessary statutory powers to issue orders defining “competence.” In reply, Mr. Alexander said that the Board was most anxious to protect the public, and that the representations of the Deputa- tion would receive the most careful consideration of the President and the Officers of the Board. The changes in the method of appointment of Gas Examiners suggested by the Deputation indicated the necessity for statutory powers being granted by Parliament. He was not in the position to promise legislation during the present Session, as there were many important and overdue Bills on the stocks. He pointed out also that the Board must work in harmony with the local authorities, and that in the event of legislation being contemplated the local authorities would have to be consulted.The Deputation having thanked Mr. Alexander for receiving them, withdrew. Chemical Society Library.-In view of the increased use which has been made of the Library of the Chemical Society by Fellows and Associates of the Institute, the Council, on a report from the Finance and House Committee, have increased the grant to the Library from Lroo to E250. Patent Office Proced ure.-Mr. Horatio Ballantyne has reported that, in accordance with the resolutions adopted at the Conference of the 14th February (reported in the Journal and Proceedings, Part 11, 1gz4), a deputation attended at the Patent Office on 5th June, and was received by the Comptroller and, his senior officers.The representations made by the deputation were very sympathetically received, and it is anticipated that satisfactory results will follow from the discussion. 184 Local Sections. Belfast.-At a meeting of the Section held at The Gables, Botanic Avenue, Belfast, on 11th April, Mr. John Allan gave a paper on “The Permutites and their application in regard to water softening,” which proved to be a comprehensive and critical survey of the information available on this subject. The paper was followed by an interesting discussion in which several members, who were practically concerned with the subject, took part. As the infoImation contained in the paper is not readily accessible, Mr.Allan kindly consented to have copies made for circulation among the members of the Section, and this has been done. Birmingham and Midland.-A general meeting of the Section was held at the White Horse Hotel on 24th March, when the Chairman, Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, gave an address on “Recent Developments in the Manufacture of Coal- tar Products,’’ before a good attendance. Professor Morgan pointed out that prior to the war this country was dependent on foreign countries for the supply of fine chemicals. The largest British dyestuffs company then had a capital of fTzoo,ooo,and employed 12 chemists and between 300 and 400 operatives. The dividends paid varied from o to 12 per cent., and the comparative success was due to some extent to the merchanting of foreign-made dyes. In Germany, on the other hand, in 1900,the Badische Anilin Company employed 150 chemists and 8640 operatives, Messrs.Meister, Lucius and Briining employed 120 chemists and 3500 operatives, and Messrs. Baeyer, 150 chemists and 8000 operatives. These concerns paid 18 to 35 per cent, on their capital, after allowing liberally for depreciation. The war found us destitute of colours and also of plant for the manufacture of high explosives, and all supplies were cut off. The Government, therefore, decided to associate itself with the only firm making a profit, with the result that the British Dye- stuffs Corporation was started with a capital of two million pounds, largely subscribed by the Government.Ultimately, 185 a merger was brought about and a new Company with seven million pounds capital was formed with foci in Huddersfield and Manchester. With the assistance of the Dyestuffs Pro- tection Act, great progress has been made and, until recently, 80 per cent. of the dyestuffs used in England were being manu- factured at home, while the changes in manufacture were so revolutionary that it might be said that a new industry had been founded. Prof. Morgan pointed out that although the researches had been largely imitative, because products previously produced in Germany were first required, yet many notable advances in manufacture had been made. As a result of the development of the industry, large research schools had sprung up at the Universities, and the dye manufacturers were employing chemists on a scale never previously considered, e.g.the British Dyestuffs Corporation until recently employed 80 chemists and Scottish Dyes, Ltd., about 30 chemists. In conclusion, he said that he feared the suggested agreement between the British Dyestuffs Corporation and the Interessen Gemeinschaft, though a good bargain for the B.D.C. share- holders, would mean disaster to the industry generally in this country. A discussion followed, and Professor Morgan replied to questions. At the same meeting, Mr. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, who received a warm welcome, outlined his sug- gestions for the closer organisation of the chemical profession and the acquisition of British chemical headquarters.After a short discussion, the meeting closed with votes of thanks to Prof. Morgan and Mr. Marlow. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-At the invitation of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry the members of the Bristol Section of the Institute attended a special meeting on 6th May to hear a lecture by Dr. W. Forbes Leslie on the “Somerset Oil Shale Fields.” The meeting was held in the University Chemical Department ,Mr. M. W. Jones presiding over a large attendance. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and specimens of the products derived from the shale were shown. At the conclusion a warm vote of thanks was given the lecturer.A full report of the meeting appeared in the local press of 9th May. 186 At a meeting of the Section to be held at Sealc-Hayne Agri- cultural College, Newton Abbott, on 20th September, Dr. Ernest Vanstone will give a lecture on “Some aspects of Agricultural Chemistry.” Glasgow and West of Scotland,-Erratam. In the account of the lecture by Mr. F. W. Harris, given before the Glasgow Section on 25th January, and reported in Part 11.of the JOURNAL,the sum of EI 1os.-2.8d., on page 131, should read EI IS.-Z.Sd. The Publicity scheme which has been followed by the Section during the past eighteen months has been entirely successful. The writing of articles has been taken up enthusiastically by the members, and these articles have appeared at regular intervals in The Glasgow Herald, and occasionally in some of the evening papers.Many answers have also been given to queries on scientific subjects which have been referred to in the press and, as a result of these publications, several of the authors have received letters of appreciation from members of the public, some of whom have requested further information. In this way, a real service is being done to the public as well as to the profession. The following articles have appeared in The Glasgow Herald since the publication of the last list in the JouRNAL:-“T~~ Chemistry of Sugar,” T. H. P. Heriot ;“The Chemists of Glasgow,” Dr. M. M. J. Sutherland; “The Chemistry of Milk,” “Chemistry and Motor Transport,” “Official Aspects,” “Food Faking in other days,” J.W.Hawley; “Mining Explosives,” W. G. Hiscock; “Water,” “The Royal Technical College,” G. S. Ferrier ;“Writing Materials,” Prof. F. J. Wilson; “Steel Materials,” Prof. J. H. Andrew ; “Smoke Prevention,” W. H. Coleman ; “The Im-portance of Little Things,” “The Utilisation of Waste,” A. B. Crawford; “An International Language for Science,” Prof. T. S. Patterson; “Crop Production,” I. V. Hopper; “Research as an Investment,” A. E. Caunce; “The Fuel Problem,” Dr. W. M. Cumming; “The Importance of Research,” “Chemistry and Wireless,” J. K. Steel; “Helium,” Dr. J. A. Cranston ; “Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria,” Dr. D. Ellis; “Soap,” D. G. Brown. Sir Robert Bruce, the Editor of The Glasgow Herald, in a letter to the Secretary of the Local Section, has made the following comments:-“It gives me very great pleasure to say with what satisfaction I have published the articles you have been 187 instrumental in sending to me from time to time on matters con- nected, with chemistry.1 have ample proof that they have been greatly appreciated by a large section of our readers, and I should esteem it a very great favour if you could arrange to have them continued. I can quite understand the difficulty you have from time to time in arranging with writers, but may I hope that this expression of my appreciation will be a stimulus to you to carry on the good work? ” Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 1st April, at the Queen Hotel.Dr. Hodgson in the chair. The resignation of Mr. S. Robson from the Treasurership of the Section was accepted with regret, and a motion expressing appreciation of Mr. Robson’s invaluable services was carried unanimously. Mr. H. S. Foster was thereupon elected Treasurer, and Dr. L. G. Paul, representative on the Benevolent Fund Com- mittee,-both in place of Mr. Robson. The Section then discussed matters arising from the Liverpool Conference, and resolutions were passed :-I. “That this Section is in favour of some sort of academic dress for Fellows and Associates of the Institute.” 2. “That the provision of adequate facilities for students in training to spend some part of their vacations in gaining insight into works practice and technical operations is desirable but impracticable.” The Section also expressed agreement with the resolution passed by the London and South Eastern Counties Section urging the Council of the Institute to take steps to invite the co-operation of bodies concerned with the progress of the pro- fession and science of chemistry in order to ascertain the best means for co-ordinating the activities of the various organisations with the ultimate prospect of federation.Irish Free State Dublin.-A meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College on 11th April, Professor Adeney in the chair, when Mr. Poole-Wilson opened a discussion on “Problems affecting Irish Butter.” Mr. Poole-Wilson said that butter equal to any could be made in Ireland, but that perfect butter could not be produced in sufficient quantity. “Perfect ” butter as he used the term, was that which secured the highest price in the best markets; such butter, however, might not be equally 188 acceptable to all palates.He estimated that the annual loss to the Irish export trade, due to inferior butter, was about ;t1800,000. The complaint against Irish butter was its poor keeping quality, which was associated with lack of solidity or “texture.” A quick and easy test was required whereby a creamery manager could judge a milk; milk which was ap-parently clean might be bacterially unfit. The keeping quality of butter was largely determined by personal judgment, which was not reliable: a suitable test, if available, would overcome this difficulty.When butter is chilled the fats “firm up”; and butter well chilled in a refrigerating plant seldom gave rise to trouble. The content of stearin (hard fat) in butter may vary in different districts, with the result that different treatment might be followed in those districts. He emphasised the importance of cleanliness in all creamery work, and suggested, as a problem worthy of investigation, that the metal vats used in pasteurising might contaminate the milk and act catalytically in promoting chemical changes. Referring to the analytical standard of 24 for the Reichert- Wollny number, Mr. Poole-Wilson said that Irish export butter sometimes gave a value below that, but the butter might still be sound.The Chairman, with Messrs. Cole, Brownlee, Houston, Grimes, Sheeby, and Fagan, and Prof. Hackett, participated in the discussion which followed. Liverpool.-A report received from the Section sum-marises its proceedings during the past sessions. After recalling the success of the Conference of the Institute held in October last, and acknowledging the response of the Council and other members of the Institute on that occasion, the record shows clearly the growing influence of the section in fostering and maintaining the spirit of good fellowship among all concerned with chemistry in Liverpool and the North-Western District. Reciprocal relations have been established with the Man- Chester Section, by the attendance of the honorary secretaries at the meetings of both sections.The January meeting of the Liverpool Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr. S. P. Leigh, of the United Alkali Co., read a paper on ‘‘The Position of British Chemical Industry in Foreign Markets.” 189 At the February meeting, the resolutions of the October Con- ference were further considered and confirmed. The March meeting was held jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists, to discuss the desirability of forming a Chemists’ Club in Liver- pool, or possibly, a club not only for chemists, but for men of science generally. An Executive Committee was appointed to inquire into the question of premises; the discussion was con- tinued at the meetings in April and May, and the matter is being actively pursued.The Section will participate in an excursion to the Halkyn Mountain on 14th June, arranged by the associated learned societies of Liverpool and district. South Wales-The South Wales Section has recently suffered severe losses by the death of Mr. F. J. Bloomer, its Chairman, and of Mr. H. J. Bailey, who was also an active member. At a meeting held in February, Mr. Arthur Grounds pre- sented some notes on the selection of steam boilers for industrial purposes, with comments on their operation and control. In his paper, which was illustrated by blue-prints and photographs, he dealt with the relative merits and disadvantages of the various types of steam boilers in common use.A discussion ensued, and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the author. The General Meeting of the Section was held on the zrst March, when questions raised at the Liverpool Conference were discussed, and resolutions were passed for transmission to the Council. The Section was not generally in favour of the adoption of any distinctive dress for members of the Institute; but was in complete agreement with the suggestion that further facilities should be afforded for chemical students to obtain an insight into works practice, and suggested that members of the Institute, especially members of Local Sections and works authorities, should be urged to offer such opportunities whenever and wherever possible.The Section also discussed the further organisation of societies interested in chemistry, and adopted a resolution in favour of the principle of closer association between the various chemical societies, the first step towards which should be their accommodation in “ Chemistry House.” 190 Notes. " Sir William Dunn " School of Biochemistry, Cambridge,-On 9th May Earl Balfour, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, presided at the opening of the new University School of Biochemistry, which has been built, equipped and endowed with funds (in all EZIO,OOO) received from the Trustees under the will of the late Sir William Dunn, a banker and merchant, Alderman of the City of London, and for some time Member of Parliament for Paisley.The building, designed by Sir Edwin Cooper, affords accom- moda tion and facilities for a wide field of investigation. The work already in progress in the various departments deals with- Enzyme activities ; micro-methods of blood analysis ; animal pigments ; perfusion of organs ; biochemical defensive mechan- isms ;plant respiration ;plant pigments ;sugar metabolism in the potato ; chemistry of active muscle ; thyroid gland ; metabolism oZ bacteria; velocity of chemical reaction; effect of parasitism ; tissue oxidations ; human respiration ; respiration of small animals ; insulin ; fermentations ; micro-dissection of cells ; food-stuffs and vitamins ;and electrical deteimination of acidity.The presentation was made -by Sir Jeremiah Coleman, as representative of the trustees, who has himself endowed a library in the new school. Earl Ralfour, in receiving the gift on behalf of the University, expressed his gratification that the trustees had realised that one of the best possible means of alleviating human suffering was to establish the study of biochemistry in the University. The school would be not merely a place where ancient experiments were repeated, but a place where new knowledge would be created. If the school could have existed earlier, Prof. Hopkins and those who worked with him would have been enabled to do even more than they had already achieved for the great subject which they taught. Their work would be on the borderline between many recognised sciences. If they studied chemistry and organised life separately, they would undoubtedly arrive at many interesting truths, but truth would not be so clearly or effcctively elucidated as it would be by the method intended 191 to be adopted in this school, namely, by approaching chemical problems with biological considerations in view.The secrets of nature would remain hidden unless the physiologist approached his problems by using a combined knowledge of chemistry and biology. The trustees had recognised that if human suffering was to be alleviated on a grand scale, action must be based upon theories founded securely upon study and experiment, so that by the discovery of her secrets, nature could be induced to turn her forces to our benefit, instead of, as so often happened, to our destruction.If he might hazard a conjecture, he would suggest that if the causes of such a disease as cancer were to be dis- covered, it would be through the work of some student investi- gating the normal processes of the organism in some school of bio-chemical research, where a pure love of knowledge was used to penetrate the secrets of nature. The school under the leader- ship of such men as Prof. Hopkins would pursue knowledge in this way, and thus fulfil the wishes of the benefactor, to whom they owed its foundation. The Registrar attended the ceremony as representative of the Institute. Un ion International e.-A Sub-committee consisting of Mr.Francis H. Carr (convener), Dr. J. J. Fox, representing the Institute, and Mr. Edward Hinks, representing the Society of Public Analysts, with the Assistant Secretary of the Institute acting as Secretary, has formulated the Standards for Hydroch- loric Acid, Sodium Chloride and Zinc, to be submitted to the Union Internationale meeting in June, at Copenhagen. Unauthorised use of professional description,- The Institution of Civil Engineers has recently obtained a perpetual injunction against two persons, restraining them from the use of the words “Associate Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers,” after the name of one of them in connection with any profession or business carried on by them. 192 April Examinations, 1924.Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was : UNDERTHE CURRENTREGULATIONS. No. examzned. No. passed. For tk Associutmhip-At the Institute, 31st March to 5th April 24 10 For th Fellowship-At the Indian Institute of Science, Ban-galore (.February)-Branch D : Agricultural Chemistry 1 1 At the Institute, 7th to 11th April- Branch E: Chemistry of Foods and Drugs, and of Water 3 2 Branch H: General and Analytical Chemistry .. .. .. 1 1 UNDER REGULATIONS PRIOR TO MARCH,1920. For the Associateship- Branch (e): The Chemistry of Foods and Drugs and of Water . . -4 1-Total .. .. 33 16 The theoretical part of the examination was also held at University College, Nottingham, and at Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh.GENERALCHEMISTRY.-The work of the candidates in this examination was on the average poor. The theoretical organic paper was answered on the whole better than the inorganic. The quantitative inorganic work was distinctly weak, few of the candidates having experience of the determination of manganese, wherefor there was a tendency to work with abnormally large precipitates. The organic practical work was better, but many candidates were unable to detect relatively large amounts of impurities in the sample of benzene. 193 The Council have decided that three candidates may not present themselves for re-examination until 1925.BRANCH(e).-The work of the candidates for the Associate- ship in this branch was, on the whole, very poor, only one candidate satisfying the Board. A very much higher standard was expected and was attained by the candidates for the Fellowship. The work in the other branches for the Fellowship was well carried out. The candidate in 'Branch D, not being an Associate was required to pass also in the theoretical part of the Associateship examination. PASS LIST. The following candidates have passed the examination for the Associateship :-In Ueneral Chemistry. Balfour, Robert Paterson, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Gibby, Clifton William, University College, London. Green, Frank Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College.Harrison, Guy Warwick, B.Sc. (Lond.). Laing, Alexander George, B.Sc. (Edin.), Heriot-Watt College, Edin-burgh.McCarter, Geoffrey Lailey, Royal Technical Institute, Salford ; and .the Northern Polytechnic Institute, London. Milne, Leslie Burt, Sir John Cass Tech. Institute. Myers, Charles Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.), Huddersfield Technioal College.Philp, James Leith, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Wright, William Ewart, King's College, London. UNDER REGULATIONS PRIOR TO MARCH, 1920. In the Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water. Maplethorpe, Cyril Wheatley, School of the Pharmaceutical Society. The following candidates have passed the examination for the Fellowship:- In Branch D : Agricultural Chemistry.Viswanath, Bhagavatula. In Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. Norman George Marshall, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., F.I.C. Thin, Russell Gibson, B.Sc. (Edin.),A.I.C. In Branch W i General and Analytical Chrnistq. Hollingsworth, Clifford, A.I.C. 194 The following papers and exercises were set:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry, MONDAY, MARCH 31st, 1924: 10 a.m. LO 1 p.m. 1. What are the chief impurities you would expect to find in com- mercial samples of (a)sulphwic acid, (b)nitric acid, (c)iodine, (d)hydrogen, (e)ammonium chloride. Indicate the probable sources of such impurities and the best methods for their removal. 2. Compare the merits of the various methods used in the detection and estimation of arsenic.3. Define the terms monotropy and enantiotropy and give some account of the method employed in investigating these phenomena. 4. Give a brief historical review of ONE of the following: (1) Thermochemistry, or (2) The discovery of new elements since the introduction of the periodic classification. 5. EITHER(a) mention the principal minerals in which thorium occurs and describe how thoria may be obtained from them, OR@) Mention the chief ores of copper and state how may tho technically pure metal be won from them ? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Describe two methods employed for determining the constitution of complex organic compounds, illustrating your answer by reference to the alkaloids or the terpenes.2. Write a short account of EITHER (a) the aliphatic diazocompounds, OR (b) oxonium compounds, OR (c) triphenylmethane dyes. 3. Give an account of the preparation and uses of (a)dimethyl sulphate, (b) semicarbazide hydrochloride, (c) potamium phthalimide, (d) thionyl chloride. 4. Write a short essay on the manner in which the position taken UP by a group entering the benzene nucleus is influenced by substituents already present. 5. State how any three of the following may be quantitatively detemnined: (1)glucose, (2)aniline, (3) the methoxyl group, (4) the acetyl group, (5) formaldehyde. TUESDAY, APRIL lst, 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the amounts of manganese, ammonia, and sulphate in the solution (A) of maaganous sulphate and ammonium sulphate supplied, which contains approximately 5 grams of each salt in 100 ccm.Express your results in the number of grams of Mn, NH8 and SO, in 100 ccm. of the solution. (Thhexercise may te completed to-wow.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report on the nature of the substance supplied, (B) or (C). B= Sodizlm phosphmolybdate ; C=sodium phoqhotzcngstate.) 195 THURSDAY, APRIL 3rd) 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The mixture (D)contains a neutral, a basic and anacidic substance. Prepare pure specimens of each and form an estimate of the relative amounts of each present. If time permits, prepare characteristic deriva- tives of each of these components.(D=40 per cent. p-toluidine, 40 per cent. o-cresol, 20 per cent. naph-thaZene.) FRIDAY, APRIL 4th) 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Report on the nature of the substance (E). (Chloramine-T.) 2. Report on the quality of the benzene (F)supplied. (One per cent. CS, and 20 per cent. tohene.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch D.-Agricu Itural Chemistry. FIRST DAY : Morning (3 hours). 1. To what causes or conditions may “acidity” of soils be due? What is the difference between “titratable acidity” and “acidity” in the sense of hydrogen-ion concentration ? HOW is the latter expressed, and how may it be determined in the case of soil ? State what is meant by the “lime-requirement” of soil and describe a laboratory method for ascertaining it. 2.Give as full an account as time permits of your knowledge of the micro-biological population of the soil, indicating directions in which the study of the subject has been productive of practical results in agricultureand horticulture. FIRST DAY : Afternoon (3 hours), 1. Give some account of what is known of the effects on vegetationof compounds of potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, and boron. 2. Indicate briefly the general structure of proteins and give as full an account as you can of the various bodies produced by their hydro- lysis. 3. What are the functions of diastase, invertase, maltase and lipase, and where do these enzymes occur ? 4. Discuss the subject of the manuring of tea.SECOND DAY. 1. Determine the percentage of nitrogen and the percentage of potash in the sample of crude saltpetre (A). (If necessary the potash determination may be completed tomorrow.) 2. Examine as far as you can in the time avai1abld.e. to-day- and identify the white powder (B). (Lactose.) THIRD DAY. 1. Complete (if still unfinished) the potash determination in yeeter-2. Determine the sucrose and invert sugar in the feeding stuff (C) day’s sample of saltpetre. FOURTH DAY. 1. Determine the percentage of total phosphoric acid (P,06)in the mineral phosphate (D) . (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 2. The soil (E) contains an unusual mineral constituent. Idenfifyit and ascertain the approximate percentage.196 FIFTH DAY. 1. Complete your determination of phosphoric acid begun yesterday. 2. Examine microscopically the mixed meal (F)and identify all the constituents that you are able to recognise. Examination for the “Associateship and Fellowship. Branches (‘e) and E.-The Chemistry, including Microscopy of Foods and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, APRIL 7th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of the uses of the immersion refractometer and its advantages and disadvantages as compared with a refractometer of the Abbe type. 2. What is “proof spirit,” and what is the meaning of the term “obscuration ” in connection with spirits ? If the excise duty be g3.625 per proof gallon what duty would be payable on 100 gallons of a spirit whose strength is 65 per cent.over proof? Therapeutics, Pharmacology and M~CTOSCO~~. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 1. Discuss the nature of Ergot. Give a list of its official preparations mentioning the therapeutic and medicinal dose of each. 2. Describe the symptoms which are characteristic of poisoning by oxalic acid. State (with exact details) how you would determine the amount present in the stomach-contents from a case of death said to be due to this acid. 3. State with full details how you would employ the microscope for the identification of blood stains. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. From the three cultures of bacteria, A, B and C, prepare micro- scopic slides suitable for the identification of the species in each case.2. To the quinine powder D a small quantity of poisonous alkaloid 3. The grains of the starch E have an average diameter of 20p.haa been added. Identify the foreign alkaloid in question. Using these grains as a standard, estimate the average approximate diameter of the starches F, G and H. TUESDAY, APRIL 8th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the pure substance A. (Stearic acid.) 2. The tin of condensed milk B is submitted to you in pourcapacity &s a public analyst. Make an analysis and report. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow, but the complete scheme propo~ed must be written in your notebook TO-DAY.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the condensed milk.2. Determine the proportion of resin acids in the total acids of the sot3p c. * For candidates registered as students of the Institute prior to March, 1920. 197 THURSDAY, APRIL loth, 1924: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Ascertain the proportion and constituents of the raising ingredient of the bun flour D. 2. Examine and, if possible, identify microscopically the vegetable Powder E, making drawings and naming the various characteristic struc- tures observed. (Cannabis indica.) 3. Examine and identify microscopically the powder F. (agar agar.) PRIDAY, APRIL llth, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of moisture in the loaf of bread G. 2. Examine the specimen of egg yolk H, and report on its suitability for baking purposes.3. A sample of milk submitted under the Food and Drugs Acts was found by analysis to contain the following constituents :-Milk fat 9.80 per cent. Solids not fat 8.02 ,,Boric Acid 0.03 ,, Write out an official certificate in the form in which you would give it. SATURDAY, APRIL 12th, 1924: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Write a brief account of the aliphatic alcohols and ketones, describing their methods of synthesis and general reactions. Name an analytical method depending upon the conversion of: (a) an alcohol into an aldehyde, (b) an alcohol into an acid, stating how the transformation is effected. 2. Describe a process for the determination of methoxy groups in organic compounds. Mention particular cases where the process is of service.3. Discuss &he advantages and disadvantages of the preservation of foods by tinning. 4. Describe the tests you would apply to a sewage effluent to ascertain whether or not it complies with the Royal Commission standard for an effluent fit for discharge into a stream. Fellowship only. 5. What classes of milk were established by the Milk (Special Designa- tions) Order, 1922 ? Give an outline of the bacteriological examination of milk that has to be conducted under this order. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch H.-General and Analytical Chemistry, MONDAY, APRIL 7th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the application of nephelometric and colorimetric methods to the estimation of minute quantities of various substances, indicating the main sources of error and the accuracy attainable.2. Describe with sketches, forms of gas apparatus suitable for: (a) Analysis of flue gas, determining carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and methane. Accuracy required 0.01% . (b) The complete analysis of coal gas. Accuracy 0.2% in (c) The complete andysis of coal gas. Maximum accuracy; mmmum time. time spent on analysis secondary to accuracy. 3. Give examples of the application of physical methods to chemical analysis. 198 Give examples where the advantage of the physical method lies in (u)higher accuracy, or (b) higher speed of operation. 4. Sketch a method for the complete analysis of a sarhple of fluorspar. 5. Give a full account of the uses of hydrogen sulphide as an analyti- cal reagent, dealing especially with its use in the quantitative separation of metals from one another, and showing clearly the physical and chemical principles on which the reactions involved in its uses depend.6. Describe the various ways in which the reaction between iodine and sodium thiosulphate can be applied in volumetric analysis. TUESDAY, 8th April, 1924-FRIDAY, 11th APRIL, 1924, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. (A) is a sample of softened boiler feed water. (B) some water from the boiler. This water is supposed to have been the cause of pitting in the boiler, also corrosion and leakage of brass and gun metal taps. Make analyses of (A) and (B) sufficient to indicate the cause of the troubles in the boiler, and draw up a report showing the best methods of handling this problem, bearing in mind that (1) no trained chemist is available on the works, and (2) the water supply is derived from two sources and is liable to variation.(One of the waters contains some sodium bicarbonate). 2. C is a sample of tar. Examine it from the point of view of the Road Board’s Specification for tar used for tarring roads, and report. 3. Determine the chromium, tungsten and vanadium in the high speed tool steel. 4. Make a complete analysis of the sample of magnesite (E). Report on its suitability for making magnesite flooring and for magnesite brick making. 5. The sample of pain$ (F)is supplied as a genuine red oxide paint, mixed with genuine boiled linseed oil and turpentine.Ascertain by analysis whether or not it conforms to this specification. 6. Examine and report on the sample of motor spirit (G), giving an opinion on its suitability for use in commercial motor vehicles. Candidates for the Associateship were required to translate short passages from Chimie et Industrie and the Berichfe. The following examinations were held at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, from 5th to 9th May inclusive. One candidate passed the Examination for the Fellowship :-Joseph Hughes Williams, B.Sc. (Lond.). One candidate for the Associateship did not satisfy the Board. Examination for the Associateship Branch (b).-Metal Iurgy. . MONDAY, MAY 5th, 1924: 10a.m. to 1p.m.Six questions to be answered, credit will only be given for the first five answers unless No. 7 is attempted.] 1. How would you take a sample of the following materials:- (a) A cargo of 500 tons of iron ore, while unloading? (b) Ten tons of spelter? (c) Fifty pigs of rich argentiferous lead? 2. Give an account of the method you would adopt for the rapid 199 determination of iron, copper and nickel in a sample of matte. 3. Outline the various methods available for the determination of Total Carbon in iron and steel, indicating the conditions under which each is specially suitable. 4. Describe briefly the methods you would use for the dehwmination of (a)the chief constituents of a producer gas as a control of the running of the producer; (b) the sulphur dioxide in the flue from a battery of roasting furnaces.5. A 50 ton lot of gold ore is sent to you in order that the best form of treatment may be determined. State the preliminary tests you would make and outline a scheme for treating the whole parcel. 6. Describe fully the apparatus you would require for obtaining the cooling curve of a copper-tin alloy. How would you calibrate your instrument ? 7. What happens when a metal is (a) ground, (b) polished, and (c) etched for microscopic examination ? Illustrate your answer with sketohes. 8. Describe the constitutional diagram of the iron-carbon alloys, with special reference to the steel portion of the diagram. TUESDAY, MAY 6th, 1924: 10a.m.to 5p.m. Identify the constituents of the alloy and accurately determine them. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessay.) WEDNESDAY, MAY 7th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the silver and gold in the sample of telluride ore. THURSDAY, MAY 8th, 1924: 10a.m. to 5p.m. Make a complete analysis of the sample of dolomite. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) FRIDAY, MAY gth, 1924: 10a.m. to 5p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Prepare the given sample of steel for examination under the microscope, sketch and report. on its structure, especially in connection with the heat treatment it has recently received. Examination for the Fellowship Branch (a).-Inorganic Chemistry, Section tl., Metallurgy.MONDAY, MAY 5th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Six questions to be answered, of which No. 7 is compulsory.] 1. How would you sample:- (a) A cargo of 1000 tons of coal, while unloading? (b) Five ingots of bullion obtained from the zinc box precipitate of a cyanide plant? (c) The slag from a blast furnace producing “coarse matte”? 2. In connection with the pyritic smelting of copper ores it has been stated that “The furnace chooses its own slag.” Explain fully what haa given rise to this statement and what it means. 200 3. Give an account of the advantages gained by the use of gaseousfuel in metallurgical operations. Why is steam introduced with the air in gas producers? 4.How would you determine the fixed carbon and total sulphur in a coal ? Two grams of a coal burnt in a Thompson calorimeter raise the temperature of 2000 grams of water 9” F. Calculate the heating value of the coal (a) In calories per gram. (b) In evaporative units. 5. Give an account of a good process for the electro-refining of nickel. 6. Give an account of the difficulties inherent in the accurate determination of sulphur in pig-iron and steel, and indicate how far these difficulties are met by the methods commonly used. 7. Describe an arrangement whereby you would propose to investi- gate the “critical points” of an alloy between 1000”C. and 500” C., in a case where the magnitudes of the thermal evolutions are small.How would you plot the results obtained? 8. Enumerate the various methods available to render evident the structure of metals and alloys, and discuss the advantages of each. 2 to 5p.m. [Six questions to be answered-three from each part.] PARTI. 1. Give an account of tb different methods by which atomic weights are determined, distinguishing between those which enable us to fix upon one of several related numbers, and those which enable us to decide accurately the exact value of the number so fixed upon. Illustrate your answer by reference to some one element. 2. Discuss fully the chemical and physical conditions which make it possible to determine certain substances by precipitation of one or other of their compounds.Ifwhen solutions of two compounds are mixed no precipitation occurs, what other criteria have we to indicate whether or not chemical action between the substances has taken place? 3. Give some account of “Radio-activity.” In what way has the discovery of radio-active substances modified our ideas of the structure of atoms 1 4. What is meant by “The Periodic Law”? In what ways has the conception expressed by it led to the discovery of new elements? PART11. 5. Describe the preparation and characters of the compounds of hydrogen with nitrogen, with sulphur, and with one or other of the metal of the alkalis or alkaline earths. What processes are used (details are not required) for the preparation of hydrogen on an industrial scale ? 6. Give a clear account of the methods you would use for the quanti- 7.Give an account of the compounds of manganese, seying:-how tative analysis of an alloy containing tin, antimony, copper, lead, bismuth and zinc. 201 they are prepared, and from what sources; what are the important proper-ties of each, and in what way the uses of each, in chemistry, in industry, or in the arts, are dependent upon its properties. 8. Compare, in regard to their oxidising properties, sodium peroxide,hydrogen peroxide, ammonium persulphate, nitric mid, bromine water, and potassium chlorate and hydrochloric acid, stating the circumstances under which you would prefer to use one or the other. TUESDAY, MAY 6th, 1924: 10a.m. to 5p.m. Identify and determine the chief constituents of the zinc ore.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) WEDNESDA Y, MAY 7th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the percentages of nickel and chromium in the sample of steel. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) THURSDAY, MAY 8th, 1924: 10a.m. to 5p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the percentages of copper, silicon and iron in the sample of commercial aluminium. (This exercise rnay be completed to-morrow if necessary.) FRIDAY, MAY 9th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Submit the given copper-zinc alloy to a complete examination under the microscope, report on its structure, and state for what purposea the alloy would be suitable.202 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). The Association met at the Institute on 10th April, the Registrar in the chair. A number of informal debates took place, Every member present participated and, as an exercise in impromptu discussion, the meeting was highly successful. The Annual General Meeting of the Association was held on sand May, when Prof. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., was elected President, and the Committee was elected as follows :-Bettersea Polytechnic Birkbeck College .. . . .. .. .. .. .. P. H. PRIOR. H. A. EDGERTON. Chelsea Polytechnic .. .. .. D. M. FREELAND. East London College .. .. .. F. A.WILLIAMS. Finsbury Technical College . . Sir John Cesa Technical Institute .. .. W. THOMAS. G. G. PULLEN. University College .. .. .. .. C. F. TUMBER. (The other officers of the Association will be elected at the first Committee Meeting, in accordance with the rules). The Hon. Treasurer reported upon the arrangements for the visit to the British Empire Exhibition. He anticipated that between three and four hundred students would be taking part in the visit, and that very nearly two hundred students from outside London would avail themselves of the facilities provided by the Association. After a short interval for light refreshments, Sir Herbert Jackson, the retiring President, gave an interesting informal talk on “The Future of Chemistry.’’ 203 Obituary.JOHN GALL died at Eltham Park on 27th March in BEACONSFIELD his 43rd year. He studied chemistry at the City and Guilds Central Technical College, obtaining the diplomas of the College in 1900, and shortly after became private assistant to Dr. J. W. Eyre at Charing Cross Hospital Medical School. He then worked for 15 months with Mr. Bertram Blount, and for 18 months with Dr. Ludwig Mond, in his private laboratory, before he was appointed works chemist to Messrs. Callendars Cable and Construction Co., Ltd., at Belvedere, with whom he remained until his death. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1901, and was elected a Fellow in 1905. HAROLDJAMESBAILEY died on 16th April at Cardiff in his 45th year.The son of the Rev. John Bailey, of Sheffield, he was educated at Wesley College and University College, Sheffield. He passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in 1900, and acted as assistant to Mr. Treharne, analytical chemist, of Cardiff, for about two years, before he joined the staff of the Great Western Colliery Company, Pontypridd, for whom he travelled for some time in Germany in order to study methods of operation and control of by-product plant. At the time of his passing the Find Examination of the Institute he was chemist to the company, and manager of the Maritime Coke Ovens. In 1910 he joined the staff of the Local Government Board as Inspector under the Alkali, etc., Works Regulation Act, in which post he continued until his death.He was first appointed to the Manchester area, but on the outbreak of war he was loaned to the acid and fertiliser branch of the Ministry of Munitions, Department of Explosives Supply. In recognition of his services in that connection, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. In 1919, on his return to his normal appoint,ment, he was transferred to Cardiff, as Inspector in charge of the district comprising Wales and Ireland until the Irish SettJement was reached, when he took over part of the Yorkehire area, at the same time retaining Wales. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909, and was an active member of the South Wales Section. 204 Books and their Contents. [“Books which have been presented by the authors or pub- lishers, or purchased, and which are in the Library of the In- stitute.] “Acids and Alkalis, The Manufacture of.” G.Lunge. Revised and re-written under the editorship of A. C. Cumming. Vol. 11.: Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid (Chamber Process). W. Wyld. Pp. xii. +4q. Vol. 111.: Concentration of Sulphuric Acid. J. W. Parkes. xii. +394. (London: Gurney & Jackson.) 31s. 6d. per volume. “Analytical Chemistry.” F. P. Treadwell. Vol. 11.: Quantita-tive Analysis. 6th English edition. Pp. xiii. -1-811.