摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1922. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. 1. February, 1922. Publications Committee, 1921-22 HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Chatrmrrn), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Preszdent), WILLIAM BACON, ALLIN COTTRELL, ALEXANDER C. CUMMING, O.B.E., F G. DONNAN, C.B.E., LEWIS EYNON, G. WATSON GRAY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E. HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., AN DREW MORE, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, C B.E., T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE STUBBS, C.B.E. Report of the Council (1 921-1 922).To be submitted to the Fellows and Associates of tJte Institute at the Fort-y-fourtlz Annual General Meeting, to be Jzeld on Wednesdaji, 1st March, I922. I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. The Council report that during the twelve months ending 31st January, 1922, they have re-elected I Fellow, and have elected 46 new Fellows, of whom 29 were Associates; they have elected 412 new Associates, of whom 134 were Registered Students; and they have re-admitted I Student and admitted 319 new Students. The Council regret to record the death of 30 Fellows, 7 Associates, and I-Student. FELLOWS. James Robert Appleyard. IYilliam Odling. Alfred Ashby. Francis William Passmore. Edward John Bevan. Herbert Porter. Bertram Blount.Isaac Sydney Scarf. Alexander Wynter Rlyth. Ernest William Smith. David Brown. John Spiller. Sir Charles Henry Hurge. James William Westmorelancl. George Alexander Byrn. Richard Lloyd Whiteley. John Cannell Cain. Sir Charles Alexander Cameron. ASSOCIATES. Charles Edward Cassal. William James Chrystal. Bert John Appleby. Francis William Buckland C'mi-Charles Estcourt. nington.John Hughes. Alfred Ernest Dawe. Harry Ingle. John Stuart McCraith. Francis Albert Bowen Jewson. Hashmat Rai.James Edward Johnson. William Henry Templeman. Henry Rondel Le Sueur. John William Reginald Youll. Herbert Yabsley Loram. Walter Macfarlane. Frederic Richard Mallet. STUDEKT. Edmund James Mills. Thomas Bruce Benstead. The resignations of 9 Fellows, 4 Associates, and 11Students have been accepted, and the names of I Fellow, z Associates, and go Students have been removed in accordance with the By-Laws. 4 At the date of this Keport the Kegister contains the names of 1,568 Fellows, 2,073 i4ssociates, and 883 Students.The number of membexs has increased by 371, and of Students by 84. 2. THE WORK OF THE COUNCIL. The Council have held 12 Meetings, and the Committees, Boards, and Sub-committees have held go Meetings. The following is a list of the Committees, with the names of their respective Chairmen :-COMMITTEE. CHAIRMAN. Benevolent Fund .. .. . . The Hon. Treasurer. Finance and House . . .. . . The Hon. Treasurer. General Purposes . . .. .. The President.Lectures and Library . . . . Alexander Findlay. Legal and Parliamentary . . . . Horatio Ballantyne.Nominations, Examinations and Institutions .. .. . . The President. Public Appointments . . . . The President. Publications .. .. . . Horatio Ba!lantyne. Special Committee re Hon. Cor-responding Secretaries . . . . The President,. Special Purposes . . .. . . The President. Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman, President, has been ap- pointed a member of the Royal Coinmission on Awards to Inventors in the place of Sir .James J. Dobbie, who has retired from the Commission. The President has represented the Institute on the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Cheniistry. Sir Herbert Jackson and Sir James Dobbie, Past Presidents, represented the Institute on the Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies, during the year 1921.Sir Herbert Jackson will continue to act in this capacity during 1922, with JIr. Horatio Ballantyne, Vice-president, instead of Sir James Dobbie, who is now resident in Scotland. Sir William Tilden, Past President, has continued to serve, as representative of chemistry, on the Council on Medical and Allied Services, Ministry of Health, and Dr. J. I:. Tocher, on the Consultative Council of the Scottish Board of Health. Mr. Frank M'. Harbord and Dr. J. J. Fox have continued as representatives of the Institute on the Aircraft Sub-Committee on Chemicals, of the British Engineering Standards Associat ic n. 5 Prof. Cecil H. Desch is acting as representative of the Institute on the Sub-committee of the British Engineering Standards Association on Cement made from Blast Furnace Slag.Mr. William Macnab, Sir Robert Robertson, and the Registrar, represented the Institute before a Committee ap- pointed by the Ministry of Health to enquire into Causes and Prevention of Blindness, especially among workers in chemical industry and in chemical laboratories. The President, with Sir Herbert Jackson, Vice-president, Mr. E. W. Voelcker, Hon. Treasurer, Dr. J. J. Fox, and the Registrar, represented the Institute at a Conference on the Standardisation of Glassware, convened by the Director of the National Physical Laboratory, held in October; and the President has consented to act as representative of the Institute on the Standing Committee then appointed to deal with the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware and kindred problems.The Registrar has continued as a member of the Grants Committee of the Appointments Department, Ministry of Labour, and as a member of a Committee of the Employment Department of the Ministry, in co-operation with the In- corporated Association of Headmasters, for assisting ex-pupils of Secondary Schools. 3. FIS-WCE -4ND HOUSE. The Financial Statements for the year 1921are given on pp. 16-20. GENERALAccoUST.--The financial posit ion of the Institute is improving, and the year 1922 should be free from dis- advantages corresponding with those which arose during the period of raising the Building Fund, and those arising f x-om war conditions. Although the balance in hand at the commencement of the year 1921 was &oo less than the corresponding amount for 1920, and no amount appears in the receipts corresponding with the sum of L700 repaid from the Building Fund, the Council have been able to pay from current income out- standing accounts from 1920 amounting to &05 7s.gd. in addition to the cost of alterationsin the By-laws (&84 18s. II~.) and the reprinting of the Register (j6276 10s. od.), and yet show a balance of E217 9s. ~od.in hand with outstanding liabilities of only fIr83 8s. ~od. 6 A sum of @14' 10s. od., representing Life Compositions and fees received for investment, has accumulated since 1919, and is due to be placed to capital account; but against this the Redemption Premiums paid in 1920 and 1921 (amounting to Er98 15s. od.) and the total cost of revising the By-Laws (l380 6s.Ird.)are to be charged to capital account, leaving the amount to be invested ;6235 18s. @. The reduction in the amount received for Fellows' Sub- scriptions is due to the circumstance that the number of Fellows who have paid life compositions, together with those who have died, is greater than the number of newly elected Fellows. Under the heading of Subscriptions taken altogether the amount shows an increase of i792 over that for 1920. On the expenditure side-owing to the fall in prices and a change of printers, the cost of the Journal for a larger circula- tion and eight additional pages is E173 19s.~od.less than in 1920. The Register also, for 1000 additional copies, 1142 additional names, and 31 additional pages, cost i16 17s. od. less than in 1919. Postage shows an increase, due to the greater number of members and the official increase in postal rates brought into operation in 1920;L45 was incurred on this account in posting the Register, and the amount expended on the Appointments Register for postage alone was approxi- mately Er26. BUILDING Fum.-The final list of contributors to the Building Fund was published in the JOURNAL, Part I, 1921. The amount of the deficit ultimately met from the general funds of the Institute was E1474 0s. zd. BENEVOLENTFuND.-A small pamphlet relating to the Benevolent Fund, including a concise statement of the Fund at the time of printing, was published at the close of 1921.Since the issue of the Report of Council for 1920-1921, conditions of employmen! have become much less satisfactory, and it is anticipated that appeals to the fund will be moi-e frequent. The Benevolent Fund Committee hope to be able to meet claims for temporary assistance irom current subscrip- tions, and they urge all Fellows and Associates to make some contribution, however small, to render this possible. contribution of even 2s. 6d. from every member would ensure an annual income of between j-400 and j-500. They are anxious, however, to collect a substantial capital sum for 7 the purpose of providing, eventually, such benefits as annui- ties for incapacitated members and educational facilities for the children of such members and of deceased members.HOUSE.-The premises of the Institute have been main- tained in good repair. H.M. Government has acquired for the purposes of the University of London an extensive site, including the land leased to the Institute; but the Council have no information to the effect that the Institute’s tenancy is likely to be affected. The British Photographic Kesearch Association continues to occupy laboratories on the first floor. Laboratories on the premises have also been used temporarily by other research workers, and were placed at the disposal of the London Section for an exhibition of instruments, apparatus, chemicals, books, &c., held in February, 1921.The statuette of Priestley, presented by Mrs. Bedford XfcNeill, has been suitably mounted, and has been placed in the vestibule. The table made from oak saved from 30, Bloornsbury Square---the old premises of the Institute-has been placed in the Library. 4. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE. The General Purposes Committee have conferred with the Society of Maccabaeans (represented by Dr. Percy E. Spielmann) on the scheme for the award of the Meldola Medal. Particulars of the scheme, with illustrations of the medal, were published in the JOURNAL, Part VI, 1921. In the award of the majority of medals for commemorating the names of distinguished men of science, the general practice appears to be to select recipients who have already achieved eminence in some department of investigation; but the underlying idea of the award of the Meldola Medal will be to encourage younger members of the profession of chemistry. The scheme, therefore, limits the award to British subjects under thirty years of age, and it is to be primarily for work in analytical chemistry, although the administrators need not restrict it to that branch of work.The medal was designed and executed by Xr. Frank Bowcher. The Committee considered the resolutions passed and the views expressed by the Conference held on 28th February to discuss the desirability of members adopting an uniform practice with respect to the style, the character of the type 8 used, and the particulars given in the entries of their names in directories, diaries, and similar publications.The Con-ference attracted very few members, only twenty-four being present. The following resolutions were passed :-‘‘That in the opinion of this Conference it is desirable that Fellows and Associates should adopt an uniform practice with respect to the style, the character of the type used, and the particulars given in the entries of their names in published directories, and that departure from this practice should be considered as unprofessionalconduct within the meaning of the Charter, Section 16 (3) and By-Law 57.” “That in the opinion of this Conference the insertion of the names of Fellows or Associates in publications such as diaries, pocket books, guide books, timetables, constitutes an advertisement and is thereby held to be discreditable within the meaning of the Charter, Section 16 (3) and By-Law 57.” The Conference had not the authority of a General Meeting, but the Committee were directed by the Council to confer with the solicitors of the Institute on the procedure to be adopted to give effect to the wishes expressed by the members at the Conference.On being advised that a Special General Meeting and other formalities would be necessary, the Council decided to postpone any action in the hope that Fellows and Associates would adopt the views of the Conference and by thus accepting the principles involved, render further pro- ceedings in the matter unnecessary.The Committee have reviewed the rules submitted by new Sections, and have dealt with various matters affecting the work of Local Sections and their Committees. In particular, they have communicated with the Sections on the desirability of taking further steps to promote the interests of students of the Institute, with the result that in nearly every case the Sections have agreed to invite Students to meetings when matters of interest to them are under discussion. 5. LECTURES AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. A lecture on “Modern Applications of Chemistry to Crop Production,” delivered by Dr. E. J. Russell, before the Institute on 14th November, was well attended. The lecture is about to be published and issued to members and Registered Students .Mr. Horatio Ballantyne will give a lecture on “Chemists and the Patent Laws.’’ with special reference to the Patents and Designs Act, 1919,”at the institute on 24th February. 9 The Lectures Committee repeat their suggestion that Fellows and Associates should take every cdnvenient oppor- tunity of popularising chemistry by giving lectures before scientific and literary societies. They are glad to hear of activities in this direction, and the officers of the Institute are prepared to advise societies of the names of local members of the Institute who are willing to lecture on chemical subjects. In November, with the concurrence of the Council, the Registrar of the Institute gave an address on “The Profession of Chemistry” before the Royal College of Science Chemical Society.An abstract was published in the JOURNAL, Part VI, 1921. The Library has received a considerable number of gifts of books and journals, for which the Committee and Council have expressed their thankk. The Library Fund at the close of the year 1921 showed a balance of &7 2s. zd., but against this sum accounts for LI~18s.9d. had been incurred, but not rendered, for binding, etc. The binding of journals is now practically completed. The Council record their appreciation of the privilege continued to Fellows and Associates of the Institute in the use of the Library of the Chemical Society, which is open on week days from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Saturdays: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.). 6. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY, The Legal and Parliamentary Committee have watched several measures before Parliament during the year, and on their advice the Council have taken action in respect of the Dangerous Drugs Act (JOURNAL, Part 111, p. 173),and the Pliarmacy Acts Amendment Rill (JOURNAL, Part VI, p. 376). The Committee have also considered and reported upon questions relating to duty-free alcohol for analytical and research purposes (JOURNAL, Part 111, p. 177),and published (JOURNAL, Part 111, p. 199) a comprehensive article on Contract5 of Service, in the preparation of which they ack- nowledged the assistance of Mr. Marlow, Assistant Secretary. An article on the title Chemist,” dealing also with the ‘I subject of the restriction of practice is published in this Part of the Journal, and is referred to the Local Sections for Iconsideration. 10 7.LOCAL SECTIONS. Local Sections have now been formed at the following centres : Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Gretna, Huddersfield, Leeds, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Swansea. With the exception of the Section at Birmingham, which has lately been inoperative, and that at Gretna, which has practically ceased owing to the closing of H.M. Factory, the Sections have been active in holding meetings for official and social purposes. Officers of the Institute have attended various meetings and functions of the Sections, and reports of their proceedings have been published in the JOURNAL.The Council are glad to acknowledge the assistance rendered by the Sections, from which a number of useful resolutions and suggestions have been received for considera- tion. Among these, the question of chemists’ contracts, clos- ing the profession, and restricting the use of the title ‘‘chemist,” have been prominent, and are referred to in this report under the work of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. The Council are specially indebted to the Sections for the kindly interest they have taken in registered students and for the assistance to newly qualified members in obtaining appointments, as well as in securing support for the Benevolent Fund. The Council have also to acknowledge the valuable assistance rendered by Local Interviewing Committees in connection with applications for membership.8. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS & INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Committee has held 37 Meetings. The Committee dealt with 1,008 applications, in addition to numerous letters of enquiry on individual cases. 73 Candidates were interviewed by the Committee or by Local Committees appointed by the Council by agreement with the Local Sections. The applications received and considered, with the decisions of the Council thereon, are suminarised below :-Applicationsfor Admission to the Studentship : Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 320 ‘33Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. &. Total .. .. .. .. .. 343 - 11 Applications for Admission to Exam ination for Associattship : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. . . 35 Iklined .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Total .. .. .. .. . . 37 Applications for Election to the Associateship : Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 382 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 81 Referred for Examination .. .. .. 66 Tot$ .. .. .. .. .. -5% Applications for Admission to Exmnination for Fellowship : Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 Applications from Associates for Election to Fellowship: Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 Total .. .. .. .. .. 55 Applications fw Elect ion to the Fellowship Accepted (including one re-elected) .. .. 16 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 15 Referred for Examination .. .. .. 2 Total .. .. .. .. .. -33 Institutions for recognition for the training of Candidates for the Associateship of the Institute : Accepted .... .. .. .. .. 9 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 Total .. .. .. .. .. -~10 REGULATIONS.-The Regulations were revised to conform with the new By-Laws, and reprinted in May, 1921. EXAMINATIONS.-The Council have received reports on Examinations held in April and July, 1921, and January, 1922. The results are summarised in the following table:- Associateship : EXAMINED.PASSED. Branch (b) Metallurgical Chemistry .. 1 1 Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. 9 8 Branch (e) Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs . . 10 5 Branch (9) Chemical Technology . . 3 2 General Che mistry (New Regulations) .. 27 14 Pellowship : "Branch B. Inorganic. Section 11.: Metallurgy 1 I Branch (e) Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, etc... 2 0 Branch (9) Chemical Technology .. 1 0 *Branch D. Agricultural Chemistry .. 1 1 55 32 * Under Regulations, Feb., 1920. 12 The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the authorities of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, the University of Leeds, the University of Otago, New Zealand, the University of Sheffield, the College of Technology, Man- Chester, and Messrs. Nobels’ Explosives Co., for the use of laboratories, and to the Fellows who have acted as additional Examiners and otherwise assisted the Board of Examiners in connection with Examinations in Special, Branches. INSTITUTIONS.-The following Universities and Colleges have, subject to conditions agreed upon with the Council, been added to the List of Institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute : Cardiff Technical College, Paisley Technical College, Queen’s University (Kingston, Ontario), the Con- stituent Colleges of the University of New Zealand, the University of Cape Town, the Pretoria University of Stellen- bosch, the Constituent Colleges of the University of South Africa, the Northern Polytechnic Institute, London, and UniversiiIT College (Swansea). Applications from other in- stitutions have been considered, but remain in abeyance pending compliance with certain requirements of the Council. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to those Fellows who, with the Assistant Secretary, have visited and reported on Institutions during the year.9. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The deliberations of the Public Appointments Committee have been devoted mainly to questions affecting the interests of chemists who hold official chemical appointments, as well as to matters of professional interest generally. On the advice of the Committee, the Council have corresponded with the Burnham Technical Committee, the Gas Referees, the Home Office, India Office, Mines Department, Ministry of Health, and War Office, in addition to a number of local authorities, and the negotiations have been duly reported in the JOURNAL. The Coininittee have also revised the Schedule of Pro-fessional Fees kept by the Registrar €or the information of Fellows and Associates.10. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. The Council regret that the conditions of employment of chemists have been seriously altered since the publication of their last Report; but they feel that the Appointments 13 Register has been the means of lessening considerably the effects of depression in industry and of the very large accession of recently qualified members to the profession. Whereas in January, 1921,the number of members actually out of appointment was then less than I per cent. of the total membership, the number rose to 3 per cent., and at the date of this report approximates to 2 per cent., or about 70 members. The Council urge all Fellows and Associates to co-operate in helping both experienced and newly qualified chemists who are without work at the present time. Special endeavours have been made by the Council and by Local Sections to bring the Appointments Register to the notice of prominent manufacturing firms, and the Council have reason to hope that, with the return of industrial activity, of which there is a prospect during the coming year, the openings for chemists will become more numerous.A special note on Official Chemical Appointments Overseas was published in the JOURNAL, Part 111, pp. 194-196. 11. PUBLICATIONS. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShave been published in six Parts, and have contained in addition to concise reports on the proceedings of the Council and of the Local Sections, special articles and notes of direct interest and importance to the members and students.The Regulations were revised and reprinted in May, and the Register in October, 1921. Dr. Russell’s Lecture on ‘‘Modern Applications of Chemistry to Crop Production ” is about to be published. The Council hope that it may be possible to produce the fifth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments ” during 1922. 12. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council again record their thanks to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries for their continued services to the Institute. 13 SPECIAL PUKPOSES COMMITTEE. ’The Special Purposes Committee were appointed in March, 1921,to consolidate the work of the Committees previously engaged on questions connected with Glass Research, the 14 supply of laboratory apparatus, reagents, and fine chemicals, and with other matters of public interest concerning the pro- fession.This Committee absorbed the Advisory Committee which was responsible for the preparation of the memorandum on I‘ Fine Chemicals, Laboratory Glass and Porcelain,” pub- lished with the authority of the Council in the JOURNAL (Part 11, 1921,p, I35), and subsequently circulated to the technical and daily press. The Council adhere to the views I‘then expressed : They regard the retention of industries concerned with laboratory supplies as essential to the main -tenance of a powerful chemical industry, upon which, in turn, the future of a great many other industries depends.Further, and this is the special concern of the Institute in this matter, it affects the prospects of present and future members of the profession of chemistry.” The Institute has taken every opportunity of assisting chemists to obtain requirements, both apparatus and materials, from home sources, and will continue to give careful attention to all enquiries received. (See p. 22.) 14. ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE AND THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. Reference has been made in recent issues of the JOURNAL to the joint arrangements entered into with the Board of Education for approving schemes of training, and for con- ducting examinations for the award of certificates in chemistry to students in Technical Schools and Colleges in England and Wales.The Council hope that this movement will enable the In- stitute to exercise in some measure a helpful and beneficial influence on the education in chemistry provided in the In- stitutions referred to, and that good results may also accrue from the circumstance that the scheme provides a means of bringing students of chemistry, at an early stage of their training, in contact with the Institute and its work. For many years candidates for membership trained in institutions other than those formally recognised by the Council have dis- covered when too late, that their preparation for the pro- fession did not coincide with the Regulations, and conse-quently they were debarred from membership of the Institute. The association of the Institute with the Board of Education in the present scheme should therefore remedy the previous 15 lack of touch between the Institute and students of chemistry at the commencement of their professional training.The Institute in consultation with the Board will approve schemes of training submitted by the institutions for part- time and full-time grouped courses, which will include suitable instruction in physics, mathematics, and allied subjects, in addition to chemistry. Part -time courses will comprise (i) “Senior” for the Ordinary Certificate and (ii) “Advanced ” for the Higher Certificate. FzJZ-time grouped courses designed for students who have attended a secondary school up to sixteen years of age will be provided in (i) chemistry extending over at least three years, and in (ii) applied chemistry at least one year.Ad-mission to the course in (ii) applied chemistry will be restricted however, to those students who have already satisfactorily completed the full-time course in chemistry or other course approved as equivalent by the Institute and the Board. Whether and how far the higher courses and certificates under this scheme shall be recognised in any way as qualifying for admission to the examinations of the Institute are matters for future consideration. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.C. 1. 27th January, 1922. REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the Books and Accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1921, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books.Certificates from the Bank of England and the London County Westminster and Parr’s Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced. H. DROOP RICHMOND, Hon. Auditors, CHARLES T. ABELL, 1 1921-1922. DAVIDHENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. February and, 1922. THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Pounded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. STATEMENT RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE 31s~,1921.OF FOR THE YEARENDED DECEMBER GENERAL ACCOUNT 1920. RECEIPTS. s s. d. S s.d. 1920. EXPENDITURE. $ s. d. S s. d. Balance at Bank 31st Dec., Printing, Stationery, Office 1920(includingS23 10s. Id. Books, etc.- 666 16 3 then due to Library a/c) .. 455 2 4 824 13 4 Journal, Part VI ,1920 ;Parts I -V ,1921 ........ 650 13 GSubscriptions-Register ........ 276 10 02,340 10 6 Fellows’ .. ..2,306 15 0 563 3 5 Other Pnntmg, Stationery, etc. .. 535 12 11 2,260 4 6 Associates’ .. . .2,991 0 0 1,462 16 5 369 5 0 Students’ .. ., 464 5 0 469 7 7 Postage (including $45 on Register) .. 614 11 1 -5,762 0 0 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. .. .. 300 0 0 281 18 6 Entrance Fees .. .. 167 9 6 687 16 2 Rates and Taxes .. .. .. .. 719 14 X 345 10 10 Dividends and Interest .. 362 11 9 65 4 8 Insurance .. .. .. .. .. 96 4 5 22 12 11 Sale of Publications ..28 4 8 232 19 5 Repairs, House and Furnishing- 11 12 11 Sundry Receipts .. .. 6 5 11 1920 yc ........ 156 5 0 Hire of Laboratories and 1921 a/, ........ 111 6 8 ~~ 267 11 8313 19 0 Rooms .. ,. .. 607 11 6 2,578 2 6 Salaries, Wages, etc. .. .. ..2,875 3 11254 7 6 6 Examination Fees .. .. 301 12 0 65 15 10 Advertisements .. .. .. .. 42 0 0113 19 8 Appointments Register .. 194 11 10 260 6 2 Gas, Water, Electric Lighf and Fuel 222 10 9173 6 Advertisements in Journal .. 169 19 6 23 6 4 Telephone (allowing for rebate 1920). . 9 5 5 Examiners and Assistants (Fees and7,154 4 1 Life 8,055 9 0 379 7 9 Expenses) .. .. .. .. 331 13 1Compositions reserved 46 8 7 Apparatus and Materizls .. .. .. 65 0 10625 6 0 for investment .. .. 151 14 0 75 0 0 Library Account- Repaid from Benevolent Fund 906 Dueat 3111220 ......S3 17 4Building Fund Accounts paid- 1921 Grant ........ 75 0 0 Sundries ........ 5 19 576 12 6 Printing 20d 0 3 Contractors 114 16 9 449 14 0 Repayineiit of Loan 111 0 10 Local Section Expenses .. .. .. 84 0 (i 25 0 0 Donation (Chemical Society Library Fund) 30 0 0 21 0 0 Other Donations 95 11 11 Miscellaneous Expenses .. .. .. 70 9 3 31 15 4 Officers’ Travelling Expenses, Fttreb, etc. 117 6 6 15 15 0 Auditors’ Honorarium .. .. .. 16 16 0 Lectures:-ig20 a/c ...... 105 G a 1021 a/c ...... 10 10 0 115 15 2 Legal Expenses (1020 YC).. ,. .. 48 12 6 -I-__ 6,871 14 10 7,603 6 11 88 ti 8 Redemption Fund. premium .. .. 110 8 4 95 18 0 Revision of Bv-laws-Pnntlng ........75 12 0 LegalExpenses ...... 209 G 11 284 1811 55 0 0 War Memorial 28 10 0 Bookcase (G, T. Holloway bequest)Printing-3i8 19 6 19 19 Yc,including Building Fund 117 2 3 Regulations420 3 4 Repairs and Furnishing 19 19 yc(includingBuilding Fund, S204 0 3)22 10 0 Local Sections, 1919 yc431 12 3 Balance .. .. .. .. .. 217 9 10 $8,509 16 10 658,216 4 0 $8,509 16 10 s8,216 4 0 GENERAL BALANCE SHEET: ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, Dec. 31st, 1921. 1920. ASSETS. !d s. d. 1920. LIABILITIES. 2 s. d. 455 2 4 Balance. . .. .. .. 217 9 10 Subscriptions received in ad- $3,000 Victoria 4% Inscribed vance-2,790 0 0 Stock 1918-22 .. ..2,985 0 0 42 1 6 Fellows’ .. 31 10 0 $1,000 New Zealand 4% In-38 6 6 Associates’ 40 19 0 680 0 0 scribed 1929 .... 880 0 0 10 15 0 Students’ .. 5 10 0 2700 Canada 3;-% Registered 77 19 0 420 0 0 Stock 1930-50 .. .. 469 0 0 37 5 6 Applications in abeyance .. $500 Metropolitan 3% Con-75 0 0 Rent out,standing .. .. 75 0 0 305 0 0 solidated Stock .. .. 340 0 0 305 7 9 Accounts outstanding .. 183 8 10 S600 Great Western Railway 23 10 1 Amount due Library Fund .. 205 0 0 2$% Debenture Stock .. 225 0 0 Excess of Assets over Liobili- %1,833Midland Railway Con- 7,736 9 3 ties .. .. .. ..8,457 14 11 solidated 2&y0 Perpetual 691 19 2 Preference Stock .. .. 770 0 0 ;E2,443 6 4 War Loan 1929-47 2,021 16 7 Inscribed Stock 5%. . ..2,250 0 0 $500 War Savings Certificates 387 10 0 at cost .. .. .. 387 10 0 215 0 4 Sundry Accounts due .... 65 8 6 DuefromLibraryFund . . 5 19 5 906 Due from Benevolent Fund .. 88 6 S Redemption Fund .. .. 198 15 0 28.268 15 7 $8,794 2 9 $8,268 15 7 $8,794 2 9 The Statement above doesnot include the value of the premises of the Institute, Furniture, Library, Apparatus, etc. BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended Dec. 31st, 1921. S s. d. Balance 31st December, 1920 .. .. .. 268 17 6 Donations 1921 .. .. .. .. .. 261 6 9 E530 4 3 S s. d. Balance-On deposit . . .. .. .. 500 0 0 At call .. .. .. .. 30 4 3 1 $530 4 3 Current Account. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE. $ s. d. $ s. d. .. .. .. 46 0 0Balance 31st December, 1920 .. .. Stationery, Postage, etc. 9 12 9Subscriptions 1921 .. .. .. Interest from Capital Account. ... .. 12 10 9 I Balance-Bank .. .. .. 27 6 10 I In hand . . .. 80 27 14 10 ____-g.83 7 7 g.83 7 7 LIBRARY FUND for the year ended Dec. 31st, 1921. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE. S s. d. 19 18 1 Balance 31st December, 1920 .. Books, Journals, etc. .. .. 51 15 275 0 0 ~ GrantfromGeneral Account .. Balanceat Bank 31st Dee., 1921 .. 57 2 2 -_I__I $108 17 4 ' $108 17 4 I -___ aE s. d. $ s. d. Balance at Bank 31st December, 1921 .. 57 2 2 General Account.. .. .. .. . . 5 19 5 ____- 21 Proceedings of the Council. (December, 1921-January, 1922). Nomination of the New Council,-The nomination of Fellows for election as Officers and General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting, to be held on 1st March next, has been conducted under the new By-laws.Hitherto, the general body of the members has been entitled to three nominations, but, in accordance with the new By-laws, any nominations bearing twenty signatures of members must be accepted by the Council. On the present occasion thirty- one candidates have agreed to stand for election, but the num- ber of General Members of Council is limited to twenty-seven; so that, for the first time, the ballot is definitely competitive. The Vice-presidents who retire are Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan and Mr. George Stubbs. The General Members of Council who retire are Mr. William Bacon, Mr. Francis H. Carr, Dr. A. C. Cumming, Prof. Alexander Findlay, Mr. G. Watson Gray, Mr. F. W. Harbord, Mr. Andrew More, Mr.B. D. Porritt, and Dr. E. W. Smith. The Council have nominated Mr. Andrew More and Mr. William Rintoul for election as Vice-presidents; and in addi- tion to those General Members of Council who are now in office and eligible for re-election, the following have been nominated either by the General Body of Members or by the Council:-Dr. E. F. Armstrong, Mr. E. R. Bolton, Prof. A. A. Boon, Mr. R. L. Collett, Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly, Mr. G. H. Perry, Prof. J. C. Philip, Sir Thomas Kirke Rose, Dr. Godfrey Rotter, Mr. Frank Southerden, Mr. C. J. H. Stock, Dr. George Tate, Dr. Douglas F. Twiss, and Prof. Forsyth J. Wilson. Mr. Southerden has been nominated in the place of Mr. Rintoul. Election of Censors.-The election of the Censors is also conducted by postal ballot, under the new By-laws, and 22 the following Fellows, from whom four are to be elected, have been duly nominated :-Dr.J. T. Dunn, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Sir Herbert Jackson, Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan, Sir Robert Robert- son, and Mr. George Stubbs. Balloting Papers must be received at the office of the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on 28th February, 1922. The Council have appointed Mr. R. G. Grimwood and Dr. G. I. Higson as Scrutineers to report on the result of the voting. Meldola Medal.-On a Report of the Board of Exam- iners, and with the concurrence of Dr. Percy E. Spielmann, representing the Maccabaeans, the Council have selected Dr. Christopher Kelk Ingold, M.B.E., A.R.C.S., an Associate of the Institute, to be the first recipient of the Meldola Medal.Laboratory Glassware and Porcelain and Fine Chemicals-The Committee on the Standardisation of Glassware, formed under the Chairmanship of Sir Joseph Petavel, Director of the National Physical Laboratory, have appointed Sub-Committees to deal with units of volume. limits of accuracy, uniformity of sizes of apparatus, and the chemical and physical properties of glass. The Special Purposes Committee of the Institute who have discussed the present supplies of laboratory glassware have reported that in certain directions, particularly with regard to tubing, British productions have lately improved. Although they have received no recent complaints they feel that efforts should be made, especially by chemical and mechanical research in connection with the industry, towards further general improvement, and they hope that good results will accrue from the work of the Standardisation Committee referred to above.The Special Purposes Committee feel that the disparity in prices between German and British Glass is due to the collapsed exchange. They have not sufficient information to ascertain whether, with a more normal exchange the British manufacturers will be able to compete with foreign producers, but they feel assured that British manufacturers are anxious to help the users, and they hope in the near future to discuss the position with regard to both supplies and prices with some of the principal manufacturers. The Committee have had before them specimens of porcelain crucibles and basins recently made in England, 23 which have been subjected to severe tests by Mr.W. T. Burgess, together with reports on these products received from various members. The Committee conclude that substantial progress has been made towards perfecting this ware, which now compares satisfactorily with that obtainable from Berlin. It is reliable for all ordinary laboratory purposes, and the price compares favourably with imported porcelain. With regard to “Fine Chemicals,” the Special Purposes Committee report that British manufacturers are now able to produce about 2000 substances, and are making every en- deavour to extend their list. The Committee realise that some time must elapse before it will be possible for the manu- facturers to maintain a stock of so wide a range of substances as that held by the German firms before the war; but they learn also that Germany cannot now readily supply all those substances, or invariably produce them up to the pre-war standard of quality.The supplies of British analytical reagents are generally acknowledged to be quite as good as those obtainable before the war. The attention of British manufacturers has been called to the preference, expressed by some chemists, for the supply of certain fine chemicals being packed in Milburn flasks (i.e. with drawn-out hermetic sealing instead of stoppers or corks), and the Committee learn that certain manufacturers are prepared to meet this requirement.The Committee have advised that the Institute should continue to act as a Clearing House for Fine Chemicals, i.e. to assist chemists in obtaining them from British sources, and, for the present, from research workers who have them to spare, in order to afford every opportunity to British manuiacturers to supply the requirements of British chemists. Generally, the Committee find that steady improvement is being made by British manufacturers in respect of the quality, the quantity, and prices of British supplies. The Committee understand that a new list of British products is now being prepared for publication, and they have suggested that it would be advantageous if the Associa- tion of British Chemical Manufacturers, after the production of this list, would issue, periodically, supplementary lists for the information of chemists. Appointment of Public Analyst for Middlesex,-The Council have directed the attention of the County Council of Middlesex to the fact that the remuneration offered by them for the appointment of Public Analyst represents a fee per sample far below the average of the fees paid by local authorities in Great Britain generally.The remuneration mentioned in the public advertisement was ‘I an inclusive salary of 7tT650 per annum (without bonus) for the analysis of 1300 samples or less, of food and drugs, and a further fee of two guineas for each sample of effluent analysed; average about 75 a year.” The Council have expressed the opinion that the terms are inadequate; they have asked the authority to consider the modification of the terms, and have offered to send a representative of the Institute to confer with the authority before completing the appointment.The proposal to submit for analysis (instead of 4000 to 5000 samples examined by the late Mr. Edward Bevan) only 1300 samples or less, of foods and drugs per annum for a population of over 1,250,000, in itself represents a totally inadequate protection to the public, and is a distinctly retrograde step in the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act. It appears probable that the County Council authorities intend to increase the number of informal samples to be tested by unqualified persons.The Council of the Institute fear that this system may be pursued to an extent which will be very detrimental to the public interest. It also seriously affects the work of the public analyst by depriving him of that close touch with the administration which he should have by virtue of his office. There is, moreover, the objection that a considerable amount of fraud and possible danger to health may result from placing too much reliance on the rough sorting methods of persons who are not qualified to carry out more purely superficial mechanical tests. These views have been represented by the President of the Institute to the Chief Inspector of Foods, Ministry of Health, in the hope that all the conditions of the appointment will be carefully considered when the matter comes before the Minis try. Sand-Lime Bricks.-At the request of the Council, Dr.James Watson attended, as representative of the Institute, a conference convened by the British Engineering Standards 25 Association, held at the Institution of Civil Engineers on 2nd February, for the purpose of ascertaining the desirability of standardising sand-lime bricks. Preliminary Examination .-The attention of thecouncil has been directed to the Regulations of the Joint Matriculation Board of the Universities of Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds and Sheffield, proposed to be enforced in 1923. These Regulations provide that either Mathematics or Latin shall be compulsory and that in the event of a candidate taking Mathematics a language shall be compulsory, and that in the event of a candidate taking Latin a scientific subject (not necessarily Mathematics) shall be compulsory.The Council propose to adhere to the present regulation that Mathematics shall be a compulsory subject in any preliminary examination qualifying for registration as a Student of the Institute. Examinations.-The Council have received the report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations (p. 27). Meetings ofthe Council.-At therequest of thelCounci1 the General Purposes Committee have considered a suggestion, received from the Liverpool Section, that meetings of the Council should be held occasionally in the provinces. The Committee have reported that, after careful discussion, they have arrived at the conclusion that it would be impracticable to hold such meetings away from the offices of the Institute; but they have expressed the hope that the Council will find it possible to make arrangements whereby facilities may be afforded to all members of Council to be brought together at least once a year.Institute of Physics.-The Registrar has been author- ised to attach, in the gegister of the Institute, the letters F.1nst.P. and A.Inst.P., indicating Fellowship and Associate- ship of the Institute of Physics, to the names of members who have been admitted to the corresponding grades of meniber-ship of the Institute of Physics. Fellowship.-The Council have given further careful consideration to the method of dealing with applications for Fellowship received from Associates who had been admitted without examination by the Institute, especially Associates 26 engaged in chemical industry either as Research Chemists or Works Chemists.The Council wish it to be clearly understood that transference to the Fellowship is not merely to be obtained on application at the end of three years’ registration as an Associate. Where employers are unable to allow records of research or invention to be submitted, the Council must be satisfied that the conditions prescribed in the Regulations have been fulfilled. Each case will be considered on its merits, and the candidate can only qualify by examination, unless he is able to produce evidence which shall satisfy the Council that he should be exempted.The Council have decided, moreover, that a fee of i5 5s., equivalent to, and in lieu of, the fee for examination for the Fellowship, must be paid by all Associates applying for election to the Fellowship without examination. Unauthorised Use of F.1.C.-The attention of the Council has lately been called to the unauthorised use of the letters F.I.C. by persons other than Fellows of the Institute. The Council are aware that these initials are occasionally attached in error and by some in inadvertence, to the names of authors of published papers; but they have had to deal with a case in which a person, not a Fellow of the Institute, made use of the letters “F.I.C.” in applying for a chemical appointment.The Council will be indebted to any members directing attention to similar cases of misrepresentation. British Industries Fair.-The Department of Overseas Trade of the Board of Trade has arranged the Eighth British Industries Fair to be held from 27th February to March 10th. The Fair will consist of two sections-one for engineering stock, hardware, tools, etc., at Birmingham, and the other for lighter goods at the White City, London. 27 January Examinations, 1922. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the places and on the dates given below :-In General Chemistry, for the Asqociateship, at the Institute, January 9th to 14th. Branch (b)-for the Fellowship, at the University of Sheffield, January 9th to 13th.Branch (d)-for the Associateship, at the Institute, January 9th to 13th. Branch (e)-for the Awociateship and Fellowship, at the Institute January 9th to 14th. Branch (d)-ior the Fellowship, at, the Institute, January 9th to 13th. Twenty-one candidates presented themselves ;the number examined in each branch and the number of those who passed are shown in the following table:- No. examined. No. passed General Chemistry for A.I.C. .. .. 10 4 Branch (b) Metallurgical Chemistry For F.I.C. .. .. 1 1 Branch (d) Organic Chemistry for A.I.C. 4 3 Branch (e) Chemistry of Foodr and Drugs, etc. For F.I.C. .. .. 1 0 For A.I.C. .. .. 4 1 Branch (D) Agricultural Chemistry for F.I.C.. . .. .. 1 1 21 10 __ -One candidate for the Associateship was referred for further examinat ion in the translation of German technical lit era t ure, but otherwise satisfied the Board. The unsuccessful candi- dates have been advised to take further training; two have been informed that they will not be admitted to further examination until July, 1922, and one that he will not be re- examined until January, 1923. In the examination in General Chemistry the theoretical questions set were designedly of a straightforward character, and consequently a high standard was expected. This part of the examination was, on the whole, not well done, except in the case of one candidate. Most candidates seemed to be weak in the ground work of the subject.The practical work was much better cariied out than the theoretical part of the examination. 28 In the other examinations the work of the succcssful candidates was well carried out. The work of the unsuccessful candidates in Branch (e), the Chemistry, including microscopy of Foods and Drugs, etc., and of Water, was poor; the answers to the theoretical questions generally showed that the candidates had little knowledge of the subject, and the practical work was uneven and exceptionally weak. The following candidates passed and have been duly elected Associates of the Institute :-Examination in General Che?nistr,y. Crossingham, John Harold. Hyland, John Lawrence. Randall, Frederick Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.)Stevenson, Samuel Gordon.Examination in Organic Chemistry. Brazier, William Ernest. Cuckney, Malcolm. Demic k , 'vsTilliam. Kxarninntion in t?,c Chemistry of Foods und Drugs, etc. Wright, Neville Ldianus, D.T.C. The following candidates passed and have been duly elected Fellows of the Institute :-Examination in Inorganic Chemistry (h'ection II.), Mefallii?y?y. Scholes, Alfred. Examination in Agricultural C?Lemists.?j. Arnold, Charles William Brown, B.Sc. (Lond.). Examination for the Associateship in General Chetnistry MONDAY, JANUARY gth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (QuestionNo. 1 must be answered, nnrl not ?norethan 5 other quedons are to be attempted). (Full marks may be obtained on No. 1 and 4 other questions). 1. Write an essay on the periodic classification of the elements 2.Briefly indicate the advances in chemical science associated 3. On what principles does the method of steam distillation with special reference to historical clevelopment. with the names of Berzelius, Liebig and Van't Hoff. depend ? The boiling point of a nitrobenzene-Water system is 99.2"C., what will be the proportion of nitrobenzene to water distilling at normal pressure? Tension of aqueous vapour at 99.2"C.= 735.8 mm. 4. What are the chief ores of Lead ? Describe the metallurgical processes involved in the manufacture of the metal. IVhat impurities are present in the crude product ? State how they may be removed. 29 5. Discuss the conditions favouring the formation of stable emulsions.6. Give a short account of selenium and its chief compounds. Contrast the hehaviour of this element with that of sulphur. 7. Discuss the quantitative separation of manganese from iron. 8. What is meant by “solubility product ” ? Describe its bearing on analytical chemistry. 2 to 5 P.?l??. (Question No. 1 must be ansuwed, and not more thun 5 other questions are to be attempted). (Full marks may be obtained on No. 1 and 4 other questions). 1. A monobasic organic acid A gave the following results on analysis: 0.1430 grams gave 0.3465 CO, and 0-0592 grams H,O; 0.2546 grams required 11.7 ccm. N/10 Ntt OH for exact neutralisation. On treatment with bromine A gave a compound which was aiialysed with the following result: 0.1881 grams gave 0.1787 gram CO, and 0.0304 gram H,O; 0.1520gramgave 0.2124grarnAgBranciM.WT=540.Oxidation of A gave first a compound of the formulae C,H,O, and subsequently an acid C,H,O,, which on heat,ing with hydrochloric acid yielded protocatechuic acid.Assign a structure to the acid A, givingyour reasons and suggest a method for its synthesis. 2. (u) By what means may a methyl group attached to the benzene nucleus be oxidised to (1) the CHO group, and (2) the COOH group ? (b)How may bromine be introduced into aroma ;c compounds ? 3. State, with one example in each case, the nalure of the follow- ing reactions : ( 1) Perkin’s Reaction, (2) Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, (3) Friedel Crafft’s Reaction, (4)Michael’s Reaction, (5) Reformatsky’sReaction.4. Write a short essay on esterification. 5. What methods have been used for the resolution of racemic compounds into their optically active components ? How may racemi- sation be effected ? Has the latter process any technical importance ? 6. What synthetical methods have been used to obtain anthra- quinone and its derivatives? Indicate very briefly the technical importance of these compounds. 7. Describe with practical details how you would prepare a 8. How may the constitution of iso-quinoline be proved ? What sample of pure benzoic acid from benzene. methods are available for the synthesis of this substance and its deriva- tives? Mention any two alkaloids which are known to contain the iso-quinoline arrangement, and show in the case of one of them how the presence of t’his group may be proved.TUESDAY, JANUARY loth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. You arc given a five per cent. solution (A) of commercial crystallised copper sulphate in dilute sulphuric acid. Determine the percentage of copper sulphate present and also that of the chief im- purity present. This exercise may be complet,ed to-morrow. 30 WEDNESDAYy JANUARY llth, 1922: 10 am. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the mixture B containing 3 metals and 3 acid radicles. (Lead Nitrate, Copper Arsenate and Magnesium Carbonate.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, JANUARY 12th and 13tk, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day.1. You are given 60 grams of p. Toluidine; prepare from this a sample of pure p. Chlorobenzoic acid. Examinatlon for the Associateship in Branch (d).-Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, JANUARY 9th, 1922: 10 a.nz. to 4 p.nz. 1. Write a short account of Claisen’s researches on the hydroxy- methylene compounds. 2. Give a description of a method by which camphor can be made on a commercial scale from oil of turpentine, and discuss the chemistry of the changes involved. 3. Give the general methods by which para- and ortho- amidoazo compounds can be prepared both in the benzene and naphthalene series. Discuss the behaviour of the substances formed towards reagents, and from these data draw conclusions as to their constitutions. 4. Suggest a method with all essential practical details, by which Caffein could be obtained in quantity from uric acid.TUESDAY, JANUARY lOth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. A is a sample of methyl alcohol, the purity of which is doubtful. You are required (1) to determine the percentage of methyl alcohol by Hewlitt and Jones’ modification of the Zeisel method (J.C.S. 1919, 115, 193), and (2)to examine it qualitatively for the presence of probableimpurities. (Methyl alcohol with 15% acetone.) 2. Examine the substance B and state to which class of compoundit belongs. (Anethole.) WEDNESDAY, JANUARY llth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.nt. 1. Determine the amount of acetone present in the sample of 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture C. methyl alcohol A.(C, was aniline nitrobenzene and chlorobcnzcne. C, was benzene chlorobenzene, and p. dichlorobenzene.) THURSDAY, JANUARY 12th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. D is an organic compound containing a hydroxyl group.You are required to prepare from it (a)the inethyl ether, (b)the benzoyl derivative. Determine the melting point of each derivative, and leave for inspection about one gram in a crystalline condition suitable for ana!ysls. (/3 naphthol). 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture E. (Benzamide and benzoic acid.) 31 FRIDAY, JANUARY 13th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. F is a mixture of two organic compounds, one of which is phenolic. Separate each in a pure condition and determine either the melting point or the boiling point of each of them.Ascertain what elements are contained in the non-phenolic compound, and in- vestigate the action of bromine on the phenolic compound leaving specimens of any pure derivatives you may obtain for inspection. (0.chloronitrobenzene and p. nitrophenol.) 2. Examine and report on the compound G. (Inulin.) * Examination for the Fellowship and Associateship in Branch (e)-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY, JANUARY 9th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. PART1. 1. State fully what you know of the occurrence and origin of cyanogenetic glucosides in cattle foods. 2. Give in brief the provisions of the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1920, and of Regulations made under it, giving examples of drugs involved. 3.Write an account of the manufacture of the various types of vinegar now in use. PART2. N.B.-Answer these questions in a separate notebook. 1. Give the directions of the British Pharmacopoeia for the preparation of the following :-Liquor Hydrargyri Perchloridi ;LiquorArsenii et Hydrargyri Iodidi ; Liquor Morphinae Bimeconatis; Liquor Cocainae Hydrochloratis; Liquor Strychninae Hydrochloratis. State the medicinal dose of each Liquor, and mention what increase in the dosage would, in your opinion, be likely to endanger life. 2. Distinguish between Decocta and Extracta, mentioning various forms of the latter. What should be the alkaloidal strength of the following: Ext. Opii; Ext. Nucis Vomicae; Ext. Cinchonae Liquidum. How can the last mentioned be standardised ? 