(London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. *“Applied Chemistry, A Dictionary of .J’ Sir Edward Thorpe. Vol. V.: Oxygen to Rye. Pp. viii. $722. (London: Long- mans Green & Co.) 60s. *“ Chemical Encyclopzedia.” C.T. Kingzett. 3rd edition. Pp. x.+606. (London: Baillike, Tindall & Cox.) 30s. *Chemical Industry Pamphlets. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 6d. each. “Chemists and their Work.” S. Miall. “The Quest for Colour.” A. T. de Mouilpied. “Wood Products.” T. W. Jones. “The Fermentation Industries.” Rex Furness. “Fine Chemicals.” T. W. Jones. “The Heavy Chemical Industry.” Rex Furness. “Chemistry in the Manufacture of Pigments, Paints and Varnishes.” C. A. Klein. “Food Stuffs.” G. W. Monier-Williams. 205 *“Chemicals.” Resources of the Empire Series. A. W. Ashe and H. G. T. Boorman. Pp. xxvi. $235. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 21s. Grouping of products and geographical arrangement ;summarised con- clusions. *“ Complex Salts.” Manuals of Pure and Applied Chemistry.W. Thomas. Pp. xi.+122. (Edinburgh: Blackie & Son.) 10s. Valency and the co-ordination theory; methods of detecting the forma- tion of complex salts; types of inorganic complex salts; special arrange- ments and isomerism ; optical activity ; resolution ; compounds with co-ordination number 4 ;application to analysis. *“Gases, The Specific Heats of.” J. R. Partington and W. G. Shilling. Pp. 252. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 30s. Effect of temperature on the specific heats of gases ; effect of pressure heat of formation; Nernst theorem, steam, dissociating gas ;applica-tion of specific heats to internal combustion engines, furnaces, gasproducers, refrigerators; theory of the specific heats of gases.*“Lime and Magnesia.” N. V. S. Knibbs. Pp. 306. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 30s. Part I.: Chemical-The physical and chemical properties of lime and magnesia; the properties of dolomite and magnesian limestone; lime and magnesia burning and hydration; analysis and testing. Part 11.: Manufacture. Part 111.: Uses. “Low Temperature Carbonisation.” C. H. Lander and R. F. McKay. Pp. 275. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 35s. Aims; classification and testing of coals; effect of heat upon coal; methods of heating; effects of steam and gaseous pressure; products; processes ; difficulties encountered. *“Oils, Fats, Waxes and Resins.” E. R. Bolton and R. G. Pelly. Resources of the Empire Series. Pp. xx. +291.(London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 21s. Production and trade of the British Empire ; development of Imperial resources of oilseeds and oils; mineral lubricating oils; institutions in the British Empire from which information relating to raw materials may be obtained. *“ Oils, Fats and Waxes, Chemical Technology and Analysis of.” J. Lewkowitsch; edited by G. H. Warburton. 6th edition. 3 vols. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) Vol. I.: Pp. xviii. +684. 18s. Vol. 11.: Pp. xii. +963. 42s. Vol. 111.: Pp. viii. +so& 36s. 206 *“ Rarer Elements, The Chemistry of the.” B. Smith Hopkiiis. Pp. Vii. +376. (London: G. Harrap & Co., Ltd.) 15s. The zero group; lithium, rubidium, caesium; radium, radioactivity, mesothorium; beryllium; the rare earths; the platinum metals.“Synthesis, Chemical.” Manuals of Pure and Applied Chemistry. H. Hepworth. Pp. xiv. +243. (Edinburgh: Blackie & Son.) 20s. The photo-synthesis of plant products ; chlorophyll; carbohydrates ; animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes;’terpenes; amino acids; simple organic bases ;pyrimidine and purine bases ;alkaloids. “Textile Fibres, The.” J. M. Matthews. 4th edition. Pp. xviii. +1053. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 50s. *“Welsh Plant Breeding Station,’’ University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Series H (1920-23) : Seasonal Productivity of Herbage Grasses. R. G. Stapledon; The Nutritive Value of Grasses as shown by their Chemical Composition. T. W. Fagan and H. Trefor Jones ; Productivity of Different Strains and Nationalities of Red Clover.R. D. Williams; A Note on Subterranean Clover. R. D. Williams and W. Davies; Grassland and the Grazing Animal. R. G. Stapledon, T. W. Fagan, and R. D. Williams. Pp. 168. (Shrewsbury: W. B. Walker.) 12s. 6d. 207 The Register. At the meetings of Council held in April and May, 4 new Fellows have been elected; 11 Associates have been elected to the Fellowship; 55 new Associates have been elected, and 30 Students have been admitted. The Institute has lost 6 Fellows by death. New Fellows. Holmyard, Eric John, M.A. (Cantab.), Clifton College, Bristol. Warnes, Arthur Robert, 37a, Queens Road, Richmond, Shrrey. New Fellows (by Examination). Viswanath, Bhagavatula, Lawley Road Post Office, Coimbatore, Southern India.Williams, Joseph Hughes, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Salt Avenue, Stafford. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bearder, Ernest Arthur, B.Sc. (Wales), Stonegate, Highfield, Sale, Cheshire. Caunce, Albert Edward, M.Sc. (Liv.), Battersea Polytechnic, London, s.w.ll. Griffiths, William Thomas, M.Sc. (Wales), A.Inst.P., Research Department, Woolwich, London, S.E.18. Hodgkin, Adrian Eliot, c/o Messrs. Brunner, Mond & Co., Ltd., Northwich, Cheshire. Mann, Frederick George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), University Chemical Laboratories, Pembroke Street, Cambridge. Marsden, Arthur, Hazelmere, Belvoir Road, St. Andrew’s Park, Bristol McArthur, Donald Neil, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Glas.), 28, Grafton Street, Glasgow.O’Brien, Arthur Matthew, National Oil Refineries, Skewen, Swansea. Taberner, Edwin, M.Sc. (Manc.), Cape Explosives Works, Ltd., P.O. Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, Cape Province, South Africa. Associates elected to the Fellowship (by Examination). Hollingsworth, Clifford, c/o The Shell Mex Laboratory, 16, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.2. Thin, Russell Gibson, B.Sc. (Edin.), 42, Fountainhall Road, Edinburgh. New Associates. Allan, James, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrew’s), 4, Ducie Street, Whitworth Park, Mrtnchester. Backeberg, Otto Guido, B.Sc. (South Africa), B.A. (Oxon), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Baker, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Union Street, Barnet, Herts. Bell, Herbert Henry, B.Sc. (Glas.), Seagleam, Lmdowne Rod, Ayr,Scotland.208 Carpenter, Frederick William, B.A. (Cantab.), 19, Margaret Street, Northampton.Cohen, Isaac, B.Sc. (Lond.), 133, Mile End Road, London, E.l. Davidson, George, B.Sc. (Glas.), 41, Katharine Drive, S. Govan, Glasgow. Davies, Benjamin Lionel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Knights Perk, Kingston-on- Thames. Edwards, Percival Rowland, B.Sc. (Bris.), Rodway View, Staple Hill, Bristol. Ellis, Wilfrid Evans, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 150, Elsenham Street, Southfields, London, S.W.18. English, Edward Francis, M.Sc. (S.A.), M.S. (Mass.), c/o Standard Bank of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa. Fisk, Phillip Marcus, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., D.I.C., 92, Aldborough Road, Seven Kings, Ilford. Harman, Roy William, M.Sc.(N.Z.), Netherend, Woodcroft Avenue, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7. Harper, Hugh, B.Sc. (Edin.), c/o The Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Abadan, via Mohammerah, Persian Gulf. Isaacs, Miss Nebtie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Heathland Road, London, N.16. Jamieson, Archibald Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 16, Glebe Crescent, Renfrew, Scotland. Joyce, Percy Erasmus, B.Sc. (Lond.), 54, Carlyle Road, Manor Park, London, E.12. Kapur, Shankar Nath, B.Sc. (Punjab), Ph.D. (GWtingen), c/o Elektro-chemische Werke, Bitterfeld, Germany. Kay, Henry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Alexandra Road, Newland, Hull. King, Cecil Edward Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Susans Road, Eastbourne. Kloss, Cyril Augustus, B.Sc. (Lond.), Crown Cottage, Clayton Road, Hayes, Middlesex. Laban, Norman Roscoe, B.Sc.(Birm.), 2 Weatheroak Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham. Le Fevre, Frederick Lucas, B.Sc. (Leeds), 12, Parkfield Road, Bradford. Macmaster, Alexander, B.Sc. (Leeds), 2, Hall Grove, Hyde Park, Leeds. McKie, Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Dartmouth Park Hill, London, N.W.5. Mittra, Narendra Nath, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Chemical Laboratory, E. I. Railway, Allahabad, India. Moore, Quintin, Jr., B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Loirette, Wedderlea Drive, Cardonald, Glasgow. Mott, Ernest Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Bateson Street, Plumstead, London, S.E.18. Osmond, Donald Arthur, B.Sc. (Bris.), 13, Southside, Weston-super-Mare. Parker, Norman Frederick, B.A. (Cantab.), 45, Sellons Avenue, Harlesden, London, N.W.lO. Peyton, Stanley Victor, B.Sc.(Lond.), 43, St. Georges Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey. Phillips, Frank Bertram, B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Airedale Avenue, Chiswick, London, W.4. Phillips, Leslie Nicholas, A.C.G.F.C., Broad View, Meopham, Kent. Reader, Miss Vera Birdie, M.Sc. (N.Z.), College Hall, Byng Place, London, w.c.1. Rowbottom, Sidney, A.M.C.T., 105, Forester Street, Staleybridge,Cheshire. Shaw, Thomas William Alan, M.Sc. (Liv.), Societe Anonyme L’Hydroxyl, 213, Quai Aulagnier, Asnihes, Paris, France. St. Johnston, James Hallewell, B.A. (Cantab.), 101, Scalpcliffe Road, Burton-on-Trent. Thomson, Archibald, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 7, Lochlea Road, Newlands, Glasgow. 209 Train, George Hunter, B.Sc. (Glas.), 34, Milton Crescent, Carluke, Scotland. Whitley, William Harold, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 5, Alexandra Road, Epsom.Wood, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Hyde Park Terrace, Walcott Street, Hessle Road, Hull. Wylam, Birkett, M.Sc. (Dun.), 44, Regent Street, Lancaster. New Associates (by Examination). Balfour, Robert Patterson, 4, Forbes Terrace, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Barnett, John, 111, Kingsley Avenue, West Ealing, London, W.13. Bubb, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Albion Road, Twickenham, Middlesex. Child, Reginald, Pond Croft, Yateley, Camberley. Green, Frank Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Botha Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. Harrison, Guy Warwick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 375, Baker Street, Alvaston, Derby. Laing, Alexander George, B.Sc. (Edin.), 30, Murrayfield Avenue, Edinburgh Maplethorpe, Cyril Wheatley, 47, Torrington Square, London, W.C.1. McCarter, Geoffrey Lailey, 34, Milford Road, Gt. Lever, Bolton, Lancs. Milne, Leslie Burt, 27, Warren Road, Wanstead, London, E.ll. Myers, Charles Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Gables, Mount, Outlane, Huddersfield. Philp, James Leith, 4, Victoria Gardens, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Wright, William Ewart, 54, Ash Street, Southport, Lancs. New Students. Bishop, George Horace, 116, Golden Hillock Road, Small Heath, Birming- ham. Bogg, Frank Rowson, 10, Gordon Place, Withington, Manchester. Christian, John Bell, 378, Morningside Road, Edinburgh. Crosby, George, 30, St. Bernard’s Road, East Ham, London, E.6. Drury, Miss Florence Ethel, Burgage, Southwell, Nottingham. Edwards, David Charles, Buckingham House, North Parade, Aberystwyth. Evans, Cyril Harry, 61, Markham Avenue, Potternewton, Leeds.Fife, James George, 24, Ashbridge Road, Leytonstone, London, E.ll. Gaythwaite, Wilson Robinson, 605, Wandsworth Road, Clapham, London, S.W.8. Geary, John Stanley, 7, East Park Avenue, Hull. Haigh, Joe, 2, Greenock Terrace, Armley, Leeds. Hramid, Mohammed Abdul, The Ramsay Research Laboratories, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Hill, Frank Rowland, 122, Church Lane, London, S.W.17. Hodson, William Brook, 40, Park Avenue, Wood Green, London, N.22. Holland, Leslie Charles, 69, Stapleton Road, Bristol. Huggett, Walter Edward, 80, Brampton Road, East Ham, London, E.6. James, Alfred Clive, West Lodge, Herontye, East Grinstead. Martin, William Allan, Kloof, Natal, South Africa.Mathews, Norman Leslie, B.Sc. (Manc.), 101, Douglas Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Metcalf, Howard, 144, Wentworth Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Palmer, Frank William, Old Rectory Road, Alvechurch, Birmingham. Park, Miss Caroline Alice Rachel, Glendermott Manse, Drumahoe, London- derry.Richards, Colbert Eric, 16, Dollis Hill Avenue, London, N.W.2. 210 Richardson, Norman Arthur, 3, Graham Road, Wealdstone, Harrow, Middlesex. Riggott, Sydney Carton, 2, Molineux Street, Derby. Ritter, Harold William, 93, Culverley Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Smith, Walter Lewis Lee, c/o Mrs. Pinder, 40,Arragon Gardens, Streatham High Road, London, S.W.16. Tumber, Clifford Frederic, 98, Elliscombe Road, Charlton, London, S.E.7.Wakeford, Bernard Dudley, Ashley Lodge, Esher, Surrey. Waller, Arthur William, 13, Evered Avenue, Walton, Liverpool. DEATHS. Fellows. Harold James Bailey, O.B.E. Chichester Alexander Bell. John Beaconsfield Gall, A.C.G I. Douglas Herman. William Ray. Alexander Edwin Tucker. CHANGES OF NAMES. Agnes Browne, Associate, to JACKMAN-on her marriage to Mr. D. N. Jackman, A.I.C. Jacob Krizewsky, Associate, to Jacob KAYE-by Deed Poll. Nathalie Rosenblum, Associate, to SMITH-On her marriage. Phyllis M. Tookey, Associate, to KERRIDGE-on her marriage. 21 1 General Notices. Examinations.--The next examinations for the Associate- ship and Fellowship of the Institute will be held during the weeks commencing 15th and 22nd September, 1924.Candi-dates desirous of presenting themselves are notified that the list of entries will be closed on Monday, 2Ist July. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to June 1921, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that thcir applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months, Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis foi a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar, 212 The Library.--The Library of the Institute is open for the use of I;cllow, ,Issociatea and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and I P.M.), except when examinations are being held. The Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M.to 9 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present ye?' to use the Library of the Chemical Society for rcference purposes, but not to borrow books. Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and lCegistered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z., to bindvolurnes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms :--Buckrain case, lettered complete, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd. ;postage and packing, 9d.;in all, 4s. t3d. History of the Institute, 1 887-191 4.--Anymemberwho is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or horn the Institute direct, on application to the Registrar .

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9244800175

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1924. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C. 1. August, 1924. Publications Committee, 1924=25 T. SLATER PRICE (Chatrman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D, CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). ANDREW MORE, L. G. PAUL, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 215 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-JULY, 1924. Death of Two Past-Presidents.-The Council record with deep regret the death of Sir James Johnstone Dobbie, who rendered the Institute service as a Member of Council from 1903to 1906 and from 1910 to 1913,as a Vice-president from 1914to 1915and from 1918to 1921,as a Censor from 1915 to 1922,and as President during the years 1915 to 1918.The Institute was represented at the funeral by Dr. Lauder, the Chairman of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section. Since the last meeting of the Council news has been received of the death of Sir George Thomas Beilby, who gave service to the Institute as a Member of Council from 1899 to 1902,as a Vice-president from 1902 to 1905,and from 1912to 1915;as a Censor from 1909 to 1919;and as President from 1909 to 1912. The Institute was represented at the funeral by Sir Herbert Jackson, Past-President. Conference.-The Council, having received replies from the Local Sections on the subject of the proposed Conference, found no general desire that a Conference should be arranged this year.The Council, however, authorised the Registrar to inform Local Sections that, in the event of any party of members desiring to visit the British Empire Exhibition, the Officers of the Institute would do what they could to facilitate such arrangements. Further, Local Sections were informed of the arrangements made by the London Students’ Association for the visit to Wembley, which took place on the 15th July, and a number of members joined the Association on that occasion.Patent Office Proced ure.-The Council have conveyed their thanks to Mr. Horatio Ballantyne for representing the Institute in connection with the deputation of professional and technical societies to the Comptroller General of Patents relative to the practice followed in the Patent Office under section 93 of the Patents Act. Further information with regard to the deputa-tion, to which a brief reference was made in Part 111. of the 216 Journal and Proceedings (page 183), has now beeh received from Captain Rial1 Sankey, Chairman of the Engineering Joint Council. The views of the deputation were submitted by Mr. J. White-head, K.C., representing those who practise at the Bar in patent matters, and by Sir Dugald Clerk, Honorary Adviser to the Engineering Joint Council.The Comptroller, in the course of his remarks, made reference to recent proposals emanating from the League of Nations for providing some means whereby protection could be afforded for scientific discoveries. It is understood that if any developments in this direction are likely to take place the subject will be brought forward for full discussion by all who may be concerned. The Comptroller expressed the view that there were cases of hardship in respect of certain discoveries for which protection could not at present be obtained, but, on the other hand, the effect which protection, if obtainable for such intangible matters, might have on industry in general would call for careful in- ves tigation.Mr. Whitehead having made certain suggestions, the Comp- troller intimated that steps would be, and in fact had already been, taken to ensure that objections to patent applications under section 93 would not be raised lightly and without full consideration, certain guiding principles being laid down for the instruction of examiners. The members of the deputation gained the impression that their primary object in seeking the interview had been attained, and that a modification had become apparent in the attitude. during the past few months, of the exminers in the Patent Office, when questions touching section 93 of the Act have been or might have been raised. Captain Sankey added that all concerned in the matter were greatly indebted to Mr.Whitehead for his valuable assistance and advice. Union of South Africa.-Steps are being taken by a number of members in the Cape Province with a view to the formation of a section in the Union of South Africa. It is not suggested that the proposed section should in any way usurp the functions of the South African Chemical Institute, but that some organisation should exist to represent the views of the members of the home Institute who are resident in the Union. 217 Since a sufficient number of members in Cape Town and Rhodesia have requested the formation of a section, the Council have given their sanction to this proposal with the reservation that the title of the section should be subject to special considera- tion when its draft rules have been prepared.The need for such organisation has been illustrated by recent events. In connection with a Medical and Pharmacy Bill, which has been before the South African Parliament, professional chemists in South Africa noted with satisfaction the adoption of the distinctive term ‘(pharmacist ” in the place of (‘chemist and druggist ” ; but a Select Committee, to which the Bill, as drafted by Government, was subsequently referred, reverted to the original form. A petition has therefore been addressed to the Minister of Public Health, Pretoria, by those practising the profession of chemistry within the Union, asking that in any Pharmacy Bill which may be brought before Parliament in future the terminology of the original draft bill should be retained.The petition rehearses the usual arguments in favour of making a distinction between the terms applied to the two callings- chemistry and pharmacy-showing that in the Dutch, German and French languages a clear distinction is made between the members of the two professions, and pointing out that even the Dutch version of the Bill introduced by the Government still invariably styles the pharmacist as “apoteker,” while the Dutch designation of a chemist is “scheikundige.” The Textile Institute.-The Council have had under consideration the Petition and Draft Charter of the Textile Institute, which had been brought to their notice by the Privy Council. Having reviewed the objects of the Textile Institute, as stated in the Petition and Draft Charter, the Council suggested, and the Textile Institute concurred, that the following proviso be inserted in the Charter after the recital of the objects of that Institute :-“ But such objects shall not comprise, nor shall this our Charter be taken, as conferring upon the Institute any power or right to prescribe courses of study or to hold examinations whereby qualificztions or authority to practise or to use any distinctive title can or may be conferred in respect of the practice as such of consulting analytical or technical chemists (such as textile chemists) or of teachers of chemistry.” 218 The Regulations for Admission to the Associateship -In the consideration of applications for admission to the Associateship the Council must have regard to the regulation requiring a fow years’ systematic day course of study at a recognised university or college, or a three years’ such course followed by one year’s approved experience.In many cases the candidates have passed a university inter- mediate examination from school, and are thereby admitted by the university authorities to the second year of the course. If successful in passing an internal degree examination, they will be required to complete satisfactory attendance at the university for a subsequent year before the degree is conferred. In some cases candidates have received scholarships limited to three years, and have in that period graduated in the class of honours which, had they followed a four years’ systematic course, would have entitled them to apply for admission to the Associateship.The Council feel that, in view of the importance which must be attached to adequate practical instruction in chemistry and collateral sciences, of which there can’ be no guarantee if any part of the university course be taken at school, they are obliged to adhere to the regulations. In consequence, such candidates must complete a further year in research or other training approved by the Council before they are eligible for consideration for admission to the Associateship, either with or without examination. External Degrees.-If a candidate has obtained an external degree, with first or second class honours in chemistry, but has not been studying for three years at a recognised college, he must comply with the regulations for admission to the Associateship examination by taking a further year’s course at a recognised college, or by obtaining two years’ subsequent approved pro- fessional experience under a Fellow or in a works approved by the Council.The New Regulations of London University.-Thecouncil have had under consideration the new regulations (to come into force in 1926) for the internal and external degrees of London University, which provide that : I. The B.Sc. degree (general) will be awarded to candidates who pass the Final Examination in three subjects. Suc-cessful candidates will receive First Class Honours, Second Class Honours or a pass Degree.219 2. The B.Sc. Degree (Special) will be awarded to candidates who pass in a principal subject and in a subsidiary subject. Successful candidates will receive First Class Honours , Second Class Honours or a pass Degree. 3. A candidate who has obtained a degree under one of the two alternatives will be allowed to present himself for examination for a Degree under the other alternative after a further year’s interval. The Council have decided that the degree with first or second class honours taken with chemistry as principal subject, in accordance with paragraph 2, shall be recognised under the Institute’s Regulations, Clause IVa. (i) on page 13,but that the degree under paragraph I cannot be so recognised, since it is not a degree in the Honours School of Chemistry.Recognised Colleges.-The Council have from time to time been asked to consider applications for the inclusion on the list of recognised colleges of institutions which have proved not to conform to the necessarily high standard of staffing and equipment required from colleges which receive the im@imatur of the Institute. It has frequently been argued that such institutions are the only ones available in their particular localities for the part-time training of students engaged in local chemical industry during the day. In order to meet the require- ments of such students the regulations with regard to admission to the examination for the Associateship have been amended to permit the entry to the examination of candidates who, having complied in other respects with the regulations, have attained the age of 25 years and have been engaged in the study and practice of chemistry for not less than 8 years.Under previous regulations the minimum- age for such candidates was 27 years, and 10 years study and practice were required. Examinations.-The Regulations for the Examination. for the Associateship provide that the examination shall occupy at least five days from 10a.m. to 4.30 or 5.0 p.m. on each day. It has been the practice hitherto for two papers of three hours in general chemistry to occupy the first day, and for these to be followed by four days’ practical work, and on the sixth day an exercise of one and a half hours in the translation of Fiench and German technical literature.220 The Council, acting on the recommendation of the Board of Examiners, have decided that as from the January Examination 1925, three papers shall be set in general chemistry so that candidates will have a better opportunity of showing their capacity in Inorganic and, more particularly, Physical Chemistry. The Examination period, therefore, which normally com-mences on Monday morning, will continue until 3.30 on Saturday afternoon. Benevolent Fund.-The number of cases which have come under the notice of the Benevolent Fund Committee has increased considerably during the first six months of the present year. In addition to grants in aid, the amount loaned to date is E145.The Committee have pleasure in reporting that in two cases the loans have been returned in full, accompanied by donations. In other cases, the loans are being returned by small regular payments. 221 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 30th May at “ The Gables,” Botanic Avenue, by kind permission of Mr. Samuel Templeton. The Chairman, Mr. Totton, reviewed the Annual Report, which showed that a most successful series of meetings had been held. The report was adopted. Votes of thanks were accorded Mr. Totton, the Chairman, and Mr. Hoskins, the retiring members of the Com- mittee, and to Dr. Gibson, who resigned the office of Secretary. The Committee of the Section had been reconstituted as follows :-Chairman, Dr.George Scott Robertson ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. William Honneyman ; Treasurer, Mrs. Norah Irene Bell; Members of Committee, Messrs. J. R. Bain-bridge, J. C. A. Brierley, J. K. Marsh, E. W. McClelland, and Dr. W. H. Gibson, ex officcio, as District Member of Council for Northern Ireland. The question of publicity was discussed and referred to the Committee. The following resolution was carried :-“That this General Meeting of the Belfast Section is in favour of, and asks thecouncil to consider the advisability of instituting a small annual compulsory levy for the Benevolent Fund.” Liverpool and North-Western.-On the 14th June the Section participated with other learned societies of Liverpool and District in an enjoyable excursion to the summit of Halkin Mountain, where Prof.Boswell gave a short interesting address on the geological features of the district. Mr. Montag had previously addressed the company on the geological formation of the estuary of the Dee. On the return journey a halt was made at Holywell to inspect the well of St. Winifred. London and South Eastern Counties,--The Committee have arranged the following dates for the meetings during the Session 1924-25. 1924: 15th October, 19th November, 222 and 17th December. 1925: 18th February, 18th March, and aznd April. It is hoped that at the meeting on the 15th October, a number of prominent Fellows from the Dominions and places abroad will consent to address the Section on the organisation and prospects of chemistry in their respective countries.The Annual General Meeting will be on the 19th November. Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy, having been elected Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, has resigned from the similar office with the Section, and his place has been taken by Mr. A. J. Chapman, F.I.C. Mr. Kirkaldy has become a Vice-chairman of the Section. South Wales.-The Honorary Secretary, Mr. A. Grounds, has been commissioned, in conjunction with Mr. H. P. Vowles, to write a weekly series of articles for the South Wales News, on the progress of science; amongst others, six articles dealing with various aspects of chemistry have already appeared. 223 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association. Visit to Wembley.-On the 15th July about 350 students, members of the Association and other chemical students from Universities in every part of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Free State, met in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, at University College, when Professor A.Smithells, the President of the Association took the chair., Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, and General Organiser of the Chemical Section of the British Empire Exhibition, explained to the students the objects of the Chemical Section. For many years prior to the war the two words, chemist and Germany, had always been associated the one with the other in the lay mind. There had for all this time, however, been a large British chemical industry, and during the war the British public had realised, perhaps for the first time, the importance of this established industry.In the present Exhibition there was collected together the largest concrete example of what was being done by British chemical industry, but, if there be any who were disposed to think that this fine product represented only an ephemeral phase resulting from the war, they had only to go to the veryheart of the exhibit, where they would find the Scientific Section. This had been organised by a Committee of all the chemical societies, together with the Royal Society, and showed the sound scientific work from much of which the exhibits around them had been produced. Mr. Pilcher had gathered together a series of prints showing that British chemists had been working for centuries; they would find in the Scientific Section evidences of the work of those chemists ; perhaps one of the most interesting exhibits to them would be the original sample of mauveine, prepared by Perkin, upon which the dye stuff industry, so long associated with Germany, had been founded.Millions of intelligent Britishers would thus for the first time redise just a little of what chemistry meant to the nation, and if, once and for all, in the minds of the great British public the 224 subconscious linking together of the words chemist and Germany were dispelled, the EIOO,~OOwhich had been spent upon this Exhibit would have been well spent. Professor Palmer Wynne, President of the Chemical Society, I who had specially journeyed to town to address the students, expressed the hope that some such foregathering of chemical students from all the Universities would in the future take place much more frequently.He felt that although it was occasionally possible to arrange for students to pay short visits of inspection to works during their College career, and to take part in such a visit as that in which they were shortly to be engaged, some further steps should be taken to provide University students with the opportunity of working in the factories during the long vacation. If this could be done he felt that the want of appre- ciation of the University student on the part of those in charge of the factories would speedily be removed.If the chemical industry of this country were to continue, some means must be found for linking up the research laboratories and the chemical industry. Sir Herbert Jackson, a past President of the Institute and of the Association, and Mr. Pilcher, the Registrar of the Institute, also spoke a few words of welcome, after which the party pro- ceeded by special train to Wembley, where the chemical section was specially demonstrated through the kindness of Mr. Woolcock. The party was split up into small groups, which were conducted round the exhibits by a number of guides who had on a previous occasion been taken on a personally conducted tour by Mr. Woolcock. The party thereafter lunched together in the Exhibition.On the 16th July, about 70 students travelled by motor omnibus to Rothamsted, where the Experimental Station fields and laboratories were demonstrated by the kindness of Sir John Russell. A very enjoyable and profitable day was thus spent. 225 Notes. Engineering Standards. -The British Engineering Standards Association have circulated a statement regarding the efforts made in America to introduce American standards throughout South America. A Conference of business men on Pan-American Standardisa- tion called at the request of the United States Department of Commerce by the American Engineering Standards Committee was held in Boston, Massachussetts, on the 4th June, in order to enable American industries to make arrangements for participa- tion in the official Pan-American Conference on Standardisation to be held at Lima, Peru, in November next.A message from Secretary Hoover, of the Department of Commerce, was read at the Conference emphasising that it was impossible to maintain proper standards of ethical conduct throughout business and industry without a proper background of recognised physical standards-of quality and quantity. He said that much of the misunderstanding and ill-feeling arising in the course of transactions between producers and consumers should be eliminated by the introduction of standards agreed upon as the basis for the interchange of commodities. What was true of transactions between individuals was true, in even a larger measure, of transactions between one country and another, and in order that international goodwill might be maintained it was necessary to establish standards of quality and quantity in the commodities of international trade.For the purpose of drawing into closer relationship the countries comprising the Pan-American Union, plans were being laid for establishing international American Standards. The British Engineering Standards Association has decided to call a Conference of those interested in British Standards, in the earIy autumn, to see what can be done to put them on the same footing as the North American Standards so far as South America is concerned. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-The Institute has occasion- ally assisted membeis to obtain the use of lantern slides from others who were known to possess them, especially when a series of slides relating to any particular industry was required.Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute, and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively, to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. War Department Chemist, WooIw ich.-The pos t-war organisation of this Department, known during and since the war as the Directorate of Chemical Inspection, has now been settled. The old title for the head of the Department, namely “War Department Chemist,” has been reverted to. So far as the junior grades are concerned, the organisation is on the lines of the recommendations of the War Office Committee of 1920 on which the Institute was represented by Mr.Horatio Ballantyne, then a Vice-president. The salary scales of the senior grades are not so good as those recommended by the above Committee, although better than those obtaining immediately before the war. Heat Engine and Boiler Trials.-By arrangement with the Heat Engine and Boiler Trials Committee a paper will be read at the Institute of Marine Engineers (85/88,The Minories, Tower Hill, London, E. I) by Mr. J. L. Hodgson, on “The Measurement of Pressure,’’ on Tuesday, 9th September, at 6.30 p.m. Members of the Institute of Chemistry are invited to be present. Contributions to the discussion, by correspondence, will be welcomed from those who are unable to attend.Advance copies of the paper will be supplied on application to the Assistant Secretary, Institute of Marine Engineers. 227 0bituary. SIRGEORGE BEILBY died at I-Iampstead on 1st August, In THOMAS his 74th year. The son of Dr. G. T. Beilby, of Edinburgh, he was educated at Edinburgh University and in 1869 joined the Oakbank Oil Company, thus becoming, at the outset of his career, concerned with problems of fuel economy and chemical engineering to which he devoted special attention. Later he was a director of the Cassel Cyanide Company, and of the Cmtner-Kellner Alkali Company, and other important undertakings. He will long be remembered for his investigations in the economical use of fuel, the subjecb being first approached from the point of view of producing a smokeless fuel.He added an important contribution to the work of the Royd Commission on Coal Supplies in 1903, and as a member of Lord Fisher’s Commission on Fuel and Engines for the Navy (1912- 1913) emphasised the need for the development of low, temperature carbonisation as a native source of fuel oil. This point became of supreme importance during the war, and in 1917 the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, of which he was a member of the Advisory Council, established the Fuel Research Board, with Sir George Beilby as Chairman and Director of Research. He designed, constructed and put into operation the Fuel Research Station at East Greenwich, for the systematic survey and classification of the coals of the country and the study of the whole problem of low temperature carbonisation.He found it necessary last year to retire from ths work, which he had carried out in a purely honorary capacity, presenting to the Government the rights in every patent taken out in connection with its development. Sir George also contributed notable advances in certain aspects of metallurgy particularly in regard to the microstructure and physical properties of solids in various states of aggregation. He was the author of a book on The Plow of MetaEs, and of numerous papers on chemical and metallwrgical subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Royd Society in 1906, serving on the Council of the Society from 1917-1919, for the last year as Vice-president.He was a Past President of the Society of Chemical Industry (18991, of the Institute of Metals (1916-1918), and of the Chemical Section oi the British Association, in South Africa, (1905).He was for many years Chairman oftho Board of Governore of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. He received honorary degrees from the Universities of Glssgow, Birmingham anci Durham. He received the honour of Knighthood in 1916. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1879, and served on the Council from 1899-1902; as a Vice-president from 1902-1905, and from 1912-1915; and aa President from 1909-1912. SIRJAMESJOHNSTON died at Fairlie, Ayrshire, on 19th June, DOBBIE in his 72nd year.The son of Alexander Dobbie, of Glasgow, he waa educated in the High School and University of that city. After graduatingM.A. with first class honours and being elected to a George A. Clark Fellowship in Natural Science, he proceeded to the University of Leipzig and then to the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained the degree of D.Sc. Having been for a short time Lecturer in Mineralogy he followed Sir William Ramsay as assistant to Professor Ferguson in the University of Glasgow from 1581 to 1884, when he was appointed the first professor 228 of chemistry in University College of North Wales, Bangor, in which capacity he took part in establishing the University of Wales. While at Bangor he carried out investigations on the constitution of the alka- loids and on the relation between the chemical constitution and the absorption spectra, of organic compounds. He was also largely respon- sible for founding the agricultural department of the college, said to be the first of such departments attached to a university college in this country.His services in that connection were acknowledged by the Board of Agriculture. In 1903 he was appointed Director of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, where he particularly developed the Egyptiancollection. He maintained his interest in chemistry, however, especially in connection with the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Agricultural College, of which he was a Governor. In 1909 he succeeded Sir Edward Thorpe as Principal of the Government Laboratories, which in 1911 were constituted an independent department with a separate Parliamentary vote entitled “Government Chemist.” He received the honour of knighthood in 1915, and retired in 1921. He rendered valuable service to the country through- out the war, during which period his department was considerably enlarged, and was a member of many special committees and of the Royal Com- mission on Awards to Inventors. He was also a member of the University Grants Committee.Sir James was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1904 and served on the Council of the Society for 1918-20. He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Glasgow in 1908., and that of D.Sc. from the University of Wales in 1920.He was President of the Institute from 1915-18, and of the Chemical Society from 1919 to 1921. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. THOMASJAMIESONdied on 3rd May at Glasterberry, Milltimber, near Aberdeen, when over 70 years of age. A native of Aberdeen, after some experience in business, he turned his attention to chemistry and allied sciences, and conducted successful classes in the city and neighbourhood. In that connection he published a text-book on Inorganic Chemistry for the use of his students. Subse-quently, devoting special attention to botany and the chemistry of plant life, he became lecturer on chemistry in the old Mechanics Institution and the School of Chemistry and Agriculture, and for fifteen years held the appointment of Fordyce Lecturer on Agriculture in the University.He established himself in practice as an agricultural chemist, and in 1880 was appointed the fist public analyst of the City of Aberdeen. He was also official Agricultural Analyst for that City, and Public Analyst for the burghs of Kintore, Rosehearty and Tain. For over 20 years he acted as Director of the Agricultural Research Association, and conducted an Experimental Station at Glasterberry, at the same time taking part in the direction of a similar organisation in Sussex. He was author of The Famrs’ Handbook and several other treatises on agricultural subjects. He was a member of the French National Society of Agricultural Chemists, and in recognitionof his research was appointed a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880. WILLIAMRAY died at Whitworth Park, Menchester, in March last, in his 63rd year. He studied chemistry under Roscoe at Owens College, Manchester,and then devoted special attention to tinctorial chemistry at Yorkshire College, Leeds, under Hummel, to whom he acted as assistant for two years. Later he was appointed Headmaster of the School of Science, Kidderminster, where he remained until 1891. He was subsequently for 229 a number of years in private practice in Menchester, and eventually held the appointment of Chief Lecturer and Demonstrator in Tinctorial Chemistry at the Radcliffe Technical School. He was elected 8 Bellow of the Institute in 1888.EDWINTUCKERALEXANDER died at Sutton Coldfield on 28th March in his 71st year. Educated at the City of London School and at the Royal School of Mines, he became science master at Anerley School, and then worked for four years in the laboratories of Messrs. Burgoyne, Burbidges & Co. and under Dr. Squire at the Langthorne Chemical Works, Stratford. In 1876 he became an Assistant to Edward Riley in the City Road, and in 1878 went to an appointment as Assistant Chemist at the Rhymney Iron Works, South Wales. In the early eighties he moved to Smethwick, and eventually established a consulting and analytical practice in Birmingham, which he continued until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. JuLIus WERTHEIMERdied at Clifton on 9th August in his sixty-fifth year.Born in Birmingham, he was educated at University College, Liverpool, and Owens College, Manchester, and graduated B.A. and B.Sc. at London. In 1887, af'uer some experience as a science master, he became head master and lecturer on Chemistry at the Leeds School of Science, and three years later, Principal of the Merchant Venturers' Technical College, Bristol. In 1909, when the College became the Engineering Department of Bristol University, he was appointed Dean of the Faculty. He was keenly interested in educational and other activities in Rristol, and originated a series of very successful popular lectures, many of which, on widely differing subjects, he delivered personally at the College.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and became the first Chair- man of the Bristol Local Section in 1921. WILLIAMJOHNWILLIAMSdied at Llanberis on 4th April in his 25th year. Educated at Festiniog and Towyn, he proceeded to UniversityCollege of Wales, Aberystwyth, and graduatea B.Sc. (Wales) in 1920; thereafter continuing in the Honours course, he obtained a first-class in the following year. He pursued reseach for a year under Prof. Campbell James, and was then appointed Science Master at the Llanberis County School, which position he held at the time of his death. He wm elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. 230 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1924 The Council have received from the Joint Advisory Committee of the Institute and of the Board of Education the following report of the Assessors upon the examination for National Certificates in 1924:-A ssessors :-Professor G.T. Morgan, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., F.1.C., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.1.C. During the present session six schools have submitted candidates for the first time. The number of entries in the Ordinary grade was 99, against IZI in 1923. In the higher grade, there were 65 candidates, whereas in the previous year there were 67; of these 6 previously reached the standard of the Ordinary Certificate and 3 were successful this year in obtaining the Higher Certificate. Equality of Standard in Examination Pa$ers.--There is still a want of uniformity in regard to the time at which draft papers are submitted to the Assessors.When these drafts are received at widely separated dates, it becomes very difficult to maintain any effective control of the equality of standard between one school and another. Uniformity has been attained in reference to the time allowed for each theoretical paper, which was three hours in every case. Owing to local conditions of transport, the times available for candidates to attend practical examinations vary in different centres, but a working compromise has been reached in certain instances by having several shorter examinations in lieu of one long period. This plan has so far worked very well, and it may fu ther be stated in general that the scripts of the practical ex- aminations were returned for assessment in a condition far more satisfactory than was the case in the first year of the scheme. Keys and Schemes of Distribution in Practical Examinations.-Local Examinations Officers need to be reminded that, in the interests of candidates, complete keys to the practical tests should be returned, showing the exact distribution of the exercises and specimens, together with all essential numerical data. Without these aids, it is impossible adequately to assess the correctness of the candidates’ results. 231 Extenuatircg Circumstances.-The foregoing suggestion is of importance in relation to the plea for mercy made for several candidates, either because they were ill or suffering from family bereavement, or because their standard of attainment in the practical examination was much inferior to their class work during the session. In the latter contingency, the Assessor has the opportunity of seeing the candidates’ notebooks, but as regards illness or personal bereavement, it may be remarked that the appeal would gain in cogency if it were made not after the can- didates’ papers had been marked, but at the actual time when the misfortune occurred.Standard of Marking.-In general, the Internal Examiners have maintained a high standard of marking throughout the schools, but attention should again be directed to a tendency, noticeable in certain instances, towards a more lenient marking for weak candidates. By giving credit for scraps and fragments of answers, the internal examiner sometimes succeeds in securing pass marks for candidates who obviously have no thorough understanding of the subject.This leniency is not really fair to the student, who should in this contingency be recommended to repeat the course. In certain schools where the marking is uniformly stringent, excellent papers were received this time from students, who having failed last year, had repeated the course. The most logical and comprehensive answer to the compulsory organic question, was given by one of these candidates. In the ordinary grade, 26 candidates presented themselves for a second time, and of these 13 passed, and 2, both from the same school, gained more than 80 per cent.of the possible marks. In the higher grade, 6 candidates presented themselves for a second time, and of these, zpassed. This analysis suggests that in certain instances the candidates are incapable of profiting by instruction in science, whereas in other cases they are genuine students who would benefit by taking a longer time over their elementary courses. In physics and mathematics there is still considerable dis- parity between the standard attained in different institutions, although there is a definite improvement upon the conditions existing in previous years. The Cdt of Modernity.-It must be fully recognised that students receive valuable and lasting inspiration from teachers 232 who keep themselves abreast of the most recent developments of science, and who are, therefore, competent to impart to their classes useful and authoritative information on the latest dis- coveries. This progressive tendency in chemical education should not, however, be developed altogether at the expense of fundamental principles.The ludicrous blunders and errors revealed in candidates’ answers must be put down, in the majority of cases, not to faulty instruction, but to the vagaries of the human memory. Nevertheless, there are instances where fundamental and practical knowledge is sacrificed in the attempt to provide a very superficial acquaintance with recently dis- covered facts. In one school, the paper on inorganic chemistry contained one question on isotopes and another on radium and radio-active change.Every candidate attempted the latter question, and some had rnemorised correctly all the disintegration products from radium to isotopic lead. Inasmuch as there are very few institutions in the country where these phantom elements can be studied in detail, it appears that these students, who were apparently more familiar with radioactivity than with chemistry, have only exchanged the substance for the shadow, for they were quite unable to give satisfactory answers to the compulsory question on the preparation and application of anhydrous chlorides of metals and metalloids; yet the latter topic is of prime importance in all branches of chemistry, and has the further advantage that it furnishes many useful exercises in practical manipulation suitable for students at this stage of knowledge and entirely within the scope of ordinary laboratory facilities.Chemistry and Chemical Technology.-Whereas the principles of chemistry must furnish the basis of instruction in all schools of science wherever situated, local conditions vary in relation to the applications of chemistry, and accordingly the scheme includes provision for the setting of papers dealing with various branches of chemical technology. On the whole, the scripts in applied chemistry showed a high standard of knowledge, but here again it is permissible to remark that no amount of descriptive knowledge of manufactur- ing processes can compensate for a lack of understanding of the fundamental chemical principles involved.An otherwise excellent script in cotton dyeing was marred by the circumstance that the candidate did not know the comparatively simple chemical constitutions of ‘‘ Para red” and “ a-napthylamine claret.” This want of elementary theoretical knowledge is not, how-ever, revealed only in examinations on chemical technology. The scripts on inorganic and organic chemistry indicate a similar tendency to memorise descriptions rather than to understand principles. In answers to a question on the metallurgy of cast iron one candidate alone gave an adequate reason for the fusibility of this product. Several candidates stated that zinc could be obtained either by roasting or heating zinc blende alone in large retort furnaces.Correct reproductions of text book illustrations of these furnaces were given, but there was little understanding of the processes involved. Another answer included the following statement :-“ Parke’s process consists in treating the lead concentrate by oil flotation and then roasting with zinc.” Several candidates proposed to separate silver from lead by extracting with hydrochloric acid, and zinc from its impurities by cupellation. Passable drawings of modern plant for liquefying air were submitted by candidates who gave no explanation of the under- lying principles. In organic chemistry, several answers indicated that phenol was extracted directly from coal tar with caustic soda. One candidate contributed the additional information that the phenol was separated by the insolubility of its sodium salt in water.Analytical Chemistry .-A marked improvement is notice- able in the laboratory teaching of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The practical exercises were carefully selected by the examiners and the pnctical scripts now bear internal evidence of adequate supervision. A few questions on the theory and practice of analysis were introduced into the theoretical papers, but these were answered less satisfactorily. It should be pointed out again as in former reports that the Institute is especially concerned in extending and developing the teaching of analytical chemistry and in maintaining a high standard of efficiency in this branch of labora- tory work.234 The General Scientific Reading of Chemical Students.-The compulsory questions introduced into the theoretical papers by the Assessors often revealed a noteworthy discrepancy in the state of knowledge of the candidates, many of whom correctly answered questions relating to the subjects on which they had been lectured, but showed a lamentable lack of in- formation as regards the topics outside their formal curricula. A certain amount of spoon-feeding is inevitable in both grades, but students should be encouraged to read beyond the topics of the lecture room, and above all, to revise their fundamental studies; chemical knowledge is a plant of very slow growth. The subjects selected for the compulsory questions were of a fundamental character, yet in several instances the entire class failed to obtain pass marks on these (‘unseens,’’ The Time Factor.-The foregoing comments emphasise the most important difficulty confronting the teacher of chemistry at the present time.The subject is growing at an enormous rate, and daily becoming more complicated. Nevertheless, the time at the disposal of teachers and of their classes is the same as it was thirty years ago, when the extent of knowledge was much smaller. In the Assessors’ judgment, it seems evident that, ultimately, at least one additional year must be added to the period during which the students prepare for the Ordinary Certificate, making altogether four years. 235 Joint Committee for the Standardization of Scientific Glassware.The Committee, which acts under the aegis of the Institute, consists of representatives of users, manufacturers, dealers, and the Government Departments concerned with scientific glassware. The following report has been forwarded by the Committee to the various interested societies for publication. Copies of the report, price 6d., may be obtained on application to the Secretary, Joint Committee for the Standardization of Scientific Glassware, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. REPORT ON UNITS OF VOLUME. The Committee have given much careful consideration to the question of units of volume, and as a result of their delibera- tions they unanimously recommend :-That the recognised international metric units -the “ litre” (I) and “millilitre” or thousandth part of the litre (m1)-shall be used as the standard units of volume, and that standard volumetric glassware shall be gradaated in terms of these units and marked “ ml” instead of “ c.c.” In making this recommendation, the Committee have had in mind the great advantages to be gained by the general use of a uniform system which has been recommended by many scientific bodies, and is at present already extensively used, notably in America.The substitution of the millilitre for the cubic centimetre involves no practical difficulties as the two units differ only very slightly in magnitude. The difference in capacity between a 1000C.C. and a 1000ml. flask is, for example, only one seventh of the permissible error on a standard 1000ml.flask. In the course of the discussions, however, it became evident that some chemists still prefer to use Mohr’s system of units. and would be unwilling at present to change their existing practice. It was clear, therefore, that some temporary incon- venience would be caused by an immediate complete withdrawal of official recognition of Mohr’s units. 236 In face of these facts the Committee have felt it desirable to couple with the above recommendation certain proposals designed to remove the confusion at present existing between the two systems of units. These are:- (I) That the unit of volume on Mohr’s system shall in future be designated ‘‘ G.W.A.,”” and that these letters shall be marked on all volumetric glass vessels graduated on the basis of Mohr’s system, and shall be used by chemists when reporting results obtained by the use of such vessels.(2) That the “G.W.A.” unit shall be defined thus:- 1000G.W.A. =IOOZ ml. These additional recommendations will enable the two systems to be used side by side with a minimum of inconvenience during the transitional period which the Committee realise must precede the universal adoption of the litre and millilitre for general chemical work. The Committee understand that in view of the above recom- mendations the National Physical Laboratory will accept for testt vessels graduated on the basis of G.W.A. units, and clearly marked to indicate this, and will place a distinctive mark on approved vessels graduated on this system, but not the Labora- tory monogram N?, which will be reserved for vessels graduated in millilitres.Information relating to the two systems of units, and the reasons underlying the above recommendations are given in the following notes. METRIC UNITS OF VOLUME. The volume of a body of simple geometrical shape can readily be calculated from the linear dimensions of the body. Hence, once the unit of length has been decided upon, the unit of volume should theoretically be defined in terms of the unit of length. The volume of a cube each of whose sides is of unit length becomes automatically the unit of volume; such a defini-tion by its logical simplicity makes an instant appeal to the mind, and it is therefore natural to find in common use such *See p.240. t A pamphlet giving details of the tests on volumetric glassware carried out at, the National Physical Laboratory may be obtained free of charge on application to The Director, The National Physical Laboratory, Tedding- ton, Middlesex. units as the cubic centimetre and the cubic foot, based on the corresponding units of length. Volumetric measurements, however, are most extensively used when dealing with fluids, and hollow vessels of known capacity have long been used for measuring volumes of liquid. But while it is extremely difficult to determine accurately the capacity of a hollow vessel from measurements of its internal dimensions, to determine the weight of liquid required to fill a vessel is, on the contrary, an operation which may be carried out easily and to a high degree of precision.Hence, units of volume have come into use which are not defined in terms of the units of length, but as the volumes occupied by specified weights of a particular liquid-usually water. The gallon and the litre are units of this kind. Two distinct types of units of volume have thus come into general use. Sooner or later under any system the necessity arises of determining the relation between the two types of units, of determining, for example, the number of gallons in a cubic foot. In the older systems of units the two types of units of volume were defined independently of each other, and as a result no simple numerical relation exists between them.The number of gallons in a cubic foot, for example, is not represented by a simple whole number. One of the objects of the founders of the Metric System was to secure a simple numerical relation between the two types of units of volume. It was intended to achieve this by defining the unit of mass, the kilogramme, as the mass of a quantity of water which at its temperature of maximum density occupied a cubic decimetre. The unit of volume, the litre, could then be defined indifferently either as a cubic decimetre or as the space occupied by a kilogram of water at its temperature of maximum density. A cubic decimetre of water is, however, manifestly unsuit- able for practical use as a standard weight.To give practical effect to the system it was necessary to make a standard kilo- gramme weight whose mass should be in accordance with the definition laid down. A standard kilcgramme weight-the “Kilogramme des Archives”-was prepared with great care and skill at the end of the eighteenth century, but during the nine- teenth century distrust in the accuracy of the work arose. Con-sequently in 1872 the Commission Internationale du Metre discussed the matter fully in all its bearings and decided that the 238 International Kilogramme should be deduced from the Kilo- gramme des Archives in its actual state. The original definition of the kilogramme was thus abandoned, and the kilogramme was re-defined as the mass of a particular standard weight. The definition of the litre was subsequently revised* in conformity with this change, and the accepted definition at the present time is:- “The unit volume for determinations of high precision is the volume occupied by a mass of one kilogramme of pure water at its temperature of maximum density and under normal atmospheric pressure? ; this volume is termed the litre.” It is important to observe that the definition of the litre is now absolutely independent of the metric units of length.The cubic centimetre, on the other hand, being simply the volume of a cube whose edges are one centimetre long, is com- pletely defined without any reference to the volume of a mass of water. Thus no direct relation between the litre and the cubic centimetre results from the definitions of these units.This relation can only be obtained by direct experimental determination, and the most accurate determination available is that carried out at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. M. Benoit: in his summary of the work gives as the most probable value I litre =1ooo.o27 C.C. and states that the uncertainty of this value probably does not exceed one unit in the last decimal place. The difference between the cubic centimetre and the millilitre is so small as to be negligible for ordinary volumetric glassware; the difference in capacity between a 1000c.c flask and a litre flask, for example, is less than the observational errors liable to arise in the ordinary use of either flask.The term “ cubic centimetre” has, however, been misapplied by the users of Mohr’s system (see below) to denote the volume of a quantity of water having an apparent weight in air of I gramme. A flask which contains an amount of water weighing * Trav. et Mem., Vol. 12, 1920. t The reference to normal atmospheric pressure perhaps requires a word of explanation. Water is slightly compressible, and hence the volume of any given quantity of water varies slightly with the pressure to which it is subjected. Hence, to be precise, the definition of the litre must state the pressure to which the water is to be subjected. f Trav. et Mem., Vol. 14, 1910. 239 1000 grammes in air has a capacity of almost exactly 1002 C.C.To speak of such a flask as a 1000C.C. flask is clearly inadmis- sible. Volumetric glassware, manufactured by the leading British firms, and marked “ c.c.,” may safely be relied upon as having been calibrated on the basis of the cubic centimetre. Volumetric glassware of foreign manufacture similarly marked “c.c.,” may have been calibrated in terms of either the cubic centimetre or grammes of water. In view of this confusion in the use of the term cubic centi- metre, and of the fact the cubic centimetre is not exactly one thousandth part of a litre and further, because the mass of water which occupies 1 C.C. under definitely specified conditions cannot be directly derived from the accepted definition of the litre, the Committee adopted the recommendation given on page 235, viz.:-That the recognised international metric units-the Zitre (1) and miElilitre or thousandth part of the litre (ml) -shall be used as the standard units of volume, and that standard volumetric glassware shall be graduated in terms of these units and marked ml. instead of C.C. The acceptance of this recommendation by chemists and manufacturers of volumetric glassware would bring the practice in this country into line with that in other countries, notably America, and would give effect to the recommendation of numer-ous scientific bodies that the litre, as defined on page 238, should be exclusively used as the unit of volume in all scientific work. The publication of all results in terms of millilitres would secure a uniformity which is at present lacking, and remove the uncer- tainty due to the term cubic centimetre being used sometimes correctly, sometimes as equivalent to the millilitre, and some- times as the space occupied, under conditions not generally well defined, by a quantity of water which has an apparent weight in air of one gramme.MOHR’S SYSTEM. According to Mohr’s original proposal a “litre” flask would be adjusted so that when filled with water at 17.5’C. it would contain an amount of water which, when weighed in air against brass weights, had an apparent weight of 1000grammes. Such a flask would contain almost exactly 1002 C.C. The tern cubic centimetre was misapplied to the thousandth part of this volume. This misuse of both the terms litre and cubic centimetre still persists. 240 Some chemists still maintain that it is more convenient in practice to use as a unit of volume the space occupied by a quantity of water which has an apparent weight of I gramme in air at ordinary room temperature. To avoid confusion resulting from the use of the terms “litre” and “cubic centimetre” in connection with such units, the Committee recommend (see (I), page 236) that the letters “G.W.A.”-a mnemonical abbreviation for “grammes of water in air”--shall be used in describing such units. It is further necessary that an exact definition of the “G.W.A.” unit be adopted. A quantity of water which weighs 1000 grammes in air of density 0.0012 grms./ml. when weighed against brass weights of density 8.4 grms./ml.occupies a volume of 1ooz.021 ml. at 60°F. This volume differs from 1002 ml. by only two parts in a hundred thousand, which is negligibly small in comparison with the tolerances allowed on volumetric glassware, and the accuracy attainable in the ordinary use of such glassware. Hence the committee on grounds both of convenience and pre- cision have adopted the definition given in recommendation (z), page 236, namely: 1000 G.W.A. =IOOZ ml. This relation defines the G.W.A. unit in a simple and accurate manner, and at the same time gives it a value which differs only by a negligible amount from the volume occupied at room temperature (60°F.)by a quantity of water which has an apparent weight of I gramme when weighed in air against brass weights.The above definition enables conversion from millilitres to to G.W.A. units and vice versa to be easily made, and will enable the two units to be used side by side without confusion during the transitional period which must elapse before the universal adoption of the litre and mililitre is obtained in this country. 241 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, or have been purchased. They may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Ammonia Stills, The Design and Working of.” P. Parrish. Pp. xii.+300. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 40s. Intermittent and continuous distillation ; concentrated ammonia liquor and liquor ammonia; treatment of the waste gases; treatment of effluent liquor and the disposal of the sludge.“Atoms and Rays.” Sir Oliver Lodge. Pp. ix.+zo8. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 21s. Electrical constitution of matter; the quantum in general; modes of investigating the atom ; application of quantum considerations to atomic structure and consequent radiation ;relation of spectral facts to possible orbits ; elementary quantitative summary ; numerical balues for details of atomic structure; the relations between matter, energy and ether. “Carbohydrates and the Glucosides, The.” E. F. Armstrong. 45h edition. Pp. xi.+zg3. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s. “Chemistry in the Twentieth Century.” An account of the Achievement and the Present State of Knowledge in Chemical Science; prepared under the guidance of a Com- mittee representing the Scientific Societies, with Dr.E. F. Arrnstrong as Chairman and Editor. Pp. 281. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 15s. Consistingof a series of articles on their own subjects by J. I. 0. Masson; E. N. da Costa Andrade; Sir H. A. Miers and T. V. Barker; Sir W. H. Bragg; M. W. Travers; J.F. Thorpe; H. E. Armstrong; William Clayton; T. P. Hilditch; John Allan; J. C. Irvine; C. F. Cross; Reginald Furness; E. A. Bearder; G. G. Henderson and Alexander Robertson; P. L. Pymanand Thomas A. Henry; R. H. A. Plimmer; Arthur Harden; Sir John Russell and H. J. Page; C. H. Desch; Joseph Burton; H. F. Coward; Sir Robert Robertson; Sir William J.Pope and Walter Clark. ‘‘Coals, South Wales, their Analyses, Chemistry and Geology.” L1. J. Davies. Pp. xxxvii.+154. (Cardiff: The Business Statistics Co., Ltd.) ‘Matter and Change.” An Introduction to Physical and Chemical Science. Pp. 280. W. C. D. Whetham. (Cam-bridge: The University Press.) 7s. 6d. Matter; dynamics and the physical properties of matter; heat and energy ; electricity and magnetism ; chemical action and equilibrium ; organic and bio-chemistry ; waves ;radioactivity, atomic radiation and relativity; astro physics. “Matter, The Structure of.” J. A. Cranston. Pp. xv.l-196. (London: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Electrons; radioactivity; atomic numbers; isotopes; crystal structure; atomic theories; the valency theory of Langmuir.“Microscope, The.” Conrad Beck. Pp. 144. (London: R. & J. Beck, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. A simple description of the microscope; illuminating apparatus and sources of illumination; object glasses and eyepieces; the microscope stand. 243 The Register. At the meetings of Council held in June and July, 1~24, 4 new Fellows were elected, 8 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 68 new Associates were elected, and 33 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and 4 Associates by death. New Fellows. Bone, Kenneth Samuel Culloch, Rosslyn, Long Lane, Garston, Liverpool. Mehta, Ramprasad Pitamberdas, Ph.D. (Lond.), M.A. (Bombay), Hitechhu Press, Khadia, Ahmedabad, India.Reddie, John Alexander, Bradford Sewage Disposal Works, Esholt Hall, Shipley, Yorks. Sturrock, George Colleymore (Colonel), at Holworth House, Owermoigne, Dorches ter . Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bate, Stanley Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Denbigh, George James, M.Sc. (Leeds), c/o Higgins, Fern Bank, Sandal- cross Road, Wakefield, Yorks. Moudgill, Kishori Lal, B.Sc. (Glas.), B.A. (Cantab.), H.H. The Maharaja’s College, Trivandrum, Travancore, India. Ogilvie, James Pethigrew, 2, St. Dunstan’s Hill, London, E.C.3. Popham, Frederick James William, 71, Kennington Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol. Saunders, Horace Leonard, B.Sc. (Wales), 1, Waterloo Place, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. Wilde, William, Brooklyn, Hapton, Par.Burnley.Wood, Arthur Samuel,!M.Sc. (Lond.), 10, De Montfort Street, Leicester. New Associates. Alker, Samuel, B.Sc. Agric. (Edin.) Laboratory, Villa Guillermina, F.C.P.S.F., Argentina. Anderson, Richard Quintin, B.Sc. (Glas.), 97, Brisbane Street, Greenock. Battye, Albert Edward, M.Sc. (Leeds), 45, Cambridge Road, Birstall, Nr. Leeds. Beeby, George Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 92, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire. Bhagwat, Vinayek Kcshar, M.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Bangalore), College of Technology, Manchester. Blair, George William Scott, B.A. (Oxon.), Trinity College, Oxford. Boeree, Alfred Reginald, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Lister House, Norwich Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. Brand, Frederick Alexander, B.Sc. (Edin.), 12, Hamilton Terrace, Porto-bello, Edinburgh.244 Brindley, William Harrison, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. Tech. (Mane.), 11, Millmoor Terrace, Glossop, Derbyshire. Burdekin, John Thomaa, B.Sc., B.Sc. Tech. (Sheff.), 27, Crimicar Lane, Fulwood, Sheffield. Cantelo, Herbert Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Norfolk Road, Southampton. Chalmers, William Hannah, B.Sc. (Glas.), 102, York Drive, Hyndland, Glasgow.Clarke, Basil William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 54, Wellington Road, Enfield, Middlesex. Clarke, Ralph Butler, B.Sc. (Birm.), Necton, Swaffham, Norfolk. Constable, Frederick Hurn, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), St. John's College, Cambridge. Dawson, Norman, B.Sc. (Dun.), Springwell Colliery, Gateshead, Co. Dwham. Duckett, John, B.Sc.(Lond.), 23, Gathorne Road, Wood Green, London, N.22. Edge, James Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 104, Gibraltar Road, Halifax, Yorks. Farrar, Herbert Edmund, M.Sc. (Leeds), 48, Linden Road, Dewsbury Road, Leeds. Featherstone, John, B.Sc. (Sheff.), B.Sc. Agric. (Dunelm), 30, Raven Road, Nether Edge, Sheffield. Frmpton, George Allen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 127, Devonshire Avenue, Southsea, Hants. Fuller, Albert Thomas, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 54, Trent Road, London, s.w.2. Gibby, Clifton William, The Rise, Foxley Lane, Purley, Surrey. Gibson, Graham Charles, B.Sc. (Wales), 14, College Square, Llrtnelly, Carm. Gibson, Reginald Oswald, B.Sc. (Lond.),41, Peak Hill, Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Gough, George Aleck Crocker, B.Sc.(Lond.), 22, Links Road, Ashtead, Surrey.Haldane, John, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Edin.), Valley View, Cowdenbeath, Fife. Hall, John Graham, B.Sc. (Lond.), 96, Kedleston Road, Derby. Haslam, John, B.Sc. (Vict.), 15, Dorset Street, Burnley, Lancs. Herd, Magnus, B.Sc. (Glas.), 27, Daisy Street, Govanhill, Glasgow. Holden, Allan James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Winscombe, West End Avenue, Pinner, Middlesex. Johnson, Edgar Bertie, B.Sc. (Bim.), 32, Alcester Road, Moseley, Birmingham.Jones, Miss Eveline, B.Sc. (Birm.), The Poplars, Penn, Wolverhampton. Kay, John Louden, A.R.T.C., 39, Heugh Street, Falkirk, Scotland. Kayser, Miss Helen Albina, B.Sc. (Lond.), P.O. Box 700, Caps Town, South Africa. Kear, Ivor Evans, B.Sc. (Liv.), 13, Wellesley Road, Grove Hill, Middles- brough,Kerr, Carl Aloysius, B.Sc.(Q.U.B.), c/o Gray, 948, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. Lambert, Harold George, B.Sc. (Birm.), Clarendon House, Swadlincote. Lynch, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), Woodwynd, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Manlove, Denis, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 8, Marlborough Grove, York. Maung, Maung, B.Sc. (Gal.), A.R.C.S., 39, St.Peter's Square, Hammersmith, London, W.6. McAulay, John, Jr., B.Sc. (Glaa.), 3, Strathyre Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. Meston, Frederick William Eenry, B.Sc. (Edin.), 42, Cowan Road, Edin- burgh.Micheli, Louis Ivan Allan, BSc. (Queensland), c/o Reuters, Ltd., 24, Old Jewry, London, E.C.2. 245 Moir, George Morrison, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 184, Shetland Street,Wakeri, Dunedin, New Zealand. Parkin, Thomas Noel, B.Sc.(Lond.), Thorn Lodge, Eseenden Road, Belvedere, Kent. Parkinson, Reginald Henry, A.C.G.F.C., 14, Canton Street, Poplar,London, E.14. Paul, David, Park Place, Uphall, West Lothian. Paul, David Speirs, B.Sc. (Glaa.), 17, Mamion House Road, Langside, Glasgow. Pearson, Richard Edgar, R.Sc. (Manc.), Ph.D. (Freiburg), 165, Sheen Road, Richmond, Surrey. Powell, Miss Olive Rosamond, B.Sc. (Wales), The Training College, Barry, Glam. Quick,William Clifford, B.Sc. (Bris.), Thornhill House, Dale Road, Spondon, Derby.Riding, Richard William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 4, Moss View, Ormskirk. Rose, Gordon Evans, M.A. (Cape Town), Barry Avenue, Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa. Ryder, Leslie, B.Sc. (Leeds), 89, Westover Road. Bramley, Leeds. Samson, Abraham, A.R.C.S., 150, Kyverdale Road, Stamford Hill, London, N.16. Scorah, Leslie Vivian Donald, B.Sc. (Sheff.), 139, Dodworth Road, Barnsley, Yorks. Sen, Nagendra Nath, M.Sc. (Calcutta), 21, Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. Shires, Geoffrey Allcn, B Sc. (Birm.), Lansdowne House, Lansdowne Road, Handsworth, Birmingham. Smith, Christopher Caiger, BSc. (Lond.), The Ferns, Eversley Crescent, Isleworth, Middlesex. Steedman, Robert Templeton, B.Sc. (alas.), Maxwellton, North Crescent, Ardrossan, Scotland. Storey, Ralph Charles, M.Sc. (Leeds), 119, Moorside, Armley, Leeds. Strouts, Charles Richard Noel, B.A., R.Sc. (Oxon.), c/o Westminster Bank, Ltd., 8, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. Tidy, Sydney George, A.C.G.F.C., 5, Hazelwood Road, Neath, Glam.Turley, Harold George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 388, Fulhm Palace Road, London, S.W.6. Watson, William Harling, M.Sc. (Manc.), 14, Rose Bank, Rawtenstall, Lancs. Wilson, John Norman, B.Sc. (Edin.), 30, Spottiswoode Street, Edinburgh. Yarsley, Victor Emmanuel, B.Sc. (Birm.), The View, Highfield, Chasetown, Nr. Walsall. New Students. Bush, Frederick William, 51, Battersea Bridge Road, London, S.W.11. Clark, George Charles Henry, Church Street, Dagenham, Essex. Daviea, Frank Stuart, Keswick, Albion Road, Sutton, Surrey. Dennett, Henry George, 35, Balfour Road, South Norwood, London, S.E.25 Farmer, Edward Henry, St. Ives, Limes Road, Weybridge. Gait, Alban James,Allandale, Feltham Road, Ashford, Middlesex. Gardener, Harry, 39, Kingsland Rod, Plaistow, London, E.13.Glover, Wilfrid, 2, Oakdene, Leyland Lane, Leyland, Preston. Golding, Harold David Edmund, 14, Stella Road, Tooting, London, S.W.17. Gooderhm, Walter Joseph, 10, Weston Rod, Acton Green, Chiswick, London, W.4. Gregory, Frank Sidney, Graig-Goch, Aberystwyth. 246 Hatt, Harold Herbert, Weybrook Farm, Sherborne St. John,Basingstoke,Hants. Jackson, Emmanuel, 188, Rathgar Road, Dublin. Johnston, Richard, 93, Greengate Street, Plaistow, London, E. 13. Jones, Henry John, 81, Ham Park Road, Stratford, London, E.15. Leeming, Edmund Joseph, The Grange, Chalfont St, Peter, Bucks. Manson, Albert Levy, 9, Cambridge Gardens, Leith. Mathews, Amphlett Christopher Buckston, 12, Stanley Crescent, London, w.ll.Mein, Henry Cranston, 7, Great King Street, Edinburgh. Miller, Charles Henry Lawrence, 50, Rowden Road, Beckenham, Kent. Nicholson, Vincent Stanley, Highcliffe, Redcar, Yorks. Parker, Harry Thomas, 54, Manor Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4. Perry, Charles William, 10, Moss Road, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire. Pitter, Albert Vincent, 19, Hatherley Road, Bishopston, Bristol. Pool, Alexander Frederick ,Kingscroft, Fleet, Hants. Rawlings, Harold William, 7,Cardozo Road, Holloway, London, N.7. Richards, George Walter, Hascombe, Warwick Road, New Barnet, Herts. Shaw, Cedric Humphrey, Station Street, Meltham, Nr. Huddersfield. Smith, Dudley Herbert, 21, Comberton Road, Upper Clapton, London, E.5. Stephenson, Douglas, 33, Essex Road, Dartford, Kent.Watson, Eric Mervyn, 12, Bernard Street, Claremont, West Australia. Watson, Stirling, B.Sc. (Glas.), 260, Tollcross Road, Tollcross, Glasgow. Watt, Joseph Herbert Saltmarsh, Laurel House, Wigan. DEATHS. Fellows Sir George Thomas Beilby, Hon. LL.D. (Glas.), F.R.S., Past President Sir James Johnson Dobbie, M.A., Hon. LL.D. (Glas ), F.R.S., Past President Thomas Jamieson. Julius Wertheimer, B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.), D.Sc. (Bris.). Quirin Wirtz, M.A., Ph.D. (Bonn.). Associates. Benjamin Hardman. John Ruthven Martindale, B.A. (Cantab.). George Mark Tincknell, B.Sc. (Bris.).William John Williams, B.Sc. (Wales). 247 General Notices. MeIdoI a M ed a1,-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist who shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December of the year preceding the award, provided that the Medal be not awarded more than once to the same person.Without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1924 will be decided in January, 1925. Examinations in 1 925.-The arrangements for examina- tions during r925 are as follows: Last date for Entries. Period of Examination. Nonday, 17th Nov., 1924. 5th to 10th Jan., 1925. OY 12th to 17th Jan., 1925. Monday, 16th Feb., 1925. 20th to 25th April, 1925. QY 27th Apr. to 2nd May, 1925. Monday, 20th July, 1925. 14th to 19th Sept., 1925, OY zIst to 26th Sept., 1925. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September only. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to August, 1921, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistrv for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain irom the Kegistrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For iull information, inquiries should be addressed to the Kegistrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists . Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays : 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society IS avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.). 249 Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Changes of Address,-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanerd addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments, 5th Edition.-By direction of the Council, Registered Students may obtain copies of Official Chemical Appointments at a reduced price of zs., on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal .-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain Sr Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z., to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms :-Buckram case, lettered complete, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. History of the Institute, 1887-191 4.-Anymemberwho is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct, on application to the Registrar.LOCAL SECTIONS Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sectioiis within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Birmingham and Midlands: C. A. F. hiastilow, M.Sc., F.I.C., Chenda, Bittal Road. Barnt Green. Worcester shire. Bristol and South Western A. W. M. Wintle, P.I.C., 170, Newbridge Counties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland: Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh.Glasgow and West of Scot-Dr. W. M. Cumming, F.I.C., Royalland : Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield: T. A. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, LyndaleAvenue, Birkby, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : William Honneyman, B.Sc., F.I.C., York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. R. B. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Manchester and District : James Barr, B.Sc., A.I.C., The Bungalow, Waterside, Marple, Cheshire.Newcastle-on-Tyne and C. J.H. Stock, B.Sc., F.I.C., County Analyst’s North-East Coast : Office, Darlington, Co. Durham. South Wales: Arthur Grounds, B.Sc.Tech., A.I.C., West- leigh, Southern Down, Glamorganshire. Malaya : R. 0. Bishop, M.B.E., A.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon Secretary: R. T. CLAYDON,116, Queen’s Road, Finsbury, N.4. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY BENEVOLENT FUND. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 19 14-191 8. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.l. E//iGtt & FI~,Ltd.A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.K.S. President, I 92 I -I 9 2 4.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9244800213