3.Mention the reagents which are commonly used for the precipitation of alkaloids. Discuss critically the use of coloiir tests in the identification of morphine and atropine. MONDAY, JANUARY 9th, 1922: 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the various fibres present in the sample A. (Cotton, wool, silk.) 2. Ascertain by microscopical examination which (if any) of the 3. The milk, C, contains a metallic poison. Decide upon its stains on the wood, R, are due to blood. nature, demonstrating your tests to the examiners. (Mercuric chloride.) * Except where otherwise stated all candidates were required to ansner the same questions. TUESDAY, JANUARY loth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the amounts of combined chlorine and saline ammonia in the specimens of water A, B and C.It is alleged that water C is water A with an admixture of 10 percent. of water B. Do the results of your analyses confirm or refute this allegation ? 2. Examine the mixed fruit jam D for the presence of an artificial colouring matter. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY llth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The lemonade E, of which only a small quantity is available for analysis, is stated to have produced vomiting. Examine with a view to the detection of poisonous substances. (Zinc sulphate.) 2. Identify the ingredients used in the preparation of the cream of tartar substitute F. (Sodium pyrophosphate.) THURSDAY, JANUARY 12th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Andyse tho sample of preserved cream G and report as to the action which a local authority should take with regard to its sale.(Acream containing 25% fat and 0.3% boric acid.) 2. Examine and identify microscopically the powder H, makingdrawings and describing the various structures seen. (Orris root.) THURSDAY, JANUARY 12th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (P.I.C. candidate only.) Examine the two samples of whiskey G, and H, for the presence of methyl alcohol, and determine the proportion of the latter if present. FRIDAY, JANUARY 13th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (F.I.C. candidate only.) J is a sugar. Investigate its behaviour towards acid hydrolysis. What conclusions as to its identity do you draw from your results ? (Lactose.) FRIDAY, JANUARY 13th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.rm.Determine the unsaponifiable matter in the sample of oil T. Prepare a sample of the mixed fatty acids, and determine thereon:- (a)the mean molecular weight, (b)the refractive index, (c) the iodine value (Wijs). Examination for the Fellowship in Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, JANUARY 9th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Indicate, as specifically as you can, the influence which the study of micro -organisms has exercised in the elucidation of problems connected with milk and its products. 2. How would you determine the percentages (1) of total proteids, and (2) of lactose in a sample of natural milk? And how would you determine the percentage of cane sugar in a sample of sweetened milk? 3. Write a short essay on “catch crops,” indicating more especially their chemical bearing on the economy of soil fertility in arable farming.33 2 to 6 p.?rz. 1. What is iiieant by the “flocculation” and “cle-flocculation” of clay ? Describe experimental methods of demonstrating these phenomena, and indicate how they may be practically influenced by the judicious or injudicious use of various substances that may be applied to the land for fertilising purposes. 2. Describe briefly the relative advantages of various forms of phosphatic fertilisers under varying circumstances. What is supposed to be the chemical composition of the phosphate in basic slag? And how has this been supposed to be affected by differencss in its mode of production ? 3. Write a formula or prescription for ina,king up a mixed or compound fertiliser containing 18% of phosphate, of which approxi- mately 15% should be soluble, 5% .potash and nitrogen equivalent to S% of ammonia, about half of the nitrogm to be in the form of organic matter.4. Give same account of the chemical structure of the proteins, and indicate how modern investigations relating to them have thrown light on some of the practical problems of animal nutrition. TUESDAY, JANUARY loth, 1022: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.nt, Make a full commercial analysis of the sample of Peruvian guano, including determination of potash by t’he perchlorate method. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY llth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m Make a full chemical feeding analysis of the samplc of groundlinseed cake and examine it for any objectionable impurity.(The consumption of this cake by cattle has bean reported to have been attended by serious injury.) N.B.-Any portion of the first part of this exercise not completed during t,he day may be finshed to-morrow. THURSDAY, JANUARY 12th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.n~ Complete the analysis of the linseed cake. Report on the purity of the sample of butter. FRIDBY, JANUARY 13th, 1922: 10 a.m to 4.30 p.m. Examine as fully as you can the sample; of “fungicide” and “insecticide ” and report (qualitativcly) on their coniposit,ion. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch (b)-Inorganic Chemistry. Section II-MetalI urgy, MONDAY, JANUARY Qth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (Not more than pve questions to be attempted.Full marks may be obtained by answering four questions.) 1. What reactions take place in the puddling process for wrought iron? Describe the chemical nature of puddling cinder. 34 2: Describe an electrolytic process for the extraction of zinc from its ores. 3. What impurities affect adversely the extraction of gold from its ores by the cyanide process ? How are the clifficulties thus caused overcome in practice ? 4. Give some account of the metallurgy of tungsten, mentioning the principal applications of the metal, and the degree of purity re- quired. 5. What are the principal sources of error in the general methods for the estimation of sulphur in alloys and steels ? fi. Give the approximate composition of a pig iron suitahle for the English acid Hessemer process for making steel.How does it differ from the material used in Sweden for the same process? 2 io 5 p.m. (Not more than jive questions to be attempted. Pull marks may be obtuined by answering four questions.) 1. What are the requirements of u good firebrick? How would you proceed to test the suitability of a firebrick for metallurgical purposes ? 2. Give the approximate composition of a producer gas suitable for an open-hearth steel furnace. How would you control the producer so as to keep the composition within the required liinjts ? 3. Describe carefully two types of pyrometer (a)one suitable for making a continuous record of the temperature in a hot-blast main, (bj one suitable for determining the critical temperatures of a steel.4. Mention any cases known to you in which the microscope may be used to detect the presence of impurities in a metal or alloy, and state how you would identify the impurity in each case. 5. How have X-rays been employed in the study of metals? Mention any results that hax7e been obtained by their means, especially in regard to internal structurc. What light clo they throw on the chemical nature of solid metals ? 6. Discuss, as fully as possible, two reversible reactions which are of metallurgical importance, and show how the equilibrium in each case is varied by external conditions. T UE’SDAY, WEDA’ESDA I’, I’H 7JRST)AY, and PRIDA Y, JANUARY IOth, llth, ])thy 13th, 2982: 10 a.m. to 4. 3Op.m.each day. 1. Make as complete an analysis as possible of the given sample 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the given sample of bearing3. Make a microscopical examination of the three specimens of of tungsten steel. metal. metal supplied. Sketch the structures, and report on them as far as you can. 4. Nxamine qualitatively the mixture A. (KClO,, NaCI, BaCI,, KI.) 35 5. Estimate Fe, SiO, and P in the sample of iron ore B. 6. Determine the percentage of sodium carbonate in the com- mercial sample of caustic soda C. Paper in Inorganic Chemistry. ~‘S’AY’URDAY,JANUARY 14th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Xot more tlun three puestio~~.sfrom each part are to be amwered. Pull tnarks tnay be obtuitbed by answering two questions from each part.) PART1. 1.State what you know of the various allotropic forms of sulphur Describe the modes of preparation and characters. Explain the constitution, and nientioii the chief uses of the salts of thiosulphuric, hyposulphurous, and persulphuric acids. 2. What are the points of similarity in the clieiiiical behaviour of nitrogen, phosphorus, and vanadium, which bring them into the same column in the periodic arrangement of the elements ? Mention also the points of difference among them which occur to you. 3. How are the following gases prepared on an industrial scale :-oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, ammonia ? Discuss the chemical or physical principles involved in each process. 4. Sketch the lines of research which led to the discovery o argon.In what way was the discovery of terrestrial helium linked up with that of argon? How many other of these “noble gases” are known, and do you know of any relations among them? PART2. 5. It is said that the electromotive force of a Daniell’s cell is raised by diminishing the concentration of the zinc sulphate solution, or by increasing that of the copper sulphate solution. Explain in detail how this occurs. 6. State the phase rule of Gibbs, defining all the terms you use Illustrate the rule by applying it to the behaviour of water at different temperatures and pressures. 7. What are isotopes, and in what way has their existence been ascertained? What are mass spectra, and what is the nature of the evidence furnished by them as to the existence of isotopes ? 8.Discuss Rtoseley’s idea of “Atomic number,” and modern views of the constitution of the atom. CarLdidates were required to translate one each of the following passuyes of technical German and French into English. Time allowed, 14 hours, Berichte, 1921, Nr. 10, pp. 2558-9: “29. Silbernitrat . . . gehabt hat”; pp. 2783-4: “Um zu untersuchen . . . nicht aufgefunden.” Chimie et Industrie, 1921, Nov., p. 629: para. entitled “Afinage Blectro- litique de 1’Btain”; p. 605 :para. entitled “Dosage des iodures en presence des iodates.” 36 The Title “Chemist.” MANY Fellows and Associates will recollect that in October, 1917,a conference was held between representatives of thc Institute and of the Yharinaceutical Society to discuss the use of the title “cheniist.” Such a conference was rendercd possible through the courtesy of Mr.Edmund White, who was then President of the Pharmaceutical Society-a Society secure in the possession of certain legal rights with regard to the title. He was, at the same time, a Member of the Council of the Institute, who were pledged to attempt to secure, if possible, the sole use of the title “chemist ” for the profession of chemistry, a privilege which would affect the rights of the Pharmaceutical Society. The representatives of the Society, though well aware of the aims of the Institute, realised that it wished to approach the matter in no spirit of antagonism to the Society. Their views were non-committal, but they disclosed some of the difficulties to be confronted, even if the Society, without detriment to the interests of its own members, were in a position to help the Institute in this matter.Among these difficulties, Mr. White mentioned that, under the Act of 1908, the right to use the word “chemist ” had been extended to trading companies, provided they employed in each establishment a qualified pharmacist in charge of the business. Such a change as that desired by the Institute in- volved, therefore, the rights and interests of numerous share- holders who were entitled to regard the matter from their own point of view. Further, Mr. White showed that even suppos- ing the Society could induce its members to relinquish the use of the word “chemist,” it would not be reasonable that they, or the trading companies, should suffer any detriment by so doing. It was roughly estimated that the cost of altering facias, shop fronts, vehicles, labels, bottles, stationery, etc., would represent not less than ~250,000. The alteration of the present statutes, moreover, would involve legislation to restrict the use of the title “chemist” to those who were duly qualified and registered by recognised authority, to the exclusion not only of those who are now entitled by law to use it, bnt of others, such as herbalists and drug store keepers.The Conference, therefore, was directly useful in elucidating the problem to be solved. The Pharmacy Act, 1852, is described as “an Act for regulating the qualifications of Pharmaceutical Chemists,’’ but, from its preamble, it is shown clearly to be promoted because “it is expedient to prevent ignorant and incompetent persons from assuming the title of ox pretending to be Pharma- ceutical Chemists or Pharmaceutists.” This Act provided, therefore, that persons not duly registered should not assume or use the name or title of Pharmaceutical Chemist or any name, title, or sign implying the same: “From and after the passing of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any person, not being duly registered as a Pharma-ceutical Chemist according to the provisions of this Act, to assume or use the title of Pharmaceutical Chemist or Pharmaceutist in any part of Great Britain, or to assume, use, or exhibit any name, title, or sign implying that he is registered under this Act, or that he is a Member of the said Society; and if any person, not being duly registered under this Act, shall assume or use the title of Pharmaceutical Chemist or Pharmsceutist, or shall use, assume, or exhibit, any name, title, or sign implying that he is a person registered under this Act, or that he is a Member of the said Society, every such person shall be liable to a penalty of five pounds.. . .” The Pharmacy Act, 1868, is described as “an Act to regulate the Sale of Poisons and alter and amend the Phar- macy Act, 1852,” and its preamble indicates a more definite line of policy: “Whereas it is expedient for the safety of the public that persons keeping open shop for the retailing, dispensing, or compounding of poisons, and persons known as Chemists and Druggists, should possess a competent practical knowledge of their business, and to that end, that from and after the day herein named all persons not already engaged in such business should, before commencing such 38 business, be duly examined as to their practical knowledge, and that a register should be kept as herein provided.. . .” Immediately following the preamble of the Act of 1868, Clause I, provides that persons selling or compounding Poisons, or assuming the title of Chemist or Druggist, shall be qualified:-(‘From and after the 31st day of December, 1868, it shall be unlawful for any person to sell or keep open shop for retailing, dispensing, or compounding poisons, or to assume or use the title ‘Chemist and Druggist,’ or ‘Chemist, or Druggist, or Pharmacist, or Dispensing Chemist, or Druggist,’ in any part of Great Britain, unless such person shall be a Pharmaceutical Chemist, or a Chemist and Druggist, within the meaning of this Act, and be registered under this Act, and conform to such regulations as to the keeping, dispensing, and selling of such poisons as may from time to time be prescribed by the Pharmaceutical Society with the consent of the Privy Council.”* Here the word (‘chemist ” (within the meaning of this Act) is arrogated to the pharmacist; but it is of the highest import- ance, bearing in mind the purpose of this legislation, to notice the introduction of Clause III., with which nothing corres-ponding appeared in the Act of 1852, defining Chemists and Druggists within the meaning of the Act of 1868:-“111.Chemists and Druggists within the meaning of this Act shall consist of all persons who, at any time before the passing of this Act, have carried on, in Great Britain, the business of a Chemist and Druggist, in the keeping of open shop for the compounding of the prescriptions of duly qualified medical practitioners, also of all Assistants and Associates who, before the passing of this Act, shall have been duly registered under or according to the provisions of the Pharmacy Act, and also of all such persons as may be duly registered under this Act .” No such definition appears in restrictive statutes referring to other professions, and the clause admits thereby, inferenti- ally, the existence of other chemists, and the Act, therefore, applies only to persons coming within that definition, and does not apply to chemists who pursue the science of chemistry, but do not keep open shop for the purposes mentioned.* Note : The words underlined are not underlined in the Act 39 The Pharmacy Acts do not restrict the practice of chemistry as understood by the general body of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and were not intended to do so, and, except in respect of certain poisons, they do not restrict the practice of pharmacy. The intention is to safeguard the public from the criminal or negligent use of poisons; the Acts only extend to the selling and dispensing of certain scheduled poisons, while free trade exists in other drugs and chemicals.From early times to the time of Boyle, and onwards from his time-when chemistry was the common hobby of educated men, both clergy and laity-there had always been men, and occasionally women, devoted to the science, although the number of such chemists was comparatively small. In 1852, the date of the first Pharmacy Act, many of the ex-students of the College of Chemistry, which had been founded seven years previously, were already engaged in various branches of practice, and many of these subsequently achieved fame. Moreover, the Chemical Society had come into existence in 1841 about two months beiore the Pharmaceutical Society, and in 1852 registered 245 members; by 1868, the date of the second Pharmacy Act, the number had increased to 512 members.No doubt many of those members were pharma- cists, but many were not; and there could be no object in depriving the latter of their right to call themselves chemists. Not one of them would have suspected any such intention, nor is it to be supposed that the Pharmaceutical Society or the legislature intended it; and therefore that part of the Act was not disputed, especially in view 01 Clause III., which placed outside the Act chemists who do not keep open shop for the compounding of prescriptions. Except the Chemical Society, no organisation devoted to chemistry, and certainly no organisation such as the Institute, was in existence; but the profession, as such, was being practised although the practitioners were few.The Pharmacy Act of 1868 being in existence before the foundation of the Institute, in 1877, difficulty was experienced immediately the founders sought to name it the “Institute of Professional Chemists.’’ The opposition to this title came less from the Pharma- ceutical Society, however, than from the Privy Council and the 40 Board of Trade. The Institute was not at that time permitted the right to grant certificates of competency. In 1885, when the Institute became incorporated by Royal Charter, the pro- fession which it represents was described as that of “analytical and consulting chemistry,” and the Institute was duly em- powered to grant certificates of competency “to practise in analytical chemistry and to advise in technological chemistry,” or (‘to be public and technical analysts and chemical advisers on scientific subjects of public importance.” The significance of these terms, however, was not such as to exclude the wider meaning of the word “chemist,” or to restrict the membership of the Institute to those who practised as analysts and chemical advisers, but to make the distinction which would satisfy the Privy Council that the Institute had no intention of en-croaching on the domain of pharmacy or challenging, in any way, the rights and privileges of the Pharmaceutical Society.The distinction between chemistry and pharmacy is indicated by the titles of the two chartered bodies which respectively represent the two professions. This distinction in the title of the representative bodies clearly supports the claim that the members of the two professions should be distinguished as chemists in the one case and pharmacists in the other. If this distinction had become generally recognised by the members of both professions and by the public there would undoubtedly be a strong case for giving statutory effect to it by an enactment which would prohibit the use of the title “chemist ” by persons who are not qualified in the profession of chemistry as it is understood by the Institute. Unfortunately this is not yet established.Phar-macists and druggists continue to call themselves “chemists,” and, notwithstanding the definitions appearing in dictionaries, appeals to history and literature or to the custom of other countries, the word “chemist” still to the majority of the public suggests primarily the person who sells them medicine. The vendor of drugs has been styled a chemist by long established usage ; Parliament has actually confirmed his right and has purported, subject to the definition in Clause 111. quoted above, to give him the legal right to use the title, and it would seem difficult now without the practically unanimous consent of all the members of the Pharmaceutical Society and 41 the trading companies concerned to obtain their renunciation of the legal right to the use of the title.On the other hand, the title cannot be, and never has been, denied to any man distinguished in chemical science, and he cannot be described other than as a “chemist.” The term is applied by Government itself to the Government chemist and the Admiralty chemist. The existence of schools of chemistry in the older universities centuries prior to any organised schools of pharmacy is clearly shown in the History of the Institute (pp. 12-22), where particulars are given of the foundation of the Chairs in Chemistry in Great Britain and Ireland. The study and teaching of chemistry, the science of its application to the arts and manufactures and to purposes of public health and the analysis and synthesis of substances, are all clearly outside the scope and purposes of the Pharmacy Acts, and, therefore, it may be assumed that the legislature in prohibiting the use of the title “chemist ” except by registered persons did not intend the prohibition to apply to the long established use of the title by men of science who had nothing to do with the sale of poisons. It is unlikely in any event that members of the Institute would rest content with any substi- tute or newly devised term in place of that of “chemist”; they cannot be described otherwise, but pharmacists have several alternative titles indicated in the Act which correctly denote their calling.The Pharmaceutical Society has never attempted to apply the Acts so as to prevent analytical and technological chemists from using the title ‘‘ chemist,’’ while many members of the Pharmaceutical Society are in favour of that of “pharmacist,” and have adopted it, and the Pharmaceutical Society appears to give it preference in its official journal.Recently a Pharmacy Acts Amendment Bill was pre-sented in the House of Commons containing proposals for restricting the assumption of the title “chemist ” to persons duly registered by the Institute, but that measure was not promoted with the knowledge or consent of the Institute, and was not one with which the Institute could be associated in the manner suggested (JOURNAL, Part VI., 1921,pp. 326-329). Nevertheless, the opportunity was taken by the Council of the Institute to voice their desire that the confusion arising from the use of the word “chemist ” by two distinct callings should be removed.The Bill, however, having been presented at the close of a session, cannot now be pursued without a fresh introduction in another session. When a proposal is made to restrict the use of a title or to restrict the practice of a calling or profession it is necessary to provide for the compulsory registration of those permitted to use that title or to practise that calling, and precedent has established that due recognition must be given to the rights of existing practitioners. In addition to the complication arising from the legal right to the use of the term “chemist” by pharmacists, a proposal to restrict the use of the title “chemist ” to members of the profession of chemistry involves therefore the consideration of the rights of many who practise chemistry, in various departments of work and with a varying degree of skill, but who could not necessarily produce evidence of attain- ment of knowledge and skill such as would satisfy the general body of opinion of the representatives of the profession.Ex-perience has proved that a period exceeding half a century must in any case elapse during which such persons would be slowly eliminated from the register. This process, which must in such an event be faced, is in itself sufficient to give weight to the view which has been frequently expressed that a strong organisation under Royal Charter may be preferable to the dilution of the general standard of qualification and compe- tence by admitting to the recognised register those who for the time being may conceivably be entitled to claim registration.If any restriction is necessary, the restriction of practice is at least as important as restriction of the use of the title denot- ing the nature of the practice. In any attempt to close a pro- fession, the view held by many of the public, though often over- looked entirely by the practitioners, is that the profession concerned is seeking power for its own ends. The profession must, therefore, first convince the public and Parliament that the measure for restrictive registration is necessary for the common weal, and will be efficient for its purpose.So far as chemistry is concerned the question is, “How far is it desirable in the public interest to restrict the practice of this profession?” With regard to the appointments of Public Analysts, the Government has prescribed “Regulations as to Competency,” which constitute a limited measure of restriction, but these Regulations do not carry the force of an Act of Parliament, 43 since, although the qualifications are specified in the Kegula- tions, the Government can, on occasion, and when it sees fit, override its own Regulations. The Institute’s Fellows hold nearly all the appointments, and almost invariably secure the vacancies as they arise, but unless and until the Institute acquires statutory powers of registration, the Government is unlikely to restrict absolutely the holding of such appoint -inents to Fellows of the Institute.The Institute may claim, however, that since the Regula- tions as to Coinpetency came into operation, the administra- tion of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts has been far more satisfactory than it was hitherto ; certainly the cases of dis-crepancy of results of analyses have been very few, and the Government, Local Authorities, and the general public have reaped the benefit. Benefit is also undoubtedly derived from insistence on the proper qualifications of chemists appointed as Water Examiners, and Official Agricultural Analysts. How otherwise is the proposed restriction needed? It may be considered desirable in certain food and drug factories; for the protection of workers in dangerous industries; for the pro- tection of financial interests where an industrial proposition depends on chemical advice and on the proper treatment and handling of materials and products; and possibly in other departments of professional chemical work.In industries the employers are responsible; and it may be held that they are able to protect themselves and to ensure the protection of their employees and of the public. The question here is whether legislation is needed to control the employers in their choice of chemists. Given a recognised qualifying body-without statutory power, but equally efficient in determining qualifications- the question remains whether the public and Parliament agree that a law should be introduced to compel the employer to engage chemists of the standard required, say, by the Institute.Finally, it is held by some that none but practitioners duly registered by recognised authority should be capable of issuing certificates. In this, as in all commerce, the principle of caveat emptor applies. The work of the engineer and the architect is constantly in view, while that of the chemist is not usually so obvious. The War, however, has greatly altered this position, and there are now undoubted signs in the daily press, for instance, that much more thought is given 44 to the chemist than in pre-war days. The methods and processes of manufacture are becoming increasingly scientific, and there is every prospect that the essential nature of the profession of chemistry will become more readily apparent. It is the business of those who require chemical advice to consult qualified chemists.The machinery for distinguishing qualified chemists already exists; but it is a question whether in the public interest it is desirable to establish a statutory register of the qualified. Under existing conditions it is for the Institute and the chemists themselves by every legitimate means within recognised ethical procedure to ensure that the public shall know how to discriminate in such matters. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee submit these considerations for the discussion of the Local Sections in order to elicit further suggestions on these questions.45 Local Sections. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-At the annual meeting of the Section Dr. Dobbin was elected Chairman; Dr. A. Lauder, Vice-chairman; Messrs W. L. Brown, A. M. Cameron, S. C. Farrar, and W. T. Williamson were elected to the Committee, and Mr. B. D. W. Luff was re-elected Hon. Secretary. Dr. Dobbin gave a paper on “Famous Edinburgh Chemists of the 18th and 19th Centuries,” which was much appreciated. G lasgow and West of Scotland Section.-Further details of the proceedings of the Section at the meeting held on 1st December, 1921, have been received, and the sugges- tions submitted by the Section have been referred to Com- mittees for consideration and report. Some of these relate to the use of the title “chemist” and restriction of chemical practice, which subjects will be further reviewed when the Local Sections have discussed the statement published in this Part (p.36). Allied to the question of restriction of practice is that of securing statutory powers of registration under which the Institute should be constituted the sole registration authority, to which reference is also made in the statement referred to above. The Section agrees that the policy of admitting first and second-class honours graduates in chemistry to the Associateship should be continued, though possibly under modified conditions, but it suggests that efforts should be made to secure equalisation of the various nominally equivalent degrees granted by the Universities throughout the country.The object to be pursued is the establishment of degrees of equal significance at all Uni- versities without interfering with the individuality of the Universities. The other matters considered by the Section are referred to below with some preliminary comments. The Section expressed its concern that the arrangements recently made with the Board of Education with regard to the award of national certificates in chemistry will throw addi- tional work on the officials of the Institute. [At the initial 46 stages of the scheme the extent of the work cannot be fore- seen, but it is anticipated that the Institute will receive fees to cover the expenses incurred in engaging additional staff should it be found necessary to do so.] Further, the Section recommend the Council to consider the possibility of taking action, together with other chemical bodies, with the object of giving greater publicity to the nature of the chemists’ work.[This matter was considered to be one of the primary objects of the Federal Council of Chemical Societies, but it is constantly before the Council and is part of the accepted policy of the Institute.] The Section submitted suggestions regarding the election of the Council, especially on the subject of proportional representation. [However, as the new By-laws of the Institute have only been in operation for one year, and the election for 1922 is the first held under those By-laws, which were framed in accordance with the wishes of the general body of members and the full concurrence of the Local Sections, it would appear reasonable to allow them a trial before attempt- ing any new scheme.] The Section also asked that the minutes of Council should be circulated to Local Sections; but the Council feel that as the Sections are all situated in districts which are represented by District Members of Coiincil.such matters as are obviously suitable for circulation can be mentioned to the Sections by their District Members of Council respectively. Finally, a proposal-which has been before the Council several times- was put forward that new members should be required to compound for their subscriptions by the payment of a registration fee, by-instalments or in one lump sum.The Section suggest that if the Institute could separate its examinational from its registrational functions “ the matter of subscription could be readily put on a saner basis.” On 12th January the Section held a joint meeting with the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry’ at the Engineer’s Shipbuilders’ Institute, Mr. J. H. Young presiding. A discussion was opened by Prof. R. M. Caven, of the Royal Technical College, whose remarks are here abstracted from The Glasgow Herald:--‘‘Chemistry is a pure science, having manifold applications, and as a branch of natural philosophy forms part of a liberal 47 education. Chemistry cannot, in its inception, be taught vocationally, because every student of the science must learn its fundamental principles; and whilst this is not to deny that there are certain facts of chemistry more valuable, for example to an engineer, than other facts, it remains true that the future chemist, the student of chemistry par excellence, must aim at a comprehensive and philosophical understanding of the science as a whole.The question of the teaching of chemistry is divisible into two parts: (I) Subject matter; (2) method. The subject matter of chemistry consists of the elements and the compounds they form. The facts, however, as presented by chemical dictionaries are bewildering in number and variety; but order appears when the elements are studied according to the Periodic System.Nevertheless, it is soon discovered that the properties of even the most familiar ele- ments, such as iron and oxygen, cannot be understood without some preliminary knowledge of the general properties of matter. Therefore, the study of the chemical elements always requires some previous elementary knowledge of physics, mechanics, and mathematics. Descriptive chemistry is interesting because of the diversity of phenomena; but facts must be systeinatised, for disconnected facts are not science. The more completely chemistry is recognised as a philosophic unity the more perfectly is it realised to be a science. There-fore, alongside the descriptive study of the elements and their combinations, one with another, must come a growing com- prehension of underlying and unifying principles, such as are embraced under the following headings : Classification of chemical compounds, e.g.oxides, chlorides, hydride ;variation of properties in the groups of the periodic system; properties of solutions; electrolysis ; kinds of chemical change ; balanced actions; mass action and velocity of reaction ; thermo-chemis-try; colloid chemistry; hydrolysis ; catalysis. All these subjects can be illustrated from the general lecture course, and should be followed by a more advanced study of physical chemistry, after organic chemistry. The method of teaching chemistry is by lectures and class work, and by practical work in the laboratory. Practical work is of the utmost importance.Lectures are valuable for imparting facts which the student cannot otherwise gain, and more particularly for inculcating principles and an outlook upon the science as a whole. The heuristic method of practical 48 teaching is ideal scientifically, and is especially valuable as a protest against the impartation of facts unintelligently ; but it cannot be pursued to the exclusion of definite instruction in the general subject matter of the science. The study of chemical history is much to be commended, and especially that of the methods of working pursued by the masters of the sciences. At the end of his career the student of chemistry should be qualified to engage in a piece of research work, though this may be of a simple character only; power of original investigation, indeed, is the goal to which the highest chemical training properly leads, because a chemist is a man whose mind and hand are actively engaged upon the problems presented by the inter-relation and transformations of matter, concerning which society in its manifold activities requires information; a man who, by practice and experience, is con- tinuously becoming more successful in solving these problems.’ ’ A discussion followed, in which Mr. Rintoul (Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute), Prof. Forsyth Wilson, Mr. Gillespie, and others participated. A joint meeting of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Local Section with the Ardeer Chemical Club was held in Ardrossan on 2nd February, Mr.J. A. Cockburn, in the chair. About 40 members were present. The Secretary referred to the forthcoming visit of the Registrar to Glasgow, and read a letter which he had received in reply to the recom- mendations submitted to by the Glasgow Section for the con- sideration of the Council. The Registrar stated that the points raised had been submitted to the various Committees for consideration and report. The meeting then adjourned, after which a highly success- ful smoking concert was held, to which many of the members contributed. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel on 16th January, Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the chair. The Chairman announced that Mr. H. W. Moss had resigned from the Committee, and that Dr.L. G. Paul had been elected to the vacancy thus arising. After a short discussion on certain amendments to the Section rules, it was announced that the Committee liacl 49 accepted an invitation for the Section to hold a joint meeting with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists on 10th February, when Dr. Hodgson would deliver an address. The Chairman then dealt briefly with the subject of Technical Education, with especial reference to the scheme of co-operation between the Institute and the Board of Education. In his opinion, technical education must generate enthusiasm and cultivate the imagination. This result could only bc attained by incorporating research in any organised course of technical education. Technical education differed from secondary education, and the type of teacher should differ.He briefly sketched the history of technical education from its early stages under the Science and Art Department to the present day. The early scheme attempted to award diplomas which should represent the same standard of merit all over the country, but at present each college awarded its own diplomas with corresponding variations in standards. The scheme of co-operation between the Board of Education and the Institute of Chemistry was an attempt to award national certificates. He then briefly outlined the scheme and emphasised the fact that clear differentiation would be made between the new diplomas and the Associateship of the Institute.Thc scheme was a good beginning, and he hoped that it would go further; the standardisation of the diplomas was a very necessary step. He hoped that it would lead to a thorough revision of the teaching of chemistry in Technical Schools, with an insistence on research as suggested by the late Prof. Meldola in his Presidential address to the Chemical Society in 1907. In the course of the discussion which followed, Mr. H. S. Foster questioned whether there was any real necessity for technical eciucatior? of a grade lower than that given by the universities. If a second grade of chemists were created, he feared that employers might not always discriminate, and some would almost certainly prefer the cheaper. Mr. S. Robson referred in some detail to the various institutions for technical education in America where the students often made con-siderable sacrifice to gain their education; he felt that in this country there was often more earnestness in the work at the ex t ra-iiniversi t37 foundations than in the universities, and, dealing with the question of equipment, pointed out that 50 elaborate equipment does not always give the best results.The Secretary also spoke. Mr. Taylor said that, as the head- master of a central school, he desired to see as many good technical schools as possible where his earnest boys and girls could obtain the national certificates, and he welcomed the new scheme. Mr. K. 0. Eames praised the work of the technical schools in supplying higher education to many who were unable to proceed to the universities, and hoped that means would become available for promising students to proceed from the technical schools to the universities.Mr. G. B. Jones was of the opinion that the technical schools allowed the students to specialise too much; also that the classes were of ten hampered by students incapable of inaking good use of the teaching; there should be a more rigid entrance examination. Mr. Robson referred to the provision of two new examinations of standards approximating to the pass R.Sc. and the honours B.Sc.; possibly these were designed to provide a new route to the Associateship. Mr. Butterworth dealt with some of the points raised by Mr. Eaines and defended the technical school entrance system.Mr. Holmes welcomed the attempt to level up the diplomas of different institutions. Mr. Foster invited the meeting to consider the position from the point of view of a parent whose boy wished to become a chemist; the new scheme offered apparently a new and cheap route to that end, but, in his view, the course was unsatis- factory. The Chairman, having to leave before the close of the discussion, Dr. Everest, who had been called to the chair, said he thought that the ideal state would be one in which there was no necessity for part-time education or evening schools ; that was an Utopian ideal. The scheme appeared to present the Institute as a kind of rival to the external side of London University, offering easier diplomas, and he viewed that with regret ;but in place oi the present chaos of diplomas with their varying requirements in proficiency the scheme provided for a removal of such differences and this he heartily welcomed.The Section decided to renew the discussion at the March meeting . Irish Section (Dublin).-Mr. Alfons O’Farrelly has been elected a member of the Section Committee in the place of the late Sir Charles Cameron. 51 Liverpool and North-Western Section.-A meeting of the Section was held on 12th January, Mi-. 13. J. Evans in the chair. In the course of a discussion on the policy of the Section, Mr. E. H. Shepherd said that the democratic manner in which it had conducted its proceedings had resulted in establishing “local chemical opinion ’’ which might beneficially react on public affairs.It seemed desirable for chemists to broaden their views on general affairs connected with chem- istry; the Section might hold meetings at which the debates might be opened by persons, not necessarily chemists, and thereby discover new means for extending the activities of the Institute to the advantage of its members and the community. The Chairman supported the suggestion. Dr. Brislee appealed for closer collaboration between academic chemists and industrial chemists, not for the former to solve industrial problems, but to extend the knowledge in pure science on the lines required by the industrialist. Mr. Croad spoke in favour of unification of British chemical journals.Dr. Tate advocated holding lectures on recent advances in science; it would be useful, for instance, to hear more about isotopes, the transmutation of the elements, and relativity. Mr. Inman suggested that an experienced member should give an address on the functions and utility of the Institute. The Section appointed a “Syllabus Committee,” con-sisting of the Chairman, the Secretary and Mr. Shepherd to arrange a series of meetings. A provisional syllabus was agreed upon as follows:-Feb. 9: Mr. R. C. Moore, on “The Training of Chemists.” March 9: Mr. Howarth, on “Costs in Chemical Works.” The Hon. W. Hulme Lever, on “The Value of Scientific Training in Business”; and May 11: Prof. Roberts, on “The Value of the Institute of Chemistry.” The desirability of inviting members of other related bodies and students of the Institute was favourably discussed.London and South-Eastern Counties Section.-At a meeting of the Sextion held on 14th December, 1921, Mr. F. H. Lees opened a debate on “The Possibility of Amal-gamating the Chemical and Allied Societies.” Mr. E. R. Bolton, Chairman of the Section, presided. Mr. Lees suggested that the problem should have been 52 opened by a politician, or a business man, or a visionary with a bright and glowing faith in his projects. He referred to the existing bodies, especially the four principal chemical bodies, and their aims, their work and their journals. In his view all had distinct functions, and all were necessary.They were not ruled by cliques ; they were self-supporting, and managed their own businesses. But there was no unified direction or Imperial General Staff, and no means of speaking with one voice. Their journals were conducted independently of one another, and except with regard to the publication of abstracts there was little overlapping. As to the latter, Germany pos- sessed the useful ZentraZbZntt, while, on the social side, America possessed an American Chemical Club. He was aware of the existence of the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chem- istry and its aims, but he felt that an appeal for &oo,ooo was beyond the mark. The time was opportune to consider whether chemists should not begin by helping themselves on a less ambitious scale.He advocated, however, the idea of a General Chemical Council to exercise a general directing influence, and to promote an uniform policy of co-operation, without increasing, but rather decreasing, the expense to the individual members. Prof. Hinchley remarked that each of the bodies referred to had different functions, unity was necessary to unification, and the creation of a larger body would not necessarily bring the result looked for. He was not in favour of a large uni- fying body, but was satisfied, up to a point, with the present societies. The Society of the Chemical Industry and the Institute could hardly amalgamate, but they were doing excellent work, and possibly would do better. The Society of Public Analysts met a certairr want.Overlapping in publication was not always a disadvantage-people often needed to be told things several times. If it was not possible to diminish the cost to the chemists, their salaries should be raised sufficiently to enable them to support all the societies of which they ought to be members. Employers sometimes had the notion that chemists were not producers, but that notion was being corrected. He advocated as much unity as possible on the social side. He thought that coincided with the idea of Sir William Pope, Chairman of the Federal Council, and of Mi-. Coley, Hon. Secretary of the Chemical Industry Club, who was present, The Local Sections of the Institute 53 and other bodies were also useful in that direction, provided they really worked.Mr. Coley said that as Secretary of the Chemical Industry Ciuh, the matter touched his interests very closely. What was wanted was a constructive and practical course of action. The club provided for the social side ; it was a "free and easy" club, and its monthly meetings were conducted without any unreasonable restraint. As an onlooker, he thought that unification of the societies would be a mistake, and he believed in a proper distribution of work, under properly selected officers and councils, particularly among chemists ; but he had joined the Federal Council 2s representing the social side of chemical industry, because he felt that those who were interested in the industry needed a club for social purposes and recreation.If the chemists would join together for the purpose, they could make a good club themselves without relying on appeals to the wealthy. The present club would form a nucleus, free from the bias of any one society; it was not yet large enough, but, if chemists would support it, it had made a good beginning, and would soon acquire larger premises. The one solution to the problem of bringing chemists together was through the social side. Mr. Macnab said that the great disadvantage of several societies lay in the circumstance that active members were called upon to devote so much time to meetings. In any case he felt the claim for a good club was a very strong one, and he supported Mr.Coley in advocating the development of the Chemical Industry Club. He thought the societies should economise by co-operating in the production of one good journal of abstracts. Mr. Edward Hinks said that the main object of the societies was the advancement of knowledge, and he thought that object best achieved by the societies in their present form. Financial considerations appeared to be concentrated on the question of publications. Every chemist had his favourite society, and if each society gave up the abstracts its Journal would be considerably reduced, or in some cases disappear, The journals dealt with the abstracts from different points of view. He felt that unification magnified the importance of headquarters, which was not altogether desirable on the minds of chemists in the provinces.The Institute differed from the other societies; its business was to see that chemists had 54 knowledge, while that of the societies was to advance know- ledge, There was no serious overlapping of functions, but he thought there was a possible need for a General Chemical Council with the support of all the bodies concerned, although he doubted whether it would have more power than the Federal Council. On the whole he felt that unification of bodies concerned would result in weakness rather than strength. Mr. Claremont said that despite the wide scope of the sub- ject on the notice, previous speakers had really discussed three distinct subjects, viz. ; (I) The unification of the the chemical profession; (2) the social unity of chemists in the widest sense of the latter word ; and (3)the unification of chemical societies.The first was already the function of the Institute, and the second had nothing to do with the subject on the agenda, which was the unification of the chemical societies; and so far as that was concerned, the chief desire was for the amalgamation of chemical abstracts. This might be of considerable advantage, but he thought that the amal- gamation of the societies was not altogether desirable. The point of view depended to some extent on whether the chemist was resident in London, in which case he found much had been achieved by allowing the use of the Library of the Chemi- cal Society to members of the other bodies ; whereas for the provincial chemist the necessity for the amalgamation of publications was, perhaps, a more important consideration.Mr. Lizius said that every speaker appeared to have arrived at the conclusion that there was no overlapping of the functions of the various societies, except with regard to the abstracts. It was suggested that the question could be solved by the societies combining in the production of abstracts in a pub-lication similar to the Chemische Zentralblatt. As all chemists had access to an excellent publication in the English language, devoted entirely to abstracts, i.e. Chemical Abstracts, published by the American Chemical Society, he did not see that much woujd be gained by the amalgamation of the societies.Mr. Collett said that the Section was much indebted to Mi-. Lees for opening the discussion. The Committee intended this subject to be treated on a broad basis, covering the social aspects as well as the question of amalgamation. He was in favoilr of cutting down the mass of chemical literature, es-pecially with regard to the abstracts. He sympathised with 55 Mr. Coley’s views ; he thought that through the social side a feeling of unity could be created. Mr. Kirkaldy agreed that amalgamation would be very difficult, and the resultant body would probably be unwieldy and break by its own mass. He favoured the idea of the societies sending abstracts to those journals, respectively, which were most suitable for their publications.Mr. McLachlan said that he remained unconvinced. He would prefer some sort of unification. As an example of overlapping he was of opinion that the work of an association such as that of the Leather Trades Chemists could be taken over by the Society of Chemical Industry. One advantage of unification would be the reduction in the letters appearing after the names of chemists and others. He favoured the formation of provincial branches, all records of proceedings of which could be sorted out at headquarters into their suit- able journals in England. They should not be dependent on America for abstracts. The Chairman, in summing up the proceedings, said that the general impression was that the Section was not in favour of amalgamation, but rather of co-operation.He called upon Mr. Lees to reply. Mr. Lees said that he was glad that his remarks had pro- moted discussion. He was sure that something could be done to impiove the present position. He did not agree that we should allow America to provide our chemical literature; we should do these things ourselves. It was not his idea that the societies should lose theiI individuality by amalgamation, but that there should be a General Chemical Council to airect the general policy of chemical interests, to speak for the whole with greater weight and influence than that of any one body, and to educate public opinion on matters concerning the pro- fession and chemical industry. He was anxious especially to see unity among qualified chemists, who should all be brought into the Institute as the representative professional body.He looked to the Institute and the social activities, to which reference had been made, to be the main factors in effecting unity among those who were interested in chem- istry. Thanks firere accorded to Mr. Lees, and also to Mr. Coley for attending and taking part in the discussion. On the motion of Mr. A. J. Chapman, the Section recorded 56 its hearty appreciation of the services of Mr. Kirkaldy, the Past-Chairman of the Section. Mr. Kirkaldy, in reply, said that the bulk of the work had really been shared by a syndicate consisting of Mr. Collett, Mr. Marlow, and Miss Cawston. On 25th January, the Section held an exhibition of scienti- fic apparatus and plant, in the Council Room and Laboratories of the Institute.The function was very well attended, and the members were able to inspect a considerable variety of exhibits from the following :-Messrs. ALLEN& HANBURY:Indicators for the colorimetric evalua- tion of hydrogen ion concentration and for use in titrations. Messrs. BAIRD& TATLOCK: Apparatus, balances, etc. Messrs. C. BAKER: Microscopes and accessories. Messrs. R. & J. BECK:Microscopes and accessories. Messrs. BROWN& SON: Stills, ovens, self-sealing autoclave, etc. Messrs. CAMBRIDGE& PAUL: Pyrometers, apparatus for determininghydrogen ion concentrations, etc. Messrs. DOULTON& Co.: Chemical porcelain and model nitric acid plant.Messrs.DUROGLASSLTD.: Combined. glass circulator and suction pump, etc. A. V. C. FENBY,A.I.C. Vapour tension apparatus. Messrs. GALLENRAMP& Co. : Viscometer, electro-titration apparatus, etc. Messrs. LAUTIER FILS : “Evapolfactometre ” for examination of essential oils and compound perfumery. Messrs. THE ROYAL SOVEREIGN PENCILCo. : “Chinagraph” Pencils for writing on glass, china, etc. Messrs. L. OERTLINGLTD.: Balances. Messrs. H. TINSLEY& Co. : Potentiometers and accessories. Messrs. UNITED WATER SOFTENERS LTD.: Sharples laboratory centri- fuge. Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held in Newcastle on the 17th January, Dr. P. E. Bowles in the chair.Dr. J. T. Dunn was to have opened a discussion on the “Safeguarding of Industries Bill,” but was unavoidably prevented from attending the meeting. He communicated some of his views, however, in his letter of apology for absence, and was accorded a hearty vote of thanks for so doing. A long and interesting discussion followed to which all contributed, but it was decided that it was undesirable at the present stage that any motion should be put to the meeting. The Chairman then called upon Prof. Haworth, who had been invited to attend the meeting, together with Prof. Briscoe, 57 to explain his scheme to promote a fund for the purpose of establishing an annual series of lectures, to be delivered at Armstrong College in commemoration of Prof.Bedson’s untiring devotion to the advancement of Chemical Science on Tyneside, during his occupation of the Chair of Chemistry at Armstrong College. The members of the Section expressed themselves un-animously in sympathy with the proposals, and agreed to give all the assistance within their power in promoting the scheme. South Wales.-A meeting of the South Wales Section was held recently at Thomas’ Caf6, Swansea, Mr. F. J. Bloomer, F.I.C., in the chair. Mr. T. Eynon Davies, BSc., A.I.C., read a paper on “The Low Temperature Carbonisation of Coal.” The paper, being the first of two which Mr. Davies is reading before the section, was mainly introductory in character. The historical development of the process was first considered, and interesting details were given of the first attempt in 1920 to obtain a non-smoky hard coal, and the subsequent severe punishment which was visited on the experimenters upon their failure to make a comrnercial success of their process.The difficulties confronting all workers in this subject were shown to be mainly due to the present lack of real knowledge of the true nature and the ultimate composition of coal, and an instructive resume of the attempts which have been made to elucidate the composition of coal was given. Mr. Davies said that of the various factors governing the carbonisation of coal, temperature control was the most important. Various firms in England and America seem to have surmounted the difficulties of the problem, and, indeed, claim to be able to carbonise any type of coal.The paper was followed by a discussion, in which many of the inembers took part. 58 Personal. SIR WILLIAM POPEhas received the Honorary Degree of DSc. (Calcutta). A Frankland Medal and Prize of Books for Practical Chemistry are awarded annually by the University of Bir- mingham in order to commemorate the association with the chemical department of the University of Prof. Percy I?. Frankland, Past President of the Institute, who held the Mason Professorship from 1900 to 1919. Mr. GEORGE STANLEY WITHERS MARLOW, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, has passed the Final Examination for call to the Bar. Notes. The University of Bristol has issued an appeal for an Endowment Fund.Contributions should be sent to the Appeal Director, 51, Corn Street, Bristol. Remittances should be made payable to the University of Bristol. Indian Science Congress,-The Institute has received a copy of the Indian Science Congress Handbook, edited by Captain Clive New$omb, I.M.S., an Associate of the Institute. The handbook, consisting of a collection of seventeen articles by special writers on subjects of scientific interest connected with Madras, was prepared for the use of members attending the ninth meeting held at Madras from 13th January to 4th February, 1922. The aims of the Congress are to furnish opportunities for scientific workers to meet others interested in allied sciences, to encourage research, and to make scientific knowledge readily accessible to the public.Obituary. JAMES APPLEYARD,who died in October, 1921, in his 51stROBERT year, was trained at the Bradford Technical College. From 1889 to 1897, he was a Demonstrator in Chemistry in University College, Dundee, and had charge of the practical classes at the Dundee Technical Institute, and from 1897 until his death he was Head of the Applied Chemistry Department and Lecturer in Cotton Bleaching, Dyeing and Calico Printing, in the Royal Technical Institute, Salford. He was the author of various contributions to the Transactions of the Chemical Society, in some of which he collaborated with Prof. Frankland, Sir James Walker, and Prof. Edmund Knecht. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919.LYNTONTHOMAS BRIGGSdied at Flushing, N.Y., on the 3rd April, 1921, in his 63rd year. Born in London, he received his scientific training at Wiesbaden (under Fresenius) and at the Polytechnikum, Zurich. He obtained an appointment with Messrs. Read Holliday, at Huddersfield, and, in 1888, proceeded to their works at Brooklyn, N.Y. In 1901 he becarhe works and research chemist to the General Chemical Company, with whom he remained until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. SIR CHARLESHENRYBURGE died at Kingston at the age of 75 years. Educated at Crediton Grammar School, he received his train- ing in science at the Royal College of Chemistry, and entered the Government Laboratory-then at Somerset House-in 1867, eventuallybecoming Deputy Principal before his retirement in 1907.He then devoted himself to municipal affairs at Kingston-on-Thames, where he was Mayor for seven years, including the period of the war. For his public services he received the honour of Knighthood in 1918. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. CHARLESEDWARDCASSALdied at Kensington in his 64th year. The son of Prof. Charles Cassal, he was educated at University College School, and at University College, London, where his father was a Professor. From 1879 to 1888 he was demonstrator in the laboratory of the department of Hygiene and Public Health. He held appoint- ments as public analyst for the Royal Borough of Kensington from 1885, for the Borough of Battersea from 1888, and for the Parts of Kesteven and Holland in the County of Lincoln from 1890; he was also, from 1886 to 1901, public analyst for St.George’s, Hanover Square, and from 1901 until his death joint Public Analyst for the City of Westminster. He was for fifteen years editor of the British Food Journal, and was the author of numerous papers and contributions on the chemistry of food and water, sewage treatment and disposal, 60 and on the administration of the sale of Food and Drugs Acts. He joined the 1st London Royal Engineers (Volunteers) in 1885; was Lieut-Colonel Commanding from 1902 to 1908, and thereafter Lieut. Colonel (Hon. Colonel) Commanding, t,he London Heavy Brigade, R.G.A. (T.F.) until 1915.He passed the examination of the Institute and was elected a Fellow in 1884. He served for six periods on the Council and as a Censor for one year. WILLIAMJAMESCHRYSTAL,who died at Auchendennan, Dum-bartonshire, on 21st April, 1921, in his 70th year, was the head of the firm of Messrs. John and James Whits, Shawfield Works, Rutherglen,near Glasgow, Chairman of the Glasgow Royal Exchange, a Director of the Burmah Oil Co., and of the Caledonian Railway Co., and had interests in many chemical industrial, and commercial concerns. He was a generous benefactor to educational institutions and various charities. He w&s elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. HASHMATRAI,notice of whose death, at t,he age of 35 years, has recently been received from India, was trained for seven years in the University of the Punjab, where hr graduated as B.A.(1906), M.Sc. in Physics (1908),and M.Sc. in Chemistry (1910), and was Demonstrator in Physics before coming to England, under a Government of India Technical Scholarship, to work for three years at the University of Liverpool, where also he obtained the degree of M.Sc. in 1913. After working for eight months in the Soap, Candle and Glycerine Works of Messrs. A. Findlay & Co., Ltd., of Belfast, he returned to India and was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Government College, Lahore. During the war he worked for the Indian Munitions Board. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. 61 Books and their Contents.[*Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur- chased; to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] Applied Chemistry, Laboratory Exercises in.” Wilhelm Moldenhauer. Authorised translation by Lawrence Bradshaw. Pp. xii. and 236. (London: Constable & Co. 12s. 6d. For students in Technical Schools and Universities. A text-book devoted solely to technical analysis. 4tomic Theories.” F. H. Loring. Pp. ix. and 218. (Lon-don: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Atomic series and whole-number isotopes ; electrons and atomic nuclei; K. and L. Series of Lines by X-ray analysis; radioactivity and crystal structure as clues to atomic structure; Rutherford’s nuclear theory of the atom; Quantum theory; the photo-electric effect; the Zeeman effect; the Lewis Langmuir atomic theory;atomic and molecular magnetism determined by the Brownian movement; eight appendices.Benzine and Mineral Lubricants, their Production, Testing, and Uses.” J. Formanek. Revised to date by the author and translated from German by Charles Salter. Pp. xii. and 256. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Son). 15s. Petroleum; coal-tar products; brown coal, shale and peat tar products. Analytical section : testing of benzine and benzol; testing mineral lubricating oils. Technical Section : Properties and uses of fuels. “Biological Chemistry.” H. E. Roaf. Pp. xvi. and 216. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.). 10s. 6d. Chemical and physical. Anabolism ; catabolism. “Brewing and Malting.” J.Ross Mackenzie. Pp. xiv. and 143. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.). 8s. 6d. Part I.: Malting. Part 11.: Brewing. Part 111.: Fermentation. * (‘ Chemical Dictionary, Popular.” C. T. Kingzett. 2nd edition. (London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox). 62 “Chemical Warfare.” A. A. Fries and C. J. West. Pp. 445. (London and New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd.) 21s. Modern Development of Gas Warfare; chlorine; phosgene; lachry- mators ; chloropicrin ; dichloroethylsulfide (mustard gas) ; arsenic derivatives; carbon monoxide; development of the gas mask; absorbents; testing absorbents and gas masks; screening smokes ; toxic smokes ; smoke filters ; signal smokes ; incendiary materials ; the pharmacology of war gases; peace time uses of gas; the future of chemical warfare.*“Coal and Its Products, Practical Chemistry of.” A. E. Findley and R. Wigginton. Pp. x. and 144. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.). 12s. 6d. Coal and coke; purifying materials, etc.; ammonia liquor and ammonium sulphate; benzol; fuel oils; coal tar; coal ash; water analysis (for boilers and washeries) ; gas analysis; calorimetry and pyrometry. “Colloids, Chemistry of, and some Technical applications.” W. W. Taylor. 2nd edition. Pp. viii. and 332. (Edward Arnold & Co.). 10s. 6d. Part 1.: General properties of colloids. Part 11.: Methods of Pre-paration. Part 111.: Adsorption. Part IV. : Applications of col- boid chemistry. “Edible Fats and Oils : their Composition, Manufacture and Analysis.” W.H. Simmons and C. Ainsworth Mitchell. 2nd revised edition. Pp. viii. and 189. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Son). 10s. 6d. Raw materials; extracting, refining, etc. ; hydrogenated oils; butter; lard; margarine; salad oils; and chocolate fats; analysisof raw materials and finished products. “Entropy as a Tangible Conception.” S. G. Wheeler. Pp. 76. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son). 8s. 6d. 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The evolution and methodology of chemistry; combi- nation of weight; hydrogen and the composition of water; the physical properties of gases; combination by volume; classification of the elements; hydrogen; oxygen ; water ; solutions ; crystals and crystallization ; thermodynamics and thermochemistry ; kinetic theory of atoms and molecules ; ozone and hydrogen perioxide ; electrolysis and the ionic hypothesis ;electrical energy.Vol. 11.: F, C1, Br, I; Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs. The halogens; the com- pounds of the halogens with hydrogen; the oxides and oxyacids of chlorine, bromine, and iodine ; the alkali met,als. “Metallurgical Chemist, Work and Position of.” Also Refer- ences to Sheffield and its place in Metallurgy. An address by Sir Robert Hadfield, delivered before the Sheffield Association of Metallurgists and Metallurgical Chemists.Pp. 97. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 10s. 6d. “Metallurgy of the Common Metals.” L. S. Austin. 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(London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 9s. Part I.: Physics. Part 11.: Chemistry. *“ Modern Gasworks Practice.” Alwyne Meade. and edition. Pp. xliv. and 815. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.) Ez 15s. Planning and laying out of gasworks; foundations, gasworks build- ings, etc. ; horizontal retort bench; control of horizontal retort settings; vertical retorts and chamber ovens; refractories for gas- works purposes ; measurements of high temperatures in gasworks ; retort bench appurtenances ; mechanical handling of gasworks materials; electical plant in gasworks; gas-making and other coals; high temperature carbonization of coal; condensation of coal gas; naphthalene in coal gas ; exhausting machinery ; preliminary purifi- cation of coal gas; recovery of cyanogen; dry purification of coal gas; storage of gas; water gas; manufacture, enrichment and use; complete gasification of coal.*“ Organic Chemistry or Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds.” Victor von Richter. 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Fore-word by Sir Frederick W. Black. 4th edition. 3 vols. Pp. xxx. and 364; 365-740; 741-1353. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 105s. “Petroleum.” Prepared jointly by H.M. Petroleum Depart- ment with the co-operation of H. R. Cronshaw. Pp. x. and 110. (London: John Murray). 5s. Petroleum, its characteristics; sources of supply of petroleum. “Physics and Chemistry of Colloids.” An Introduction. Dr. Emil Hatschek. 4th edition, entirely re-written and enlarged. Pp. vi. and 172. (London: J. & A. Churchill). 7s. 6d. “ Physiological Chemistry, Practical.” Philip B. Hawk. 7th edition, revised. Py. xiv. and 675.(London: J. & A. Churchill). 24s. ‘‘Physiological Chemistry, Practical.” J. A. Milroy and T. H. Milroy. 3rd edition. Pp. ix. and 449. Edinburgh and London: W. Green Pr Son, Ltd.) 21s. ‘‘ Power Alcohol, its Production and Utilisation.” G. W. Monier-Williams. Pp. xii. and 323. (London: Henry Frowde and Hodder 8z Stoughton.) 21s. The plant as a source of alcohol; production of alcohol from starch and sugar; the economics of alcohol production from crops; alcohol from cellulose materials ; synthetic alcohol ; excise supervision and denaturation ; outline of the principles of the internal combustion engine; the chemical and physical properties of alcohol from the motor-fuel standpoint; results of engine tests; fuel mixtures contain -ing alcohol.“ Rays of Positive Electricity and their Application to Chemi-cal Analysis.” Sir J. J. Thomson. 2nd edition. Pp. s. and 237. Nine plates. (London: Longmans, Green M Co.) IGS. *“ Sulphuric Acid by Catalytic Action, Production of .” James Watson. (London). “Synthetic Tannins: their Synthesis, Industrial Production, and Application.” George Grasser. Translated by F. G. A. Enna. Pp. viii. and 143. (Crosby Lockwood & Son. 12s. Part I., Section I.: Vegetable tannins; Section 11.: Synthesis of tanning matters. Section 111.: Tanning effects of mixtures and natural products. Section IV. : Methods of examining tanning matters. Part 11. : Synthetic tannings, their industrial production and application. 66 *“ Tables Annuelles de Constantes et Donnees Numeriques dc Chimie, de Physique et de Technologie.” Published under the patronage of the Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry by the International Committee by the 7th Congress of Applied Chemistry.Vol. IV. 1913-1916. 1st Part. (Paris, Cambridge and Chicago). “ Urinary Analysis and Diagnosis by Microscopical and Chemical Examinat ion. ’’ Louis Hei t zmann. 4t h edit ion Pp. xxi. and 362. (London: Bailliere, Tindall PC Cox). 22s. 6d. Books not in the library of the Institute have been seen at Messrs. H. K. Lewis’s Circulating Library by the courtesy of the proprietors, to whom the thanks of the Publication Com- mittee are accorded. “Geddes Report.” The following extracts, which are of interest to chemists, are made from the Reports of the Committee on National Expenditure :-ADMIRALTYVOTE :-SCIENTIFIC SERVICES.“We feel that, if the country could afford it, probably the whole of the expenditure in this connection would be justified, but we are of opinion that in present circumstances some reduction must be made, and we suggest that the sum of ~400,ooo net should be reduced to Lzoo,ooo net, which is four times what it was in 1q13-14.” INSPEC-WAR OFFICE VOTE :-TECHNICAL ESTABLISHMENTS, TION AND RESEARCH. The cost of Inspection and Rerearch is as under:-Inspection. Research. Total. E E E 1914-15 .. . . 154,580 109,000 263,580 1921-22 .. . . 802,500 593,000 1,395,500 1922-23 . . . . 620,000 625,000 1,245,000 67 As regards Research, there are great increases in the pre- war establishments, namely, the Ordnance College and the Research Department, but ten new establishments have come into being, of which the most costly are:- & The Chemical Warfare Committee .. 57,000 Chemical Warfare Station, Porton 68,000 Tank Design Department . . 70,000 Signals Experimental Establishment. . 36,000 Experimental Bridging Company 21,000 In our opinion, although doubtless Research-if econo-mically and wisely conducted-is desirable, the country cannot afford to spend money on Research on this increased scale, with its consequent effect upon the Estimates, and in view of the fact that we have to consider a great war as un- likely in the next eight or ten years, we think that this Research should be slowed down, and that an allowance of ~600,000 per annum would adequately meet the needs of the country in respect of both Inspection and Research, and this should be allotted by the Army Council in the directions where benefits are most likely to ensue.BOARDOF EDUCATIONVOTE :-GRANTS TO UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 191 3-14, Actual Expenditure, &48I, 106 (including E37,483 for non-recurrent grants). I921-22, Estimate, &2,000,000 (including &5oo,000 for a non-recurrent grant). 1922-23, Estimate, ~1,200,ooo. Correspondence between the Treasury and the University Grants Committee has been laid before us, in which the case is set out on the side of the Committee for a larger grant. We appreciate the importance of a due measure of State encourage- ment to Universities, which greatly stimulates local support also, but the paramount consideration is national solvency, without which there can be no grants to Universities at all.In all the circumstances we recommend that a sum of ~I,zoo,ooo-which is two and a half times the pre-war grant- should be provided in 1922-23, subject to any reduction which may automatically follow the transfer of responsibility for Irish Universities and Colleges. A8 MINISTRY OF HEALTH VOTE :-A Zkali Inspectors. This staff, engaged in connection with the Alkali Works Registration Act, 1906, costs about lrz,ooo per annum, while the fees charged amounted to L4,158 only in 1920-21. We consider that legislative powers should be obtained with a view to increasing the fees to a figure sufficient to cover the cost of the staff.We are of opinion that services of this nature should as a general principle be self-supporting. GOVERNMENTCHEMISTVOTE:-E 1913-14Audited Expenditure. . .. 21,188 1921-22 Estimate .. .. * 57,104 1922-23 Provisional Estimate. . * -50,596' This Provisional Estimate has since been reduced to E50,076-a saving of &20. The Government Chemist advises Government Depart -ments, Committees and Parliament on all questions requiring the advice of expert chemists, with the exception of such work as is performed by the "Fighting Departments." The work includes the analysis of samples in connection with the Assessment to Revenue and Drawback, and in connection with the construction of Armament for the Admiralty and Air Ministry, the Chemical work of the Geological Survey, the analysis of samples supplied to Government Departments on tender or contract, the analysis of samples of food and other supplies for the War Office, and of produce for the Ministry of Agriculture; and the analysis of samples referred by Magis- trates under the Food and Drugs Act. The work of this Department does not admit of a merely "quantitative" comparison of the number of "samples " analysed in different years.It does, however, appear that the number of samples dealt with steadily maintains the prewar average of about 350,000 a year, but the field covered by these analyses is more varied than previously and muchqy" funda- mental " work is thereby involved.A large quantity of work of a new kind has recently been thrown upon the Department in connection with the Safe- guarding of Industries Act, the Importation of Dyestuffs (Regulation) Act, and the Dangerous Drugs Act. We make no recommendation. 69 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on December 17th and January zoth, 11 Fellows were elected; 6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship; 114Associates were elected; 62 new Students were admitted . The Institute has lost 4 Fellows and 3 Associates by death. New Fellows (by Examination). Arnold, Charles William Brown, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hilderstone, nr. bltone, Staffs.Scholes, Alfred, Alma House, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. New Fellows. Clutterbuck, Medwin Caspar, B.Sc. (Lond.), Yh.D. (Strassburg), May- croft, Surrenden Road, Brighton. Kernot, Joseph Charles, Doc.Chem. (Naples), King’s Garn, Arterberry Road, West Wimbledon, London, S.W. 20. Law, Herbert Drake, D.Sc. (Lond.), 983, Hare Street, Romford, Essex. Lloyd, Miss Dorothy Jordan, D.Sc. (Lond.), The Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London, S.W. 1. Mason, Frederick Alfred, M.A. (Oxon), Ph.D. (Munich), 206, IffleyRoad, Oxford. Rogerson, Harold, M.Sc. (Vict.), Borrowdale, Bromborough, Cheshire. Sinclair, St. Clair Overbeek, M.A. (Cape of Good Hope), Government Chemical Laboratory, Parliament Street, Cape Town, South Africa. Smith, Sydney William, D.Sc., A.R.S.M. (Lond.), The Royal Mint, London, E.1. Tyler, Ernest Albert, M.A. (Cantab.), 33, The Promenade, Swansea. Associates elected to Fellowship. Brown, Robert Lidwill, A.R.C.Sc.I., 69, Paulet Road, Camberwell, London, S.E. 5. Firth, James Brierley, D.Sc. (Mane.), Chemical Department, University College, Nottingham. Hiscock, Walter George, B.Sc. (Lond ), Craigview, Ardrossan Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Hughes, Edwin Burnhope, R.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Sumburgh Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 12. Robertson, George Scott, D.Sc. (Dun.), Agricultural Chemistry Dept., Queens’ University, Belfast. Roy, Charles Smart, Ph.D. (Jena), St. Helen’s, Forest View, Chingford, London, E. 4. New Associates (by Examination). Brazier, William Ernest, 7 1, Waterloo Promenade, Forest Road.No ttingham. Crossingham, John Harold, 29, Longbridge Road, New Barking, Essex. Cuckney, Malcolm, 22, Clement’s Road, Ilford, Essex. Derrick, William, 131, Sherwood Street, Nottingham. Hyland, John Laurence, 158, Mortlake Road, Ilford, Essex. 70 Randall, Frederick Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 120, Beauchamp Avenue, Leamington Spa. Stevenson, Samuel Gordon, 27, Hilldown Road, Streatham, London, S.W. 16. Wright, Nevi11 Lushanus, 37, Muswell Road, Muswell Hill, London, N. 10. New Associates. Allan, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 189, St. Andrew’s Road, Pollokshielcls GIasgo w. Andrew, Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 26a, Waterside, Irvine, Ayrshire. Atherley, Samuel Walter, 86, Front Street, Arnold, Notts.Awcock, George Allec, A.C.G.F.C., Malvern, 26, Blenheim Crescent, Seuth Croydon, Surrey Baker, John William, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W. 7. Barker, Sydney Warren, B.Sc. Tech. (Mane.), 9, Princess Street, Colnc, Lanes. Barnes, Harry, B.Sc. (Liv.), 3, Old Albert Terrace, Runcorn. Bartlett, Cecil Atley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 71, Salisbury Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Hassett, Cecil Abell, B.Sc. (Birm.), 30, Melrose Gardens, London, J\7. ti. Bateman, Edgar William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 625, Canterbury Street, Gillingham, Kent. Beck, Clarence Walker, l3,Sc. (Leeds), 240, Meanwood Road, Leeds. Bland, Norman, M.Se. (Manc.), 39, Deighton Road, Huddersfield. Bodey, Stanley Edward, B.Sc.(Bris.), 7, The Park, Kingswood, Bristol. Briggs, Herbert Bradley, B.Sc. (Leeds), Fernleigh, Thorner, Leeds. Brindle, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 54, Cawdor Road, Fallowfields, Man- Chester. Bryan, John Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), Guyhirne, Ampthill, Beds. Burns, Robert, A.R.T.C. (Glas.), 49, Kilmahew Street, Ardrossan, Ayrshire.Campbell, Duncan Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Sc., Tech. (Manc.), Rose- leigh, Speldhurst, Kent. Challenor, William Arthur Percival, M. Sc. (Birm. ), Chemical Research Department, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W. 7. Chubb, William Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, West Side, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 4. Clements, George Stephen, A.R.C.S., 93, Durham Road, Plumstead, London, S.E.18. Cook, James Wilfred, B.Se. (Lond.), 6, Snowburry Road, Fulham, London, S.W. 6. Courtney, William Barry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Caithness Road, Mitcham, Surrey.Crawford, John William Croom, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Orchard House, County Grove, Camberwell, London, S.E. 5. Cunliffe, Percy Walmsley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Waddington Road, Clitheroe, Lanes. Dring, George, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, King’s Road, Ed-monton, London, N. 18. Ferguson, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 15, Dean Crescent, Stirling, Scotland. Ferriss, Clarence Victor, B.Sc. (Sydney), Joseph Nathan & Co., Ltd., Queen Street, Palmerstom North, New Zealand. Finney, Roger Roden, R.Sc. (Liv.), 39, Grey Road, Walton, Liverpool. Forster, Thomas Alfred, B.Sc. (Liv.). Gorsey Villa, Clock Face, St.Helen’s, Lancashire. 71 Francis, George Va.lantine, B.Sc. (Liv.), 1, Dean Street, Widnes, Lancs. Fr@kenburg, William Eric, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, Goldhurst Terrace, Hampstead, London, N. W. 6. Garland, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 10, Percy Street, Kelvinside North, Glasgow. Gaunt, Rufus, M.Sc. (Leeds), B.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Berlin), 60, Bent Lane, Prestwich, Manchester. Gauntlett, John Mildred Deane, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4la, Addison Gardens, London, W. 14. Glen, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), Woodleigh, Murray Street, Paisley, Scotland. Guthrie, John Alexander, 164, Trinity Street, Huddersfield. Hall, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 87, College Road, Isleworth, Middlesex. Harris, Sidney Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Norman Road, Freemantle, Southampton.Hart, Leslie Ralph, B.Sc.