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1924. ~ PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, October, 7924. Publications Committee, 1924-25 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (Presidefit), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D, CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). ANDREW MORE, L. G. PAUL, 6. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 253 Proceedings of the Council. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1924. Death of Mr.Otto Hehner.-The Council deeply regret to record the death of Mr. Otto Hehner, who maintained a keen and active interest in the affairs of the Institute, almost from its foundation. He served as Member of Council for five periods, as a Vice-president for three periods, as an Examiner for four years, and as a Censor for two years. South Africa,-In Part IV. of the Journal reference was made to the sanction given by the Council for the formation of a Local Section in South Africa. This action has given rise to some correspondence which indicates that some mis- understandings have arisen. The Council have answered in the following terms:- In the first place, that there appears to be some misunderstanding with regard to the objects and functions of Lacar Sections.The Sections of the Institute were not conceived as "Branches " which should exercise locally and independently the fhnctions of the Institute, but rather as a means of bringing together members of the Institube resident in any locality for discussion of the general int<erests of members and for social intercourse. Though the Sections are expected to advise the Council on matters of local interest affectingthemselves as members of the Institute, it was never intended that a Section should exercise locally the authority which pertains to the central bod>-. In the Rules for the formation of Local Secfions which have been framed in accordance with the By-Lswx, as allowed by the PrivyCouncil, the purpose of such local organisations is to assist in the maintenance of the status and the advancement of the interests of chemistry-(1) By affording opportunities for sociaJ intercourse ; (2) by the acquisition and dissemination of useful information (3) by giving information to candidates desirous of joining the connected with the profession, and the work of the Institute; Institute, reporting to the Council when requested on applica-tionsfrom suchcandidates, and providing assistance, if desired by the Council, in the supervision of local examinations ; 254 (4) by advising the Council on matters of local professional interest, and representing to the Council the views of the members on such matters, and (6) by co-operating with the Registrar in connection with the working of the Appointments Register.On the other hand, Sections are distinctly barred from granting certificates or acting in the name of the Imtitute in any matter of public importance affecting the interwts of chemists or of the Institute, unless specially authorised by the Counci:. The Council are empowered to authorise the formation of Local Sections in any locality in Great Britain and Ireland, the British Dominions, and Protectorates beyond the Seas, and in the Empire of India, where the membership is sufficiently numerous to warrant the same. Thus, in the case of the Malay Section, the members in the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States have been authorised to form a Section for the members in the Far East.For any locality outside Great Britain and Ireland the By-Laws prescribe that fifteen members shall be sufficient for this purpose. In the case of the proposed formation of the Section in the Union of South Africa, seventeen valid signatures were attached to the application. The Council were aware that certain members in the Transvaal were opposed to the formation of a Section in South AFrica on the ground that it was not likely to be successfd, and that the interests of $he profession in the Union were already watched by the South Afriqan Chemical Institute. They felt, however, that since a sufficient number of members in Cape Town and Rhodesia had requested the formation of the Section they were justified in acceding to the request.In announcing in the Journal of the Institute that they had given this sanction, the Council made a reservation that the title of the Section should be subject to special consideration when its draft rules had been prepared. The Council have been, and are most anxious that the proposed Section should not in fact, or by any suggestion arising from its name, usurp the functions of the South African Chemical Institute, the proceedings of which they have watched with great interest, and which they sincerely hope will continue to flourish. Indeed, in their view, the constitution and objects of a Section are snch that its forma- tion cannot be in any way mimical to the interests of the South African Chemical Institute.The Council sincerely hope that no feeling of opposition will be created either between the Jnstitutes themselves or between the members in various parts of the Union, and they would regret to believe that there could be any ground for dissension where all are working with one common aim. Scientific and Technical Civil Servants.-In Part 11. of the Journal, published in April last (p. 119)publicity was given to a letter, addressed to the Prime Minister by the Presidents of the Chief professional scientific and technical institutions, regarding the status of members of their professions in the Civil Service and the view, which appeared to be favoured by Government, that heads of Departments should be drawn from 255 what is known as the administvative class.After further correspondence, the following letter was received on 1st October : CHANCELLOROF THE EXCHEQUER, TREASURY 8.W.1.CHAMBERS,WHITEHALL, 1st October, 1924. DEARSIR, The Chancellor of the Exchequer has received from the Prime Minister your further letter of the 1st September drawing attention to the policy of the Government in regard to the appointment of pro-fessionally qudified men to the grade of Secretaries and Directors of Technical Departments in Government Service. It appears to Mr. Snowden that some misconception as to the practice of the Govern- ment has arisen in this connection. Directors of Technical Depart- ments in the Civll Service are men fully qualified in their particular proiessional sphere.For example, the Director of Naval Construction is invariably a fully qualified Naval Architect, and the Director of Works at H.M. Office of Works is an Architect and Civil Engineer. So far the practice of the Public Service appears to be in line with that proposed in your letter of the 19th February. Further, there is no bar to the appointment of any Civil SPrvant to be permanent head of any of the great Public Departments. The only object in filling these posts is to get, the best men wherever they may be tound. Yours faithfully, (Signed) P. J. GRIGG. The President, The Institution of Civil Engineers. Illustration.-This Part includes a copy of a portrait of Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., which has been added to the collection of portraits of Past Presidents in the Council Room. 256 Local Sections.The Birmingham and Midland Section held its first meeting of the winter session on 13th October at the White Horse Hotel, Congreve Street, Birmingham. An excellent programme of music was contributed by members of the Section and thoroughly enjoyed by all present. The Annual General Meeting will be held on 26th November, when, after the routine business, Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan, Chairman of the Section, will speak on “The Outlook for the Chemist.” It is hoped again to arrange for a Joint Dinner with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in December BristoI and South-Western Counties.-The session was opened on 20th September by a visit to Seale-Hayne Agri- cultural College, Newton Abbot.The visitors were met at the station by Dr. Vanstone and conveyed by charabanc to the College, where the laboratories were inspected under the guidance of the College staff. Tea was served in the Dining Hall of the College, after which Dr. Vanstone, in the unavoidable absence of the Principal, welcomed the visitors. The thanks of those present were expressed by Mr. C. J. Waterfall, Chairman of the Section, and by Mr. M. W. Jones, Chairman of the Rristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry whose members had also been invited. At a meeting held subsequently in the College Library, Mr. Waterfall, in opening the proceedings, made sympathetic reference to the death of Prof. Wertheimer, who was one of the earliest Fellows of the Institute in the West of England, and inaugurated the Section in 1921, and of Mr.G. M. Tincknell, who sacrificed himself on the Devon coast in an endeavour to save the lives of others. Dr. Vanstone read a paper on “Some Experiments on Basic Slags and Rock Phosphates,” dealing mainly with the problem of citric solubility of phosphatic fertilisers and the assimilation of phosphates by plants. 257 The Chairman, Mr. Edward Russell, Mr. Thomas Tickle and Mr. J. Dutton took part in the discussion which followed. On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. Russell, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Vanstone for his paper, and to the Principal and Governors of the College for their hospitality.On znd,October a meeting was held jointly with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the University Chemical Department, Mr. M. W. Jones, Chairman of that Section, presiding over an excellent attendance of members of both Sections. Three Associates of the Institute were admitted and received their certificates from Mr. C. J. Waterfall, Chairman of the Local Section. A paper on “The Present Position of Catechin Chemistry,” was read by Dr. M. Nierenstein, who described the preparation of various forms of crystallised catechin, and, by means of lantern slides and diagrams, showed the constitution of those that had been investigated. The research work had been carried out in the Bio-Chemical Laboratory of the University, with the assistance of Miss Hazleton and Dr.Hooper. Appreciative remarks on the lecture were made by Dr. Rixon, Dr. Mann and the Chairman, and were cordially endorsed by the meeting. Dr. Mann, Director of Agriculture to the Govern- ment of Bombay, who was paying a flying visit to Bristol, had been instrumental in sending authentic material used in the above investigations. The next meeting of the Section will be held in the University Chemical Department on Thursday, 6th November, at 7.30 p.m., when a paper will be read by Mr. E. J. Holmyard, on “The Present Position of the Geber Problem.” Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, Glasgow, on 31st October, at 7.30 p.m.HuddersfieId.-Mr. Marlow, Assistant Secretary, addressed the Section on “Chemists’ Service Agreements-Duties and Privileges,” at a meeting held on 20th October. Leeds Area,-On 21st October, Mr. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, addressed the Leeds Area Section on “Chemists’ Service Agreements--Duties and Privileges.” 258 The Annual General Meeting will be held on 26th November, when an address will be given by Prof. J. W. Cobb, Chairman of the Section. On 21st January, 1925, Prof. Comber will deal with “Agricultural Chemistry as a Career,” and in February a meeting will be held at Bradford. Arising from the lecture on “Modern Patent Practice,” given before the Section by Mr.Griffith Brewer in December, 1923 (Journal, Part I., 1924,pp. 36-37), it is interesting to note a change in the indorsement of the Letters Patent now being issued by His Majesty’s Patent Office. Formerly, Patents were indorsed with a statement saying that the continuance of the Patent was conditional on the payment of the following fees :-Before the expiration of the 4th year from the date of the Patent and in respect of tho 5th year ;E5 0 0 ,J Y9 9, 5th ,, ,, 6th ,, 6 0 0 9, 9, 99 6th ,, ,, 7th ,, 7 0 0 etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. *, 9, 39 15th ,, ,, 16th ,, 16 0 0 In the lecture referred to, Mr. Griffith Brewer pointed out that the indorsement was incorrect and might discourage many patentees who were unaware that only half the amount of the taxes mentioned need be paid if their Patents were indorsed “Licences of Right.” He also showed that the indorsement of a Patent to this effect was beneficial to the patentee by increasing the chance of his Patent being used to the greatest possible extent, because although it gives the Comptroller the final voice in the terms under which the licence shall be granted, in the event of the Patentee and the applicant for a Licence not coming to terms, this very curtailment of the Patentee’s power encourages would-be licensees to approach him in greater confidence.The lecturer therefore advocated that some wording should be added to the indorsement on the Patent, which every Patentee would see, to the effect that the taxes on Patents soindorsed could be paid on a half-scale, and not leave this knowledge to be published merely in the Patents Official Journal and in the copies of the Patents Acts, which the majority of patentees never see.It is therefore very interesting to patentees, not only to those who are members of the Institute, but to others who obtain patents in numerous kindred subjects, to know that Mr. Griffith 259 Brewer’s address has resulted in the addition to the indorsement on all Patents, of the following words:- “One moiety only of these fees is payable if, and so long as, this Patent is indorsed ‘Licences of Right.’ ” It is to be hoped that the wide publication of the fact that each patentee may save as much as E63 on his Patent will go fax to encourage enterprise and invention in Great Britain.Liverpool an’d North-Western.-The Section held a meeting at St. George’s Restaurant, Liverpool, on 9th October, Dr. F. Brislee presiding, in the absence of Prof. Baly in America. Prof. Roberts paid a tribute to the memory of the late E. J. Martindale, Associate, and the Secretary was asked to convey to Mrs. Martindale an expression of sincere sympathy from the Section. Arising from the previous minutes, Prof. Heilbron regretted that so many proposals raised by the Section were allowed to drift. He urged that the Section should resolutely pursue its direction of purpose. As regards the proposals for a Federation of Men of Science, he suggested that a further question relating to this matter should be put to the Council, in order that the Section should know how the matter now stood.As a further example of the manner in which the “policy” of drift was followed, he recalled the enthusiasm with which the project of forming a Chemists’ Club in Liverpool had been received. Apparently this matter had now been shelved, but he hoped that progress would be made with the idea. Prof. Roberts having mentioned that the proposals regarding the formation of a Federation of Men of Science had been referred to the President, the Honorary Secretary of the Section was requested to address an enquiry to the Registrar.* The Hon. Secretary having stated that the question of establishing a Chemists’ Club had been deferred during the absence of Prof.Baly, a resolution was passed calling upon the Committee concerned to report progress at the meeting in November. * In reply to the above enquiry, the attention 01 the Section has been directed to the address delivered by the retiring President at#the Annual General Meeting on 1st March (Journal, Part I., p. llO), wherein he men- tioned that although he had been requested to explore the ground covered by the proposal it was understood that nothing should be done until an informal meeting of the PresidentB of professional scientific societies concerned had been arranged. That meeting had not materialised. 260 The Chairman invited members to volunteer to give lectures before the Liverpool Cit izens’ Institutes’ Association, a body comprising members of the learned societies in the city.In considering the programme of the Section for the comiiig session it was agreed that a smoking concert be held after the annual meeting. Mr. C. A. M. Foster having suggested that one meeting should be devoted to the question of the education of chemists, a general discussion ensued, in which many members participated. Prof. Roberts advocated further facilities for social intercourse, advising the younger members to make use of such opportunities to bring their difficulties to the notice of the senior members. Several of the senior members present expressed their readiness to help in this direction. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The first meeting of the sesssion, held at the Institute on the 15th October, was well attended.Mr. E. R. Bolton, the Chairman, announced that they were met to learn something of the prospects of chemists in the Dominions and other places overseas. [A fairly full report of the proceedings is published in view of the general interest taken in the subject under discussion.] Sir Robert Robertson welcomed the opportunity afforded by the meeting since at a recent Universities’ Conference a speaker had suggested that there was a want of proper selection of candidates for posts abroad. Sir Robert explained, however, that so far as chemists were concerned the selection was very carefully carried out. The Colonial Office advertised in the public press and invariably approached the Institute.He had been particularly impressed, however, by the fact that it was very often difficult to secure chemists of the right standing and experience for these posts. The Colonial Office generally re- quired the possession of the Institute’s Fellowship certificate in Branches D. or E. or evidence of equivalent experience. He emphasised that although the man who had nothing beyond his degree might find a post overseas, those who had experience along the lines mentioned were better able to take up posts in the Colonies. He had recently returned from an extended tour in Canada and the United States. The chemical and allied industries of Canada had made enormous strides during the %6I last two generatiom but British chemists must realise that there had been a collateral advance in the facilities for scientific education in the Dominion.Canadian Universities were now turning out large numbers of sound chemists, and, in fact, many of them were being diverted to the United States, which was a considerable burden on the educational resources of Canada. He had had an opportunity of discussing matters with the Secretary of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry, who emphasised that it was useless for British chemists to seek openings in the country unless they had some specialised knowledge and prefer- ably capital with which they could make for themselves a good opening by starting up an embryo industry. The Premier of Saskatchewan made a very similar point, that Great Britain must no longer expect to send to Canada so much of her finished products, but there was ample opportunity in Canada for British capital and British industrialists.So far as the United States was concerned, much the same applied; but the United States was outside the British Empire and they would first of all have to face the difficulty of securing entry to the States. Further, there were several fine new Universities which were turning out relatively enormous numbers of chemists ; the membership of the American Chemical Society was about 15,000. He had rarely attended chemical meetings at which there was such keen interest in the subjects under discussion. Mr. D. J. Davies, of the Government Laboratory, Newfound- land, said that perhaps there was not much immediate scope for chemists in his country since he was the only member of the Institute and the only official chemist there; but Newfound- land was a country of considerable resources.What he would impress upon members was the fact that if a chemist was willing to broaden his interests outside the laboratory he would soon find an Opportunity for advancement. Some twenty years ago he had been appointed to a dual post as a teacher and Government Analyst hut before long he developed the analytical side to such advantage that he was able to drop his teaching work and eventually to secure the confidence of the Govern-ment to such an extent that at the present moment he was in this country as the Newfoundland Commissioner at the British Empire Exhibit ion.Mr. H. Jephcott, Chief Chemist to Messrs. J. Nathan & Co., Ltd., spoke with regard to New Zealand and Australia. He said that conditions there were very similar to those prevailing in 262 Canada. The large towns were mainly industrialised and the industries, as they grew, encouraged the growth of the Uni- versities, which provided the personnel for the industries. At the present time Australia supplied most of her own chemists. There were still, however, opportunities for chemists who, as Mr. Davies had suggested, were willing to go outside their laboratories and also to take up managerial positions. He strongly advised that British chemists should not go out with nothing more than laboratory training.The standard of living was generally higher in the Colonies than at home; but the general cost of things was similar to that prevailing in England; some things were more expensive and others very much less so. The climate varied greatly, as might be expected in countries of such vast proportions. Mr. W. D. Reid, of the Mines Branch, Tasmania, emphasised Mr. Jephcott’s points. He mentioned that in addition to the Universities there were admirable technical institutions. He suggested that the main point to be borne in the minds of those applying for positions in the Dominions and Colonies was that they should give full details of their experience. It was always desirable if possible to secure a personal interview, but, when such large distances were in question, this had to be replaced by the written testimony of an application with references from those who knew the candidate. Dr.0. L. Brady, who was at one time resident in South Africa, and visited the Union three years ago, said that the opportunities for chemists were at present rather poor. The country was mainly devoted to agriculture and stock-raising and was not highly industrialised. He thought it depended more upon Europe for supplies than was the case in Canada, or Australia. There were, however, important industries where the chemists were required : these included the manufacture of soap and of explosives, which were required on the Rand. There was also a considerable sugar industry, in which there was scope for chemists if they had good knowledge of engineering processes.There was a greater demand for British chemists in teaching posts. He thought that British degrees and the Associateship carried fair weight in this Dominion. The climate varied considerably; in many parts it was ideal, but in others it became nearly tropical, and some districts were liable to tropical diseases. The standard of living varied with the locality, and the purchasing power of money was similar to 26 3 that in this country. Though the immediate future did not offer many chances for chemists, there were good prospects in view; but he again emphasised that it was essential that chemists should take an interest in questions outside pure chemistry.In conclusion, he regretted the lack of the adventurous spirit in the young chemists of to-day; too few were willing to take posts abroad. Mr. R. L. Jenks, Chemical Examiner for Customs and Excise, Calcutta, said that the first thing to remember in considering India was that, unlike any country of which they had already heard, it was not a white man’s country. In the development of India there had arisen a considerable number of Universities. These, like the Civil Service itself, and the industries, were now largely staffed by Indians. They only had to look through the Chemist’s bible-O@cial Chemical Appointments-to see the definite statement that in official appointments “recourse will only be made to recruitment in England if no qualified person is available in India.” In time, there would be practically no openings left for Englishmen except possibly in the agricultural service.There were, however, a number of business houses, mainly Scottish, employing chemists ; and not unnaturally the chemists were generally Scottish. The special commission under Prof. Thorpe had proposed a rather elaborate scheme for ex- tending the chemical services, but it had met with opposition from this country and from India. When they considered the trying nature of the climate, and the expensive scale on which it was necessary to live-the price of a bungalow was often prohibitive-he felt that British chemists would generally be better advised to seek appointments elsewhere.As to the value of British degrees and membership of the Institute, they were paramount, because on the whole Indian degrees were somewhat easily attained. Lieut .-Colonel S. W. Bunker, of the Malay Peninsula Agri- cultural Association, said that he would now take them away from the self-governing Dominions. The Federated Malay States would never be an industrial country unless oil were un- expectedly discovered. There was very little coal and no water power. It was also a very backward country educationally, and showed no signs of producing its own chemists. Apart from tin mining, which employed a certain number of routine chemists, the main industq was agriculture-chiefly rubber. Other industries had from time to time been started, but had failed from lack of sound scientific advice.In the near future a Rubber Research In-stitute would be established which would need the services of eight or nine chemists to work on various phases of rubber pro- duction. It was interesting that on the governing body of that In- stitute, Government representatives would not be in the majority. With regard to the climate, there was only one form of change, viz., from rain to mow rain; nevertheless, in the large towns, the social amenities made it possible to enjoy life very well; the planters away from the towns led a different and less comfort- able life. The standard of living was peculiarly equal because it was very much the same for the junior assistant chemist as for the highest Government official.They all had to maintain the same social standing and to keep a lot of servants, for the sole reason that one man would not do another’s work. The purchasing power of money had changed very much since the war: the dollar (2s. 4d.) would buy only as much as the shilling in this country. Dr. Frankland Dent, late Government Analyst, Straits Settlements, said that in Singapore the chemical work was mainly associated with the great port. As they would see from Ogicial Chemical Appointments, quite a number of Government Analysts were employed, but there was no analytical chemist in private practice; and until recently there were no elementary schools in which chemistry was properly taught. He had been * surprised at the difficulty experienced in obtaining assistant analysts for Singapore, considering the pleasant life led out there and the present rate of pay.Those in Government Service were not faced with high rents for housing accommodation; houses were provided by Government for practically all employees at a rental equivalent to 6 per cent. of salary and less in the case of two or more officers living together in one bungalow. If anyone were to set up in private practice in Singapore-and there might be some opening--he would have to pay considerably more for rent. They must remember, however, that marriage was a very expensive luxury, since he might find it necessary to maintain another establishment at home for his wife and children, on account of the education of the latter.With regard to the value of membership of the Institute, he need only remark that every chemist in Government Service was a Fellow or Associate of the Institute. Major B. J. Eaton, the Agricultural Chemist of the Federated Malay States, suggested that a chemist would be wise to take 265 an interest in the public life of the Colonies. It would not only make life more pleasant but possibly more lucrative. With regard to the standard of living he reminded them that in such places as Malaya there were generally only a few Europeans amongst a large native population, and they had to maintain their prestige; their colleagues in the Civil Services were mostly Civil Servants of the first class.Mr. A. C. Barnes, Second Agricultural Chemist in Nigeria, spoke first about Kenya Colony in which he had had some years experience, Mr. Kirkham had gone to Kenya in 1911 as the first chemist and eventually had a staff of nine. Unfor-tunately, the financial straits of the Colony had made it necessary to retrench practically a quarter of its Civil Service and the Chemical Research Department, which had been built up in Kenya to an independent Government department, had been split up amongst the other departments. One important point, however, had been made, viz., that by State Ordinance no chemist was allowed to give evidence in court unless he was a member of the Institute of Chemistry. He thought that the status of the chemist in Kenya was the result very largely of the influence of the Institute.The industries of Kenya were mainly agricultural ; recently a considerable sugar industry had been developed. The standard of living was high and the purchasing power of money was low. The climate was pleasant, at any rate in Nairobi. In Nigeria the prosperity of the country was largely dependent on vegetable oils. It might possibly be some time before extraction plants were installed upon the spot, but there would eventually be good openings in this type of work for chemists. The cost of living was dependent upon the part of the country in which the chemist was stationed. Mr. A. B. Hobson, Government Analyst to Nigeria, thought that on the whole the bad climate of West Africa had been over- rated. The social amenities of Lagos made the place not at all uncomfortable to live in; moreover, civil servants were allowed frequent and quite good spells of home leave.With regard to all such appointments he would like to emphasise that generally the man who interviewed you for a post would, if you were selected, be your neighbour and your social sponsor, and to him the social qualities of the candidate were important. Mr. T. C. Walsh, said that he had spent twenty-two years in South America and was quite an optimist regarding the prospects for chemists there. It was a vast country, but he would confine 266 his remarks to the Argentine, where he had had most experience. The industries were connected with sugar, meat-canning and extracting, mines and railways.The sugar industry was mainly run by English capital and personnel. There had been extra- ordinary activity in the applications of chemistry in the Argentine during the last ten years. There were openings for chemists, but no one should go there on the chance of finding a job. It was essential that a chemist should speak Spanish if he was going to make good, and he must not get out of touch with modern scientific progress. There was every climate in South America from the arctic to the tropical. Many of the sugar factories were in sub-tropical climates where there was some danger of malaria, but it could be avoided with care. The climate was not entirely settled by the question of latitude, since many factories were situated high above sea level.Mr. M. D. Cunven, who had recently returned from Mexico, said that the country displayed a remarkable mixture of very modern conditions of life and extremely backward conditions. It was a very rich country, but the technological developments were chiefly in the hands of foreigners. The main industries were petroleum and general mining, but except when one of the periodical revolutions was in progress, considerable attention was given to sugar, cotton and rubber. Most of the heavy chemicals were imported into Mexico, but sulphuric acid was generally made in the refineries. There were quite a number of English chemists in Mexico, but the majority were American. The Chairman, after summing up announced that Sir Robert Robertson had agreed to accept nomination as Chairman of the Section during the ensuing session, and the announcement was received with acclamation.A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the overseas visitors. Manehester.-Mr. James Barr has resigned from the position of Honorary Secretary asd Treasurer of the Manchester Section on leaving the district. Mr. R. S. Wishart, who has been ap- pointed in his stead, will also represent the Section on the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Textile Institute on 22nd October. After the ordinary business, including the election of the Committee for the ensuing session, Mr. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, gave an address on "Service Agreements-Duties and Privileges." 267 On 7th November, at 7 p.m., in the Large Ha11 of the Textile Institute, a meeting of the Section will be held jointly with the Literary and Philosophical Society and the Manchester Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, when Sir William H.Willcox has kindly undertaken to deliver an address on “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine.” Prof, G. G. Henderson, President of the Institute, will preside, and the Registrar will also be present. The Section willhold social meetings on 10th December and (on dates to be fixed) in January and March. On 13th February, the Registrar will read a paper on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” which will be illustrated by lantern slides.The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association. On 17th September a party of members of the Association visited the laboratories of Messrs, Parke, Davis & Co. at Hounslow. On 6th October a visit was paid to the factories of Messrs. Kodak, Ltd., at Wealdstone, and on aand October to the Lennox Metal- lurgical Laboratory and Research Foundry at New Cross. On each occasion the members of the Association were shown pro- cesses of interest and enjoyed the hospitality provided. At Hounslow an address was given by Mr. G. R. Boyes on (‘Standardisation with reference to the preparation of Biological Products,” which was much appreciated.On 28th October, Prof. Arthur Smithells, President of the Association, spent an evening with the members at the Institute, and gave them a friendly address. Drawing upon his own experience, he gave the students many interesting reminiscences of distinguished chemists and other men of science with whom he had been associated in his early life, and of the lessons they afforded towards understanding ‘‘the whole duty ” of a chemist. 268 Notes. Chemical Society.-Applications for copies of the Annual Keport on the Progress of Chemistry for 1924 (Vol. XXI.) should be forwarded to Mr. S. E. Carr, Assistant Secretary, Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I., not later than 1st December, 1924. Every application must be accom- panied by a remittance-in the case of Fellows of the Chemical Society, 5s.6d.; non-Fellows, 10s. 6d. The Council of the Chemical Society feel that inany candidates desiring to join the Society are deterred from doing so on account of the initial expense. They have resolved to remit for a period the payment of the Admission Fee. Until further notice, newly elected Fellows of the Society will be required to pay only the mount of the annual subscription, jcT3, which should accompany the application, and will be returned in the event of non-election. The Council hope that the remission of the Admission Fee will result in a considerable influx of new members, but such a result can be obtained only by the hearty co-operation of Fellows of the Society in bringing the advantages of membership of the Society to the notice of those of their friends who are interested in chemistry, and particularly of those about to commence their career as chemists.The special attention of Fellows and Associates who ale interested in Patents is directed to the proceedings of the Leeds Area Local Section (page 257). Death of Mrs. William Smith.-The Council regret to report the death, on 13th October, of Mrs. Smith, widow of the late housekeeper of the Institute, to whom a pension wa5 allowed by Resolution at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March last. 269 Obituary. MONTAGUEKELWAY died from injuries received in a motor BAMBER accident at Gravesend, on 21st 8eptember.Mr. Bamber, who was in his 59th year, was the son of the late Henry Kelway Barriber, F.I.C. E~LI-cated at University College School and the North London Collegiate School, he worked for about five years in his father’s laboratory, and having also devoted himself to practical agriculture in Sussex, proceeded, in 1887, to the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, where he was a distinguished student gaining the Diploma (M.R.A.C.) and the Gold Medal for 1889. He was also successful in the Examination of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, obtaining a Life Membership. After spending a further year in his father’s laboratory, he proceeded to India for specialinvestigation into the cultivation and manufacture of tea, a report on which he published in 1893, with a preliminary note on the Enzyme of Tea.From 1893 to 1897, he was Assistant to the Imperial Bacteriologist, India, and during a year of that period was in charge of the Department. Later, he was appointed Government Agricultural Chemist for Ceylon,Chemist to the Colombo Nunicipality and Consulting Chemist to the Ceylon Planters Association. He carried out many investigations affect -ing the agriculture and industries of the Island, and was the inventor of concentrated soluble preparations of tea and coffee for the use of armie.: and travellers. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1903. HEmy GALVINBECKERdied from the effects of an accident in New York, on 25th September, in his 29th year.He entered the Royal College of Science for Ireland in 1913, and after obtaining the Associateship of the College in 1917, continued there on a scholarship from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and was engaged in the determination of the rate of solution of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen by water, the results being published by the Royal Dublin Society. In October, 1919, he was appointed a Demonstrator in the Chemical Department of the College, and early in the present year proceeded to the United States, where he became engaged on research for the Standard Oil Company al, Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919, and a Fellow of the College of Science, Dublin, in 1923.HERBEBTHENRY DAINS died at Highgate, London, N., on 15th October, in his 57th year. He received his scientific education as an Akroyd Scholar, at the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. On the completion of his course in 1888 he entered the laboratory of Messrs. Joseph Watson & Sons’ Soap Works, and worked for a year and a half with Dr. Julius Lewkoivitsch, before he joined Mr. Edward Riley in London, with whom he remained for about two and a half years. In 1892, he proceeded to India to investigate mineral deposits and ores in the district of Vizagapatam and other parts, for the State Geologist, Madras, and in the following year was appointed Professor of Chemistry at H.H. The Maharajah’s College, Vizianagram, continuing .to act 8s Consulting Chemist and Acting Manager to the Vizianagram Mining Co.He returned from India in 1902. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1893. 270 OTTOHEHNESdied at Rarberton on September 9th, iu his 70th year. After studying under Prof. W. Casselmann for three years, he went to Fresenius, to whom he was private assistant for three semestres, and through whose influence he obtained the post of Assistant to the L4g~i- cultur Chemische Versuchsstation at Wiesbaden, under NeuEauer. In 1873, also on the recommendation of Fresenius, he became Assistant to Gustav Rischof, then lecturer on Practical Chemistry in the Andersonian Institution, Glasgow. In the following year he joined Dr. Hassall at Ventnor, and subsequently moved to London where he conducted the laboratory in Holborn and was taken into partnership in 1876.After the death of Dr. Hassall he left, Holborn and established a laboratory at 11, Billiter Square in the city. In 1919, he took into partnership the late Mr. Robert G. Grimwood, who died towards the close of 1922, while Mr. Hehner was temporarily resident in South Africa. Mr. Hehner returned, and was joined by Dr. H. E. Cox, who is continuing the practice. Mr. Hehner early acquired a reputation for his investigations in the chemistry of food and drugs, his numerous contributions to that branch being mainly published in The Analyst. He assisted Staedel, of Tubingen, in the compilation of his Jahresberichtejiir reine Chernie. He also wrote the article on Food Adulteration for the Encyclopaedia Britannica.He %as one of the leading and most successful consultants in this country, and was much in request in litigation, particularly in connection wit8h patent infringements where chemical matters were concerned. For many years he held appointments as Public Analyst for the counties of Notting-ham and Sussex (Western Division), the County Borough of Derby, the Isle of Wight, a.nd the Borough of Ryde; he was also Official Agricul- tural Analyst for the Isle of Wight and the Western Division of Sussex. He was an early member of the Society of Public Analysts, of which Society he was Honorary Secretary from 1882 until his election as its President, in 1891. He was an original member of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Chairman of its London Section (1900-1902). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, served five times as a Member of Council, as a Vice-president for three periods, as an Examiner from 1895 to 1899, and as a Censor from 1901 to 1903.RUTHVENMARTINDALEJOHN died, in August last, after a long and painful illness attributed to war service. Born at Staveley, in 1896, he was educated at Windermere Grammar School and at Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he graduated with honours in the Mathematical Tripos in 1915. He then served as a Lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Artillery imtil February, 1919, when he returned to Cambridge, was appointed a junior demonstrator in the University Cheinical Laboratory during the Michaelmas Term 1920, and obtained honours in Chemistry in Part I1 of the Natural Science Tripos in 1921.He was obliged to relinquish hi., work owing to continued ill-health, and entered the Red Cross Hospital for Officers at Brighton; but he had returned to Cambridge before he died. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. SAMUELTEMPLETONdied at The Gables, Botanic Avenue, Belfast, on 12th September, in his 64th year. After some experience with the late Robert Barklie, formerly public analyst for Belfast, he proceeded with a Royal Scholarship to the Royal College of Science, Dublin, obtaining the Associateship of the College, as well as of the Institute, in 1584. He then held an appointment for several years with the Brymbo Steel Co., and, from 1890-1892, with Messrs.Shanks & Co. and the Artesian Co., Mineral Water Manufacturers of Dublin. Shortly after his election to the Fellowship, in 1892, he moved to Belfast where he founded the Belfast 271 School of Applied Chemistry, arid also practised as a consulting chemist. In 1901, when the Municipal Technical Institute was opened, he was appointed chief Lecturer in Chemist,ry and Head of the Chemical Depart- ment., but a few years later retired to resume his practice. He took an active interest in the affairs of the Belfast Section of the Institute, and provided accommodation for its meetings. JANESMILN THOMSONdied at West Southbourne, Hants., on 30th September. in his 66th year. He received his first experience with Messrs.Wallace Tetlock and Clark, at Glasgow, and was then for 13 years with Messrs. Nobels Explosives Company at Ardeer, where he had been five years laboratory superintendent when he was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. Later, in 1890, he WRS appointed Manager of the Royal GunpowderFactory at Waltham Abbey, &sen, which position he held until his re- tirement in 1920. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of services during the war. GEORGEMARKTINCKNELLwas born at Glnetonbury in 1802, erliicated at Sexey’s School, Rruton, Somerset. and at the University of Rristol, where he graduated 8s R Bachelor of Science in 1914. During the war he served as a Corporal in the Special Brigade Gas Services until Febniarp, 1917, when he was recalled and joined the staff of the Research Depart- ment, Woolwich Arsenal.In 1920, he obtained an appointment as a Science Master at the Cotham Secondary School. He lost his life in attempting to save a boy from drowning near Bantham Sands, South Devon, on 30th July, 1924. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, Honorary Secretary of the Bristol and South Western Counties Section, attended tlie funeral as the representative of the Institute. 272 Scientific Glassware. The following letter has been addressed to education authorities and teachers of chemistry throughout the country. August, 1924. JOINT COMMITTEE FOR THE STANDARDISATION OF SCIENTIFIC GLASSWARE. DEARSIR, The Joint Committee for the Standarciisation of Scientific Glassware is a committee, working under the aegis of the Institute of Chemistry, having members representing the users, manufacturers, dealers and Government departments interested in scientific glassware.The Com- mittee was formed to consider questions relating to the standardisation of scientific $lassware. L4 list of members is given in the report on Units of Volume. The Committc.e have given very careful consideration to the funda- mental question of units of volume, and desire to call your attention to the enclosed report which embodies their recommendations. It is hoped that these recommendations will be accepted generally by those responsible for the instruction of students.A further question to which the Committee have devoted considerable time is the accuracy of volumetric glassware. It was considered that two grades of volumetric glassware, and two only, are desirable and necessary, namely :-Class A, or Standard Apparatus. This must be of the highest accuracy reasonably attainable, of best quality materials and workmanship, and each vessel should be tested and approved by an impartial institution before being accepted as of standard grade. The National Physical Laboratory is the appropriate institution in this country for carrying out the tests. class €3, or Commercial Grade Apparatus. This is a cheaper quality apparatus for general use, but guaranteed by the manufacturer to conform with definitely recognised limits of accuracy and other necessary requirements.The specification for Class B apparatus must necessarily be less stringent than for Class A apparatus, and should, for the sake of economy, make the minimum demands on the manufacturer consistent with satis- factory service for work in which commercial grade apparatus may reasonably be employed. The Committee consider that the regulation for the Class A Tests and Class B Tests on volumetric glassware laid down by the National Physical Laboratory form a satisfactory basis for the two grades of apparatus. These regulations are contained in a Laboratory test pamphlet,* which has recently been revised, and the National Physical Laboratory has afforded the Committee bhe fullest opportunity of co-operating in the revision.Copies of this prtmphlet may be obtained, gratis, on application to the Director, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, ?diddlesex. 273 The manufacturers’ representatives on the Committee have agreed to supply, in addition to standard Class A apparatus tested at the Natiotial Physical Laboratory, Class B apparatus guaranteed by themselves. Theywill undertake to replace any article so guaranteed and found not to fiilfil the requirements of the National Physical Lahoratory regulations for Class B apparatus, with apparatus tested at the National PhysicalLaboratory, and bearing the Laboratory mark signifying that it complieswith the Class B requirements.No charge will be made by the menu- facturers for any such replacements. The sale, purchase or use of volumetric apparatus inferior in quality to Class B apparatus is detrimental to the best interests of all concerned, and the Committee hope to see the e1iminationIof;all such inferior apparatus. Candidates for examination, in particular, should be entitled to putconfidence in the accuracy of the apparatus with which they are provided, and if they are given inferior apparatus they are liable to suffer grave injustice in the assessment of their work by reason of errors which lie outside the scope of their own manipulation.The success of the Committee’s efforts must iiltiinately depend upon the action taken by purchasers of volumetric glassware.The Committee would therefore urge upon educational authorities and institutions the desirability, when they are purchasing volumetric glassware, of specifying either (a) That the apparatus must have passed the Class A tests at the National Physical Laboratory and be accompanied with a Laboratory certificate. or (b) That the apparatus must have passed the Class A tests at the National Physical Lahoratory-ccertificate of corrections not required. or (c) That the apparatus must have passell the Class B tests at the National Physical Laboratory. or (d) That the apparatus must be guaranteed by the vendor t,o complywith the National Physical Laboratory regulations for Class B tests. The alternative adopted will, of course, depend upon the purpose for which the apparatus is required.The Joint Committee fully realise that for elementary teaching purposes economy in initial outlay on apparatus is a necessity. They feel confident, however, that subject to a satisfactory demand, manufacturers will be able to supply guaranteed Class B apparatus at prices consistent with reasonable economy. They also believe that it will be found ulti- mately more economical for advanced work and research, for which apparatus of doubtful accuracy cannot be tolerated and calibration is essential, to purchase tested Class A apparatus rather than to purchase untested apparatus and invarably carry out a calibration after purchase. Finally, the Committee would urge most strongly that under no circumstances should orders for volumetric glassware be placed without definite limits of error being specified, as failure to do so tends to encourage the production of inferior apparatus in which quality and accuracy are unduly sacrificed for cheapness.Some of the cheaper calibrated apparatus is known to be so inaccurate as to lead to grave errors even in the most simple determinations. The Committee believe it will be found that the simplest and most satisfactory way of specifying limits will be to refer to the National Physical Laboratory tests as indicated previously. Yours faithfully, G. S. W. MARLOW, Secretary to the Joint Comnzittee. 274 The Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware have been given the opportunity of co-operating fully with the National Physical Laboratory in the revision of the Test Pamphlet to which reference is made in the letter. The methods of testing and the tolerances allowed have been slightly adjusted in accordance with the terms agreed upon between the Committee and the Laboratory.It has hitherto been the practice of the Laboratory to test only apparatus graduated in true litres. The Laboratory has, however, now agreed to calibrate apparatus graduated in G.W.A. Units, that is according to Mohr’s System, concerning which a report appears on pp. 235-240 of Part IV. of the Journal. 275 July & September Examinations, 1924. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below.The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-UNDERTHE CURRENT REGULATIONS. No. Prrrmined. No. passed. For the Associateship- At the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, July 14th to 19th. At the Institute, September 15th to 20th; 16th to 19th, and 22nd to 25th .. .. .. (i) 48 16 For the Fellowship- At the Royal School of Mines : Branch A, 11.: Metallurgy, September29th to October 3rd .. .. .. I 1 At the Institute : Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to the Paint and Varnish Industry, September 224 to 26th .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 Branch D : Agricultural Chemistry,October 6th to 10th ,. .. .. 1 1 Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, September 22nd to 27th ..3 2 At Leeds University : Branch G : Chemical Engineering, with special reference to By-products Coke Oven Industry, September 22nd to 26th .. .. .. .. .. 1 At the Institute : Branch H : General and AnalyticalChemistry, September 22nd to 26th .. 1 UNDERREGULATIONSPRIOR TO MARCH, 1920. For the Amociateship-At the Institute : Branch (b) Metallurgy .. .. .. (ii) 1 1 Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. (iii) 2 0 Branch (e) Food and Drugs, etc. .. 1 0 -Total .. .. .. 60 22 (i), (ii), (iii).-See Notes overleaf. 276 (i) Seven candidates presented themselves for examination in the translation of German literature into English; 5 thus completed the examination. (ii) One candidate presented himself in general chemistzy, and completed the examination.Gi) One candidate presented himself in the translation of German litera- ture and in general chemistry. GENERAL CHEMISTRY JULY EXAMINATION.-The general standard was poor in both written and practical tests. The written work showed little indication of reading outside the smaller text-books, whilst from the answers in inorganic chemistry it was obvious that proper revision of this work was lacking. The quantitative inorganic exercise was not well done, the candidates apparently being unfamiliar with the analysis set ; the practical organic work was better, but the German transla- tion was poor, only three cmdidatcs giving the general sense of the passage. SEPTEMBER EXAMINATION .---The answers to the papers on theoretical chemistry were rather above the average, with the exception of two questions in the inorganic paper.The organic paper was well done, but there was clear evidence of lack of reading outside well-known text-books. In question 5, in which candidates were asked to write on any subject in which they were specially interested, only four candidates sub- mitted answers based on the reading of original papers. The practical examination showed weakness in both organic and inorganic chemistry. In the latter, the methods of separa-tion were not always well chosen, and there was lack of judg- ment in the quantities taken for volumentric determinations. PASS LIST The following candidates have passed the Examination for the Associateship :-In General Chemistry.Allister, Charles Fulton, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Austin, Reginald George, University College, Southampton. Bell, John Lindsay, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Brown, John, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Browne, Thomas Ethelred Wilby, B.Sc. (Wales), University College, Bangor.Burns, James Alexander, Heriot-?Vatt College, Edinburgh. Cochrane, Colin Galbraith, B.Sc. (Lond.), Heriot-Watt College,Edinburgh.Firth, Herbert, Bradford Technical College. Fletcher, Albert Edward, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Hallas, Charles Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Northern Polytechnic Institute, and King's College, London. Lander, Miss Catherine Meads, University College, Nottingham.McGill, Alexander, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Ransome, Gerard Lionel, l3.S~. (Lond.), University College,No ttingham . Rumford, Frank, Battersea Polytechnic. White, Walter Arthur, Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Williams, Kenneth Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic Institute. UNDER REGULATIONS PRIOR TO &xSRCH, 1920. In MefaElurg.'cal Chemistry. Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.8c. (Loncl.), King's College,London, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute. The following candidates have passed the Examination for the Fellowship :-In Branch A-Inorganic Ghenzistry. Morris, Edgar Archibald, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Bru?zch D-AqricultumJ Chenzistry. Pyne, Gerald Thomas, A.R.C.Sc.I., B.8c. (Lond.). In Branch E-The Chemistry, including Microscopy, cf Food and Drugsand of Water.Bngnall, How-ard Henry, B.Sc. (Birm.). In Branch Cf-Chemical Engineering. Sensicle, Laurence Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). Seven other candidates for the Associateship satisfied the Board except in the translation of technical German; two except in the translation of both French and German, and one, except in the oral examination in General Chemistry. 278 The following papers and exercises were set, :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry (July). MONDAY, JULY 14th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give a definition, based on experiment, of a pure substance. Apply your criteria to the cases of (a) a constant boiling mixture of ethyl alcohol and water ; (b) intensively dried benzene ; (c) lead from a radioactive mineral (atomic weight, 206.34).2. Describe the Deacon process and one electrolytic process for making bleaching powder. State the conditions which would cause a preference to be given to one or the other of these processes. 3. Describe the preparation of anhydrous aluminium chloride, thionyl chloride and anhydrous titanium tetrachloride. Give the reactions of these compounds with water. 4. Draw up a scheme for the complete analysis of cryolite. (Im-purities may be neglected.) 5. Either (a)Give an account of the effects of the complete removal of moisture on the physical properties and chemical reactivity 01 substances. or (6) Name the ores from which antimony is commonly obtained, and describe the method by which commercially pure antimony is prepared from these ores.Give a method for purifying the commercial metal and state the nature and approximate amount of the impurities which might be expected to remain in the metal thus refined. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Either (a) Give a short account of racemic compowds and mixtures indicating the usual methods of resolving them. or (b) Write a short essay on the Beckmann change. 2. How may aromatic and heterocylic compounds be hydrogenated 3. Write a short essay showing the relation between the structure 4. What are the principal contributions to chemistry associated and dehydrogenated ? of organic compounds and any ONE physical property. with the names of (a)von Baeyer, (b)Emil Fischer, (e)Wurtz, (d)Williarn-son ? 5.Describe by means of formulae the synthesis of TWO of the following : (a) camphor, (b) papaverine, (c) isoquinoline, (d) glucose, (P) pyrrol. Y’UESDAY, JULY 15th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Determine the amounts of zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca) and thiocyanate (C’NS) in 100 grams of solution A, which contains zinc acetate, calcium acetate, and ammonium thiocyanate only. (Y’liia exercise rtmy be completed lo-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, JULY 16th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report on the nature of substance B (sodium hyposulphite). 279 THURSDAY, JULY 17th7 1924: 10 a.m to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the sample of phenol supplied (C) prepare pure specimens of salicylaldehyde and p -hydroxybenzaldehyde. (This exercise may be completed tomorrow.) 2.Identify the given compound (D) (benzyl chinainate). (This exercise must be completed to-day.) FRIDAY, JULY 18th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise (1). 2. Report on the quality of the sample of methyl alcohol supplied (E).(E contained 0-1 per cent. pyridine and 5 per cent. acetone.) Examination for the Associateship (September). MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 15th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an historical account of the work on osmotic pressure carried out by Pfeffer, van't Hoff and de Vries, or Show how to calculate the boiling point of a mixture of two non- miscible liquids. Apply this method to explain the advantage of distilla-tion with steam in certain cases. 2.Give a general account of reducing agents of service in analytical chemistry. Give working details of the application of any three reducing agents employed in quantitative inorganic analysis. 3. State the reactions, if any, which occur when sulphurettedhydrogen is passed through (a) Concentrated sulphwic acid at 15' C. and 100"C. (b) Bromine' and water. (c) Arsenious oxide dissolved in -( 1) water, (2) concentrated hydro- chloric acid, (3) dilute sodium hydroxide solution. (d) Water in which magnesia is suspended. Mention if any of the above reactions have practical applications. 4. Give the method of preparation, properties, and most characteristic reactions cf three of the following :-Nitrogen pentoxide ; vanadium pentoxide ; cerium dioxide ; iodine pentoxide.5. Write a short essay on either (a) The complex cyanides ; OT (b) The industrial application of liquified gases and gas liquefaction processes. 2 to 5p.m. 1. Describe the preparation and principal properties of TWO of the following: (a) piperidine ; (b) thiophene ; (c) furfurane ; (d) carbazole. 2. Write a short essay on either (a) Molecular rearrangement, illustrating your answer with reference to TWO of the following examples: (i) ammonium cyanate and thiocyanate ; (ii) pinacone-pinacoline ; (iii) migration from side chain to benzene nucleus ; or (21) lTnsaturation. 280 3. A compound wa9 supposed to be 2 methyl-3:4-dinitrocinnamic aldehyde.This had not been previously prepared; how would youproceed to prove its constit t’ion ? 4. Write a short account (in tabuIar form as far as possible) of the aliphatic amines, indicating the general and special method of preparation,the methods of separation and characteristic reactions. 6. Write a concise account not exceeding four pages of script of some topic in organic chemistry which has specially interested you and which is not previously mentioned in this paper. Practical : 1st Week. T’UESDB Y, Sh’PTEAMBER 16th, 2924 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.n~ 1. Solution (A) contains about 40 grams of cupric chloride axid 60 grams of calcium chloride per litre. Determine the two metals, the copper by a gravimetiic and a volu-metric method.Results me to be expressed as grams of metal per 100 grams of solution (This exercise way be completed to-morrow.! WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report on the nature of siibstance (€3) (phosphor-tin). T’HURSRAY, SEPTEMBER 18th, 1924 : 10 a.m. lo 4.30 p.m. 1. From the sample of quinol supplied (C) prepare well crystallised specimens of quinone, quinhydrone and phenoquinone. (This exercise may Be completed to-rnorrow. 2. Identify the given compound (D) (phenwetin). (This exercise must be convpleted today. FRIDAY, SEPTEAIBER 19th 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report on the quality of the stlmplc of ether (E) supplied.(E contained 10 per cent. cthyl alcohol. 1 per cent. acetaldehyde and a trace of hydrogen peroxide.) 2nd Week. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Solution (A) contains potassium ferrocyanide (about 5 per cent.) and potassium thiocyanate (about 4 per cent.). Determine the amounts of each present. Results are to be expressed as grams of anhydrous salt in 100 gramsof solution. (This exercise may be completed to-niorrow.) TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 23rd, 1924: 10 am to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report on the nature of substance (B) (ferro-boron). 281 to 4.30 p.m.WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24th, 1024: 10 a.??~. 1. Prepare from the sample of benzyl benzoate supplied (C) pure specimens of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid ; determine the boiling point of the former and the melting point of the latter.The maximum yield should be aimed at and the amounts obtained recorded. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow. 3. Identify the given compound (D) (toluene sulphonamide). (This exercise mnst be completed to-day.) THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 25th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report upon the quality of the sample of acetic acid supplied (E)(I3 contained 0 1 per cent. H,SO, and 1 per cent. H,SO,). (The candidates were also required to translate short passages of technical French and German into English.) Examination for the Associateship. Branch (d).-Organ ic Chem istry.MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 15th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. The liquid is a mixture of two aromatic substances, an amine and a hydroxyl derivative. You are required to effect as quantitative a sepa-ration as possible, to prepare pure specimens of each, and to obtain from each a simple derivative which will enable you to identify each substance. (35 gram m-cresol and 65 grams o-toluidine). TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER l&h, 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the two constituents present in A and prepare such derivatives as would enable you to characterise them (equal parts of benzonitrile and o-nitrotoluene). WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the solution (B)(10 grams of piperonalin 60 C.U.of ether and 60 C.C. of acetone). THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 18th, 1924: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Investigate the acid X ; determine its equivalent by two methods, and prepare and purify one of its esters (phenylacetic acid). PRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 19th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Compare and contrast the preparation and properties of the aliphatic aldehydes and ketones with those of the aromatic aldehydes and ketonew. 2. Discuss the value for synthetic purposes of pheiiyl hydrazine and 3. For what purposes are the following substances used in organic the GrignBrd reagent. chemistry :-semicarbazide, dimethyl- sulpha te, chloroformic ester, diazomethane, aluminium chloride, bodium ethylate, and strychnine. 4.Either give (i) a complete account of the synthesis of an alkaloid, or (ii) the preparation, properties and constitution of anthracene and anthra- yuinone, and one of the dyes derived from the latter. 5. Describe the preparation, properties and theoretical importance of triphenyl methyl and analogous substances. (The candidate was also submitted to an oral examination in generalch&mistn/, and wa?required to translafe short passages 01technical Prench and German into Bngdish.) 282 Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A.-Inorganic Chemistry. Section I I. Metallurgy. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 29th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Six questions to be answered, of which No. 2 IS COMPULSORY.) 1. Describe some form of machine sampler, which can be used on a large scale for ores.How would you sample the following materials? (a) Twenty bars of standard gold. (b) Two railway truck-loadd of ferro-manganese. 2. (Compulsory.) Give an outline of a scheme for the commercially complete analysis of an iron ore. 3. Inferior brands of solder frequently contain a small percentage of antimony. Describe the methods you would adopt for the detection of the antimony and for the estimation of the lead, tin and antimony in such an alloy. 4. An alloy of gold, silver and copper is found by a preliminary assay to contain gold, 500 ; silver, 400; and copper, 100. Illustrate by imaginary numerical examples how you would make an accurate assay of the alloy, giving the composition of the checks and showing the applica- tion of the necessary corrections.5. Discuss briefly the chemical principles involved in the extraction of blister copper by modern smelting operations from a pyritic ore con- taining approximately 2-5 per cent. of copper. 6. A blast furnace. working on the same ore, produced at different times pig irons of the following composition :-(a) (b)Carbon-graphite .. .. .. 3.14 0.36 Carbon-combined .. .. .. 0.48 3-04 Manganese .. .. .. 0.67 0.45 Silicon . . .. .. .. 2.50 0.64 Sulphur .. .. .. .. 0-06 0.41 Phosphorus .. .. , . 1.57 1 -68 What were the probable working conditions of the furnace for each class of iron? Describe the physical properties of these irons and state for what purposes they would be suitable. 7.Describe (a) an optical and (b) a total radiation pyrometer, indicating the conditions suitable for the use of each. Give the formula connecting radiation with temperature in each case. 8. A gun forging (containing 0.3 per cent. carbon, 3.5 per cent. nickel, 0.6 per cent. chromium and 0.6 per cent. manganese), which has been oil-quenched, gives a very iow yield point. What investigations would you make to determine the reason for this? Describe the normal structure of such a steel ((I) after annealing and (b) after oil-quenching. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 29th, 1924: 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than three questions must be answered from each part. The candzdate can pass by answering two questions from each part.) PARTI. 1. Give some account of the occurrence and methods of extraction of zinc and cadmium.What are the most important compounds of each metal, and how is each obtained? In what respects do zinc and cadmium resemble one another in chemical behaviour, and in what respects do they differ ? 283 2. How are the phosphoric acids prepared ? and how are the salts of the various acids related to one another ? Which of the metallic phosphates are made use of for the purposes of analytical chemistry ? 3. What is meant by a “ reducing agent ” ? Mention four commonlyused reducing agents, and explain by examples, giving equations how each works. 4. How, from a sample of chrome ironstone, would you prepare specimens of potassium dichromate and of chrome alum 1 How would you determine the percentage of chromium in each of the compounds when prepared ? PART11. 5.What is meant by the “hydrogen ion concentration” in a solution ? How is it determined ? Give some account, in this cgnnec- tion, of recent developments in the use of indicators. 6. What is “ Prout’s hypothesis ” ? What is meant by isotopes? What bearing has the discovery of isotopes on the problem of the truth or otherwise of Prout’s hypothesis? 7. What are the circumstances which, when solutions of two salts are mixed, determine whether, and if so how far, reaction will occur between them? 8. Write a short essay on (1) the phenomena of allotropy, or (2) the discovery of argon and the other rare gases of the atmosphere. TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30th, 1924: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Determine the chief constituents in a sample of “phosphor bronze.” (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER lst, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a complete analysis of the sample of basic refractory material. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, OCTOBER 2nd, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify and determine, &s far as time permits, the chief constituents of the sample of pig iron. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, OCTOBER 3rd, 1924: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Prepare the given sample of cast iron for examination under the microscope ;sketch and report on its structure. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch C.-Organic Chemistry, with special reference to the Paint and Varnish Industry.MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 1 pm. PARTI. (Three questions to be answered out of each part.) 1. Give a brief summary of the anthraquinone vat dyes, discussing in detail the constitution of one member of this group. 284 2. Discuss either (a)the value of the refractive index as a method for the determination of the structure of organic compounds, or (b)the colour and spectra of inorganic compounds ; or (c) the present position of our knowledge of the relationships between colour and constitution. 3. Give an account of eith,er (i) the triphenylmethane dyes, or (ii) the basic properties of oxygen, or (iii) the role of catalysis in chemical industry. 4. Discuss either the chemistry of the proteins or tthe value and commercial importance of the diazo reaction.PART IT. 1. Write a brief essay on valency. 2. Discuss either photosynthesis or the recent work on tautomerism. 3. Discuss either the preparation and properties of the ketones OT the synthesis of camphoric acid. 4. Discups the value of the X-ray method for the investigation of the structure of organic compounds. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1924: 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the application of the methods and principles of colloid chemistry to the study of paints and varnishes. 2. Give a brief account of the polymerisation and drying of linseed oil and of china wood oil, and review the theories proposed to explain these ph enomem. TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 23rd, 1924: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Write a report limited to practice1 advice on the precautions which should be taken by a paint and varnish manufacturer against (i) Fire. (ii) Danger to the health of workers. 2. Describe the manufacture of 1 ton of paint and of 1000 gallons of varnish which, in your opinion, will correspond to requirements of the two specifications herewith. If time permits, draw a sketch plan of a works suitable for the daily production of 1 ton of paint and 250 gallons of varnish. Show the position of the plant, and append a brief description oi the buildings and machinery, etc. FOR VARNISHFOR EXTERNALSPECIFICATION WOODWORK. (Rased on the B.E.S.A. specification.) 1. Description. The varnish shall be a " long-oil " varnish of good quality ; it shall be clear and transparent and suitable for ap-plication by means of either brush or spray.Two coats of varnish on spruce primed with one coat of goldgize shell, when &y, give a uniformly smooth, highIy glossy and serviceable covering. 2. Viscosity and Stoutness. The viscosity shall be not less than 1.8 poises at 24' C. (77' F.) and not more than 5.5 poises at 15' C. (59' I?.) The loss in weight obtained by heating between 1 and 2 grmrnesof varnish in a shallow flat-bottomed dish for 3 hours at 110' C. $230" F.) shall not exceed 50 per cent. Note.-l.8 poises is the viscosity of cwbr oil at 44' C. (110'' F)and 5.5 poises is the viscosity of castor oil at 28' C. (8.2' F.) 285 3. Rate of deg. The varnish when " flowed on " to a g1a.m plate shaU become * surface dry " at 70" F.(21" C.) in about 8 hours and " hard dry " in not more than 48 hours, giving a clear, hard and elltstic 61m. ,Note.-By the term " hard dry " is understood such a condition that a second coat of varnish could be satisfactorily applied. 4. Flexibility. One coat of the varnish shall be brushed on to a panel of 30 S.W.H. tinned iron which shall then bs allowed to dry in a nearly vertical position for 24 hours at 70" F. (21" C.). The varn- ished panel shall thereafter be heated for 2 hours in a steam oven at 212" F. (100"C.) at the end of which period it shall be removed from the oven and kept at a room temperature for one hour. It shall then with the varnish film ohtsidc be bent rapidly double over an ,1 inch diameter rod, care being taken that the temperature of the metal during this operation does not exceed 70" F.(21" C.). Ths film shall resist this treatment without becoming detached or damaged. 5. Webbing. The film produced when the varnish is "flowed on" to a glass plate and allowed to dry at 100" F. (38" C.) in an atmosphere charged with " burnt coal gas " shall not web or wrinkle to any appreciable extent. 6. Resistance to Lubricating Oils and Aviation Spirit. The varnish film shall resist the action of lubricating oils and aviation spirit. 7. Durability. The varnish shall, when applied to woodwork, produce a film sufficiently durable to withstand exposure to weather for at least six months.8. Keeping qualities. The varnish shall retain the propertiesdetailed above for 12 months after the date ofmanufacture. FOR OIL AND PETBOL BATTLESHIPSPECIFICATION RESISTING GREY PAINT. 1. Description. The paint shall be a quick drying one-coat grey paint suitable for direct application by means of either brush or spray to aluminium cowlings or other smooth aliuninium surfaces. 2. Colour and Finish. The dry film resulting wom the applica- tion of one coat of the paint, by brush to aluminium shall show a smooth surface free from brush marks and streaks. It shall match the standard in colour, smoothness of surface and opacity. 3. Rate of drying. Aluminium sheet coated by brush with one coat of the paint and kept at a temperature of 70" F.(21" C.)shall become fit for handling and packing in not more than 8 hours. 4. Flexibility and Adhesion. One coat of the paint shall be brushed on to a panel of 30 S.W.G. aluminium which shall then be allowed to dry in a nearly verticsl position for 7 days at 70" F. (21' C.)The painted panel with the paint film outside, shall then be bent rapidly double over a 2 inch diameter rod, care being taken that the temperature of the aluminium during this operation does not exceed 70" F. (21" C.). The paint film shall resist this treatment without becoming detached or damaged. 6. Resistance to Lubricating Oils and Aviation Spirit. The paint film shall resist the action of lubricating oils and aviation spirit. 286 6. Durability. Aluminium surfaces, coated with one coat of the paint, shell resist exposure to the weather for two months under service conditions without showing signs of deterioration of either paint or metal.7. Keeping qualities. The paint shall retain the propertiesdetailed above for 12 months after the date of manufactur;, duringwhich period it should at any time be capable of readily being brought to a suitable consistency by stirring. TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 23rd, 1924 : 2 to 5 p.m. Examine, and if possible identify, the specimen numbered 1. (Ester gum containing lime-hardened rosin.) WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the varnish specimen numbered 2. THURSDAY, XEPTEMBER 25th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The liquid is a mixture of two aromatic substances.You are required to effect as quantitative a separation as possible, to prepare a pure specimen of each and to obtain from each a simplederivative which will enable you to identify each substance. (35 gms. m-cresol and 65 gms. o-toluidine.) FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 26th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the specimen numbered 3. (A liquid drier.) 2. Determine the viscosity in absolute units of the sample of liquid numbered 4 at 25" C. and at 50" C. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch D.-Ag ricuItu ral Chemistry. MONDAY, OGI'OBER 6th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give some account of the processes whereby reserve stores of proteins, oil and starch in seeds and roots are rendered available as nutri- ment for succeeding plant growth.2. What are glucosides ? Describe the constitution of any familiar examples of these bodies indicating where they occur and how they may be extracted. 3. A sample of milk yielded on analysis the following figures :-per cent. Total Solids .............................. 11.15 Fat ...................................... 3.50 Proteins .................................. 3.30 Lactose .................................. 3.60 Ash ...................................... -75 Discuss these results and indicate what conclusions you would draw from them tiad why. 4. Give some account of what is known of the chemical changes which take place during the ripening of cheese. 5. Mention, indicating briefly the purport of each, any specialinvestigations bearing upon agricultural chemistry that are especiallyassociated with the names of Boussingault, Liebig, Lawes and Gilbert, Mute and Schloeeing, Hellriegel and Wilfarth, Winogradsky, Beijerinck,Kuhn, Kellner, Armsby. 287 6.Discuss the manurial properties of sulphate of ammonia, ad nitrate of soda, explaining how far they agree or differ, and indicate what considerations, apart from market value, would influence you in deciding which should be used under various circumstances. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What are the principal materials used, and in what forms, in compounding sheep dips? What are the usually approved concentra- tions of the more active constituents in sheep-dipping baths as preparedfor use ? 2.Indicate some of the directions in which light ha been thrown upon soil phenomena by the study of colloidal properties of soil. 3. What is understood by the “soil solution” ? Comment upon any processes you know of that have been devised for its extraction for the purpose of analytical examination. 4. What is meant by the terms “flocculation” and “defloccula- tion ” in connection with soils ? How are these capable of being affected by operations and applications incidental to practical farming? 5. How would you ascertain by a laboratory experiment what is known as the ‘‘ lime requirement ” of a soil? 6. What percentages of fat and of “ albuminoids ’’ would you expect to find in average specimens of the following food stuffs: barley meal, decorticated cottonseed meal, decorticated groundnut cake, maize meal, locust bean meal, peas, horse beans, “ sharps or middlings ”? What are the principal feeding constituents in mangolds and swedes respectively and what approximate proportions would you expect to find of them in good specimens of the roots mentioned? TUESDAY, OCTOBER 7th, 1924: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Investigate as fully a time allows the contents of the bottles A and €3 and identify each of the substances (A Lactose ; B Inulin). WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 8th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the Phosphoric Acid, Lime, Iron Oxide and Alumina in the Mineral Phosphate C. (This exercise, to be begun to-day, may be completed on any succeeding day* ) 2. Examine microscopically the sample of Barley Meal D and identify any materials with which it is adulterated.THURSDAY, OCTOBER 9th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Continue the analysis of the Mineral Phosphate already in hand. 2. The Fat E is from a substance sold as butter. Examine it and report on it as fully as you can. FRIDAY, OCTOBER, loth, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5p.m. 1. Complete (if still outstanding) the analysis of the Mineral 2. The Feeding Meal F is suspected of having caused the death of Phosphate. a Cow. Examine it in view of this information. Determine, aLso, in this Feeding Meal, the percentage of Nitrogen. 288 *Examination for the Fellowship and Associateship. Branch E.-The Chemistry, including Microscopy of Food and Drugs, and of Water.* Except where otherwise indicated the questions were taken by both the candidates for the Fellowship and for the Associateship. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1924 ; 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. I. Give an outline of the chief methods by which dried milk is pre- pared. What would you expect to be the approximate composition of (a)a whole milk powder (b) a marhine skimmed milk powder. 2. In what respects do cocoa nib and COCO~shell differ from each other? How would you determine the proportion of shell in a specimen of cocoa and what proportion do you consider legitimate? Answer in a Separate Notebook. Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and microscopy. 1. Give a full account of the pharmacopoeial preparations of iodine with it,s salts and compounds.Discuss their therapeutic employment. 2. Describe the preparation of chloral hydrate and indicate the changes which the drug undergoes in the body before excretion. What is known of the physiological effects of formaldehyde? 3. What is the composition of ; (1) Dover’s Powder, (2) Pare-goric, (3) Fowler’s Solution? Give the medicinal dose of each. MONDAY, XEPTEMBER 22nd, 1924 : 2 to 5 pm. 1. What is your definition of an alkaloid? Briefly state to what class or classes of compounds these substances belong, giving examples. 2. Describe three methods that may be used for the determination of nitrate in drinking water. Which method do you advise and why? 3. Write an essay on the legislation affecting food for human con- sumption, enacted in England up to the year 1923.4. Describe in detail how you would determine the percentage of potassium in a specimen of potassium sulphate if no platinum salt were available for the analysis. 5. (F.I.C. ONLY). How is the presence or absence of the tubercle bacillus proved in a specimen of milk 1 What do you understand by the term “tuberculin tested ” as applied to cattle? (A.1.C Orn,~). Describe fully how a valuation of a feeding stuff for cattle may be calculated. TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 23rd, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the fat in the infant’s food A and report as to its com- position (butter fat and egg fat). WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24tJ6, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The medicine B. is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Miatura Ferri et Strychninae.S ozs. Liq. Ferri. Perchlor. ................ in. 10 Liq. Strychnin. Hyd. .............. m. 2 Glycerini .......................... m. 10 Aq. Fontis at1 .................... fl. oz. 4 thalyse the medicine and report as to the accuracy of the dispensing. 389 THURSDAY, SE’I’TEMBER 25th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the diaqtatic activity (saccharifying power) of the cereal food C. 2. Examine micro$copxcally the Barley Meal D. and report as to its purity. 3. Examine microscopically the mixed fruit jam E, identifyin9 the fruits preaent. Make drawin@ of typical structures observed and identify the seeds present, leaving specimens of the latter. 4.Examine microscopically the water sediment F, making drawings of and naming as far as possible the structures observed. PRIDAY, SEPTEfMBER 26th, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. (F.I.C. ONLY). Analyse and report upon the sample of cream G submitted under the Milk and Cream Regulations. 2. (F.I.C. ONLY). Substance H was passed by a tap on a main drinking water supply : of what is this material composed? 1. (A.I.C. ONLY). Determine the nitrogen and fibre in the barley meal I. 2. (A.I.C. ONLY). Make a qualitative aiialysis of the mixed fertiliser J. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER Zi’th, 1924 : 10 a.m. Lo 1 p.m. 1. The medicine A was directed to contain a medicinal dose of strychnine together with a little gentian. Describe whether it was cor-rectly dispensed with respect to the alkaloid (Strychnine omitted).2. Prepare from a drop of your own blood a slide of typical haemin crystals. 3. Identify microscopically the constituents of the mixture B. Examination for the Fellowship, Branch G.-Chemical Engineering, with special reference to By-product Coke Oven Industry. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 22d, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the factors which should determine the introduction and choice of a plant for filtering and softening water in a works. 2. What is the principle of operation of the thermoelectric couple? Discuss the limitations of usefulness of (a) the platinum, platinum- rhodium couple, and (b) the base metal thermocouple. 3. Describe in detail the methods of testing and control which you would use for securing the maximum efficiency in a steam boiler plant.2 to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the use8 and properties of lead in large scale chemical work and particularly the extent of its possible replacement by other acid-resisting material. 2. Describe carefully the use of the Pitot tube for measuring the flow of hot moist gm inla tube or flue, with special reference to possible sources of error and to the pressure gauges you would recommend. 3. Discuss and compare the methods available for the removal of fine dust from a stream of gas, giving examplcs from industrial practica. 290 TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 23rd, 1924: 10 u.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the factors which go to determine the most suitable dimensions for the coking chambers of a by-product coke-oven plant.2. Compare the properties of :-(a) Ordinary fire-bricks. (b) Siliceous flre-bricks. (c) Silica bricks. from the coke-oven standpoint, and state where in your opinion each class of brick would find suitable use in a battery of modern regenerative coke- ovens. 3. Compare the present position of direct and indirect ammonia recovery including special reference to steam consumption and disposal of effluent. 2 to 5 pm. 1. Discuss the methods used or proposed for lowering the ash con- tent of coal, particularly very small coal. 2. Describe the process of oil washing for Benzole. What do you understand to be the claims made for activated carbon and silica gel in Benzole recovery ? 3.Discuss the mode of occurrence of :-(a) Sulphur in coal. (b) Nitrogen in coal. and the changes brought about by the coking process. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY and PRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 24th to 26th, 1924. Two questions to be chosen by the candidate. 1. Determine the degree of correspondence in the calorific values of the coal supplied as obtained :-(a) By direct determination in the calorimetric bomb. (b) By calculation from the ultimate analysis. (c) By calculation from the proximate analysis. 2. Determine the Benzene and Toluene contents of the tar sample 3. Examine the coal sample supplied as completely as time allows supplied. 88 to its suitability for the manufacture of hard metallurgical coke in a by-product coke-oven plant.(The candidate was submitted to an oral examination and was required to interpret working drawings of plant). Examination for the Fellowship. Branch H.-General and Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 22&, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the use of fractional distillation as a method of quanti- 2. A cylinder of liquid ammonia is submitted to you for analysis tative analysis. and report a to its suitability for use in a refrigerating plant. Desoribe in detail the analytical metho& you would adopt, and state the nature and significance of the possible impurities. 291 3. How does the phenomenon of adsorption affect chemical analysis? Give examples of analysis: (a)where adsorption causes errors; (b) where adsorption is utilised. 4.What are diazo-compounds? Describe a general method of preparation of these compounds and give instances of the application of a diazo reaction in analysis. 5. Give R critical account of the uses of vacuum drying in the laboratory. 6. What do you understand by the term “synthetic organicchemical ”? Discuss the question as to whether calcium carbide is, or is not, such a chemical. TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 23rd, 1924 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. (A) is a sample of manganese bronze (Copper and Zinc together =95%). Determine the nature and amounts of any other metals present. (This exercise may be continued throughout the week.) 2. Determine the silica in the fluor spar (B). (The result of this analysis must be given in at 5 pm.to-morrow.) 3. The leather L is sold as suitable for bookbinding. Examine it and report upon its suitability for this pnrpose from the point of view of acidity. (The result of this analysis must be given in at 5 p.m. to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY and FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 24th, 25th and 26th, 1924. 1. Complete ths analysis of fluor spar and leather, and continue 2. Examine the specimen of olive oil, 0,and report as to its genuine- the determination of the constituents of the manganese bronze. ness. 3. The mortar M is supposed to have been prepared in accordance with the following specification : “Mortar means good mortar compounded of good fresh burnt lime and clean sharp sand or grit. mixed in the proportion of not less than one part by measure of lime to three parts by measure of sand or grit.” halyse the mortar and report. 