(Lond.), Beaulieu, Avenue Road, St. Albans, Herts. Heaaman, William James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Isledon Road, London, N. 7. Hey, Arthur Marsden, B.Sc. (Leeds), 2, Ash Terrace, Savile Town, Dewsbury.Hird, James Morton, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 3, Eglington Terrace, Muirhad, Chryston, Glasgow. Holgate, Eric, R.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Florence Road, Stroud Green, London, N. 4. Hook, Rexford George, B.Sc. (Sydney), 3, Constitution Road, Dulwich Hill, Sydney, New South Wales. Hope, William Plenderleith Lewellen, B.Sc. (Edin.), 6, Cornwall Avenue, Church End, Finchley, London, N. 3. Hopkins, Sidney John, A.C.G.F.C., 23, Portland Street, Huddersfield. Houlihan, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Park Road, Plumstead, London, S.E.18. Hubball, Wilfrid, R.Sc., Tech. (Manc.), 49, Heaton Road, Withington, Manchester. Hudson, Herbert Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 88, Arkles Lane, Anfielcl, Liverpool.Hulme, William, M.Sc. (Manc.), Brook House, London Road, Maccles- field. Jackman, Douglas Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, West Side, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 4. Johnson, Rowland Nicholas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Greenstede, West Hill, East Grinstead, Sussex. Jones, Charles Robert, B.8c. (Liv,), 87, Chatham Street, Liverpool. Jones, Walter Idris, B.Sc. (Wales), 132, Old Castle Road, Llanelly, Carm., S. Wales. Kay, William Whittle, B.Sc. (Manc.), 133, Lee Lane, Horwich, nr. Preston. King, Louis, B.A. (Cantab.), Cia Mexicana de Petroleo, El Aguila, S.A. Apartado, 161, Tampico, Mexico.Kingeton, Miss Hilda Lwise, R.Sc. (Lond.), 103, Streathbourne Road, Tooting Common, London, S.W. 17. Krishna, Sri, Ph.D. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Punjab), 21, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7. Lanfear, Eric William, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Belmont Road, Wallington, Surrey. Langsdale, Donald Abbott, B.Sc. (Lond.), 51, Sandon Street, New Basford, Nottingham. Meacock, Harold Robert, A.R.C.S., Fieldside, Ravensthorpe, Northants. 72 Miller, John Young, B.Sc. (Glab.), 191, Auchinairn Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow.Minter, Miss Dorothy Johanna, B.Sc. (Lond.), Flat G, 30, Greencroft Gardens, London, A-.W. 6. Mumford. Stanley Augustus, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kunnymede, 11, WellingtonRoad, Enfield, Middlesex. Narracott, Percy William, 46, Mortar Gardens, Glenesk Road, Well Hall, London.S.E. 9. Nelson, William Robert Francis, A.C.G.J., 1 4. Priory Road, Hornsey,London, N. 8. Newbound, Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ivy TiIla, Chatham Street, Newark, Notts. Newitt, Dudley Maurice, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), Windrush, Camberley Avenue, Wimbledon, London, S W. 20. Page, Robert Owen, KSc. (N.Z.), 59, May‘s Road, Papanui, Christ- church, New Zealand. Parker, Thomas Webster, A.R.C.S., Mildenhall, Suffolk. Patterson, William Stewart, B.Sc. (Leeds), 86, Belle Vue Road, Leeds. Petty, Robert Cecil Thomas, B.A. (Cantab.), 37, Park Avenue, Enfield, Middleses. Phillips, John William Cole, B.Sc. (Liv.), 6, Laggan Street, Edge Lane, Liverpool.Prince, Ben, 10, Derby Road, Spondon, nr. Derby.Quinton, Ernest Eric, B.Sc.(Birm.), 54, Victoria Road, Stretford, Manchester. Randerson, William, A.R.C.S., 158, Wineheap, Canterbury. Rankin, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ravenslea, Bothwell, Lancashire. Ray, William John, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 5, The Crescent, Boscombe, Hants. Ridgway, Leslie Randal, 3I.Sc. (Mane.), Glent Mount, Stalybridge. Ridyard, Herbert Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Holywell Hill, St. Albans. Samuel, David Leo, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Kenninghall Road, Clapton, London, E. 3. Saunderson, Edward Thomas, 33, Eastfield Road, Walthamston-, London, E. 17. Shepherd, John Robert, B.Sc. (Lontl.), Ladyhall Farm, Broughton-in- Furness, Lancs. Shore, Miss Agnes, The LTniversity, Leeds. Smith, Percy Harry, B.Sc.(Lond.), 24, Hamilton Road, Ilford, London, E. Speer, Miss Nita Elise, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 5, Brunswick Square, London, V7.C. 1. Stephenson, Herbert Charles, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, The Park, Mitcham, Surrey. Stevenson, Francis Malcolm, B. SC.(Leods), 26, Albert Street, Relper, Derbyshire.Stevenson, John Affleck,.M.C., ALL%., B.Sc. (Edin.), 81, Leander Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. Stringer, William John, B.Sc. (Wales), Beulah, Sydenham Road, Dundrum, Co. Dublin. Sword, James, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), Waterside Cottage, Luggiebank, Cumbernauld Station. Tait, Adam, 15, Comely Bank Avenue, Edinburgh. Talbot, Richard, B.Sc., Tech. (Mane.), 698, Old Manchester Road, Manchester. Tatum, William n’yndham, H.Sc. (Lond.),2, Courthope Villas, Wimble-don, London, S.W.18. '73 Tcliigliianoff, Stephen Constantine, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 40, UpperPark Rod, Hampstead, London, K.W. 3. Thornleyv, Tom, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Shackleton Road, Southall, Middlesex. Todd, Gordon IVatson, A.R.C.S. B.Sc. (Lond.), Elmside, Worcester Park, Surrey. Tudor. Richard Joseph, B.Sc. (Liv.), 43, Baker Street, Liverpool, E. Turner. IViIliam Oliver, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, Richmond Road, Leyton- stoiie. London, E. 11. V'tly. ll~ardHoward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Dept. of Agriculture, JVellington, S.Z. jyhitehead, Harold John Garclner, A.C.G.F.C., Oakleigh, High Road, Loughton, Esses. l\-hitu orth. Abraham Briice, l3.S~. (Mas.), 1, Ducie Street, Princes Park, Liverpool.IYilliains, John, B. Sc. (\;\'ales), Dolyfelin, Llanio Road, Cardiganshire, South Wales. IYiIlianis, JYilliani Dudley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Hawthorne Avenue, Swansea. 1-ouell, James Ernest, B.Sc. (Loncl.), 31, De\ onshire Road, Holloway Lolld011, x. 7. New Students. Xllw~ii, Philip Sidney, Norton Garth, The Close, Gidea Park, Essex. Backshell, Arthur Price, 31, Portland Street, Hereford. &\an, Eric Albert, 90, Wickham Road, Brockley, London, S.E. 4. Boor. Reginald Ingharn, 60, Holmwood Road, Waltham Cross. I3rctt. Stanley Robert, "Ellerslie," Fairfax Road, Teddington. 13uckIes, Cyril William, 9, Cedar Road. Thorpe Hamlet, Norwich. Campbell, Sidney Glenroy, 1, Keildon Road, Battersea Rise, London, s.\1-.11. Clark, Edward Stanley John, 17, Cauldwell Avenue, Ipswich.Clarkson, Amos, 36, Villas Road, Plumstead, London, S.E. 18. Comley, Jlervyn Arthur, Lyndale, Warwick Road, Coventry. Cotterill, \Pilliani Eric, "Ivy Nook," Ashley, Market Drayton. Dob5on, Paul, 2, St. Peter's Mount, Bramley, Leeds. lhtton, Reginald William, 2, West Park Exchange, Kew Gardens. Kggleton, Philip, 45, Lower King's Road, Kingston-on-Thames. Eggleton, William George, "Aylesbury," Lower King's Road, Kingston on-Thames. Ellercamp. Morton Kees, 64, Charlton Lane, London, S.E. 7. Flo\x-er, Albert George, 34, Ashcroft Road, Mile End, London, E. 3. Furnesb, Robert Singleton, 16, Claremont Road, Surbiton, Surrey. Gardener, Guy William Cam, 7, I'anbrugh Park Road, West, Black heath, London, S.E.3. Gibson, John, 452, Paisley Road West, Ibrox, Glasgow. thlcisteiii, Bernard, 72, Coborn Road, Bow, London, E. 3. Haggett, Bernard Victor, 19, Hollies Drive, Wednesbury. Harrison, Christopher Jerome, "Southbourne," Poplar Avenue, Eclgbaston, Birmingham. Henderson, Alexander, 32, Sutherland Terrace, Leeds. Henitt, Leslie Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Maze Road, Kew, Surrey. Hills, Ronald, 41, Park Avenue, Palmers Green, London, N. 13. Hooper, Frederick William, 60, Hornby Road, Walton, Liverpool. Hornby, Frederick Parcival, 93, Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Hants. Houlbrooke, Albert, Shocklach, Malpas, Cheshire. Hughes, Reginald Morgan, "Henblas," High Street, Pwllheli. Hurl.jtone, Frost, 3, Park Grove, Derby. 74 James, Charles Albert, 180, Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham.Johnston, Miss Dorothy May Kerr, 25, Percy Place, Dublin.Kennedy, Alan Richmond, 88, Sellons Avenue, Harlesden, London. N.W. 10. Kitchingman, Miss Joyce Temple, 108, Fulham Road, South Kensing- ton, London, S.W. 3. Lambert, Harold George, Clarendon House, Eureka Road, Swadlincote. Levesley, Alfred Stoyell, Heckington, Lincolnshire. Line, Eric Charles, 43,Friern Road, Dulwich, London, S.E. 22. Linsell, Ronald Henry, 11, Bank Street, Braintree, Essex. Loasby, Geoffrey, 19, Xiddleborough Road, Coventry. McClelland, David, 2, Clonmohr Terrace, Ballymena, Co. Antrim. Illott, Ernest Harold, 3, Hateson Street, Plumstead, London, S.E. IS. Owen, Ralph David, 2 (West) Oakfield Road, Cmmhran, Monmouth- shire.Parsons, Stuart Russell, 66, Oakfield Road, Ilford, Essex. Poulton, Charles William, 14, The Drive, Tonbridge, Kent. Pouncy, Allan Ernest, 5, Westbourne Road, Newlands Park, Sydenham. London, S.E. 26. Price, William John, 1 82, Station Road, Wylde Green, Birmingham. Rayner, Frederick Charles, 63, Norfolk Road, Seven Kings, Esses. Shires, Geoffrey Allen, 3, High Street, Walsall. Singleton, Frederick, 31, Wilfred Street, Derby. Snelus, Miss Suzanne Mabel Lavinia, 67, Elgin Mansions, London, \V. I). Sparkes, ’Pu’eville Gilbert, 64, Linden Gardens, Chiswick, London, W. 4. Stubbs, Leslie William, €4.5, Northway Road, Croydon. Thorp, Herbert William, 92, Queen’s Road, Dalston, London, E. S. Turk, Henry Louise, 54, Shirley High Street, Southampton.Twist, Richard Francis, 2, Grove Park, Denmark Hill, London, S.E. 5. Vineall, George John Charles, 41, Heysham Road, Southampton. Vivian, Charles William Henry, 48, Clifford Road, East Finchlej , London, N. 2. Walker, William Cameron, 24, Coleridge Place, Bradford. Welling, Walter Frank, 284, Ditchling Road, Brighton. M7ilson, William, Lilyvale, Bishopton, By Glasgow. IYootton, Charles Eric, 43‘7, Bearwood Road, Smethwick, Staffs. DEATHS. Fellows. James Robert Appleyard. Alfred Ashby, M.B. (Loncl.), F.R.C.S. (Eng.), Ashdene, Argyle Road, Reading. Sir Charles Henry Burge, J.P. Colonel Charles Edward Cassal, V.D. Associates. Alfred Ernest Dawe. Hashmat, Rai, B.A. ( Pun jab), M.Sc. (Liv.)David Emrys Williams, B.Sc.(Wales). Corrigenda. REGISTER:-In the List of Fellows: Add to the name of C. D. I-. Georgi,-B.Sc. (Lond.).In the List of Associates, the name of Walter Stroulger Gray was erroneously printed M’alter Stroulzer Gray.Journal, Part VI., 1921. The Degree of Richard Harold Morgan. Associate, should be B.Sc. (Wales)-not (Mane.). 75 General Notices. Exam inations.-Examinations for the ,Associateship and Fellowship will be held at the Institute during the weeks commencing on the 27th March and 3rd April, 1922. Candidates who desire to he examined must notify the Registrar immediately. Not ice to Associates.--Associates elected prior to February, 1919, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of applica- tion for election to the Fellowship.Examinations for the Fellowship will be held during 1922 as under:- Last date for Entries Period of Examination. Monday, 27th Feb., 1922. (27th to 31st March, 1922 3rd to 7th April, 1922 Monday, zand May, 1922. 3rd to 7th July, 1922 I~othto 14th July, 1922 Examinations in Biochemistry will be held in October only :-Last date for Entries. Period of Examination. Mon., 25th Sept., 1922. 23rd to 27th Oct., 1922. The branches of the examinations are :-Branch A. INORGANICCHEMISTRY. Section I. MISERAI, PRODUCTS.Section 11. METALLURGY. Section 111. MhSUF-iCTURED PRODUCTS. Branch B. PHYSICALCHEMISTRY. Branch C. ORGAXICCHEMISTRY. Branch D. AGRICULTURALCHEMISTRY. Branch E. THECHEMISTRY(including Jlici-oscopy) OF FOODS AND DRUGSASD lvL4TER. Branch F. BIOCHEMISTRY. Branch G. CHEMICALENGINEERISG. Associates who have been registered as such for three years are entitled to apply for admission to the examinations. In special cases the Council may permit ,Associates who have been registered for aless period to enter for examination, although 76 they cannot be elected Fellows until they have been registered as Associates for three years. Further particulars of the examination are contained in the Regulations, which can be obtained from the Registrar.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examina- tions, and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have oppor- tunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations. The Library.-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on weekdays (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and z P.M.) except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.X.to c) P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.). Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Benevolent Fund.-A form of subscription will be found on an advertisement page at the end of this Part of the Journal.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9224600001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1922. -_ PART 11. -I___ Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar aid Seci-etary. 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, Apvil, 1922. 79 LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL For the Year ending March lst, 1923. PRESIDENT: ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS. HORATIO BALLANTYNE. ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. WILLIAM MACNAB, C.B.E. ANDREW MORE, A.R.C.S., A.R.T.C. WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E. HON. TREASURER EDWARD WILLIAMAVOELCKER, A.R.S.M. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: WALTER ERNEST ADENEY, D.Sc., A.R.C.S.I. : (DUBLIN).EDWARD FRANKLAND ARMSTRONG, D.Sc., F.R.S. : (WARRINGTON).EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTOPU' : (LONDON).ALFRED ARCHIBALD BOON, D.Sc. : (EDINBURGH). ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN : (LONDON).RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. : (LONDON).ALLIN COTTRELL, M.Sc. : (EDINBURGH).FREDERICK GEORGE DONNAN, C.B.E., Ph.D., F.R.S. : (LONDON)."THOMAS WILLIAM DRINKWATER, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. : (EDINBURGHAND E. OF SCOTLAND).*ALFRED VINCENT ELSDEN, B.Sc. : (LONDONAND S.E. COUNTIES). LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : (LONDON).FRANCIS ARTHUR FREETH, O.B.E., M.Sc. : (NORTHWICH).*JOHN HANLEY : (LIVERPOOLAND N.W. COAST).*CHARLES ALEXANDER HILL, B.Sc. : (LONDON).GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : (LONDON).PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY : (LONDON). *ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., Ph.D.: (IRELAND).*ROBERT DEXTER LITTLEFIELD : (BRISTOLAND S.W. COUNTIES).*WILLIAM McDONNELL MACKEY : (N.E. COAST AND YORKSRIRE).*JAMES MACLEOD : (GLASGOWAND W. OF SCOTLAND).*WILLIAM MARSHALL : (MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT). SAMUEL ERNEST MELLING : (MANCHESTER).GORDON WICKHAM &TONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., M.A. : (LONDON).HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., Ph.D. : (LONDON).FREDERICK MOLLWO PERKIN, C.B.E., Ph.D. : (LONDON).GEORGE HENRY PERRY, O.B.E., B.Sc. : (LONDON). JAMES CHARLES PHILIP, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : (LONDON).THOMAS SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., D.Sc. : (LONDON).WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. : (LIVERPOOL).SIR THOMAS KIRKE ROSE, D.Sc., A.R.S.M. : (LONDON).CYRIL JOSEPH HEATH STOCK, R.Sc. : (DARLINGTON).GEORGE TATE, Ph.D. : (LIVERPOOL).*GEORGE RUDD THOMPSON : (WALESAND MONMOUTHSHIRE).DOUGLAS FRANK TWISS, D.Sc.: (BIRMINGHAM).SIR JAMES WALKER, D.Sc., F.R.S. : (EDINBURGH). FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (GLL%SGow). District Member. 80 CENSORS: 1922-1923. THE PRESIDENT, ex-officto. BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.R.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. HON. AUDITORS: 1922-1 923. CHARLES THOMAS ABELL, M.Sc., AND WILLIAM HERBERT SIMMONS, B.Sc. AUDITOR : 1922-1 923. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. bommittees for 1922-23. CHAIRMAN * FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH H. BALLANTYNE, E. R. BOLTON, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, A. V. ELSDEN, L. EYNON, E. M. HAWKINS,PATRICK H.KIRKALDY, WILLIAM MACNAB, A MORE, AND E. W. VOELCKER." GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. THE PRESIDENT * LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH E. F. ARMSTROPU'G, H. BALLASTYSE*, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, A. COTTRELL, E. M. HAWKINS, C. A. HILL, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, R. D. LITTLEFIELD, W. McD. MACKEY, WILLIAM MACNAB, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, W. RINTOUL, C. J. H. STOCK, G. RUDD THOMPSON, D. F. TM71SS, AND E. W. VOELCKER. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. THE PRESIDENT* PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH W. E. ADENEY, H. BALLANTYNE*, A. A. BOON, R. L. COLLETT, A. COTTRELL, T. W. DRINKWATER, L. EYNON, JOHN HANLEY, G. N. HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S.E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. MORE, T. SLATER PRICE, G. TATE, AND F. J. WILSON. 81 SPECIAL COMMITlEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WJTH H. BALLANTYNE, 0. L. BRADY, R. L. COLLETT, E. M. HAWKINS, H. L. HEATHCOTE, OTTO HEHNER, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, F H LEES, H. MOORE, A.MORE, G. H. PERRY, C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON, AND E. W. VOELCKER.* LECTURES AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH F H. CARR, C.H CRIBR, A. FINDLAY, A.J. HALE, C. A,. HILL, SIR HERBERT JACKSON. PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, F. H LEES, F. J LLOYD, GEORGE McGOWAN, G. T. MOKGAN, ,T. C. PHILIP, F. M. POTTER, T SLATER PRICE, W RINTOUL. SIR T KIRKE ROSE, GEORGE STUBBS, J. &!IILLAR THOMSON AND THE EXAMINE 1;s PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT*, WITH E.R. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, C. H. CRIBB, T. W. DRINKWATER, J. T. DUNN, BERNARD DYER, L. EYNON, R. G. GRIMWOOD, E. M. HAWKINS, OTTO HEHNER, C. A. HILL, EDWARD HINKS, G. N. HUNT-LY, F. J. LLOYD, S.E. MELLING, A.MORE, G. H. PERRY, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERTS, SIR T. KIRKE ROSE, H. SILVESTER, C. J. H. STOCK, G. RUDD THOMPSON, T. TICKLE, E. W. VOELCKER, J. A. VOELCKER, W. M. GATHORNE YOUNG, AND A REPRE-SENTATIVE OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS FOR SCOTLAND. SPECIAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: (CHEMICAL REAGENTS, CHEMICALS, LABORATORY RESEARCH GLASSAND PORCELAIN,ETC.) THE PRESIDENT*, WITH H. BALLANTYNE, E. R. BOLTON, A. A. BOON, 0. L. BRADY, W. T. BURGESS, F. H.CARR, A. W. CROSSLEY, F. G. DONMAN, J. T. DUNN, BERNARD DYER, J J. FOX, F. A. FREETH, E. M. HAWKINS, C. A. HILL, W. R. E. HODGKINSON, G. N. HUNTLY, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, P. H. KIRKALDY,A. LAPWORTH, F. H. LEES, T. M. LOWRY, WILLIAM MACNAB, G. T. MORGAN, D. NORTHALL-LAURIE, J. C. PHILIP, R. H. PICKARD, F. M. POTTER, T. SLATER PRICE, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, S.SMILES, H. L. SMITH, G. RUDD THOMPSON, J. F. THORPE, C. K. TINKLER, MORRIS W. TRAVERS, E. W. VOELCKER, AND SIR JAMES WALKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH HORATIO BALLANTYNE, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, G. T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, AND E. W. VOELCKER. DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1922: APRIL 28~~.1922: NOVEMBER 24~~. MAY 26~~. DECEMBER 15~~. JUNE 23~~. 1923: JANUARY 19~~. JULY 21s~. JANUARY 26~~. OCTOBER 27~~. FEBRUARY 23~~. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: NARCH 1ST, 1923. 52 Forty-Fourth Annual General Meeting. WEDNESDAY, MARCH Ist, 1922. The Forty-Fourth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., on Wednesday, 1st March, 1922, at 4.30 pm., Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S. (President) in the chair. PRESENTATIONTHE MELDOLA MEDAL. OF The President read a letter from Dr. Percy Spielmann (repre- sentative of the Maccabaean Society on the adjudicating body dealing with the award of the Meldola Medal) regretting that he was unable to be present owing to illness, but said that the Institute was fortunate in having Dr.Goodman Levy present as a representative of the Society. In presenting the Medal to Dr. Christopher Kelk Ingold, the President said: “Dr. Ingold, one of my most pleasant duties this afternoon is to present to you the first Meldola Medal. That Medal, as no doubt you are aware, is the gift of the Macca- baeans, and is awarded by the Council of the Institute, with the concurrence of the Society, in memory of the late Prof. Raphael Meldola, a former President of the Maccabaean Society and also of this Institute. The Medal is intended to serve as a recognition of chemical research work of outstanding merit and importance carried out by a British chemist under 30 years of age and com- pleted during the year in respect of which the award is made.I do not propose, Dr. Ingold, to attempt to deal in any detail with the nature of your investigations. If I were rash enough to do so I am quite certain I should fail to do justice either to you or to your work. Perhaps, however, it may suffice if I say that during the past year you have published, either alone or in conjunction with others, a series of papers dealing with questions of fundamental importance in relation to the structure of carbon compounds. In several of these you have dealt in an illuminating manner with the hypothesis that the attachment of groups to two valencies of a carbon atom affects the angle at which the two remaining valencies emerge 83 from the central nucleus, and that profound chemical and physical differences can be observed in the reactions of substances in which this alteration of the normal angle has been induced.You have succeeded in showing that the volumes of the attached groups are a contributing cause of the phenomenon, and by a comprehensive study of the theoretical effects of molecular volumes you have furnished proof that Baeyer’s ‘strain theory ’ does not account satisfactorily for certain facts in connection with the formation and stability of different types of carbon rings, and that it does not adequately express the relationship between cyclic structures. In addition to this, you have suc ceeded in placing alicyclic compounds in an order which is more in accord with their experimental behaviour.In other investigations, again, you have been successful in directing attention to a form of tautomerism in the glutaconic acid series, and have proved conclusively that in this series I -3 addition takes place. In the prosecution of all these investigations you have shown keen insight and have exhibited great experimental skill. Rigid and accurate reasoning has, moreover, enabled you to devise crucial experiments in support of your views, and in the course of your work you have been successful in making im portant generalisations, among which I may perhaps just instance your discovery of the reversibility of the well known Michael reaction, which had been hitherto overlooked. In handing you this Medal I should like to offer you at the same time my warmest personal congratulations and to express the hope that you have many years before you in which to erect a stately and stable edifice upon the foundations which you have so well and so ably laid.” (Applause).The President then presented the Medal to Dr. Ingold. Dr. Ingold, in reply, said : I thank you, Sir, very much indeed for your great kindness, and I thank the Society of Maccabaeans and the Council of the Institute for this great honour which they have conferred upon me. My only wish-and it is a very sincere one--is that I deserved it better, but I hope that it mav yet be possible to deserve it retrospectively by malting good. There is nothing more useful that I can say except this, that 1 have worked under extremely favourable conditions, and others, especially my professor and chief, Prof.Thorpe, have shared in the work which you have been good enough to take cognisance of in this connection, and it is to them that I owe this great honour. (Applause.) 