292 Scientific and Industrial Research.The Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1923-1924 (Cmd. 2223: Published by H. M. Stationery Office ; 3s. net.) announces estimates amounting to jtT328,281 on the programme for 1924-1925, compared with l276,863, for 1923-1924, and @97,437 for 1922-1923. The publication includes the Report of the Advisory Council, a summary of the work of the research organisations of the Department, and Appendices giving par- ticulars of the personnel of the Boards and Committees of the Department, statistics with regard to grants, lists of researches and departmental publications, and a prdcis on developments in the organisation of research in other parts of the Empire.The Report of the Committee pays tribute to the late Sir George Beilby, who was an original member of the Advisory Council, and first Cliairnian and Director of the Fuel Research Board . . . . “ to him the creation of the necessary oi*gunisation anti the design and building of H.M. Fuel Research Station at East Greenwich are solely due. He, more than any other man, put the scientific knowledge of low-temperature carbonisation on a firm basis; his work on gas standards had a formative influence on recent legislation for the gas industry, and his skill as a microscopist opened up a fascinating direction for research into the structure and behaviour of coke.It is with the deepest regret that we lose his wi9e and experienced counsel and the great scientific and practical knowledge he brought to the many difficult questions with which the Department in the early j7ears of ils existence had to deal. We desire on behalf of the Government and the nation to place on record our high appreciation of all that he so generously and freely gave them both during the war and in the hard and critical ycars nhch have suc-ceeded it. Through all, his aim and effort were to help to the iit,most, the re-establishment of this land ttncl people.” Jn acknowledging the services of the Advisory Council, the Committee expresses the view that “the co-ordination of scientific effort in the different spheres of national administra.tion is the best means of diminishing conflicting counsels, of avoiding waste of time and money, and of giving scientific workers under Govern- ment the intellectual encouragement without which their work is likely to become sterile; above all, it is the west hopeful means of bettering the material condiiions of life.” 293 Further, after ernphasising the importance of maintaining active intellectual co-operation between different Departments of State, the Committee say that “the time is coming when the Government should have at their disposal a suitable scientific personnel who will be competent to recognise thc scientific significance of the practical difficulties that arise, whose duty it will be to know the existing facilities for dealing with the pro- blems involved, and whose standing will command acceptance by the scientific heads of the Departments and cstablishnienth.” Research Associations.-Among the matters of interest to chemists, the progress of the industrial research associations is reviewed and the Advisory Council state that collectively the reports furnish most useful evidence of the progress of the co-operative research movement.The reports of visiting committees, appointed to inquire into the work of the associations with reference to their future financial requirements supply much encouraging evidence of the soundness and utility of the scheme for co-operative research and of the advances which have been made, under the scheme, in the application of scientific research to the technical problems of industry.In most instances the Committees warmly commend the scientific work which has been undertaken and express the belief that it has had, or in due course will have, important beneficial consequences. They found, in nearly every instance, that the programmes of research had been drawn up, after a thorough survey of the scientific needs of the industry, with care and judgment, and that well-planned and equitably dis- tributed schemes for investigating the questions of major importance had been prepared . . . “the scheme as a whole has justified its inception.” Under the head of Consultative Work, the Advisory Council show that they have regard to the possible interference of research associations with the rights and privileges of the independent practitioner. “The question of the extent to which consultative work can be regarded as a proper fucction of a research association is not free from difficulty.It must be remembered that in some industries no professional consultants are available to give assistance except upon minor and incidental matters. It must be recognised also that a certain amount of consultative work enables the staff of an association to acquaint itself with 294 existing technical difficulties, and thereby to discover fresh problems of general importance to the industry. Furthermore, in an industry which employs little or no scientific personnel in the works, successful consultative work undoubtedly has an educative value for the members.“Consequently, while we consider it improper that a research association, subsidised by State aid, should compete with the consultant in his ordinary work, we recognise that it is impossible to draw a hard and fast line between the provinces of the con- sultant and the research association. Chemical analysis, for instance, forms a large part of the work of the consultant, yet chemical analysis is a concomitant of practically all chemical investigation, and the nature of the problems in a given industry may be such as to necessitate the evolution of entirely new analytical methods. The association may be better fitted than the consultant to develop and apply such methods because it has a much wider and more accurate knowledge of the industry.On the other hand, industrial difficulties constantly arise which are capable of solution with the aid of established analytical methods. Research associations can, and frequently do, point out that difficulties of this kind can be overcome by utilising the services of properly qualified chemical practitioners. “In our opinion the whole question should be judged by the criterion-is the work, or is it not, of general interest to the association as a whole? If it is, the work should be done without a fee and, on completion, communicated to the whole associa- tion. This should be the guiding principle, though we recognise that research associations, especially in the early and formative stages, must secure by all legitimate means the adherence and confidence of their members, and that a certain amount of con- sulting worK may be helpful to this end.If consultative work not of general interest is undertaken for individual firms, it should be placed on a proper financial basis. But even so, we think its extent should be watched carefully and be strictly limited.” [At the same time? it is known that some consultants are not entirely without suspicion that, in addition to having to face unsatisfactory conditions in industry and commerce, they have possibly been deprived of investigatory and even routine work which would in the ordinary course of events have fallen to them before the establishment of the associations.On the other hand, in the majority of instances, they feel that their interests will 295 be safeguarded by the recognition of their privileges by thc directors of the associations, who are almost invariably members of their own profession.] The Committee of the Privy Council has, in many cases, found it desirable to offer a further grant for a period of years to enable the industries concerned to establish their own associa- tions on a self-supporting and permanent basis. The Committee adds a warning, however: “While due allowance must be made for the specially difficult times through which industry in this country is at present passing, we hold the opinion that research associations should realise that they must sooner or later look solely to the industries they represent for their maintenance.” Fuel Research Board-The problem before the Fuel Research Board is to secure the more economical use and development of the natural fuel resources of the Country and of the Empire, and, by abating the smoke nuisance, to promote the greater health, comfort and convenience of the community.In June, 1924,the Secretary for Mines urged the desirability of a further expansion of the work of the Fuel Research Board. It was proposed that the Board should mdertake to test at the public cost any promising plant or process for the low tem- perature carbonisation of coal. The Advisory Council considered that such tests would not only furnish information of value to the Government, but might expedite the development of a successful process or processes for low temperature carbonisation.The tests, if carried out by the Government, would best be con-ducted by the Director of Fuel Research and his staff, provided their cost was not allowed to absorb funds already available for the research work of the Board. The conditions under which such tests are to be made are published in Appendix VII. It was further proposed that the physical and chemical survey of the national coal resources should be pressed forward, the object being to ascertain the properties of the coal available, to determine the purposes for which each variety is best suited, and to undertake, where necessary, researches required for the development of new methods of treatment of particular coals, adapted to their nature and to the local conditions.The Board proposes in future to prepare an annual report giving a general account of the work in hand during the year. 296 A su~niiiai-yof its work inchided in the Report, deals n7ith the physical and cliemical sui vey of the national coal resou~ces, high temperature carbonisation, low temperature carbonisation, internal coinbustion engines, boiler tests, production of oil from coal by methods other than carbonisation, domestic heating and power alcohol; and refers to the exhibit illustrating the work of the Board in the (;ovcrumcnt Building at the British Empire Exhibition.Tlic Reports of the Board scheduled in Appendix VIII. are-Pulverised Coal Systems in Xmerica, 3rd edn. 1923: 5s. (by post 5s. 3d.); The Steaming of Wigan Arley Coal in Vertical Gas Retorts: gd. (by post ~od.); Carbonisation of Seaweed as a preliminary to the extraction of iodine and potas- sium Salts, 1924: 6d. (by post, 64d.); Interim Reports on Methods of Analysis of Coal : IS. 6d. (bv post, IS. 7d.); and The Lancashire Coalfield: The Ai-ley Seams (In the Press). Building Research Board.-Two Committees have been ap- pointed to deal with problems relating to (i) structures, and (ii) the study of building materials. The continuation of the investigation into the causes of the setting and hardening of Portland cement haq been the chief item in the programme of work on cements and concretes. A great deal of work has been done on the effect of consistency on the strength and permeability of concrete, and the effect of various factors in the mixing of concrete on its permeability.The Board has controlled experiments on many subjects: the setting of calcium sulphate cements and the influence of the rate on setting of the addition of various salts in such cements (published in Chemistry and Indz&ry-~gq, 43, 11); the use of spent oil shale for making pozzolanic cement; the determina- tion of the modulus of elasticity of “Spun” concrete; the de- flection under load of full size statistically indeterminate ferro- concrete structures; the behaviour of Portland blast-furnace and other cements under heating tests ; corrugated asbestos- cement roofing sheets ; magnesite (jointless) floors, having regard to their corrosive action on metals used in construction; the economic firing of kilns with special reference to gas firing; the relative values of roofing materials in respect of solar radis- tion; and the acoustics of buildings.The Board has also in mind the question of revising existing standard specifications for building materials and the prepara- tion of specifications where none at present exist. This has 297 been referred to the British Engineering Standards Association. The Stone Presemration Committee is seeking to establish the various reactions and agencies that are responsible for the decay of stone.The investigation is being directed to methods of recognising the nature of decay in various stones under varying conditions of exposure. Stone work is also being examined from the biological point of view, to ascertain whether there is sufficient evidence of detrimental action by living organisms to justify extensive research in this direction. Dental Investigation Board .-On representations from the Dental Board of the United Kingdom, the Advisory Council have appointed an Investigation Committee, under the Chair- inanship of Prof. Sydney Young, to investigate chemical and metallurgical problems connected with dentistry. A preliminary report has been submitted on dental alloys and amalgams. Patents.-Instructions have been issued by the Treasury for dealing with the exploitation of inventions made by Government servants.The Lords Commissioners have decided that every invention shall be referred to the Board of Trade for advice on its commercial exploitation, but the Department in which the invention originated shall be responsible for malting all the necessary arrangements. They recognise that, in view of the large amount of research now being undertaken at the public expense by Government servants, discoveries may be made of which the full benefits should be secured for the State, subject to suitable awards being made to the inventors in proper cases. British. Museum.--The publication of the reports on the cleaning and restoration of museum exhibits, containing par- ticulars of the work supervised by Dr.Alexander Scott andhis assistants, has resulted in an extension of the variety of work submitted to the laboratory. Dr. Scott has also visited Egypt and has given advice upon the preservation of objects found at the tomb of Tutankhamen. A third report is about to be published. Grant-aided Researches.- -The Advisory Council received 577 applications for grants from individual research workers and students in training, compared with 668 in the previous year; 291 awards were made, compared with 304. The Council 298 believe that the decreasing number of applications is due in the main to a higher standard of attainment being required by the professors and others who recommend them.The standard of work done by the students has been definitely raised and their reports made in September, 1923,marked a clear advance both in subject matter and in style; in one case only was it necessary to terminate the student’s allowance. Commenting on the disadvantages of too early specialisation, the Council say:- “Experience has taught us to attach great importance to the student’s school history, and our conviction grows that in the last two years of school life science must not be allowed to absorb the whole of the student’s attention, to the exclusion of the humanities and to the detriment of his general education. And, at a later stage, when the student has graduated and is serving his apprenticeship to research, we should like to see him encouraged to devote attention as part of his training to the historical and cultural aspects of the subject in which he is specialising.” Students specialising in chemistry have still an overwhelming preponderance, although there is a small increase in the number of those specialising in biological sciences. In a table giving particulars of the after careers of students who were in receipt of allowances during 1922-23, there is an increase in the number of industrial posts obtained as compared with the figure for the previous year, and that improvement appears to be maintained.The total expenditure on the grants to research workers and students during the year is estimated at L41,ooo; and for the academic year 1924-25 the Advisory Council have made pro- vision for the expenditure of &+7,ooo.X-ray Analysis of Crystals.-Arrangements have been made with the authorities of the Royal Institution for the continu- ance in the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory of Sir William Bragg’s researches in the X-ray analysis of crystals. Several papers have already been published in the Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Proceedings of the Royal Society In a short summary of the work of the National Physical Laboratory mention is made of the research on ferrous alloys, the work on light metals for the Engineering Co-ordinating Research Board, the investigation into the methods of production of pure metals, the research on minor metals, and the study of 299 the structure of metals and alloys with theaid of X-rays.The work on iron alloys has involved experiments in the production in the pure state of iron and other metals-e.g., chromium and manganese, commonly used in alloy steels. Good progress has been made with the study of the iron-chromium and other systems of iron alloys. Important advance has been made also in the investigation into the constitution of aluminium alloy systems. Investigations have also been undertaken on magnet steels, spring steels, gas cylinders and chains and hooks; the study of the effect of impurities in copper, and the determination of oxygen in aluminium. Research on optical glass is pro- ceeding, including work on the measurement of the viscosity of glass for the Glass Research Association, and the preparation of standard steel samples has been continued.Food Investigation Board.-The further investigation of “brown heart” in apples has been pursued by sending a small expedition to Australia to study the conditions of transport including the control of the ventilation, temperature and humidity of ships’ holds. Ripening is retarded, up to a point, more or less proportionately by the presence of carbon dioxide and by a subnormal concentration of oxygen. It is only in atmospheres containing too much carbon dioxide (over 10 per cent.) that the disease of “brown heart ’’ is apt to manifest itself. Laboratory researches on the respiration of apples and ancillary problems have been conducted at the Low Temperature Research Station, Cambridge, and at the Imperial Collegeof Science and Technology.The Oils and Fats Committee has completed an examination of the series of glycerol methyl esters; an adequate number of these compounds has been characterised to enable the constitu- tion of any mixed glyceride to be determined, and the capacity of glycerol to form glucosides has been studied. Work on the analysis of the higher aliphatic acids, especially the synthesis of keto-stearic acids, has been continued at Man-Chester University; and the study of the conditions which lead to the deposition of fat in yeast cells and in certain fruits and seeds, at the Lister Institute. The investigations of the Canned Foods Committee on the production of degradation products, such as volatile organic bases, amino acids, etc., under different conditions, has been continued at Cambridge.300 The Forest Products Research Board is now fully satisfied that for research in timber mechanics and in seasoning, and in the general relations of water and wood, central laboratories are essential. The timber mechanics section will deal with strength values of structural and factory materials and their economic utilisation, and mechanical tests of home-grown and empire-grown timber. For seasoning research a battery of three experimental drying kilns and a laboratory have been erected at Farnborough and are in operation. Work is proceed-ing on timber used by railways. The thorough investigation of the chemistry of wood sub- stance is of basic importance.A beginning has been made on the chemistry of beech wood, with a view to co-ordination of research on its structure, seasoning, steaming, shrinkage and swelling. Prof. P. Groom has undertaken enquiries on dry rot in the wooden insulation of cold stores and on the little-known fungus discovered in association with an attack of dry rot at Broadmoor. Under the Chemistry Co-ordination Research Board further work has been done at the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath, on the slow oxidation of hydrocarbons to produce for- maldehyde, the results of which have been published in Chemistry and Ifidustry. The research on the chlorination of methane which has been transferred to the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, was originally directed to the production of methyl chloride from natural gas, and has now been extended to cover the produc- tion of carbon tetrachloride.Referring to the Oppau explosion, the Board came to the conclusion that it was impossible on scientific grounds to arrive definitely at the cause of the explosion, but reported that the least improbable explanation was that, owing to some over- sight or accident, there existed in the store large pockets of ammonium nitrate either unmixed with ammonium sulphate or mixed with a proportion insufficient to prevent detonation. The Department has assumed direct responsibility for the conduct of investigations on the corrosion of metals under the direction of Dr.G. D. Bengough. A process has been developed for the treatment of aluminium so as to produce on its surface a film of oxide which would readily adsorb other suitable pro- tective substances, and thus become highly resistant to corro- sion. It has also been found possible to incorporate dyes in 301 the coating so as to give the film various colours. Further trials have confirmed the efficacy of the process as an anti-corrosive treatment, and patent protection for the process has been applied for. Prof. I. M. Heilbron, of Liverpool University, has been en- trusted with a research upon the oil of certain fish, the chief constituent of the oil being a hydrocarbon. The preparation of gelatin with low ash-content, and ap- parently free from nitrogenous impurities, has been successfully accomplished by the Adhesives Research Committee.The physical and chemical properties of this product are being examine'd with a view to establishing criteria by which the purity of an ordinary glue or gelatin can be ascertained. An account of some of the preliminary work on the purification of gelatin, by J. Knaggs, A. B. Manning and S. B. Schryver has been published in the Biochemical Journal. An odourless and tasteless gelatin, comparable with that obtained from hides and having very strong adhesive properties, has been prepared from fish skins ; provisional patent protection has been obtained for the process. The investigation conducted at Bristol University upon the nature of adhesion has continued to yield interesting results, but it is not possible at this stage to draw any general conclusions.It has been suggested that radiology might be applied to the examination of glued joints, and some experiments which have been made in this direction appeared to show that the method could satisfactorily be applied to the examination of structures involving glued joints where these were not too complex, and have demonstrated the fact that powdered lead sulphate can be introduced into the glue, to increase its opacity, without adversely affecting its strength. Fabrics Co-ordinating Research Committee.---An investigation on the action of fireproofing agents has been started at the Royal Aircraft Establishment having regard to the importance of de-vising fire-proofing compositions that will not promote decay of the fabric.The deterioration of fabrics by light is being investigated at the National Physical Laboratory and at the Royal Aircraft Establishment. The Committee has considered the deterioration of rubber articles in tropical climates, but has deferred research until a quick-ageing test for rubber is available. 302 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, or have been purchased. They may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Aniline and its Derivatives.” P. H. Groggins. Pp. vii. + 256. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. Discussion of reaction; outline of manufacture; survey of processes; ferrous chloride as catalytic agent in reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline; iron borings ; manufacture of nitrobenzene; cost factors in manufacture; thermal factors in reduction and rectification of aniline; aniline poisoning; physical constants of aniline ;miscellaneous chemical and physical data; other methods of manufacture; some derivatives of aniline; action of acids and alkalis on metals used in chemical operations.“Bio-Chemistry, Some Studies in.” By some Students of Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler. Pp. 197. (Bangalore: The Phoenix Printing House.) “Cereal Chemistry, Modern.” L). W. Kent-Jones. Pp. ix + 324 (Liverpool : The Northern Publishing Co. Ltd.) “The ‘Chemical Age ’ Chemical Dictionary : Chemical Terms.’’ Pp.158. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 16s. “Coal Tar, The Constituents of.” P. E. Spielmann. Yp. xii+ 192. Bibliography and Index. (London : Longmans, Green & Co.). 12s.6d. I‘ Fur Dermatitis.” Report of an inquiry into the occurrence of dermatitis attributed to the wearing of fur collars; 1922-1923,by Allan C. Parsons. Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects No. 27. Ministry of Health: London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1924. gd. Includes reports by several chemists. “Gas Sales, The Scientific Promotion of.” A Treatise upon the Organisation of Gas Distribution and Gas Sales Depart- ments. Arthur Coe. Pp. 390. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 42s. Material control; labour control; co-ordination of sales; control of repairshops; distribution expenditure; administrative records; the allocation of costs; heating and ventilation; principles of gas sales promotion, etc.303 (‘Physical Chemistry, A System of.” Textbooks of Physical Chemistry. Vol. I11 : Quantum theory. W. C. McC. Lewis. Pp. x. + 407. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 15s. Definitions; Planck’s concept of quanta; energy content of solids and gases; atomic and molecular structure; physico-chemical change in heterogeneous and homogeneous systems; energetics of the ionic crystal lattice; systems in chemical equilibrium, etc. “Practical Chemistry, A Manual of.” For Public Health Students. A. W. Stewart. 2nd edition. Pp. x. + 83. (London: John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd.) 5s.Acidimetry and alkalimetry; air analysis; water analysis; analysis of foods and beverages; disinfectants and preservatives; microscopical work. (‘Volumentric Analysis,” or The Quantitative Determination of Chemical Substances by Measure, Applied to Liquids, Solids and Gases. F. Sutton. nth edition, revised throughout with numerous additions by W. Lincolne Sutton and A. E. Johnson. Pp. xii. + 629. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 35s. General principles ; alkalimetry and midimetry ; analysis by oxidation or reduction; analysis by precipitation; applied methods of analysis;inorganic and organic substances; analysis of urine, water and sewage; volumetric analysis of gas; tables. Messrs. Ernest Benn, Limited, have announced the publication of The Synthesis of Nitrogen Ring Compounds containing a SingZe Hetero-Atom (Nitrogen), by Cecil Hollins, with an introduction by Prof.J. B. Cohen; also the first volumes of their Chemical Engineering Library, namely (I) The Technology of Water, by Alan A. Pollitt, (2) Distillation Principles, by C. Elliott, (3) Grading and Screening of Materials, by J. E. Lister, (4) Grinding and Crushing Machinery, by Hartland Seymour, F. C. Snelling, and the Chemical Age Dictionary of Chemical Terms. and (5) Acid Concentration, in two volumes, by P. Parrish and 304 The Register. At the meetings of Council held in October, 1924, 3 new Fellows were elected, 11 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, and 56 new Associates were elected The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and 3 Associates by death. New Fellows.Gray, William Ruchanan, Box 1455, Johannesburg, South Africa. Gutsche, Jesse, B.A. (Cape of Good Hope), Ph.D. (Heid.), Cape Explosives Works, Ltd., P.O. Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, G.P., South Africa. Smith, Watson, Ph.D. (Zurich), “Dyxcroft,” Somerset West, C.P., South Africa. Associates elected to the Fellowship (by examination). Bagnall, Howard Henry, B.Sc. (Birm.), 44, Broad Street, Birmingham.Morris, Edgar Archibald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Etwall Street, Derby. Pyne, Gerald Thomas, A.R.C.Sc.I., R.Sc. (Lond.), 123, St. Lawrence Road, Clon tarf, Dublin. Sensicle, Laurence Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.1, Northmere, Pelton Fell, Co. Durham. Associates elected to the Fellowship.Burns, Alan Chamley, M.Sc. Tech. (Mane.), Fernacre, Whitehaven, Cum-berland. Dovey, Ernest Roadley, A.R.C.S., Government Laboratory, Hong Kong. Littler, Robert Pearson, A.M.S.T., 604, Kensington Hill, Brislington, Bristol. Martin, William Prancis, 27, Shandon Crescent, Edinburgh. Naish, William Archibald, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 24, University Man- sions, Putney, London, S.W.15. Ruston, Miss Monica, Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, The Bank, Highgate Hill, London, N.6. Watson, Arthur Frederick, Ph.D., M.Sc. (Lond.), Langley Court, Becken- ham, Kent. .New Associates (by examination). Allister, Charles Fulton, 30, Clarence Street, Edinburgh. Austin, Reginald George, 817, Fulham Road, London, S.W.6. Bell, John Lindsay, Craiglea, Abbotshall Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife.Brown, John, B.Sc. (Edin.), 38, Minto Street, Edinburgh. Browne, Thomas Ethelred Wilby, B.Mc. (Wales),26, York Street, Norwich. Burns, James Alexander, 158, Dunnikier Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Claudet, Richard Arthur Ormerod, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Brunswick Square, Hove, Sussex. 305 Cochrane, Colin Galbraith, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fairhaven, Eskbank, Mid-lothian. Firth, Herbert, Poplar Cottage, Scholes, Cleckheaton, Yorks. Fletcher, Albert Edward, Huyton Lane, Huyton, nr. Liverpool. Hallas, Charles Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fairfield Lodge, Tetherclown, Muswell Hill, London, N.10. Lander, Miss Catherine Meads, Chilwell, Notts. McGill, Alexander, 179, Gllmore Place, Edinburgh. Itansome, Gerard Lionel, B.Sc.(Lond.), Tregarthen, Woodbridge Hoad, Ipswich.Rumford, Frank, 72, Shelgate Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W.11. White, Walter Arthur, 144, Shelley Avenue, Manor Park, London, E.12. Williams, Kenneth Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Messaline Avenue, Acton, London, W.3. New Associates. Aldrick, Maurice John, B.Sc. (Manc.), 6, Oakley Avenue, Ealing Common, London, W.5. Alexander, George James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kenmare, Derby Park, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Allan, Miss Jean, B.Sc. (Glas.), “Allandale,” Milngavie, nr. Glasgow. Atkinson, John Barnes, B.Sc. (Liv.), 23, Inkerman Terrace, Whitehaven, Cumberland. Atkinson, Reginald Graham, A.R.C.S., 35, Heathdene Road, Streatham, London, S.W. 16. Baird, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), Arran View, Beith, Ayrshire.Barker, William Francis, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), Department of Chemistry,University of Cape Town, S. Africa. Brarritt, John, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), St. Andrew’s Terrace, Crosshills, via Keighley, Yorks. Bilham, Philip Leo, B.Sc. (Lond.), 66, Culverden Road, Balham, London, s.w.12. Brodrick-Pittard, Noel Alan St. John, Ph.D. (Berne), Kent House, Pinner Road, Harrow. Bullock, Frederick Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wingfield, Evington Lane, Leices ter . Cameron, Archie Hector, B.Sc. (Glas.), 19, Park Drive, Rutherglen, Glmgow. Carter, John Stanley, Ph.D., M.Sc. (Leeds), Holly Farm, Farnley, Leeds. Clues, Sidney Wilfrid, B.A. (Cantab.), 1, Staley Cottages, Barlow School, Staley, Stalybridge . Collinson, George Arthur, B.Sc.(Leeds), 16, William Street, Liversedge, Yorks. Comrie, Andrew, B.Sc. (Edin.), 10, Newhouse Terrace, Dunbar, Scotland. Cowan, John Galloway, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 7, Webster Gardens, Ealing, London, W.5. Gallagher, Mark, M.Sc. (Dun.), 29, Greenbark Crescent, Glasgow. Gokhale, Anant Gundo, M.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), Excise Analyst, Govern- ment Central Distillery, Nasik Road, Bombay Presidency, India. Gordon, Mitchell, B.Sc. (Leeds), 9, Byron Street, Leeds. Grscie, David Smart, B.Sc. Agric. (Edin.), Cheshire School of Agriculture,Reaseheath, Nantwich. Greene, Herbert, M.C., Ph.D., B.Sc. (St. Andrew’s), 82, Lower Addiscombe Road, Croydon. Handley, Philip George, A.C.G.F.C., 12, St. David’s Road, Southsea. Johnston, Miss Marjorie Doreen, B.Sc.(Manc.), 29, Farfield Road, Shipley, Yorks. 306 Jones, Brynmor, B.Sc. (Wales), Ynyswen, Pontllanfraith, Mon. Laker, John, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 8, Allerton Road, Stoke Newington, London, N. 16. Macleod, James Beaton, B.Sc. (Glas.), 3, Gray Street, Kelvingrove, Glas- gow, w. Manson, Albert Levy, B.Sc. (Edin.), 9, Cambridge Gardens, Leith. McKenzie, Donald, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., “Mayfield,” Dalratho Road, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. Mein, Henry Cranston, B.Sc. (Edin.), 7, Great King Street, Edinburgh. Milne, John Victor Stewart, B.Sc. (Leeds), Park House, Debden, Saffron Walden. Philpott, David, B.Sc. (Wales), 46, Primrose Street, Tonypandy, Rhondda, Glam. Piercy, Arthur Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Alexandra Park Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.lO.Roberts, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Wales), 5, Cemetery Road, Hemsworth, nr. Pontefract, Yorks. Sardesai, Shyamakant Govind, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Berlin),19, King Henry’s Road, London, N.W.3. Sethi, Jagat Ram, B.S. (Ohio), New Street, Rawal Pindi, Punjab, India. Sinclair, Donald James, B.Sc. (Liv.), “Holm Leigh,” Park West, Heswall, Cheshire. Stafford, John, B.Sc. (Manc.), 38, Eastbourne Grove, Bolton, Lancs. Summers, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), 82,Dalziel Street, Hamilton, Lanarkshire. DEATHS. Fellows. Montague Kelway Bamber, M.R.A.C. Herbert Henry Dains. Otto Hehner. Samuel Templeton, A.R.C.Sc.1. James Miln Thomaon, M.B.E. Associates. Henry Galvin Becker, A.R.C.Sc.1. John Ruthven Martindale. George Mark Tincknell, B.Sc.(Brig.). 307 General Notices. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal-the gift of the Maccabaeans-is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and whose name has been brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December of the year preceding the award. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. Without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.Any Fellow or Associate who desires to direct the attention of the Council to work of the character indicated should com- municate with the Registrar. The award for the year 1924will be decided in January, 1925. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council, nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday, 8th December, 1924. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on March 7th, 1921, and amended on March rst, 1923:-(i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmoreland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lrtncaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wiganand Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. 308 London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucking- ham, Hertford, Essex, Redford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants., with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, inchding so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Wnrrington as aforesaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and Pork. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromerty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dwnfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act,, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:-11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94, 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Mondayin December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form:- "We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.R., of (registered address) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council." (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. Nominationr for District XIT.shoiild he receivetl not) later than 3 1st August.111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner pre- scribed by By-law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candi- dates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a)Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit, his balloting list in a sealed envelope, bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, not Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the; election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at, a meeting on the Third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose. (4) The (sandidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes the Coimcil shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after tlhe balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of voteg shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled tw provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the &st election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing $0 death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligibleFellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shell hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. 310 If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in t,hat District. If there be a casual vacancy in the Lase of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated, and the names of those who are eligible for re-election are marked.* The District Member of Council for (ii) retires in accordance with By-Law 23. (i) Birmingham and Midlands: Cyril Alexander Frederick Hastilow,* M.Sc. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Robert Dexter Littlefield. (iii) Liverpool and North-west Coast: Herbert John Evans,* B.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : Ernest Mostyn Hawkins." (v) Manchester and District: Samuel Ernest Melling.* (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Lewis Gordon Paul,* Ph.D.(vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Leonard Dobbin,* Ph.D. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: John Henry Young,* M.Sc. (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire: Clarence Arthur Seyler,* B.Sc. (x) Northern Ireland : William Howieson Gibson,* O.B.E., D.Sc. (xi) Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon,* M.A., Sc.D. No District Member of Council has as yet been elected for (xii) the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion:of New Zealand, theiUnion of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. Examinations in 1 925.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1925 are as follows:-Last date for Entries. Period of Examination. Monday, 17th Nov., 1924.5th to 10th Jan., 1925. or 12th to 17th Jan., 1925. Monday, 16th Feb., 1925. 20th to 25th April, 1925. or 27th Apr. to 2nd May, 1925. Monday, 20th July, 1925. 14th to 19th Sept., 1925, or 21st to 26th Sept., 1925. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September only. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to Nov., 1921, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since the election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Members and Stddents who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays: 1o:a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to 5 pm.). 312 Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the Rules of the Society regarding the use of books. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments, 5th Edition.-By direction of the Council, Registered Students may obtain copies of Official Chemical Appointments at a reduced price of zs., on application to the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS.2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. -4. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, EL, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms :-Buckram case, lettered complete, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4. 8d. History ofthe Institute, 1887-191 4.-any memberwho is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively, to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9244800251