84 Dr. Goodman Levy said: “I should just like, on behalf of the Maccabaean Society, to add my congratulations to Dr. Ingold, and I should also like on their behalf to thank the Council of the Institute of Chemistrv for their co-operation in bringing this award into being. We are quite sure that it is a worthy memorial of Prof. Meldola, and do not doubt but that it will be highly valued as an honour, and, beyond that, it will be useful to a young man in his future career.I may add that the Macca- baeans are very gratified that the first award of this Medal has been made to such a distinguished recipient.” (Hear, hear.) The meeting then proceeded with the ordinary annual business. The Minutes of the 43rd Annual General Meeting having been read and confirmed, Mr. E. W. Voelcker (Hon. Treasurer) submitted the Accounts for the year 1911,and moved “That the Financial Statement and Report of the Auditors for 1921be received and adopted; and that a vote of thanks be accorded to the Auditors for their services.” The Hon. Treasurer said that the accounts had been commented upon somewhat fully in the Report of the Council, and it was not necessary therefore for him to detain the meeting by going into a long explanation.There were, however, one or two points to which he would like to draw special attention. It would be noticed that under the iteni of “ Sub-scriptions ” the accounts of 1921 showed the substantial increase of ds793 over those of 1920. The amount received from dividends and interest mas slightly higher than last year, mainly owing to the fact that thfh money that the Institute was able to place on deposit earned for partof the time 5 per cent,. interest. There was a satisfactory increase in the amounts received for the hire of the laboratories and rooms. The other item of receipt to which he would like to draw attention was the increase. in the amount for the Appointments Register. That sum, which hacl been received against the expenses incurred, showed that, including renewals, about 600 members had utilised the Register.Turning toj the expenditure, it would be, he thought, a matter of congratulation that the Institute had been able very materially to reduce the cost of the Journal and printing generally, and, although the heavy cost of 5260 10s. for reprinting the Register was incurred, the total expenditure onlprinting, stationery, etc., &as only %55more than last year. There were very heavy increases in the postage item, but everybody had suffered from that in- crease. Rates and taxes were somewhat higher and the insurance had been increased on the building and furniture. There had also been an increase in salaries. The next item showed a decrease, not so much having been spent on advertisements. There had been a saving on gas, water and electric light, and it would be noticed that the telephone was a very low item, namely, ds9 5s.5d., owing to an allowance having been made on account of a payment in advance in 1920. The next item, which showed a considerable increase, was the officers’ travelling expenses. The officers of the Institute had visited many Institutions 85 as well as Local Sections in all parts of the country, and it was found that those visits were necessary for the furtherance of the work and were of great advantage to the Institute. Referring to the balance sheet, he would draw attention to the very satisfactory feature of the increase in the excess of assets over liabilities.This year the invest- ments showed a value of more than $800 over the valuation of December, 1920, and since the end of 1921 there had been a further very substantial increase in value. The investments, on the 31st December, 1921, were valued at B306 15s. Od. ; the bulk of which represented life compositions. The Institute had received altogether in life compositions the sum of $7070. At the present moment there were 432 Life Fellows, and if all those paid an annual subscription the Institute would receive an annual income of $907. It would be noticed, however, that the total receipts from dividends and interest from money on deposit amounted to only $362 11s. 9d. On the dividends from investments the Institute had to pay income tax amounting to S170 a year.Attempts had been made to induce the Income Tax Commissioners to look with a more favourable eye on an application for abatement : a very strong case was put up, but unfortunately they remained obdurate. Expert advice was taken upon the matter, but unless the claim could be established by carrying the matter to the Law Courts, it would be necessary to submit to what he {the Hon. Treasurer) regarded as a palpable injustice. During the last year it had been possible to clear off outstanding debts and also the heavy expense of the revision of the By-laws. Moreover, during the present year a sumof 5500 had been invested to cover life compositions which had accumulated since 1919. He thought that, having due regard to pre-vailing conditions, the Fellows and Associates would agree that the Council had continued to apply the funds placed at their disposal to the best advantage of the Institute and of all concerned.On the whole the financial position was improving, and he hoped it would continue to do so during the present year. The other point to which he would like to direct attention was the Benevolent Fund. More support for that had been received than in the previous year. It had been possible to invest the sum of $500 on capital account and, what was more important to his mind, acertain number of annual subscribers had been secured. Largely owing to the action of the London Section of the Institute and the energetic way in which Mr. Collett and Mr. Kirkaldy had promoted the matter, considerably over $100 was raised at the Local Section Dinner.What he had urged every time he had had an opportunity of doing so was that, if only a considerable proportion of the members contributed quite a small sum every year to the Fund, it would grow and be really an im- portant thing. There were at present 175 annual subscribers, ensuring an annual income of $100. That number did not represent 4per cent. of the total membership, and he thought the members would agree that it showed there was room for improvement. He would plead as strongly as possible that every member-and he included students as well-should contribute something every year to the Fund. In that way an income would be assured which would put the Fund in possession of moneyto enable the Committee to meet anv emergency which might arise.Mr. Edward Hinks said he had much pleasure in seconding the motion. Mr. F. J. Lloyd said he had been one of those who had paid a life composition, and he often felt what an advantage it was to him when he had to pay his subscriptions to other Societies. As a Life Member, therefore, he would be very pleased to pay an 86 annual subscription to the Benevolent Fund, and would like to urge all other Life Fellows to do the same. Mr. Herbert Stephenson said that the Treasurer, in asking for subscriptions to the Benevolent Fund, did not mention any particular sum, but some time ago he believed that 2s. Gd. 015s. had been suggested. He was also a Life Fellow, and he supported the views of Mr.Lloyd. The Hon. Treasurer said he welcomed Mr. Lloyd’s suggestion, which he thought was a most excellent one. He hoped the 462 Life Members would take a note of it and act upon it. The motion for the adoption of the Accounts was carried unanimously, with a cordial vote of thanks to the Auditors for their sex-vices. Mr. W. Droop Richmond, Honorary Auditor, in returning thanks’ on behalf of Mr. Abell and himself, said they did not need such a great deal of thanks, because the audit was quite a pleasant business. The Honorary Treasurer, executive officers and staff gave them every assistance, and they were able in a comparatively short time to go through the books and satisfy themselves that the accounts were all in order.It was not such an onerous task as might be thought. Perhaps he was purposely drawing a somewhat rosy picture, because he was obliged owing to other work to retire from the auditorship, and he hoped his successor would see what a pleasant thing it was to be an auditor. ANNUALREPORT. The President : Ladies and Gentlemen, I rise to move formally that the Report of the Council for 1921-1922 be received and adopted. The President then delivered his address (p. 96). Mi-. Ellis Richards, in seconding the motion for the ,adoption of the Report, said he had listened to the President’s address with the greatest pleasure. It had given him much gratification to see Mr. Chapman in the Presidential Chair of the Institute as he had been closely associated with him for many years past in another Society.He wished to add to the resolution that the thanks of the members be accorded to the President for his address and that he be asked to allow it to be printed in the JOURNAL. (Hear, hear.) Mr. Edward Hinks referred to that part of the Report whlch dealt with the Public Appointments Committee, and said he was rather disappointed that the President had not given some more information with regard to the work of that Committee. 87 He would have liked to start with a note of optimism in the same way as the President had closed his address, but at the risk of inflicting upon the meeting the woes of a particular branch of the profession he was bound to mention the subject. So far as Public Analysts were concerned he was afraid the position was going from bad to worse.In the case of an ap- pointment last year the Institute took action, which might be shortly called a boycott, and he regretted that it had failed. So far 2s he knew all the members did not act in accordance with the Institute’s request, and the position was as unsatis- factory as before. Since that date things had not improved, and now there was a further difficulty, that what he regarded as the premier Public Analyst position in the south of England, one of the largest in the whole of the country, had terms and conditions attaching to it which meant nothing less than the destruction of the analyst’s living and the impossibility of doing the work required of him.He knew that it was not through any lack of interest or concern on the President’s part, but he wished to take the opportunity of impressing upon the Council-if that were required-the need which Fellows felt that the question should be further considered. If there had been failure in the past some new method of dealing with such matters must be evolved, and unless the opportunity was taken at the present time things would get worse. If it was impossible to exercise influence on the Fellows of the Institute and on the local authori- ties he felt it was a mistake to conduct the examinations and qualify Fellows for these appointments. Possibly greater publicity was required, and an earnest educational campaign in the press on the question might educate the local authorities.The Fellows who were particularly interested in the subject expected that the Council would devise some means by which public appointments could be, if not improved, at any rate prevented from being further debased. (Hear, hear.) The President said they all sympathised with what Mr. Hinks had said. The matter alluded to, however, did not come within the period covered by the Report, otherwise it would probably have found a place in the address. The Council did in fact do everything they possibly could in that matter; action was taken, and that that action was not productive of better results was not the fault of the Council. They endeavoured to bring the strongest possible pressure, but in endeavouring to bring pressure to bear on a Government Department the result was not always 88 what was hoped for.He was still optimistic on the general position. His address was rather intended to show that an endeavour should be made to deal with chemistry as a whole, raising the esteem in which chemistry as a whole was held by the community, and in that way necessarily raising the position of every branch of the profession. The Council were very much indebted to Mr. Hinks for having brought the matter forward, and he hoped he would understand that it would have been alluded to in the address had it come before the Council at an earlier date. Mr. Stephenson referred to the remark in the report that the Council hoped it might be possible to produce the fifth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments ” during 1922, and asked whether it would be possible for the Publications Committee to keep the word “chemist” in view there.Some were described as “Public Analysts’’ and some as “analysts.” He believed he was described an “analyst and chemical adviser,” and he thought the Publications Committee might consider the adoption of the word “chemist ’’ wherever possible in the next edition. The President said he approved oi that suggestion, provided the correct official descriptions were recorded. Mr. Stephenson said if he was put down as a chemist it would correspond with what was on his name-plate. The motion for the adoption of the report and thanks to the President was carried unanimously. The President said he was very much obliged to the proposer and seconder and to the meeting for the vote of thanks.REPORTOF SCRUTINEERS. Mr. Higson, on behalf of the Scrutineers, presented the report of the Scrutineers to the President. The President declared that the officers, general members of Council and Censors had been duly elected for the year ending March Ist, 1923. (See pp. 79-80.) The President said that in the ordinary course he should have formally moved that a vote of thanks be accorded to the Scruti- neers, but he thought it should be something more than a matter of form in the present case, because the labour in getting out the figures had involved some eight or nine hours of hard work.Therefore, he was sure the members would accord a very hearty vote of thanks to the Scrutineers-Mr. Grimwood and 89 Dr. Higson-who had undertaken this very troublesome piece of work. (Hear, hear.) The motion was carried unanimously. Dr. Higson returned thanks. ELECTION AUDITORS.OF The President said the meeting would have heard with regret that Mr. Droop Richmond did not see his way to continue to serve in the capacity of Auditor. He asked whether Mr. C. T. Abell would continue. Mr. Abell having agreed to serve again, the President moved that Mr. C. T. Abell be re-elected an Honorary Auditor. The motion was carried unanimously. The President asked the meeting to appoint a second auditor in the place of Mr.Droop Richmond, and mentioned that the Hon. Treasurer thought it would be convenient to have a London member. On the proposition of Mr. E. R. Bolton, seconded by Mr, C. J. H. Stock,-Mr. W. H. Simmons was nominated and elected, Mr. Simmons signifying his willingness to serve. The Honorary Treasurer moved that Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, be reappointed Auditor at the same remuneration as in the past year-twenty guineas. Mr. Richmond said that as he had come in contact with Mr. Henderson a great deal he should like to be allowed to second the motion. The resolution was carried unanimously. VOTEOF THANKS. Mr. E. R. Bolton proposed a very hearty vote of thanks to the retiring Vice-presidents and Members of the Council. He thought that the President’s address was an object lesson of what the Council had done; it was hardly possible to bear in mind all the different activities of the Council.Mr. Tickle, in seconding the motion, was sure that everyone present must be well aware of the valuable service that had been rendered by the members of the Council who had held office during the past year. They had served the Institute well. Although the great bulk of the work had fallen on the London Members, the country Members who had come great distances to fulfil their duties also deserved due recognition. The motion was carried unanimously. 90 SPECIAL BUSINESS ENTRANCE: FEEOF ASSOCIATES. Notice having been given, the Honorary Treasurer moved : “That on and after the 1st of March, 1922,the entrance fee to be paid by all Associates, whether elected with or without ex- amination, be two guineas.” He said that that resolution followed on the new By-Law 64, which provided that an entrance fee should be paid by every person elected a Fellow or Associate of the Institute.Under the old By-Laws only Fellows paid entrance fees, but he would remind the meeting that originally, when there were more Fellows than Associates, the subscription was the same for both. The Associates had then the further advantage that they did not have to pay any entrance fee. Later on, when the subscription was increased, the Associates had again the advantage in that their subscription was not doubled, as that of the Fellows was, and no entrance fee was imposed.Looking at it purely from a financial point of view, the result had been a loss of several thousand pounds of capital to the Institute. If from the year 1917 Associates had had to pay an entrance fee the Institute would have been nearly k5000 better off in capital funds. Now that the profession might be regarded as being well on the way towards consolidation he thought the time had arrived when all Associates should pay an entrance fee. Dr. Slater Price seconded the motion. Mr. Richmond asked if an Associate on being elected to a Fellowship paid a further entrance fee, or whether the two guinea entrance fee was the only one he paid. The Registrar said that an Associate paid a further entrance fee of five guineas if he proceeded to a Fellowship.Dr. Brady said he had been always keen, in connection with entrance to the Institute, to keep down the cost for the younger man, and he felt that perhaps the two guineas entrance fee would mean rather a lot of money to some candidates. It meant that those who entered for examination would have to pay nearly kg, and he was rather afraid that that would act as a deterrent in a certain number of cases. He was aware that the examination of candidates was costly, and that the fees did not cover the cost; he believed also that the matter had been very carefully con- sidered, and he did not wish therefore to move a foimal amend- ment. He should like to make a suggestion, however, although it was not a matter for the General Meeting.The Nominations and Examinations Committee dealt with a very large number of 91 applications, a considerable number of which were not accepted either for the Fellowship or for the Associateship without ex-amination. The practice so far had been that the applicant paid his first annual subscription, and an entrance fee in the case of a Fellow, or his first annual subscription in the case of an Associate; but if the application were declined the whole of these payments was returned. He certainly thought that in view of the heavy expense which the work of the Nominations and Examinations Committee imposed on the Institute some small portion of that fee should not be returnable-perhaps half -a-guinea.That might act as a deterrent to candidates who applied for Asso- ciateship or Fellowship on insufficient grounds. It did not cost them anything but it cost the Council a very considerable amount. He suggested, therefore, that the Council might make a regulation that a portion of the fee should not be returnable if the application were declined. Mr. Richmond said he tried to induce his own students to work for the qualifications of the Institute, and it seemed to him that the note Dr. Brady had struck was one that required very careful consideration. As a rule, when a young man first came to the Institute he was hard-up; he had not started on his career, but was looking out for a berth; and to charge him an extra two guineas might not be a way of assisting him.Did the Institute really want the two guineas? It seemed to him the Institute was doing very well. With the careful management, the fall in prices, and the appreciation of securities, it seemed to him that the Institute was not absolutely in need of money, and therefore it was perhaps a little unwise to put an expense on young chemists at a period when they could not well afford it. Consequently he was rather inclined to vote against the motion on the ground that it was not worth while. Mr. Stephenson asked what proportion of Associates came in by examination and what proportion without. A good many Associates were elected by virtue of the diplomas they obtained elsewhere. A member thought it might simplify the matter if the Treasurer could say approximately how much the fees would add on the average to the income of the Institute.With that information the members would be in a better position to see whether it was worth while to ask for the fee. The Registrar said that last year 412 new Associates were elected, of whom 30 passed the examination. 92 The Honorary Treasurer said that he was in sympathy with Dr. Brady’s suggestion. In reply to Mr. Stephenson and to Mr. Richmond he pointed out that according to the By-law there was no option in the matter. The By-law said that an entrance fee should be paid by all Associates and Fellows. The proposed entrance fee would produce a useful sum, but it would be less necessary if all Associates took up the Fellowship.In the old days there was a larger proportion of Fellows than Associates, and the bulk of Associates passed on to the Fellowship, but to-day the conditions were altered, and a very large number did not do SO. It might be felt to be a hardship that an Associate should pay for his examination, but it was impossible to get over the fact that the examinations were a loss to the Institute, and, whether the Institute examined or some other body examined, the candi- date had to pay the fees. If the Institute examined him it lost money, and if it did not get any entrance fee it lost a source of income which he thought in the interests of the general body of the Institute ought not to be neglected. He did not know of any other Institute in which the Associates did not pay an entrance fee.He thought the time had now come when it was necessary to consider ways and means. The very large growth in membership meant an additional responsibility and very great expense, and the Institute must have capital to fall back upon; and the only way in which it could secure that other than by increasing subscriptions or examination fees was through the entrance fees. If money was not obtained from entrance fees the question of increasing the subscriptions would have to be reconsidered, a thing he particularly wished to avoid. As an entrance fee had to be paid under the By-law he suggested that two guineas was a reasonable sum, although others thought that it ought to be the same as that of the Fellows.Mr. Richmond said that as there seemed to be no option in the matter he would move as an amendment that the two guineas be reduced to one guinea. Dr. Brady seconded the motion. He appreciated the Treasurer’s point, but in these bad times he thought it would be better to make it a guinea to start with. He was well aware that once a subscription was fixed it never came down again. The Honorary Treasurer said the question of an increase in subscription was liable to lead to great trouble. Rather than make the fee a guinea, which was not sufficient, he would prefer to see the fee wiped out altogether. If they started at a guinea 93 and found it was insufficient, and afterwards raised it to two guineas, there was bound to be trouble, and he would therefore oppose the amendment.The President said By-law 64 read as follows: “An entrance fee shall be paid, in addition to the Annual Subscription, by every person elected a Fellow or an Associate of the Institute, and the amount of such entrance fee shall be such sum not exceeding ten guineas as on the recommendation of the Council shall be determined from time to time by a General Meeting.” Therefore, he was afraid he must hold that one guinea was not the recommendation of the Council within the intention of the By-law, although he was in the hands of the legal-minded members of the Institute. A Member asked whether the By-law meant that the Council had power to determine the matter without referring to the members at all.The President said they must refer it to a General Meeting, but the amount had to be on the recommendation of the Council. Mr. Lloyd asked whether the Treasurer’s recommendation emanated from the Council. The President said that it did. Dr. Brady said he was present when the By-law was drafted and distinctly remembered its object. It was not that the sum should be fixed by the Council, but that the Council should determine when they should recommend a General Meeting to pass some motion as to what the sum should be. It was never intended that the General Meeting could not decide what sum should be put down; it was merely that the Council should recommend at the critical moment when they thought an altera- tion should take place.Mr. Ballantyne thought it would be extremely awkward if members were going to rely on their reminiscences of what was intended, but his recollection was that what was meant was what was stated in the By-law. If it had not been stated quite clearly, nevertheless the meeting was bound by the By-law. He supported the original resolution as it stood, for the reason that the Finance Committee, even before the matter came to the Council, discussed it very fully and with every sympathy for the younger men$ whom they wished to attract to the Institute, as well as for the Fellows who were paying the bulk of the Institute’s income. The Council again discussed it fully, bearing 94 all the circumstances in mind, and the figure two guineas was the outcome of prolonged discussion and consideration.Mr. Hawkins asked whether it could be taken that if the General Meeting chose to negative the motion they could do so, and that the Council would then have to bring an alternative scheme before the next General Meeting. No doubt the Council would have to do so unless the recommendation was approved by the General Meeting. The President thought that course might be taken. Mr. Hawkins said a person who was examined by other authorities than the Institute had to pay the examining body, and therefore he did not see why a distinction should be made between those who were examined by the Institute and paid an examination fee, and those who were examined by other bodies and also paid a fee.Mr. Richmond asked whether the President ruled the amend- ment out of order. The President thought the amendment should not be brought fonvard. Mr. Richmond said he would be quite prepared to withdraw it, accepting the wording of the By-law. Dr. Brady pointed out that the By-law said “ shall be deter- mined from time to time by a General Meeting.” The President said that was so, but it also said “on the recommendation of the Council,” and those words were surely intended to mean something. He was bound to rule that the By-law meant that the amount was on the recommendation of the Council and the meeting had to vote for or against it. The meeting could reject it, but could not qualify it.Mr. Prince, a registered student, with the permission of the President, said it seemed to him that a student who took his examination should be admitted to the Institute at a reduced fee; otherwise a student who was leaving a University with a first or second class Honours Degree was going to have the Associate- ship made much dearer for him. He thought such a man might pay the ordinary examination fee and enter the Institute at a reduced entrance fee of one guinea, while the ordinary Associate elected by examination could pay three guineas. The President said the matter was really governed by the By-law. A Member suggested that it could be worded to the effect 96 that in connection with candidates accepted for examination the two guineas be included in the examination fee.The Honorary Treasurer said the Council desired to get rid of inequalities. It was necessary to legislate for what was best for the majority, protecting the interest of the minority as far as possible. The Council had gone into it most carefully and found it quite impossible to make a differentiation between those who were examined or those who were not. A Member suggested that there was a By-law to the effect that when a student presented himself for the Associateship he did so under the Regulations that were in force when he was registered as a student. The Registrar said that was true for the Associateship. The Member asked whether students who were now registered would be exempted from the fee.Mr. Richmond said the regulations applied to admission to the examination, bu't the student had to comply with the By-laws. The President said that the point would be considered very carefully by the Council.