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1924. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. 1. December, 1924. Publications Committee, 1924125 T. SLATER PRICE (Chrrirnzan), G. G. HENDERSON (President), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). ANDREW MORE, L. G. PAUL, 6. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 315 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1924. University of Leeds.-The President attended as the representative of the Institute the celebrations of the Coming-of-Age of the University of Leeds and the Yorkshire College of Science during the week commencing 15th December.The following congratulatory address was presented :-TKE President, Council, Fellows and Associates of the INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND(Incorporated by Royal Charter) send Greetings and hearty Congratulations to His Grace the Chancellor, the Pro-Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the Pro-Vice-Chancellor, the Court, the Council and the Senate of the UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS on the auspicious occasion of the Coming-of-Age of the University, and of the Jubilee of its parent foundation-the Yorlrshire College of Science. The Institute, which includes among its Fellows and Associates many Alumni of the University, recalls the names of a large number of dis-tinguished men who have added lustre to the Roll of the University and, in their several spheres of work, have contributed to the advancement of Natural Knowledge. The Institute rejoices in the well deserved position which the University has attained in the estimation of the civilised world, and regards with special gratification the fact that the University has gained its reputation in so great a degree by the development of those branches of Science and Technology with which the Institute is immediately concerned.The Institute hopes that the University of Leeds will ever continue to pursue its great and beneficent work in sending forth men and women of high character and noble aims, who will contribute to the glory of their country and to the honour and distinction of their Alma Mater.On behalf of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, this Fifteenth day of December, 1924. By Order of the Council. G. G. HENDERSON,President. PATRICK Hon. Treasurer. H. KIRKALDY, RTCHARD Registrar and Secretary. B. PILCHER, Legal and Parliamentary Committee.-An enquiryreceived from the Manchester Section appears to indicate that there is some misconception with regard to the matters which come under the notice of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. 316 This Committee, which was appointed in 1920, was not specifically required to deal with legal questions submitted by members regarding contracts of appointment, although the principles underlying such matters may be referred to that Committee from time to time.One of its main functions is to watch measures promoted in Parliament which may affect the interests of the profession of chemistry; and Fellows and Associates are asked to direct the attention of the Committee to any such measures which may come to their notice. For example, the Gas Regulation Bill, which was before Parliament during that year was considered by the Committee and representations thereon were made to the authorities concerned, with beneficial results. Occasionally, the attention of the Committee may be directed to a case in the Courts, such for instance as that of A.J. Jenkin v The Pharmn- ceutical Society of Great Britain, on which Mr. Justice Petersen gave an important judgment dealing with a number of questions bearing on the tendency of professional bodies to extend their functions beyond the powers conferred on them by Royal Charter. The Committee has also been called upon to give views on the interpretation of the powers of the Institute under its Charter in the light of the Petersen judgment; on matters such as the economic position of the chemist ; the administration of the Benevolent Fund ; service agreements ; and similar matters. It may be recalled that in the opinion of the Committee the judg- ment did not show that the Council had exceeded their powers in any direction, but it indicated that considerable latitude was allowed the Institute in fulfilling the letter and spirit of the Charter, before an injunction would be granted to restrain it from the development of its further activities on behalf of the members and students.In the same year, the Committee considered a Bill which the Institution of Civil Engineers proposed to present to Parliament for the registration of Civil Engineers, having regard to the possi- bility of taking similar action at the proper time with reference to professional chemists; and, in this connection, the Committee collected considerable information with regard to other pro- fessions, crafts and callings which have obtained powers of registration.The use of the title chemist has been fully dis- cussed, not only by the Committee and the Council but by the Local Sections (Journal, Part I., 1922). 317 The Committee gave consideration to the possibility of formulating a general basis of agreement for chemists occupying whole-time appointments, as a result of which the Council issued circular letters to members and obtained returns giving par- ticulars of salaries and conditions attaching to appointments which were subsequently published with directly useful results. The Committee has also dealt with the question of the ernploy- ment of laboratory assistants, in whose interest a subsidiary Appointments Register is maintained at the Institute, restricted to those who have passed a matriculation or other approved examination and are attending systematic courses with a view to qualification. Other matters which have come under the notice of the Committee are the Dyestuffs (Import Regulations) Bill on which representations were made to the late Lord Moulton and to the Board of Trade; The Dangerous Drugs Act (1920), on which the Institute communicated with the Home Office urging the desira- bility of making due provision whereby qualified chemists should be allowed to purchase and possess drugs mentioned in the Act for the purposes of the practice of their profession; the question of securing duty free absolute ethyl alcohol for analytical and research purposes, on which certain suggestions were published in the Journal, Part 111, 1921 (p.177);the Pharmacy Acts (Amendment) Bill, a measure containing many misleading and inaccurate statements on which the Council were obliged to communicate with the promoters and every Member of Parliament; the subject of Income Tax, particularly the possibility of securing abatement in respect of subscriptions to societies and journals, purchase of books, etc., on which representations were made to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue; and Patent Office Procedure, on which action was taken jointly with other professional institutions with satis-factory results. Sewage Analysis.-The Ministry of Health have forwarded to the Council a Report on Methods of Sewage Analysis, prepared by a Committee of the Association of Managers of Sewage Dis- posal Works.Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. E. Melling have been appointed delegates of the Institute to attend a Conference convened by the Ministry to consider the report. 318 Regu1ations.-The Regulations for the admission of Students Associates and Fellows have been revised and copies can be obtained (gratis) on application to the Registrar. This revision was undertaken by a Sub-Committee of the Nominations, Exami- nations and Institutions Committee, consisting of Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, and Dr. T. Slater Price. Apprenticeship.-The Council receive from time to time applications for exemption from preliminary examination. Such applications are rarely granted in the case of younger candidates.The position is somewhat complicated by the still existing practice under which a few Fellows take youths into their laboratories under articles of apprenticeship-a practice which was fairly common in the earlier days of the profession, but which, with the growth of adequate facilities for chemical education, is rapidly falling into desuetude. It is found that such apprentices are frequently youths who, for one reason or another, have failed to matriculate and are thereby encouraged to seek other modes of entry into the profession. The Council would impress upon any Fellows who still take pupils under these conditions that such pupils cannot be registered as Students of the Institute until they have passed an approved preliminary examination and, moreover, that under the recently revised Regulations, no part of their work under a Fellow can be accepted as part of the course of training for the Associate- ship except a period of two years subsequent to the passing of an approved preliminary examination.CDnference of Teachers of Applied Chemistry.-TheCouncil propose to convene in the near future a Conference of Teachers of Applied Chemistry in order to review the principles on which honours degrees in Applied Chemistry shall be accepted in lieu of the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the case of candidates who have completed four years’ syste- matic study and otherwise complied with the Regulations. Bedford College for Women (Baker Street, London,) and The Royal Holloway College (Englefield Green) have been added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute.319 Berichte der Deutscoen Chemischen Gesellschaft- The Library Committee will be greatly indebted to any Fellow who will assist in making up the set of the Berichte for 1924. This Journal has hitherto been given to the Institute by the late Dr. Frank Clowes. Hon. Correspondi ng Secretary.-Major Bertie James Eaton, Agricultural Chemist, Federated Malay States, has been appointed Honorary Corresponding Secretary in the Far East, in succession to Dr. Frankland Dent, who has retired from the position of Government Analyst, Straits Settlements.A record of the attendances of Officers and Members of council at meetings held during the present session is given on page 358. 320 Local Sections. Belfast.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Theatre of Queen’s University on 30th October, when a dis-cussion took place on “The Desirability of Publicity for the Chemi- cal Profession.” The opinion of the meeting was that every kind of publicity which would conduce to the creation of new posts and the absorption into industry of chemists who are at present unemployed owing to industrial stagnation, was an urgent necessity. The over-production of chemists was commented on, and the nature of publicity available to the profession in America was contrasted with that permitted in the United King- dom.It was decided to use every endeavour to obtain publicity for the profession in the local press. On 20th November, the Section met at the Linen Industry Research Association’s Institute at Lambeg, where they were received by the Director, Dr. J. Vargas Eyre, and several mem- bers of his staff. After inspecting the laboratories Dr. Eyre addressed the meeting of the members on the subject of “Scien- tific Research in Relation to the Linen Trade” with particular reference to investigations having a chemical and physical bearing. As an example of the kind of problems being studied, reference was being made to the relationship which seems to exist between the condition in which the flax is harvested and the progress of the retting operation, which, in turn, determines largely the composition and behaviour of the resultant fibre.It was pointed out that at all stages of preparation, spinning, weaving, finishing, and dyeing, operations were carried out which called for knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of the materials used, in order to make further advances possible. The need for the services of those who have scientific knowledge to guide some of the delicate operations in bleaching, dyeing, and finishing was held to be insufficiently appreciated. Without guidance of that kind, financial risks were taken far exceeding those against which heavy premiums were willingly paid. The view was expressed that the future would call for a more general 321 application of scientific knowledge to the linen trade, and part of the mission of the Research Association was to widen the interest of those engaged in the linen trade, particularly of the younger men, that they would be better able to take a place in an industrial development which would see science and industry in close partnership.The visitors were hospitably entertained, and at the conclu- sion a vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Eyre and the directors, on the motion of Mr. J. H. Totton, B.A., BSc., seconded by Mr. W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., DSc. Birmingham and Midlands.-At the Annual General Meet- ing held on the 26th November, Mr. Hastilow having resigned the position of Honorary Secretaryship, the Section elected Mr.C. J. House to fill the vacancy. The Officers and Committee were elected as follows:-Prof. G. T. Morgan (Chairman), Dr. J. Newton Friend (Hon. Treasurer), Messrs. S. A. Brazier, C. A. F. Hastilow, A. W. Knapp, A. Slator, W. Wardlaw, W. B. Ault, T. J. Glover, A. B. Holmes and J. R. Johnson, and Mr. C. J. House (Hon. Secretary). The statement of accounts for the previous year was formally received and adopted, and the Section resolved to forward a donation of ten guineas to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. Eight new Associates were welcomed into the Institute and received their certificates from the Chairman. A short discussion took place on the subject of appointing senior members of the Section as Vice-Chairmen, and eventually it was decided to ask the Council to sanction the alteration of the Rules, so as to allow for the election of a Vice-chairman.The Chairman then delivered an address. Bristol and South-Western.-A meeting was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol on 6th November, Mr. M. W.Jones presiding. Mr. E. J. Holmyard, who received his certificate of Fellow-ship on the same evening froin Mr. C. J. Waterfall, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Institute, submitted a most interesting paper on the present position of the Geber problem. In considering the history of chemistry, Mr. Holmyard reminded his audience that, in no department was the modem world more deeply rooted in the past than in that of science.The scientific outlook was essentially a living tradition, for the correct application of which a knowledge of its history was essential. Chemistry was at least as surely built on its past as was our religion, our social organisation, or our political system. This view was gaining widespread support, and the history of Chemistry was now generally regarded as of equal importance with the more practical aspects of the subject. One of the most important problems in the history of chemistry was that which was concerned with the development of chemical knowledge in Islam and its transmission thence to Latin Europe in the early middle ages. Much interest centred round certain works ascribed to Geber, which first appeared in Latin in the 13th cen- tury, and showed a clear and accurate acquaintance with many fundamental chemical substances and facts.Evidence was adduced to show that “ Geber” was Jabir ibn Hayyan, the great Muslim chemist, who flourished under the Caliph Harun al-Raschid of “Arabian Nights” fame. The Latin works were to be regarded in al! probability, not as literal translations from the Arabic, but as free renderings or compilations. The knowledge they contained was, in very large parts to be found in Arabic works by Jabir and others still preserved in the libraries of Europe, India, and Cairo. At the conclusion of the lecture, Mr. Holmyard showed an excellent set of lantern slides, illustrating forms of apparatus and other matters pertaining to alchemy. A discussion followed in which Drs.Hooper and Rixon and Messrs. Waterfall, Menzies, Jones, and others took part, and a cordial vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Holmyard on the motion of Professor Francis. The Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry will hold a dinner jointly at the Royal Hotel, on Saturday, 14th February, 1925. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-On 19th November, at the Caledonian Station Hotel, Prof. Alexander Lauder presided over a Joint Meeting of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Prof. Henderson, President of the Institute, gave an address on “The Profession of Chemistry.’’ The President spoke of the time when the man in the street only thought of a chemist in connection with drugs and medicines.This conception was to a very great extent widened during the war, when the work of the chemist was brought more prominently into the public eye. &4second factor in the appreciation of the true work of the chemist was undoubt- edly to be found at the great exhibition, at Wembley, where very many visitors had examined the exhibits, asked many questions, and come away with a better idea of the world work of the chemist, Over and above these two factors, the Institute, for nearly fiftyyears, had been labouring to educate the public and to consolidate the profession. The extent of their success could be measured by the attitude of the Government depart- ments, which now frequently sought information and assistance from the Institute.However, the end had not yet been attained, and would not be attained until the profession ranked in public appreciation at least equal to any other in importance. It was unnecessary-the President said-to tell an audience of trained chemists the extent to which chemistry entered into everyday work. The examination of foods, the purification and control of water supplies, the disposal of sewage were only three out of the many operations absolutely essential to the community, wherein the chemist took chief place. What was necessary, however, was to convince their fellow-citizens of the vital impor- tance of their profession to the health and prosperity of the Lountry.To do this efficiently closer co-operation must be brought about between the various chemical societies, so that it would he possible for the whole profession to speak with one voice. For this it was very desirable to have central headquarters for the accommodation of the organising staff for the various bodies, providing meeting rooms for lectures, a library for the use of the members, and a club where they could entertain their friends. The next step was to educate the public, and a start had already been made in this matter in the publication of aticles in the press dealing with the work of the chemist. Glasgow and West of Scotland.--Mr. William Kintoul presided at the Aiiriual General Meeting of the Section held in the institution of Engineers and Shipbuilderb, on the Sist October, when the committee of the Section for the ensuing year was elected.Prof. F. J. Wilson was elected Chairman in the place of Mr. Rintoul, and Mr. I. V. Hopper, Dr. H. Hepworth, and Dr. Norman Picton in the place of Mr. Tait, Prof. Caven and Prof. Wilson. Dr. W. M. Cumming and Mr. T. Cockburn were re-elected Honorary Secretary and *4uditor respectively. 324 The Secretary’s report on the activities of the Section during the past session and the Treasurer’s report were read and adopted. Prof. Wilson, on taking the Chair, expressed the thanks of the Section to Mr. Kintoul for his services as Chairman, and announced that, as a mark of esteem, the Committee had ap- pointed Mr.Rintoul to be Vice-chairman of the Section. The President, who was also present, having welcomed a number of new Associates gave a short address in the course of which he appealed for closer co-operation between the chemical societies, suggesting where economies could be exer-cised, especially in the matter of publications. -4 short discussion followed in which Mr. McCallum, Dr. Tucker, Prof. Caven, and Mr. Moodie participated. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the President. On the 14th November a meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Ardeer Chemical Club and the Society of Chemical Industry at Ardrossan, when a paper was read by Mr. J. G. Roberts on “Chemical Pottery.” On the 9th December, at the Ca’doro Restaurant, the Ramsay Dinner was held jointly by the Local Section of the Institute with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, the Andersonian Chemical Society, and the Ardeer Chemical Club.Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, presided, and the guests included Sir Robert Bruce, Professor Henderson, President of the Institute, Dr. Herbert Levinstein, Councillor and Mrs. W. Brownhill Smith, and the Registrar of the Institute. Sir Robert Bruce, in proposing the toast of “The Profession, ” said that his hearers were the lineal heirs of the alchemists. One great authority had said that alchemv was never anything different from chemistry; it was but an early phase, and thus they were the practitioners and students of a science with a history of a thousand years.Their ancestors-those old al-chemists-were not altogether quacks or noodles. On the contrary, they were as honest searchers after truth as were the present company. It was their aim to discover a medium with which to turn base things into gold. That medium eluded their grasp, but the modern chemist had found it. With his knowledge he enabled industry to transmute its labour into the finest gold-the gold of prosperity. This fact was receiving an ever-increasing 325 measure of public recognition. That recognition had been emphasised during the war when the public learned what they should have been made aware of earlier, that certain enemy countries had so developed the use of chemistry that upon the opening of hostilities we were placed in a position of almost humiliating handicap.They would remember how matters stood with regard to dyes and optical glass. One of the good things that the war had done was to open their eyes to the importance of applied chemistry, not only in relation to war, but to that bigger and far more vital matter-industry. It was peculiarly gratifying to him that he had been permitted to have some small share in spreading a knowledge in Scotland of what chemistry was capable of doing in the development of post-war industrial life, and he took the opportunity of thanking Dr. Cumming, the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the Institute, and those who had acted with him, for the valuable help which they had given through their contributions to the Glnsgow Herald.In coupling with the toast the name of Mr. Woolcock, he made special reference to the organisation of the Chemical Industry Section at Wembley, which included the very fine science exhibit. Mr. Woolcock, in replying, expressed on behalf of the pro- fession of chemistry and the chemical industry their great appreciation of the help which had been given by the Glasgow Herald in familiarising the public with the important part played by chemists in post war industry. The importance of chemistry in industry could hardly be over-estimated at the present time, for the simple reason that the whole structure of modern industry was built up on chemical reactions.Since these operations were controlled by chemists, it seemed reasonable to anticipate that they would occupy increasingly important positions in industry. Mr. Woolcock referred to the waste of energy which occurred in converting coal into various forms of power. The chemist had to discover how to extract energy more economically, and generally to eliminate waste. If he had to choose one particular thing as being important he would mention cellulose. He thought of the Glasgow engineer as associated with the triple expansion engine and the turbine, but they would realise that the engineer began by using cellulose. He had to wait about a million years until the cellulose was sufficiently disintegrated and had become coal.The country could not afford to wait 326 for a million years for the disintegration of the cellulose. In conclusion, he referred to the early development of the chemical industry at the St. Rollox Works in Glasgow, and especially to the initiative of the Tennant family. Glasgow was no less proud of the work that had been done in its University. Councillor W. I3. Smith, in replying to the toast of the City of Glasgow, proposed by Dr. Levinstein, dwelt upon the question of smoke abatement, and remarked that the local authorities looked to the chemists for assistance and progress in the direction of securing purer atmosphere for the great cities.The Registrar responded to the toast of “The (bests," proposed by Dr. Hepworth. The remainder of the evening was devoted to music and dancing. Huddersfie1d.--At a meeting of the Section held on 4th December, at the Queen Hotel, Dr. H. H. Hodgson being in the chair, a lecture was given by Dr. L. Gordon Paul on “Pioneers of Chemical Industry in Huddersfield.” In the course of his remarks, Dr. Paul referred to several interesting local characters, including John Nowell (1794-1869), an intimate friend of Dalton and an acquaintance of Davy and Faraday, whose lectures and experiments earned €or him the name of T’Aumbry Witch. He had a high reputation as a manufacturer and dyer, and wa5 complimented on his goods by the Sultan of Turkey. He was the first in the district to introduce the heating of water by steam, and gas for lighting; he was one of the founders of the Huddersfield College, a keen antiquarian, and a promoter of the ,Allotments System of qardening. Next, Dr.Paul referred to Read Holliday, illustrating his influence on the development of technical chemistry which began after the discovery of the coal tar colours, and showing how Holliday converted coal tar and ammonia, which had hitherto polluted the atmosphere and streams in the neighbourhood, into valuable products. Read Holliday was d native of-Bradford, who settled in Huddersfield, at the age of 21, in 1830, when he conimenced the distillation of ammonia from the liquor of the gas works and sold it to the mills for wool and cloth scouring, its use €or that purpose, being then a novelty, gradually displaced the objectionable methods previously in vogue. In 1839 he moved his business from Tanfield, 1-eeds Road, to Turnbridge, 327 where the works of Read Holliday Sr Sons were carried on until 1915, when they were acquired by the British Dyestuffs Cor- poration.In 1848, Holliday took out his first patent for the naphtha lamp, which was used for household purposes and signalling, and was to be found in every market and fair in the United Kingdom, until superseded by Young’s paraffin lamp. Holliday was most successful in tar distilling, and, when Yerkin discovered Mauvein in 1856, held large stocks of benzole. He soon commenced the manufacture of anilin, employing processes similar to that used to-day.In 1860, Mansfield, a notable pioneer worker on the deriva- tives of coal tar, joined the staff at Turnbridge, but subsequently lost his life in attempting to extinguish a fire in the London laboratory, caused by a leak in a tar still. The first application for a colour patent was made by Thomas Holliday, the eldest son of Read Holliday, in 1863, and related to the manufacture of spirit blues from rosanilin, but it was not completed. The first completed patent was taken out in 1865 by John Holliday, and related to improvements in preparing violet blue and red colouring matter. Dr. Paul next referred to the law suit in which the plaintiffs were Dimpson, Maule & Nicholson, and the defendants Read Holliday & Sons, as a result of which the latter became large manufacturers of magenta and blues derived from it, as well as of nigrosin, indulin, etc.About this time Thomas Holliday went to the United States, and became the first maker of anilin in that country. In 1880, Thomas and Robert Holliday were the first to patent the pro-duction of dyestuffs on the fibre. The process consisted of padding one of the constituents on the material to be dyed, and then passing it through a solution of the other constituent with which it combined. Dr. Paul then described his own process for the production of sodium nitrate by the action of sulphur and caustic soda on fused nitrate, and referred to the American patent for the preparation of acid magenta by John Holliday, which resulted in a law suit with the Badisch Anilin and Soda Fabrik, in which Holliday was ultimately successful .Another pioneer of chemical industry in Huddersfield was George Jarmain (1824-1900), who went to Huddersfield as a young man and taught chemistry at the Mechanics’ Institute there. He delivered Cantor lectures on wool-dyeing before the Society of Arts in 1876, and was pnblic analyst for the borough. 328 William Marriot t was another pioneer, who contributed by his enthusiasm and zeal to stimulating the study of chemistry at a time when it was so much neglected. He was a governor of the Technical College, and a magistrate for the borough, but he devoted a good deal of his time to teaching chemistry.Among the pupils of Jarmain and Marriott was Joe Frost, an expert in the dyeing of furs and skins, some of whose processes are still used at the present day. Another early worker in the field of synthetic dyestuffs was Dan Dawson (1836-1907), who prepared magenta in a kitchen oven, and established himself with his brothers at Milnsbridge for the manufacture of anilin colours, especially Bismarck brown and chrysoidin. Com-paratively late in life he went to Berlin and studied chemistry under A. W. Hofmann. The above report is only a brief abstract of the lecture. Records of pioneers in other districts are being prepared, and it is hoped that eventually they may be brought together for permanent preservation.Irish Free State. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the 28th November in Trinity College, Dublin, Professor Adeney presiding. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were read and adopted, and the following were elected to the Com- mittee for the session 1924-25:Prof. W. E. Adeney, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, Mr. A. O’Farrelly, Mr. J. W. Parkes, Prof. H. Ryan, and Prof. Sydney Young. A resolution of the Manchester Section was read to the effect that the Council be asked to take the necessary steps to obtain Government Registration of Chemists. The resolution was approved by the meeting, with the proviso that the Council be the Registration Authority . Leeds Area.-The third Annual General Meeting was held at the Great Northern Hotel on 3rd December. Prof. Cobb, the Chairman, welcomed fifteen new members who received their certificates. Prof. Whytlaw Gray, Dr. Lloyd and Mr. J. A. Reddie were nominated to fill the vacancies on the Committee. Dr. R. B. Forster was re-elected Honorary Secretary and Messrs. Fritz and Taylor, Auditors. 329 The members were asked to bring forward at the next meeting their considered opinion on a resolution received from the Manchester Section, to the effect that the Council should be asked to take the necessary steps to obtain a government regis- tration of chemists. The Chairman then delivered an address in which he traced the development of chemical training and chemical literature during the last thirty years, and compared the courses given in chemistry at the Leed University in his student days with those of to-day.He laid special stress on the large amount of infor- mation that had been accumulated during that period and on the enormous increase in chemical literature. He pointed out the dangers which would result if this mass of fact were not discreetly handled in presenting it to the student. He emphasised the necessity for maintaining and increasing the capacity of the individual student to do his work under a new set of conditions on leaving the University, that is to say, to retain his elasticity of mind. When he (the Chairman) first came to Leeds University there was only one professor of chemistry, who had to deal with not only inorganic and general chemistry, but with organic chemistry also.Later, Prof. Cohen, then a lecturer, dealt with organic chemistry. In those days there was comparatively few text books, a condition of affairs which he now looked back upon with envy. In their desire not to fall behind the times, as regards know- ledge of what had been discovered, they might get into a very hopeless position and develop a pessimistic mood. The latter was by no means uncommon. It was a position in which some scientific men had said that it had become impossible to main- tain a general interest in chemistry and that knowledge could only be advanced by each cultivating his own corner of the field. The latter attitude was unsatisfactory and would react on the quality of scientific work and upon the influence scientific men were able to exercise on the public and upon industry.On the motion of Prof. Comber, seconded by Mr. McCandlish, a vote of thanks was accorded to Prof. Cobb. Liverpool.-A Meeting of the Section was held at St. George’s Restaurant, Liverpool, on 13th November. Dr. Richard Thomas, who presided, presented certificates to three new Associates. The Secretary and Treasurer submitted his report and balance sheet for the previous year, and the meeting proceeded to elect 330 the Committee for the ensuing session as follows: Prof. W.H. Roberts, Chairman, Prof. E. C. C. Baly, Mr. R. Crosbie-Oates, Mr. F. R. Dodd, Nr. A.E. Findley, Prof. I. M. Heilbron, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, Mr. F. J. Smith, Mr. James Smith, Mr. T, W. Stuart, Mr. F. S. Thurston, and Dr. R. Thomas, with Mr. John Hanley as Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, and Dr. R. Morton as Assistant Secretary. Prof. Roberts took the opportunity to remind the members of the Section that the most convenient way of contributing to the Benevolent Fund was by permanent cheque payable annually with the subscription. With reference to the proposed Chemists’ Club for Liverpool, Prof. Roberts mentioned that he had made enquiries with regard to accommodation in various new buildings, but without result. The Secretary mentioned that he had made similar enquiries and had received an offer from the Bear’s Paw Restaurant which the Committee were requested to consider.The meeting decided to send a message of congratulation to Prof. Baly on his return from America, with a request that he would give an account of his experiences before the Section at its meeting in December. The Meeting proceeded to consider arrangements for future meetings, several members advocating joint meetings with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry and other bodies. Mr. Shepherd urged that a syllabus for the session should be arranged as formerly, and that suggestions from the general body of members be invited. He was in favour of joint meetings with other bodies; but he thought that it was well to have a definite subject for discussion, and that the discussion should be opened by an authority having special knowledge of the subject submitted. On being invited to suggest suitable subjects, he mentioned: The relation of science to national stability; the present position of science in reference to food regulations; the present position of science in our national industries; the position of the chemist in reference to law; is there any necessity for chemical engineers?; new lines of useful- ness for chemists; new industrial propositions ; and the relation of science to national prosperity. Dr.R. A. Morton suggested that one meeting in the session should be devoted to a lecture to which the related chemical bodies in Liverpool might be invited, would be promoting the idea underlying the formation of a club and of further federation among men of science.331 Mr. Gabriel Jones advised the members to take a note of the date, the 20th February, when the Society of Chemical Industry hoped to have a special meeting-possibly a joint meeting. A suggestion by Mr. Rogerson that Prof. Roberts should be requested to give a paper on the “Microscope as an Aid to the Detection of Crime,” was welcomed by the meeting and referred to the Committee. The meeting was followed by a smoking concert. London and South-Eastern Counties.-CORRIGENDUM. Referring to the meeting of the Section reported in Journal Part V, Major Eaton, Agricultural Chemist to the Federated Malay States, suggests that the abbreviated record of his remarks may be liable to create a wrong impression.(A proof had been sent to him, but owing to his absence from London the correc- tions were not received before going to press.) Major Eaton points out that he did not suggest that chemists should take an interest in public life in the colonies with the idea of pecuniary gain; but that by taking such an interest chemists would show that they were capable of forming opinions on affairs outside their Laboratories and apart from their profession. London and South-Eastern Counties-The Annual General Meeting was held at the Institute on the 19th November, Rlr. E. R. Bolton in the Chair. Mr. A. J. Chapman, the Honorary Treasurer, submitted the financial statement for the past twelve months which was received and adopted.He said that credit for the satisfactory state of their finances was due to his predecessor, Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy. On a motion from the Chair, the thanks of the Section were accorded to Mr. Chapman and to Mr. Kirkaldy. On the motion of Mr. C. E. Barrs, the Section decided that a donation be given to the Benevolent Fund, the amount being left to the discretion of the Committee The Honorary Auditors, Messrs. Harmsworth and Lush, to whom the thanks of the Section were accorded, were re-elected. The Officers and Committee were elected as follows: Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S. (Chairman); Messrs. E. R. Bolton and R. L. Collett (Vice-Chairmen); Mr. A. J. Chapman (Hon. Treasurer); Messrs. W. L. Baillie, E. T. Brewis, W. T. Burgess, C.M. Caines, F. H. Carr, F. Dent, E. Hinks, B. F. Howard, P. H. Kirkaldy, T. Macara, W. R. Ormandy, 0 Trigger 332 (E’ellows), Messrs. G. T. Bray, J. H. Crossingham, S. A. de Lacy, T. McLachlan, D. G. Murdoch, Mrs. P. M. Kerridge (Associates), (Members of Committee). Mr. G. S. W. Marlow was re-elected Honorary Secretary. Mr. Bolton, the retiring Chairman, reported briefly upon the work of the Committee and Section during the previous session. On the motion of Mr. More, seconded by Mr. Crossingham. a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Bolton, who then left the Chair in favour of Sir Robert Robertson. Sir Robert having expressed his appreciation of his election, the formal business concluded, and a discussion was held upon the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware with special reference to Units of Volume.Dr. Fox, Chairman of Sub-Committee A. of the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware, and Mr. V. Stott, one of the Joint Secretaries of that Sub-committee opened the discussion by referring to the work of the Joint Committee. Dr. Fox said that during the war, before the formation of the Committee, there had been considerable discussion on this problem. It was generally agreed that it was more economical to produce a few standard articles than a large variety of types of apparatus. Adopting this view, the Committee was making the fullest use of the work which had already been carried out by a Committee of the Society of Chemical Industry.The Committee had compiled a list of apparatus which needed standardising; but before that could be done, it was necessary to decide what Unit of Volume should be taken as standard. Mr. Stott amplified the statement which had already been published in Part IV. of the Journal, as the first report of the Joint Committee. So far as he was aware, that was the first connected statement on the subject, although those who were willing to search the literature might find much of the information scattered elsewhere. The report had only been issued three months, but already the manufacturers were supplying new apparatus graduated in millilitres-a definite scientific unit, not subject to the confusion which unfortunately had arisen in the use of the term cubic centimetre.Mr. Hinks expressed his appreciation of the value of the report which clarified the position upon which too many chemists had but vague ideas. He criticised the methods of calibration which were adopted by the National Physical Laboratory, 333 particularly in regard to the long period of out-flow required in the cases of burettes and pipettes. In reply Mr. Stott emphasised that if a burette were to be made standard for use in the hands of every worker, it was essen- tial that the period of drainage should be reasonably long. If it were too short, the full coZumn of water would leave a thick layer of water adhering to the sides of the vessel and the surface tension effects thus set up would be such that it might take 15 or zo minutes for sufficient drainage to ensure a stable result within the ordinary limits of error.If the time of out-flow were such as was laid down in the National Physical Laboratory pamphlet, and approved by the Joint Committee, that position of stability would be reached in a very much shorter time. Mr. Huntley criticised the narrow jet which was required to secure the long period of out-flow, mentioning that it was very easily stopped up with grease or other matter. Mr. Claremont asked why the Committee did not adopt the term “mil” which, he understood, was used in America. Mr. Hawhins emphasised the need for uniformity, since although a careful worker would be able to get good results, whatever the unit of volume or method of calibration he used, if he gave a quantity of standard solution to a friend, he might be doing a great disservice if the friend used a different unit of volume.Mr. Grand deprecated the action of the Joint Committee in giving a renewed lease of life to the Mohr system. He did not like the definition of the capacity of beakers which had been adopted by the Society of Chemical Industry, namely, the capa- city which the beaker could hold without spilling. He felt sure that if a chemist wanted a 300 c.c beaker he wanted one in which he could work with 400 C.C. Mr. Lincolne Sutton expressed his appreciation of the report upon Units of Volume and hoped that as a result there would be less confusion in future. Mr. Brewis said that the chemical plant manufacturers in standardising their plant had decided that a 200 gallon plant should be one in which zoo gallons of fluid could be easily operated upon.Mr. Stott briefly replied to the discussion. On a motion from the Chair, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the openers. 334 Manchester and District.-The 7th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Geographical Society’s Rooms, St. Mary’s Passage, Deansgate, on aand October, Mr. S. E. Melling, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Chairman referred to the resignation of Mr. James Ban-, the Honorary Secretary of the Section, on his leaving the district, and paid a high tribute to the services which he had rendered to the Section. Mr.K. S. Wishart was appointed as his successor, and the following members were elected to the Committee: Messrs. T. H. Fairbrother, E. N. Marchant, P. Chorley, and F. W. Linch. Mr. Melling referred to recent activities of the Council, including the negotiations concerning the application of the Textile Institute for a Royal Charter. Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, was then called upon to read a paper on “Service agreements- Duties and Privileges ’’ (pages 336-341), which was followed by a,n animated discussion in which Miss R. Robinson, Messrs. Bunbury, Rogers, Wishart, Brightman, Hodgson, Silvester, Lomax, and Homer participated. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Marlow, on a motion of Dr.Ardern, seconded by Mr. Elsden. On 7th November, Prof. Henderson, the President of the Institute, presided over a large audience at the Textile Institute, when Sir William H. Willcox gave an address, before the Section and other local Scientific Societies, on The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine.” (The address will be published and issued to all members and students.) The meeting was attended by many members of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and the Society of Public Analysts, as well as by representatives of the Northern Section of the Incorporated Society of Medical Officers of Health, and other medical practitioners.At the conclusion, cordial votes of thanks were passed to Sir William Willcox, for his lecture, and to the President, for presiding. 335 Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The ,Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club, on the 26th November, Dr. Henry Louis, the Chairman, presiding. The Hon. Secretary read the Committee’s Report on the work of the past year, from which it appeared that five meetings of the Section had been held at which the attendances had been satisfactory. The Report having been adopted, the Hon. Treasurer pre- sented the financial statement, which was received and agreed to, subject to audit. The Chairman then announced that the following members had been elected to form the Committee for the following year: Dr.Henry Louis, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. P. E. Bowles, Messrs. W. G. Carey, H. C. L. Bloxam, T. Wallace, and F. Nicholls. Mr. C. J. H. Stock was re-elected Hon. Secretary’ and Messrs. J. B. Duncan and A. Short, Auditors. The formal business having been concluded, Dr. Louis welcomed two Associates into the Institute and handed their certificates to them. Mr. Stock was then called upon to give an address on “Food Adulteration ’’; a discussion followed and questions were asked. Amongst those who took part were Dr. H. Kerr, Medical Officer of Health for the City of Newcastle-on-Tyne, who was present as the guest of the Section, Dr. Davidson, Messrs. Wallace , Nicholls, Dawson and Scholes.South Wales.-Dr. Leonard E. Hinkel temporarily re-sumed the Honorary Secretaryship of the Section-in the place of Mr. Arthur Grounds, who had left the neighbourhood-until the Annual General Meeting, which was held on 28th November, when Mr. Cecil W. Wood was appointed to that office. The Section has arranged joint meetings with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry as follows:- 19th December : Prof. Wheeler on “Fire Damp Explosion ’’; 9th January: Joint Dinner; 17th February: Afr. Seyler on “Microscopical Structure of Coal”; 6th March: Mr. E. A. Tyler on “Fine Chemicals. ” 336 Contracts of Service. Mr. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, addressed the Huddersfield, Leeds, Manchester and Newcastle Sections on zoth, zIst, and aand October, and 4th November, respectively, on ‘ ‘ Service Agreements-Duties and Privileges.” In opening the subject, he made brief reference to the present state of employment, which showed hopeful signs of improvement.The main difficulty was to place newly qualified Associates who were seeking their first posts. In dealing with contracts, he wished to emphasise that the object of a written contract was to provide documentary testi- mony to the terms which had been agreed between the contracting parties. Too much stress could not be laid upon the necessity for considering very carefully the wording of written contracts, as a whole, and clause by clause, without divorcing each clause from its context.They must endeavour to think not only of the obvious meaning of words, but of the meaning which they might assume at some future time, when in particular circum- stances the interpretation of the agreement might become a vital matter. His remarks were not intended to encourage litigation, and he strongly advised that a chemist should not enter into a contract which he felt could not be carried out, with the intention of evading it :such action savoured very much of unpro-fessional conduct. Mr. Marlow then summarised briefly the matter which had already been published on this subject by the Institute (see Journal, Part VI. 1920, Part 111. 1921*, Part VI. 1922, and Mr. MacGillivray’s Lecture on “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.”) In particular, however, he referred to *This article was prepmed and issued under the authority of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee.In the discussion arising out of his paper, Mr. Marlow made it clear that the Committee had considered the general question, but that it was not part of its duty to advise individual chemists, whether employers or employees, upon their contracts and problems arising therefrom. He said, however, that the Registrar and he were always glad to put their experience and knowledge at the disposal of members, by which means, possibly, useless litigation could be avoided. 337 certain points of general interest which had come under his notice since the publication of those articles. In making a contract with a firm consisting of partners they must bear in mind that any one partner had authority to contract on behalf of the partnership, and, moreover, in considering the conditions under which such a contract could be terminated, the dissolution of a partnership operated in law as wrongful dismissal of the servant.The death of one of the partners had a similar effect, since it dissolved the partnership. A chemist might be employed in a concern where there was a so-called co-partnership arrangement between employers and employees. The Partnership Act, however, made it quite clear that an employee of such a concern was not thereby made a partner in the business, or liable as such for the liabilities of the concern. In the article on Contracts of Service in Journal, Part III., 1921,some discussion had arisen with regard to the notice which a chemist might expect or give, and it was suggested that a reasonable notice would be as a rule three months. It was, however, difficult to lay down any definite rule, since, obviously, the notice for a comparatively inexperienced chemist need not be so long as in the case of one of ripe experience.A chemist who had an appointment abroad also should be entitled to longer notice. It was interesting that, in a well-known case, given in the Law Reports, in which the full terms of the contract were reported, the notice was six months. The question of bankruptcy was very important in considering the terms under which a contract could be brought to an end.Bankruptcy put an end to the corporate life of a corporation and thus acted like the death of an individual in dissolving contracts of service. In all enactments dealing with this subject provision was made that in a winding-up there should be paid, in priority to all other debts, all wages or salary of any clerk or servant in respect of services rendered during four months before a certain date, but not exceeding Qjo. The actual date depended upon the circumstances of the bankruptcy or winding-up. One case had come to his knowledge where a chemist in the service of a company which was in the course of winding-up had agreed verbally to carry on in the service of the Receiver. He had also allowed his salary from the Receiver to get into arrears.In this instance there was no actual contract with the employer, who was the Receiver, and the only remedy the chemist had was 338 to sue the Receiver for an equitable payment in respect of the gemices rendered to him. In the same case an interesting point had arisen in that the Receiver was attempting to reconstruct the company and proposed to hand over the chemist’s service agree- ment as one of the principal assets of the new company. A personal contract of this nature, however, was not assignable, since an employee had the right to choose his own employers. The negative stipulations in a contract, involving restraint as to future operations and so forth, however, were in certain circumstances assignable. Mr.Marlow emphasised again the necessity for proper stamp- ing of contracts. If a contract were not stamped in accordance with the requirements of the law, it would not be accepted by the court in evidence, except on payment of the somewhat heavy fines for late stamping. A contract (except one made with certain corporations-in which case it must be under seal), need not be in one document, but might be found in letters embodying the offer and acceptance of a post, with the relevant terms of employment. If there were any doubt as to which document should be stamped it would be better to stamp every one that contained anything pertinent to the contract. Some chemists accepted only office copies of their contracts and thought they were protected if such copies were duly stamped; it was essential, however, that the copy retained by the chemist should bear the actual signatures of the employers; it was not sufficient that the signed copy should be retained by the employer. In case of fire or other destruction there would be no documentary evidence of the con- tract: moreover, the Statute of Frauds required such a contract to be in writing and to be signed by the person to be charged therewith. A matter, perhaps not of a legal nature, which deserved men- tion was the requirement which was often made by small concerns for the investment of a sum of money in the concern by the employee as a guarantee of good faith. He would always look with suspicion upon such propositions, and said that the point could quite well be met by entering into a fidelity guarantee assurance with a reputable assurance company.He had been asked what was the position of a servant who was wrongfully dismissed after six months when his agreement stipulated that the service should extend for three years. He would expect compensation for the actual damage he suffered, 339 provided that he was reasonably diligent to secure fresh employ- ment. He would not be entitled to two-and-a-half years’ salary but only to the difference, if any, between the salary he was able to earn in fresh employment and that he would have earned if his employment had continued. He might also expect to be recouped for any special expenses which he had necessarily incurred in taking up the fresh employment.He dealt in greater detail with the covenants which purported to restrain the future activities of chemists. He noted that Mr. MacGillivray had said that, in the case of the employment of a chemist in manufacturing works, he doubted whether in the great majority of instances any restraint were permissible on the exercise of his profession after he left such employment. He felt that Mr. MacGillivray might not entirely appreciate the position of a chemist, since it was inconceivable that a chemist could go from one employment to another similar employment without carrying in his mind, and even quite unwittingly dis- closing, confidential information gleaned in the course of his earlier employment.In the article in Journal, Part VI., 1920, on covenants in res- traint of trade, a case had been mentioned in which the applica- tion by an employer to restrain a film actor from acting under a name which he had made famous, but acting then for another firm, had been refused. The judge in giving his judgment had said, that a man’s aptitudes, his skill, his dexterity and his manual or mental ability might not nor ought to be relinquished by an employee: they were not his master’s property; they were his own. Chemists must use great discretion, however, in con- struing this judgment in a manner favourable to themselves. They must distinguish between a servant who merely acquired special skill-such as a film actor and the majority of other ser- vants where restraint was imposed-and a servant such as a chemist, who, on entering a new employment might unwittingly convey trade secrets.It was a common law obligation upon every servant that he must not disclose his master’s trade secrets, and, consequently, chemists were subject to restraint in the choice of their subsequent employment not only by contracts definitely entered upon, but by ordinary common law obligations. Many young chemists felt that these covenants acted harshly upon them, but they must consider the general policy of restraint in its wider aspect; as to whether it was in the public interest. They would agree that, if industry felt that there was no fear, in engaging 340 an employee, of taking or losing trade secrets there would be an unrestrained choice of able assistants; and, secondly, that if industry had this confidence, it would be disposed to put in the hands of its chemists all relevant industrial facts.The tendency in the end, then, would be rather to encourage than to cramp the employment of chemists. He had heard it stated, unwisely, that these contracts were generally void, and that they might be signed without fear of the consequences. He would remind them, however, that the law was as much concerned to protect the sanctity of contract as to prohibit unreasonable restraint, and, moreover, their status as chemists and the whole status of the profession depended upon the upholding of the highest professional standards of honour.He had some suggestions to make with regard to covenants of this nature, but they were made not so much with a view to avoiding contracts which had already been made, as with a view to seeing that future contracts were well made. They would be aware that in order to make a good contract it was essential to show that valuable consideration had passed in respect of the promise which was made. In the case of a man who agreed not to serve in certain capacities for some years after he had left the service of his employer, it was often difficult to see what consideration was given in respect of his promise. So far as he was aware, the only case which was decided on this ground was decided against the employee, so long ago as 1878, and, in that instance, the judge had said that the consideration was the granting of a desire to secure at all costs some employ- ment with concomitant wages-in this case, only 21s.a week for entirely unskilled work. He felt that a similar argument would not be very strong in the case of a chemist of experience and, consequently, he always advised that definite provision be made for valuable consideration. In most of the contracts he had seen provision was made for the payment, when the restraint was imposed, of a proportion of the salary which the chemist was last receiving, or some similar arrangement. In this way, they had definite provision for consideration, and the chemist, moreover, if he had to start again lower on the ladder of success, was fully compensated for the loss of opportunity to put his industrial experience to its best uses, and, so far as the employer was concerned, the restraint 011 this ground was unquestionablc.One further point arose with regard to his remark that it was in 341 the public interest that industry should be able to put all the relevant industrial facts in the hands of the chemist. He had frequently seen contracts in which restraints were imposed upon the employee with regard to access to other parts of the works than those in which his actual daily work was carried out. It appeared that this condition nullified the good effect upon the public interest of the post-employment restraint. If there were any who still thought that these contracts re- acted harshly upon individuals, they should realise that no firm would want to lose the services of a man who had made a success of life, and, consequently, it was unlikely that the restraint would come into operation except at the chemist’s desire.In the case of the younger man, he felt that if after three years an industry did not require his services, it would probably be better in his own interests to make a change, and the restraint would not react so harshly upon him. Frequently chemists said that they had printed contracts put in front of them and they had to sign them whether they liked the terms or not. His experience was that employers rated more highly the servants who considered their contracts carefully before signing them and that they did not object to making alterations which had the effect of making the contracts more equitable along the lines suggested.The remedy, in which they could all help, was in making it clear at all times that the chemist is adaptable, and that, even though his life had lain along a certain groove for a number of years, he would readily fit into a widely different groove after a month or two. After the address at each Section, Mr. Marlow replied to questions on points of specific interest put by members. The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Since the last issue of the Journal, successful visits liave been made to the Osram Works, the British Oxygen Co., and the United Carlo Gatti Ice Co.On 4th November, at the Institute, Messrs. Edward Terrell and Osborne Jones, of the Grays Inn Debating Society, opposed the following motion, which was proposed by Messrs. Tumber and Davis, on behalf of the Association: “That, in the opinion of this house, the Liberal party, having no further useful ends to serve, should forthwith dissolve.’’ After a lively debate the motion was carried by a small majority. On 4th December, a successful dance was held by kind per- mission of the Union Society in their rooms at University College, Gower Street, nearly 100 members and friends being present; and on 9th December, an informal social gathering was held at the Institute. 343 Notes. Canadian Institute of Chemistry.-A copyof theBy-Laws, Code of Professional Ethics and Membership List of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry, dated 1924,has recently been received.The Code of Professional Ethics, as adopted May 28th, 1924, though differing in some respects from those adopted in this country, may be of interest to Fellows and Associates and is here reproduced :-I. General Principles. A member of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry-whether Fellow, Associate or Student-should exhibit the devotion to truth that characterises the scientist, and the loyalty to his King and Country, the courage, fairness, and courtesy, that are the marks of the gentleman. 11. Relations to thc Pidblic. I. In his relation to the public a member of the Institute should endeavour to uphold the dignity of his profession.He should take advantage of every opportunity to inculcate sound ideas as to its usefulness. 2. He should be diligent in exposing and opposing such errors and frauds as his special knowledge enables him to recog- nise. 3. He should refrain from associating himself with, or allowing the use of his name by any enterprise of doubtful character. 4. Advertising should be restricted to a statement of the nature of services offered. 5. He should use his talents andinfluence towards securing support for chemical education and research, and in general for research, education and the dissemination of scientific infor- mation. 111. Relations to Employer and Clients. I. A member acting as an employee or adviser should jeal-ously guard the interests of employers and clients and refrain from revealing information imparted to him in confidence.2. If asked to undertake work which he believes will be unprofitable for a client or employer, he should endeavour to make clear his view of the prospects of the enterprise. 3. He should not accept conflicting retainers or represent conflicting interests. He should inform his employer or client of any business connections, interests or affiliations, which might influence his judgment or impair the disinterested quality of his work. 4. For a particular service he should in no case accept compensation from more than one source without the knowledge and consent of all parties concerned.IV. Relations to his Fellow Chemists. I. In his relation to his colleagues, a member of the Institute should strive to promote mutual helpfulness, understanding and encouragement. He should co-operate in the upbuilding of the profession by exchanging general information and experience with his fellow chemists both by private communication and by contributions to technical societies and journals. 2. He should not only avoid casting reflections upon the character or competence of a colleague, but should endeavour, as far as is consistent with truth, to protect the reputation of his fellow chemist. He should impress upon clients the possibilities of inconsistency (in results secured by different chemists) being due to actual differences in the samples or to the imperfections of recognised methods of analysis.Where conflicting results are obtained, he should endeavour to secure the consent of his client or employer to a conference with the chemist of the opposing interest. 3. He should not review the work of another member of the Institute for the same client or employer except with the know- ledge of that member or unless the connection of that member with the work has been definitely terminated and his claims settled, submitted to arbitration, referred to a Court of Law, or legally abandoned through neglect to press. 4. He should refrain from any form of unfair competition in soliciting employment, advancement, or business patronage. 5. He should charge for his services such fees as would render it possible for any member in business for himself to do satis-factory work profitably.He should uphold the principle that 343 unreasonably low charges for professional services tend towards inferior and unreliable work. While it is desirable that members engaged in teaching and research should be permitted to use their special knowledge and skill in direct service to individual clients, it is prejudicial to the welfare of the profession for such services to be rendered at rates that ignore the usual costs of equipment and overhead expenses. Scales of fees adopted under authority of the Institute should be adhered to. V. Enforcement. The Council of the Institute shall interpret infractions of this Code of Ethics by any member of the Institute as consti- tuting “unprofessional conduct,” and shall take action thereon as provided under By-Law No.12. 346 Obituary. GEORGEWYKEHAMPERCIVAL BAYLY, whose death occured in Aprillast at Waratah, New South Wales, at the age of 48 years, was educated at St. Peter’s College, Adelaide, at the South Australian School of Mines (where he obtained diplomas in metallurgy and mining) and also at the University of Adelaide. In 1892, he was a junior chemist at the silver refinery of the Broken Hill Proprietary Co., at Port Pirie, under Mr. Frank Mousley, and in 1900 became assistant to Mr. H. C. Jenkins, Government Metallurgist of Victoria. In 1902, he was appointed Chief Chemist to the Mines Department and Geological Survey of Victoria.In 1917, he became attached to the Ministry of Munitions and was engaged at H. M. Factory,Queensferry, Cheshire, under Mr. W. H. Roberts. Returning to Australia in April 1919, he became Chief Chemist at the Commonwealth Steel Works, Ltd., Waratah. He published several papers relating to fuel briquetting and brown coal, and on rock analysis, contributed to the Proceedings of the Society of Chemical Industry of Victoria, and to the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. HOBEILT died at Seascale or1 9th November in his 71st year. HELLON Born at Workington, he received his early education at Wardow’s School, and Grove Park School, Wrexham.From 1873 to 1875, he studied under Frankland and Percy at the Royal School of Mines obtaining the Associate- ship in Metallur,ay. He also worked under Bunsen at Heidelherg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. He continued his studies at Paris before returning to England in 1883, when he entered into partnership with Mr. Alfred Adair, of Egremont. Shortly after established his own practicein Whitehaven, where he continued up to the time of his death, latterly, in partnership with Mr. T. Man, who had acted as his assistant for many years. He held appointments as Public Analyst for the Counties of Cumberland and Westmorland and the Boroughs of Carlisle and Kendal, and as Official Agricultural Analyst for the County of Cumberland. nr. Hellon served for two periods on the Council of the Society of Public Analysts and was a Past-President of the British Section of the International Association of Leather Trades Chemists.He was also one of the founders and a Past-President of the Whitehaven Scientific Association, a member of the Committee of the local Public Library, and a Justice of the Peace for the County of Cumberland. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878 and a Fellow in 1889. WILLIAMMURRAY a registered student of the Insti- ROBERT THOMSON, tute, died in London on 5th November in his 26th year. Educated at the High School, Dundee and Madras College, St. Andrews, he commenced his professional education at University College, Dundee, but shortly after joined the Colours and served with the Royal Garrison Artillery in France until early in 1919 when he resumed his course and obtained the degree of B.Sc.St. Andrews. In 1921, he was appointed Assistant Lecturer in Chemistry at King’s College, London, which a,ppoint,ment he held until his death. 347 JOSEPHTURNEYWOODdied at Nottingham on 9th November, in his 60th year. Educated at Nottingham High School under Dr. Gow, and at University College. Nottingham, from 1881 to 1883, mder Prof. Frank Clowes, he was assistant, from 1886 to 1891, to Mr. R. Lloyd Whiteley,in the laboratory of Messrs. Turney Bros., Ltd., Trent Bridge Leather Works, in which he subsequently became chemist and works manager, and a director. He also studied in BeIgium and Germa.ny, devoting special attelltion to the applications of chemistry and bacteriology to leather manufacture.He was the author of a series of papers, mainly referring to leather, contributed to the Journal of the Society of Cheniical Industry from 1890 onwards, of a book 011 “The Puering, Bating and Drenching of Skins,” published by Spon in 1912, which was also published in German, and of a lecture on “ Some Scientific Aspects of Tanning,” which he delivered before the Institute in 1920. For several years he mted as Examiner on Leather Manufacture to the University of Leeds and to the City and Guilds of London Institute. He was a Past Vice- President of the Soeiety of Chemical Industry, and R Paat President of the Society of Leather Trades Chemists. He waq elected a, Fellow of the Institute in 1915.345 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, or have been purchased. They may be seen in the Library of the Institute. ‘‘Bio-chemistry, Some Studies in.” By some Students of Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 1924. Chemical Engineering Library. Second Series. (London : Ernest Benn, Ltd.). “The Technology of Water.” A. A. Pollitt. Pp. vii. 158. 6s. Natural, Incliistrial aiid Potable Waters; water t~~etttnient. ‘ ‘ Sulphuric Acid Concentration.” Vol. I : Hot Gases. P. Parrish and F. C. Snelling. Pp. ix.4141. 6s. Materials used in the construction of concentration plants ; Glover tower and concentrator; Kessler and Gaillard concentrators ; electrical precipitation of acid mist-Cottrell process; other concentration plants (hot gas system). Vol.I1 : In heated vessels. Pp. xi.+147. 67. Materials of construction; concentration in lead pans, in glass retorts and in platinum stills; cascade concentrators; concentration in cast iron pots; miscellaneous processes; transport and storage of concentrated sulphuric acid; possible future developments. “Organisation of Production.” J. W. Curtis. Pp. xi.+141. 6s. Tndmtrid organisation and management ; division of organ:sat~on; production department; purchasing and record; erection of plant. ‘‘Crushing and Grinding Machinery.” H. Seymour. Pp. ix. +143.Jaw breakers; qratory crushers ; crushing rolls ;disintegrators and swing hammer mills; centrifugal roll mills; ball and rod mills. “The Screening and Grading of Materials.” J. E. Lister. Pp. xi+I++. 6s. Screens; belta and conveyors; washers, concentrators, dryers and separators. 349 “Clieriiistry dncl Atomic Structure.” J. 1). RIaiii Smith. Pp. 221. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.). Atoms and molecules ; valency ; electro chemistry; stereo chemistry ; classification of the elements; co-ordination theory ; sub-atomic chemis try; atomic physics; thc dynamic atom; atomic stnwture; the rela- tivity effect on mass. ‘ ‘ Cotton Cellulose-Its Chemistry and Technology.” A. J. Hall. Pp. 228. (London, Ernest Benn, Ltd.). 30s. Cotton and cellulose; raw cotton and its purification; cottons and alkalis; acids and various reagents; cellulose and dyes; technically important modificationa; selected methods of analysis.‘‘Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A comprehensive treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Vol. V. Pp. x.+1004. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). k3 3s. R, Al, GR,In, TI, Sc, Ce, and Rare Earth Metals, C. (Part T.). ‘ ‘ Mineral Industry, The.” Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1923. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. XXXII. Pp. xviii.+887 and 8. (New York and London: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.). E3. “Physical Chemistry for Students of Medicine.” A. Findlay. Pp. ix.+227. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). 8s. 6d. The gas laws; diffusion and osmotic pressure; electrolytes; the law of mass action and chemical equilibrium; hydrion; velocity of reaction ; the colloidal state.“Physics, Introduction to Theoretical.’’ Vol. I. A. Haas, translated from the third and fourth edition by T. Verschoyle. Pp. xiii.+331. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.). 21s. Mechanics; theory of the electromagnetic field and of light. 350 The Register. At meetings of the Council, held on 17th October and zIst Xovember, 5 new Fellows were elected, c) Associates were elected to the Fellowship 42 Associates were elected, and 32 Students were admitted. The institute has lost 4 Fellows and I Student by death. New Fellows. Hrodrihb, Noel Kenrio Stevens, O.B.E., Commonwealth (hvernrnent Cordite Factory, Maribyrnong, Victoria, ilustralia.Clemo, George Roger, B.Sc. (Lond. and Oxon.), Ph.D. (Loud.), 1). Phil. (Oxon.), The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford. Lilly, Cecil Herbert, Belrnont, Mitchell Place, Saltcoats. Symons, Claude Trevine, B.A. (Oxon.), Government Analyst's Ofice, Colombo, Ceylon. Whatmough, Wilfred Ambrose, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kildare, Friern Watch Avenue. N. Finchley, London, N. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Hawor, Harold William, h'L4. (Cantab.), 20, Statiou Road, C~~inl~riclgt~.Blair, Ethelhert William, R.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C.. Xewington, Parkqtmit.Avenue, Parkstone. Doolan, James Joseph, H.Sv., Phd. (Loid.), 46. l\Ii(;liad Street, LVaterfurcl. Greenberg, Solomon, 41, Frithvillc Gardens, Uuhridgr Road, London, w.12. .MMooney, Paul Michael, H.Sc.(Lorid.), 1, Khetlivt. Konil, VIIIc-rt ($ate, London, E.7. he, William Norman, M.A. (Cantab.), ITnivrrsity (hllegr, ('olomho, Ceylon.Thompson, Herbert Bryan, 31.S~.(Birm.), Ph.0. (\Viii*zl,tiig), (./(I SRIiona1 Oil Refineries, Skewen. JVard, Harry, M.Sc. (Leetls), (i, Mount Terrace, York. \Voodward, Miss Elsie, 17, B1octrrishirr.y Square, Loriiloii, I.\\'.(I. New Assooiates. Aiirierwit, Pctcr, H.Sc. (Lutict.), Srita HUIIW*, tfig1iioM IL, Li\t-iwilge, Yorks. Ballantine, George Russell, B.Ssc. (Glits.), 8, h:g1111tui1hi\ e. (ilasgou, \I,.?. Ballingall, Thomas Patrick, B.Sc. (Edin.). 20, Midmais Gartlens. Edinburgh. Barker, Geoffrey Gordon, €3.8~.(Rirm.) 10, Wellingtort TerrRce, Suttoti Coldfield, Birmingham. Blount, Reginald vc'illis, B.Su.(Loid.), 5, ttegiiittlcl St1eet, 1)tXrhy. Brooker, Leslie George Scott, R.Rc. (Lond.), 7, Kent, Road,C:ca\ raentl. flurn, Robert? lhvidson, 13.S~.(Dim.), $4, (IfYJrp )to&d, ~Lyallscntl-oii-Tyne . Cnwkhorne, Henry Howarth, B.Sc. (Lonr!.). 47, Wellesley Road, Ilford, Essex. Champ, Myer Marten, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Carnarvon Road, Stratford, London, R.15. 361 Cotton, Frank Harriss, B.Sc. (Lond.), Windyridgs, Ceder Avenue, New Barnet, Herte. Creasy, John Jmnes, B.Sc. (Lond.), a/o Messrs. Ogston & Moore, Via Giuseppe La Farina, Messina, Sicily. Davies, James Edgar, B.Sc. (Wales), 96, Gillott Road Edgbaston, Rir-mingham. Duck, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Binn.), 34, College Road. Saltlep,Birmingham Farina, Philip Edward Lodovico, B.Sc.(Lond.), I), Bettridge Road, Hurlingham, London, S.W.6. Fotheringham, Robert Houston, B.8c. (Glas.), 133, ArgyleRoad, Saltcoats, Ayrshire.Hallack, Maurice Hamilton, B.A. (Cape of Good Hope), Y.O. DynamiteFactory, Somerset West, C.P., South Africa. Harwood, Frank Courtney, BSc. (Lond.), The Bungalow, Lane End, Nr. High Wycombe, Bucks. Hughes, Miss Nesta Eurddolen, B.Sc. (Liv.), 8, Croxteth Grove, Sefton Park, Liverpool. Hymas, Frederick Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 46, Windmill HiI1, Enfield, Middlesex. Immelman, Jacobus Hendrik, B.A. (Cape of Good Hope), P.O. DynamiteFactory, Somerset West, C.P., South Africa. Jones, Edward Richard, B.Sc. (Wales), 16, Bank Street, Ponkey, Wrexham. Kam, Edward David, B.Sc.(Liv.), 23, Bentley Road, Princes Park, Liverpool.Kelly, Charles Ignatius, M.Sc., Tech. (Manc.), 17, Elmhurst Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Kitson, Joe, B.Sc. (Sheff .), Wallroyds, Denby Dale, Huddersfielrl. Lamb, Ivan Douglas, M.Sc.. Tech. (Manc.), 37, Shenley Road, Dartford, Kent. Lea, Thomas Russell, B.Sc. (Manc.), Coniston, Singleton Road, Kersal, Manchester. Martin, Reginald Ernest Semple, B.A. (Oxon.), 31, Barnard Road, London, s.w.ll. Masterman, Cyril Aubyn, B.A. (Oxon.), 1, U'estbourne, Wilton Road, Salisbury.Michaelis, Miss Rose, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Lymington Road, London, N.W.6. Overin. Richard Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), Allestree Lane, Markeaton, Derby. Preston, John Massey, B.Sc. (Liv.), The Dower House, Euston, Nr. Chorley.Rees, Sidney Linton, B.Sc. (Wales), Highgarth, Llansainlet, Swansea. Robertson, John Monteath, B.Sc. (Glas.), Nether Fordun, Auchterarder. Perthshire. Srtunders, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.), Tata Iron & Steel Co., Jamshedpur,B.N.R., India. Sen, Nelinnihari, B.Sc. (Cal.), B.Met. (Sheff .), 221, Cemetery Road, Sheffield. Short, Henry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Beverley Road, Anerley, London, S.E.20. Stowell, Flaxney Percival, B.Sc. (Liv.), 5, Albany Rod, Douglas, I. of Man. Strong, Howard William, M.Sc. (Melbourne), 34, Service Street, Hampton, Melbourne, Victoria. Taylor, John Henry, B.Sc. (Birm.), 65, Berry Street, Coventry. Taylor, William Wilders, B.Sc (Lond.), 4, Willoughby Avenue, Lenton, Nottingham.Thorpe, Clifford Yttdgett, B.Sc.(Menc.), 43, Albert Avenue, AnlebyRoad, Hull. l-~ililg,William Ale~~i~tl~Qiuillie, B.Sc. (Lonci.), 19, Koith Kmtt, Hayes, Midds. 352 New Students. Andrew, Horace George, Higham Villa, Hinkley Road, Nuneaton. Avent, Alfred George, 5, Langham Road, Knowle, Bristol. Barnes, Reginald Furlong, School House, Pratts Bottom, Chelsfield, Kent. Bayly, Douglas Borthwick, “Thule,” Pelham Road, Bexley Heath, Kent. Bell, James, jun., 2, Finnart Terrace, Greenock. Birch, George Ernest, Hill Side, Oldfield Lane, Altrincham. Bishop, Ewert Edward, The Highlands, Shinfield Road, Reading. Bond, Edward John, 11, Kings Avenue, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. Suckley, Robert, B.Sc. (Loncl.), 179, Bedford Road, Rock Ferry,Birkenhead. Christy, Ronald Kingston, 3, Crieff Road, Wandsworth, London, S.W.18.Coste, Miss Joan Gertrude Margaret, Utopia, Gloucester Road, Teddington. Davidson, William Walker, 9, John Street, Dalbeattie, Kirkcudbrightshire. Davies, Ernest James, 45, McClure Street, Ormeau Road, Belfast. Denington, Ralph Forder, 69, Dover Road, Wanstead Park, London, E.12. Drummond, Robert McMaster, 1, Rosemount Terrace, Ibrox, Glasgow. Eustice, Miss Eva Doris, 142, Hill Lane, Southampton. Fielder, Henry Lawrence, 67, Coleshill Buildings, Pimlico Road, London, S.W.1. Hall, Noel Barnes, 104, Cornerswell Road, Penarth: Harris, Francis William, 124, Somerset Road, Huddersfield. Henshall, Frank Arthur, 47, Lower Down Street, Clydach, Swansee. Hill, Charles Wiseman. 30, Stockwell Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.J asperson, Harold, 18, Lambton Road, St. Michael’s, Liverpool. Jewell, Percival Sydney, 26, Syr David’s Avenue, Canton, Cardiff. King, Reginald Benjamin, 34, Mostyn Road, Merton Park, London, s.w.19. Mills, Frank Edward, 4, Poplar Street, Heeton Mersey, Manchester. Newton, Horace Edward, The Bungalow, New Milton, Hants. Osborn, Harry William Edward, 27, Hewitt Road, Hornsey, London, N.8. Scarlett, Claude Alexander, 5, Market Street, Dover. Stapley, William James, 50, Avenue Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Trustrum, Frederick Thomas, 13, Purley Park Road, Purley Surrey. Wilson, Adolf, 126, Sunnyhill Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16. Woodruff, Edward William, 19, Houghton Place, Ampthill Square, London, N.W.l.DEATHS. Fellows. Percival George Wykeham Bayly. Cecil Napier Hake. Robert Hellon, Ph.D. (Heid.), A.R.S.M. Joseph Turney Wood. Student. Robert William Murray Thomson, B.Sc. (St. Andrews). CHANGES OF NAME. Registered Student. Frederick Kmfman to Prescott---hy Deed-Poll-1st September,1924. Associate. Vera Newcombe, to Vera FTwer, on her marriage. 353 General Notices. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal-the gift of the Maccabaeans-is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and whose name has been brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December of the year preceding the award. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.Without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the adjudicators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service. Any Fellow or Associate who desires to direct the attention of the Council to work of the character indicated should communicate immediately with the Registrar. The award for the year I924 will be decided in January, 1925.Examinations in 1 925.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1925 are as follows:- Last date for Entries. Period of Examination . Monday, 17th Nov., 1924 5th to 10th Jan., 1925. or 12th to 17th Jan., 1925. Monday, 16th Feb., 1925. 20th to 25th April, 1925. Monday, 20th July, 1925. or or 27th Apr. to 2nd May, 1925. 14th to 19th Sept., 1925. zIst to 26th Sept., 1925. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September only. 354 District Members of Council.-The following have been returned unopposed as District Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting to be held on Monday, 2nd March, 1925: (i) Birmingham and Midlands : Cyril Alexander Frederick Hastilow, M.Sc.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Frank Southerden, B.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Herbert John Evans, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties: Ernest Mostyn Hawkins. Manchester and District : Samuel Ernest Melling. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Lewis Gordon Paul, Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Leonard Dobbin, Ph.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland: John Henry Young, M.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouthshire: Clarence Arthur Seyler, B.Sc. Northern Ireland : William Howieson Gibson, O.B.E., D.Sc. Irish Free State: William Robert Fearon, M.A., Sc.D. No District Member of Council has been nominated for (xii) The Overseas Dominions, The Empire of India, and Abroad.Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-Law 26. (1) Any twenty members, not being members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-Law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: ‘‘Tl’e the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Brita.in and Ireland, do hereby certify that! A. B., of (registeredaddress) , ct Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” 355 (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-Law 26 wiil be included in the Balloting List.) By-Law 24 (2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shell be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer, for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy. The names of the Vice-president and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, and who are ineligible for re-election as such, are as follows: Vice-president: Andrew More, A.R.C.S., A.R.T.C. General Members of Council: Edward Frankland Armstrong, DSc., F.R.S.; Edward Richards Bolton; Alfred Archibald Boon, D.Sc. ; Ronald Leslie Collett, M.A. ;William McDonnell Mackey ; George Henry Perry, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. ; James Charles Philip, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. ;George Tate, Ph.D. ; Douglas Frank Twiss, D .Sc. ; Forsyth James Wilson, D.Sc., Ph.D. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to Jan., 1922,who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since the election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Insti- tute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required 356 to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the Rules of the Society regarding the use of books. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments, 5th Edition.-By direction of the Council, Registered Students may obtain copies of Official Chemical Appointments at a reduced price of zs., on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. 357 Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co-Ltd., 17-19Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2., to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: Buckram case, lettered complete, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. History of the Institute, 1887-191 4.-Anymemberwho is not in possession of a copy of the History ofthe Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The Annual General Meeting will be held on Monday, and March, 1925. Nomination Papers must be received at the Office of the Institute before 4 p.m. on Monday, 19th January. 358 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES.MARCH TO DECEMBER, 1924. coUNc=. COUNCIL IN uob,fMmIpE1s.COMMITTEE. G. G. Henderson ..Glasgow .. 9 7 1 21 1 30 0 E. C. C. Baly . . ..Liverpool .. 9 1 521 100 A. Chaston Chapman ..London . . 9 6 221 0 11 A. More .. ..London . . 9 S -21 15 82 17 T. Slater Price .. ..London .. 9 8 -21 14 11 11 A. Smithells .. ..London .. 9 6 -21 3 21 E. W. Voelcker ..London . . 9 6 1 21 6 17 12 P. H. Kirkaldy .. ..London .. 9 9 -21 21 32 3 L. Archbutt .. ..Somerset .. 9 6 2 21 2 0 0 E. F. Armstrong ..Warrington . . 9 0 6 21 0 0 0 E. R. Bolton .. ..London .. 9 8 -21 12 17 9 A. A. Boon.. .... ..Edinburgh .. 9 2 5 21 1 5 0 F. D. Chattaway ..Oxford .. 9 4 3 21 0 6 1 R. L. Collett .. ..London .. 9 8 -21 18 21 17 H. G. Colman ..London .. 9 5 3 21 13 16 12 L.Dobbin .. ..Edinburgh .. 9 0 5 21 0 8 0 H. J. Evans . . ..Liverpool . . 9 3 3 21 2 0 0 J. Evans .. ..Sheffield .. 9 2 6 21 2 9 0 W. R. Fearon .. ..Irish Free State 9 0 2 21 0 5 0 W. H. Gibson .. ..Belfast .. 9 0 1 21 0 0 0 R. H. Greaves .. ..London .. 9 7 -21 14 21 8 A. J. Hale .. ..London .. 9 7 1 21 10 7 4 C. A. F. Hastilow ..Birmingham 9 6 1 21 7 13 0 E. M. Hawkins .. ..London . . 9 9 -21 12 22 20 W. H. Lewis .. ..Exeter .. 9 5 -21 4 0 0 R. D. Littlefield ..Exeter .. 9 2 5 21 2 8 0 W. McD. Mackey ..Leeds ..9 2 5 21 2 8 0 H. McCombie .. ..Cambridge .. 9 5 2 21 S 0 0 S. E. Melling .. ..ManChester .. 9 3 5 21 3 1 0 R. S. Morrell .. ..Wolverhampton 9 6 2 21 1 0 0 L. G. Paul .. ..Huddersfield 9 5 3 21 1 13 0 G. H. Perry .. ..London . . 9 6 1 21 12 9 4 J.C. Philip .. ..London .. 9 8 -21 10 2 1 R. H. Pickard ..London .. 9 6 2 21 16 24 20 B. D. Porritt .. ..London .. 9 8 -21 10 23 4 F. L. Pyman .. ..ManChester .. 9 5 2 21 3 0 0 W. D. Rogers . . ..Stockport . . 9 4 4 21 2 5 0 C. A. Seyler .. ..Wales .. 9 4 1 21 0 ,1 0 H. Silvester .. ..Birmingham 9 6 3 21 2 9 0 A. Slator .. ..Burton-onTrent 9 3 5 21 0 0 0 G. Tate .. ..Liverpool .. 9 3 3 21 2 13 0 J. F. Thorpe . . ..London . . 9 5 3 21 5 16 9 J. F. Tocher . . ..Aberdeen .. 9 3 3 21 0 1 0 D. F. Twiss .. ..Birmingham 9 6 2 21 3 0 0 F. J. Wilson . . ..Glasgow .. 9 2 6 21 1 14 0 J. H. Young .. ..Glasgow .. 9 3 1 21 1 0 0

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9244800313

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

359 Index. Academic Dress, 177, 187 Accounts (1923), 20, 87 Accuracy, The Problem of, 156 Address, Retiring President’s, 99 Admission Ceremony, 178 Advisory Committee of the Insti- tute and the Board of Education, 16 Advisory Committee of the Insti- tute and the Scottish Education, Department, 16 Africa, South, 216, 253 Agricultural Analysis, 132, 258 Alkali Works, 30 Annual General Meeting, 85 Applied Chemistry, Conference of Teachers of, 318 Appointments Register, 17, 77, 172, 211, 248, 311, 355 Apprenticeship, 318 Attendances at Meetings of Council and its Committees, 1924, 358 Auditors, 25, 84 Bankers, 84 Basic Slags, 256 Bedford College for Women and the Royal Holloway College, 318 Belfast Section, 29, 125, 184, 221, 320 Benevolent Fund, 17, 23, 83, 220, 22 1 Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen, Gesellschait, 319 Bio-chemistry, 190 Birmingham and Midlands, 16, 29, 125, 184,256,321 Board of Examiners, 84 Books and their Contents, 70, 167 204, 241, 302, 348 Borough Polytechnic Institute, 52 Bricks (Sand-Lime), 5 Bristol and South-Western Counties, 30, 125, 185, 256, 321 British Dyestuffs Industry, 121 British Empire Exhibition, 4, 5, 6, 162, 223 Butter, 187 Canadian Institute of Chemistry,343 Catechin, 257 Cement (Slag), 4, 5 Censors, 82 Chemical Industry, British, 188 Chemical Practice, Some Factois which make for Success in, 57 Chemical Society, 183, 268 Chemist, Education of the, 139 Chemist in Relation to Public Life, 46 Chemistry as a Career, 14 Chemistry in Public Affairs, 9, 28 Chemistry House, 37, 125, 189 Chemistry, Organisation, 37 Chemistry, Professional, 322 Civil Servants, Scientific and Tech- nical, 119, 254 Coal Tar, 125, 184 Colleges, 219, 318 Committees for 1924-25, 82 Conference, 18, 177, 215 Conference of Teachers of AppliedChemistry, 318 Contracts of Service, 257, 266, 318, 336 Council and Committees, 81, 118 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 4 Council, Proceedings of the, 26, 118, 177, 215, 253, 315 Council, Report of, 3 Covers for Journal, 78, 173, 212, 249, 312, 366 Deaths, 3, 76, 171, 210, 215, 246, 253, 306, 352 Dinners, 1923, 18 District Members of Council, 307 Dyestuffs, 121 Edinburgh and East of Scotlantl Section, 31, 125, 322 Education, Board of, 16 Education of the Chemist, 139 Election of District Members of Council, 307, 354 Election of Member of Council, 118 Employers, Works Chemists and Consultants, 134 Engineering Standards, 4, 5, 225 Examinations, 11, 53, 172, 192, 211, 219, 247, 275, 310, 353 Exhibition, London Section, 46 Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4 Federation of Men of Science, 259 Fertilisers, 12, 132 Finance and House Committee, 6, 82 Flame, 35 Food and Drugs, 12 French Chemical Societies, 5 Gas Examiners, 12, 15, 179 Geber, 257, 321 General Notices, 77, 172, 211, 247, 307, 353 General Purposes Committee, 7, 82 Gifts, 7 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 31, 125, 130, 186, 257, 323 Glmsware, 4,14, 27, 235, 272, Gloucester, 13 Government Laboratory, 4 Gretna, H.M.Factory, 31 Heat Engine and Boiler Trials, 4, 226 Health, Ministry of, 4,12 Health (Scottish Board), 5 History of the Institute (1887-1914), 173, 212, 249, 312 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 17, 319 House Committee, Fingnce and, 5, 82 Huddersfield Section, 35, 132, 187 257, 326 India, 4, 13 Industrial Research, Scientific and, 292 Institute of Chemistry Students' Association (London), 16, 52, 161, 202, 223, 267, 342 Institutions, 10, 12, 219, 318 Irish Free State, 9, 35, 187, 328 Iron and Steel, Specifications for, 158 Joint Advisory Committee with the Institute of Physics re Gas Examiners, 15, 179 Joint Committee of Representativesof the Institute and of the Board of Education, 83 Joint Committee tor the Standard- isation of Glassware, 23 6 Journal, Covers for, 78 Journal and Proceedings, 13, 177 Labour, Ministry of, 5 Lantern Slides for Lectures, 226, 312, 357 Law affecting Chemists, 9 Lectures and Library Committee, 9, 28, 83 Leeds Area Section, 36, 132, 257, 328 Leeds, University of, 315 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 10, 82, 315 Library, 9, 10, 24, 78, 164, 173, 212, 245, 311.356 Linen, 320 Liverpool and Korth-Western Sec- tion, 16, 188, 221, 259, 329 Local Sections, 16, 29, 125, 184, 221, 256, 320 London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 37, 134, 221, 260, 331 London University, The New Regu- lations of, 218 Malaya Section, 16 Manchester Section, 46, 266, 334 Medicine, Influence of Chemical Research on.267, 334 Meldola Medal, 28, 85, 247, 307 Micloseope, 161 Milk, 4, 12 National Certificates in Chemistry 16, 230 National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland), 16, 27 National Whitley Councils, 8 Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 156, 335 Nitrosophenols, 132 Nomination of General Members of the Council, 354 Nomination of the Council (1924-1925), 26 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 10, 82 Notes, 52, 190, 225, 268, 343 Obituary, 72, 163,203,227,269, 346 Official Agricultural Analysts, 12 Official Chemical Appointments,5th Edition, 6, 14, 249, 312 Overseas Appointments, 260 Oil Shale, 185 Parliamentary Committee, Legaland, 10, 82, 315 Pasteur Centenary, 4 Patents, 36, 118, 283, 215, 358 Permutites, 184 Phosphates, Rock, 256 Photography, 29 Pioneers of Chemistry(Huddersfie1d)32G Physics, Institute of, 15, 179 Pottery, Chemical, 324 36 1 Practice, Some Factors which make for Success in Chemical, 57 President, 19, 81, 250 Proceedings of the Council, 26, 118, 177, 215, 253, 315 Professional Technical Civil Ser-vants, 119 Public Analysts, 12, 26 Public Appointments Committee, 12, 83 Publications Committee 2, 13, 80, Publicity, 16, 131, 186, 320 RRmsay, 32 Register, The, 4, 6, 14, 73, 169, 207, 243, 304, 350 Regulations, 218, 318 Regulation, London University,215 Regulations as to Competency of Public Analysts, 26 Research, Scientific and Industrial, 292 Riley, Bequest, 28 Roll of Institute, 3 Science Museum, 5 Scientific arid Industrial Research, 292 Scientific and Technical Civil Ser- vants, 119, 254 Sewage, 130, 317 ‘‘Sir William Dunn,” School of Rio-chemistry, Cambridge, 190 Sociht6 de Chimie Industrielle, 52, 162 Solicitors, 84 “Some Factors which make for Success in Chemical Practice,” 57 South Africa, 215, 253 South Wales, 216 South Wales Section, 189, 222, 385 Special Committees (1924-25), 83 Special Purposes Committee, 14, 83 Staff Insurance, 92 Stanclardisation of Scirritific Glads-ware, 27, 272 Standards, Engineering, 225 Teachers in Technical Tmtitutions, 27 Textile Institute, The, 217 Therapeutics Substances Bill, 26 Training, Vacation, 175 Treasurer, 19, 81 Tryptophane, 35 Unauthorised us(‘ of Professional Description, 191 Union Internationale, 4, 5, 191 Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes, 5 Union of South Africa, 216, 853 Vacation Training, 178, 187 Vice-presidents, 81 War Department, Chemist, Woof wich, 226 Water-Finders, 126 Wembley, Visit to, 223 Woolwich \Val.DepartmentChemist, 226

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9244800359

出版商:RSC    

年代:1924

数据来源: RSC