* Mr. Richmond asked whether the Council would wish to reconsider the matter in view of what had been said. Mr. Hinks was in favour of the Council's proposal. The resolution was then put and carried by an overwhelming majority. The Meeting was dissolved. * The question has been referred to the legal advisers of the Tnstitute, and will be reported upon in due course. The President’s Address. I desire, in the first place, to offer you my thanks for the honour which you conferred upon me a year ago in electing me your President.While I very fully appreciate that honour, I also am keenly conscious of the obligations which the position carries with it, and of the great responsibility involved in the occupancy of a chair in which I have been preceded by so many very distinguished chemists. I can only repeat the assurance which I gave you on the day of my election, that the best that I have to give is at all times freely at the call of the Institute, and express the earnest hope that, during my period of office, the usefulness of the Institute in the service of the profession of chemistry may increase, and that the high traditions associated with this chair may not suffer any diminution in my hands. Owing to a variety of causes-foremost among which must be placed the intensive educational effect of the great war- the importance of chemistry to the national well-being is daily becoming more widely and more clearly recognised, and with that recognition has come a great development of the work of our Institute.A glance at the Report of the Council will suffice to show how numerous and how varied have been the problems calling for consideration and solution, and with one or two of these I should like, with your permission, to deal very briefly. Before doing so, however, it is my melancholy duty to refer to the death of a number of our colleagues who were bound to us by close personal, as well as by professional, ties. Our losses during the past year have, I regret to say, been exceptionally severe, and include the names of men who have been prominent ex-ponents of our science and who have contributed very materially to its advancement.The list includes the names of 30 Fellows, of whom no less than ten had served on the Council, seven Associates, and one Student. Although Dr. Odling’s name appears in the list, a very sympathetic reference to his death was made by Sir Herbert Jackson in his address last year, and I need now perhaps only remind you that Dr. Odling was one of 97 the Petitioners for our Charter, and that he was President when that Charter was granted. The death of Sir Charles Cameron, at the ripe age of ninety-one, removes from our midst a notable figure in the domain of public-health science, and an attractive personality.Sir Charles was elected a Fellow of the Institute in the year following its foundation, was a past Vice-president, and one of the signatories to the Petition for a Charter. In the death of Professor Edmund James Mills we have to deplore the loss of a very distinguished chemist who was an original Fellow of the Institute and who filled at various times the offices of Councillor, Vice-president and Examiner. By the death of Dr. Wynter Blyth, a Past Member of Council, sanitary science, and the chemistry of food and drugs, both sustain a severe loss. In Edward Bevan, a Past Vice-president and Censor of the Institute, and a Past President of the Society of Public Analysts, professional chemistry has lost a prominent practitioner, and the Institute an active and loyal supporter.Possessed in an unusual measure of personal qualities which endeared him to those with whom he came into contact, his death will be felt by many of us as a severe personal loss. In mentioning the names of Blount, Cassal, Hughes and Le Sueur, all of whom rendered the Institute good service in various capacities, I have, as in the case of Bevan, the sad duty of recording the passing away of old personal friends as well as of colleagues, who at one time or another have filled a not incon siderable space in my profes’sional life. Many who may read this address will understand and share my sorrow. John Spiller’s death, at the age of eighty-eight, will also bring to many of us a deep sense of personal loss.A former Member of Council, a firm friend of the Institute, and, notwithstanding his advanced age, a regular attendant at our Annual Meetings, his death not only severs a link with the past, but leaves a gap which will not easily be filled. Of those who have not held office, we keep in grateful memory the name of W. J. Chrystal, and I would also like to refer to Walter Macfarlane, to whose able teaching metallurgical chemistry owes so much, and to Isaac Scarf, whose memory will be dear to very many past pupils of the City of London School. I would that I might refer more adequately to the services to our science rendered by many of those who have passed 98 from our midst during the year, but this is unfortunately not possible within the limits necessarily assigned to a Pre-sidential Address.Notwithstanding our losses during the year you will see from the figures given in the Report of the Council that our member- ship shows an increase of no less than 371,in addition to 84 Registered Students. The organisation of our profession is thus being steadily effected by the incorporation within our ranks of those who are trained and examined, in accordance with the provisions of our Regulations. As one who entered the Institute by the Iron Gate of Examination-to employ a phrase used by Professor Percy Frankland, himself an examined President- I would like to express my conviction of the wisdom of the action of the Councils under our immediate Past Presidents-Sir James Dobbie and Sir Herbert Jackson-in connection with the modi- fication of our Regulations.The policy underlying that action was one for which I had long been an advocate, and in the light of our experience, I am confident that we shall have no cause to regret the step we have taken. The loyalty and unselfishness of our older Members has been beyond praise, and they have now the satisfaction of seeing the Institute based upon a sure founda- tion, and its position, as the body truly representing professional chemistry in this country, acknowledged alike by chemists, by the general public, and by the Government. To the Professors and Teachers in the Universities and Colleges we confidently appeal, to encourage the enrolment of duly qualified Honours graduates, and we feel assured that the Local Sections will use their utmost endeavours to bring into our ranks the qualified chemists in their respective districts.In this way we shall continue to grow in influence and power, and our profession will, as a consequence, continue to maintain that high position to which it is entitled, from whatever point of view regarded. You will see from the second section of the Report that the Institute, through its representatives, has taken part in the work of several public and quasi-public bodies, and has been called upon to assist the Government in various matters. Our thanks are accorded to our representatives for their services. Our Honorary Treasurer has already dealt very fully with the financial position, and to him we owe our gratitude.That our finances are in a sound and satisfactory condition at a time when many similar professional bodies are suffering more or less severely as the result of industrial depression and monetary 99 stringency, is due in no small measure to the foresight which Mr. Voelcker has shown, and to the skill and unceasing care which he has devoted to the duties of his office. The Benevolent Fund is making progress, and I am sure that our Treasurer would wish me to support his appeal for sub- scriptions. We naturally welcome the larger donations from those who are able to afford them, but what I would like especially to emphasise is the importance of receiving some contribution, however small, from all our Fellows and Associates, so that a substantial income may be assured.The existence of a pro-fession ought to mean something more than a community of interests and occupation, and we should regard it as a privilege as well as a duty to help those of our brethren who, throughno fault of their own, are in temporary difficulties, or have, perhaps, fallen by the way. Under the new arrangement, introduced by the Council in March last, two of our Committees, the General Purposes, and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions, now consist of the whole Council. For these Committees it is essential that there should be good attendances, and this arrangement has been found to work very satisfactorily.Under it every Member of the Council is afforded the opportunity of considering matters of general policy which come before the first-named Committee, and of examining in detail the various applications which are submitted to the second. The Report fairly summarises the work of the Council during the year, and I am sure that you would not wish me, nor should I desire to attempt, to supply a commentary on every section. There are, however, one or two of the more important matters with which it deals on which I would like to be allowed to make a few remarks. As you are aware, the Board of Education approached the Council in May last with the object of inviting the co-operation of the Institute in connection with a new scheme designed to encourage day and evening students in technical schools to follow properly graded and balanced grouped courses of instruction in chemistry and allied subjects.The main idea underlying the invitation was that schemes of training evolved by the various schools should be subject to the approval, not only of the Board of Education, but also of the Institute, and that the local certificates hitherto awarded to successful students, and which often had little more than local value, should be replaced by National Certificates issued by the Board and bearing the imprimatur of the Institute. 100 Whilst it was obvious that any scheme intended to raise the level of general scientific, and especially of chemical, training in our technical schools could only have our warmest sympathy, it was also clear that the proposals needed the most careful con- sideration in order that any action we might take should not operate to the detriment of our own Fellows and Associates.An Advisory Committee of the Institute was appointed to confer with Representatives of the Board, and the matter was very thoroughly discussed in all its bearings. As an outcome of this discussion arrangements were entered into with the Board for approving schemes of training and for conducting examinations for the award of the “National” Certificates, to which I have referred. Not the least pleasing feature in connection with this matter is the recognition accorded by the Government to the Institute as the body best qualified to advise in connection with chemical training, and the implied public confidence in the Institute’s imprimatur.Your Advisory Committee were es-pecially careful to ensure that steps should be taken to prevent any possibility of confusion arising between the new “Certifi-cates” and the Diplomas of the Institute. The working of the scheme, which is to be put into immediate operation, will be watched with interest by us all. It should possess the great advantage of bringing students at an early stage of their career into touch with the Institute, and so tend to diminish the number of those “hard cases” in which Students have discovered too late that their training has not been such as to render them eligible for our Membership.I would like to emphasise the point that nothing is farther from the intention of the Council than to lower in any way the standard of the requirements for the Associateship; for if there is one thing that must be clearer to us than another, it is that by the value of our diplomas we stand ’or fall. I have intentionally given this question, bearing as it does upon the training of the chemist, an early and a prominent position among the matters to which I desire to refer. For so doing I need offer neither apology, nor elaborate explanation. I submit that the training of the chemist-and by that I mean his general as well as his more technical education-is a matter of the deepest interest and importance to the Institute, to the profession which it represents, and to the nation at large.After all, a profession necessarily connotes that which is professed and the person who professes it, and in practice the two cannot be 101 dissociated. I think I may say, without exaggeration, that the position of any profession in the public estimation is, in fact, even more dependent upon the general character of the men who jfollow it than upon its intrinsic importance. In any case, the public are better able, as a rule, to judge of the former than of the latter. In our own interest, therefore, and to take no higher platform, it is of the most vital importance that chemists as a body should possess educational qualifications, and, I would add, social qualities of no lower order than those which are associated with the members of the older professions, such as medicine or law.In an open and comparatively young profession, such as chemistry it is obvious that not only should we endeavour to make clear to the public what we are, and in what our activities consist, but we ought to seek, by every means in our power, to ensure that we are represented by men possessing what we regard as ade- quate training and proper qualifications. It may be asked how, in an open profession like our own, can this desirable end be attained? The answer is, that it is perhaps in the nature of an ideal; but just because our profession is an open one, it behoves us both in our corporate capacity, as Members of this Institute, and as individuals, to be especially careful so to bear ourselves that we shed lustre, or at least do not bring discredit on the profession of our choice.This brings me to a question which is ever present in our minds, and which has at various times occupied the attention of our Councils-I refer to the use of the designation “Chemist.” I do not believe that any single cause has contributed so greatly to the un-satisfactory position which professional chemistry has occupied in the past, in the esteem both of the Government and of the general public, as the misapplication-as we regard it-of the word “Chemist.” In no other country-so far as I am aware- is there any confusion between the person who practises chemistry, and the person who follows the profession of pharmacy, and continental chemists have often expressed to me their inability to understand what they no doubt regarded as one of our many national peculiarities. The restriction of the title “Chemist ’’ to the person who follows the profession of chemistry is ob- viously desirable, and no one would welcome such restriction more warmly than I.At the same time, we have to consider not only what is desirable, but what is practicable, and to those who may not fully appreciate the difficulties and complications 102 with which this question abounds, I would recommend the careful study of the statement which has appeared in the last issue of the JOURNAL. This statement has been approved by the Council as a clear presentment of the case, and it is to be submitted to the Local Sections, with a request that they will consider it and transmit their views and suggestions, in due course, to the Council. The arguments in favour of the restriction of the title, as well as those in favour of the restriction of practice and com- pulsory registration, may, I think, be found on close examination to be of a double-edged character, and we must move with the greatest caution in any endeavour we may make to amend the present admittedly unsatisfactory state of affairs.For the moment we must, I think, be content to express the hope that our friends, the pharmacists, without relinquishicg their rights, will, whenever possible, refer to their ancient, important and very honourable calling by the word which more accurately defines and describes it.I have discussed the matter at various times with a number of pharmacists, the majority of whom have expressed themselves as being quite willing to adopt the more correct style, and there are not a few who have discontinued the use of the word “Chemist ’’ in referring to their occupation. The power-I might even say, the tyranny-of a word is often very great, and I would appeal to the Press, as a very important factor in the enlightenment of the general public, to assist, so far as they can- by employing the terms “chemist ” and “pharmacist ” respec-tively in their correct significations. Only a few weeks ago, I noticed that the displayed contents bill of a prominent London evening paper, which was devoted entirely to a reference to a case of alleged poisoning, contained in large type the words: “Chemist’s Evidence.” I at first thought that the evidence in question was that of the Home Office Analyst, but on turning to the columns dealing with the case, I found that it was that of a pharmacist from whom certain purchases had been made.It is bad enough when mental confusion is the unfortunate consequence of the poverty of a language, but in this instance the correct and distinctive words are ready to our hand, and the confusion is entirely of our own making, and readily avoidable. I would like to echo the wise advice given by Sir Herbert Jackson in one of his Presidential addresses, that we should do 103 well to adopt, in describing ourselves, the plain title “Chemist,” and to omit as far as possible such qualifying adjectives as “Consulting,” (‘Analytical,” ‘‘Research, ’’ or “Agricultural.” This would not only indicate that we claim to possess that broad general training, without which specialisation is impossible or at least very dangerous, but it would also, I venture to think, be one very effective step towards making the public understand the proper meaning of the word. Finally, it should be the business, I would even say the duty, of every properly qualified chemist to explain to all his friends and acquaintances the true nature of his calling, and to see that, so far as they, at least, are concerned, there is no room for mis- underst anding.I would even suggest that he should go further than this, and lose no opportunity of explaining and emphasising the great importance to the community of the profession of which hc is a member. The Institute of Chemistry and the various Chemical Societies are, in their corporate capacities, doing a great deal in this direction, but what is even more necessary is that every chemist should take a keen pride in his profession, and, realising his individual importance to the State, should constitute himself an active propagandist. We are frequently told, and with a great deal of truth, that one reason why the profession of chemistry has not received that full degree of recognition to which it is entitled, is that the general public have only had a very vague conception of the nature of the chemist’s activities.We must not forget that, in this respect, chemistry is at a great disadvantage, as compared with medicine and the law, and I am convinced that proper and dignified methods directed to the education of the public would be productive of much good. As I stated at the commencement of this address, the War proved a very powerful factor in that process of education, and the profession of chemistry occupies to-day in the public esteem a position such as I never thought possible in my life-time. At the same time, I cannot ignore certain indications that we are rather losing than gaining ground, and it behoves every one of us to help to the best of his ability to consolidate the position we have won, and to keep alive in the public mind the enormous national importance of the profession which we represent.Whether we regard chemistry as a subject of study, essential 104 to an understanding of the world in which we live, as an agent which has done so much to transform the life of man, as one of the most powerful factors in the creation of material wealth, or, finally, as that department of natural knowledge on which our national prosperity and our national security so largely depend, its supreme importance is equally manifest, and that importance it should be our business to make the public understand, and, having made them understand, to see to it that they are not allowed to forget.To the young chemist, who is just on the threshold of his career, and who may think that what I have said chiefly concerns the older members of our profession and those who have made a position, I would say that he, also, is a representative of the profession, and, in that capacity, one of the guardians of its welfare. I know something of the difficulties of our younger Members and of their hardships and disappointments, and I would like, with that knowledge and much sympathy, to point out to them that, no matter how humble the tasks entrusted to them, they should remember that it is the worker who confers dignity upon the work, and bear themselves in such a manner as to compel respect, both for themselves and for the profession to which they belong.Everything must have a beginning, and if the profession which they have chosen is an exacting one, it has many com- pensations ; perseverance and good and honest work will almost invariably bring their due reward. It is a source of keen pleasure to me that it should have fallen to my lot to present the first medal with which the name of the Institute is directly associated. I refer, of course, to the Meldola medal, awarded for original chemical investigation of exceptional merit, and in memory of our Past President, Raphael Meldola. This medal is the gift of the Maccabaeans, a Society of which Meldola was also President, and which is associated with our Council in all matters relating to the award. Many appreciations of Meldola’s great services to Chemistry, and, indeed, to science in general, have been written, and it would, I feel, be out of place if I were to say more than that we remember with gratitude the good work he did for the Institute, and that we mourn in him the loss of a true friend and a very wise counsellor. The Institute is fortunate in possessing the excellent portrait by Mr.Solomon J. Solomon, presented in 1917by a number of 105 Meldola’s friends, and we welcome the further means now afforded us of honouring and perpetuating his memory. In some respects, the award is, I believe, unique, for whilst it may be made for original investigation carried out in any branch of Chemistry, it is intended primarily as a recognition of work of outstanding merit in the domain of Analytical Chemistry, a branch of our science which has not, I think, received in the past that degree of recognition which is its due.The first recipient has, however, earned distinction by his work in Organic Chemistry, and I think it is perhaps due to him, in the circumstances above referred to, that I should say that the Board of Examiners and the Council were unanimous in their decision. The medal, moreover, differs from many awards of a similar character in that it is restricted to British Chemists under thirty years of age, and is therefore intended to be a recognition of ex-ceptional promise rather than of complete fulfilment, and I feel no hesitation in expressing the belief that it will serve as a stimulus to our younger chemists, and will be regarded by them as a mark of high distinction.Before passing on to another subject, I would like to take the opportunity of expressing our thanks to Dr. Spielmann for the great assistance which he, as the representative of the Macca- baeans on the Adjudicating Board, has rendered us. A matter which I regard as of very high importance, and which has occupied the attention of the Special Purposes Com-mittee, is the home-production of laboratory glassware, porce- lain and fine chemicals. Having regard to the various interests concerned, and to the fact that some of these do not always run quite parallel, it is not perhaps surprising that different opinions on this subject should have been expressed. The view taken by the Council of the Institute, and by many others who are desirous of seeing these industries firmly established in this country, is that it would be a mistake of the first magnitude to allow ourselves again to be placed in that position of dependence on foreign-and possibly enemy-nations in which we found ourselves at the out-break of war in 1914.The whole chemical industry-and I include, of course, all those industries which are essential to the successful conduct of war-the prosecution of scientific research, with all that that implies, and the practical teaching of science in our schools and 106 universities, all depend upon a supply of laboratory glassware, porcelain and chemicals, adequate in quantity, suitable in quality, and, I would add, reasonable in price.With the political aspect of this matter I have, as President of the Institute, no concern, but on national grounds it is obviously desirable that this country should be ever directing its activities to production and to the increasing development of its internal resources, with the consequent creation of new wealth, rather than to distribution. There is, moreover, the further consideration-and it is one which is very much in the mind of the Council-that the estab- lishment in this country of these essentially chemical industries would lead to increasing demand for the services of properly qualified chemists. I am prepared to admit that there may be certain appliances and certain chemicals which, for sufficiently good reasons, can be better manufactured by firms in other countries, with whom it might be very difficult, or even impossible, for us to compete successfully, and I have no hesitation in expressing the view that if our own manufacturers cannot supply apparatus and chemicals of the necessary high quality and at a suitable price, these must be obtainable elsewhere, without let or hindrance.I do think, however, that British manufacturers should feel that they can count not only on such encouragement as the Government can give them, but also upon a very full measure of the support and sympathy of those in whose interests, and at whose instance, the industries in question were established.From the purely commercial point of view, the manufacture of highly specialised apparatus and of very pure chemicals, both of which are needed in comparatively small quantities, cannot be particularly attractive. Unless, therefore, British firms do receive such support as I have referred to, these newly born industries must languish and ultimately disappear. If there were evidence that British manufacturers are not prepared to do their best to supply our needs, the matter would not call for further discussion, but I submit that such information as we have goes to show that great progress has been made under difficult circumstances, and that, in respect of these necessary tools of our profession, there is no good reason why we should not make ourselves self-supporting.So far as laboratory glass- ware is concerned, the Special Purposes Committee have received a good many expressions of satisfaction, and, for some time past, 107 very few complaints; and, so far as porcelain is concerned, so great has been the progress made that the British ware now obtainable compares very favourably, both in quality and in price, with that imported from Germany and elsewhere. The supplies of British Analytical Reagents are, generally speaking, very good indeed, and, as an example of the enterprise which has been shown by British manufacturers in connection with the supply of chemicals required for research purposes, it may be mentioned that more than two thousand British-made substances are now obtainable, and that the list is being daily extended.I might perhaps venture to suggest that, when comparison is made between British-made glassware, porcelain and chemicals, and similar articles of foreign origin, such comparison should be between British articles known to be of recent manufacture, and the corresponding imported articles of post-War, and not of pre-War origin. This matter is still receiving the very careful consideration of the Special Purposes Committee and of the Council, and it is hoped that much good may result from the deliberations of the Committee which has just been formed under the chairmanship of Sir Joseph Petavel, Director of the National Physical Labora- tory. That Committee, which is a very representative one, will deal with the standardisation of volumetric apparatus, and of bench-blown and furnace-blown scientific glassware, as well as with the chemical and physical properties of glass.The bringing together in friendly discussion of those who manu-facture the apparatus, those who use it, and those on whom rests the responsibility of testing and certifying its accuracy, should tend to clear away many misunderstandings, and to facilitate fruitful co-operation. Turning now for a few moments to what I may describe as the more purely domestic activities of the Institute, I would like to refer with especial pleasure to the resumption of the lectures, and to congratulate the Lectures and Library Committee on having provided two such interesting and instructive dis- courses as that by Dr. E.J. Russell on “Modern Applications of Chemistry to Crop Production,” and that by Mr. Ballantyne on “Chemists and the Patent Laws.” Both these lectures were greatly appreciated on the occasions of their delivery, and I am confident that in the form of additions to the Institute’s series of 108 monographs, they will be found very useful, not only by our younger members, but also by many of our Fellows in practice. I am informed that our Library is increasingly used by our members and students, and I am also glad to have the oppor- tunity of referring to the arrangement made with the Chemical Society, under which our members have the use of the Library at Burlington House.That this privilege is greatly appreciated is shown by the records kept by the Society’s Librarian, and I think we shall all agree that the contribution which we make to the Society is money well spent. Whatever views we may hold in regard to the advantages or disadvantages attaching to the existence of a number of independent chemical societies, we must agree that there is often avoidable duplication of activities, accom- panied by unnecessary expenditure, both of energy and of means. The formation of a truly representative Library, devoted to chemistry and allied subjects, must therefore commend itself to us all. Small collections of chemical books-hardly to be dignified by the word “libraries”-must exist for reasons of convenience, and I have already referred to our own, which is chiefly intended for the use of our Students and examination candidates, but it is obviously desirable, in the interests of chemists and of chemistry, that at least one great and comprehensive collection should be made, and for this important function the Chemical Society is best fitted and clearly indicated.I hope that our Treasurer, who, I have reason to know, is quite sympathetic, will not think that I am trenching upon his domain, if I say that I trust that our contributions will be as liberal as the state of our finances may permit. May I also express the hope that the existence of the privilege of using the Society’s Library will not have the effect of deterring any Members of the Institute from seeking admission to the Society, and from helping to further by every means in their power the great work which it is doing.I feel very strongly that one of the wisest and most states- manlike steps ever taken by the Institute was the formation of the Local Sections. Not only had this the effect of putting the government of the Institute on a more truly representative basis, and of enabling the Council to keep more closely in touch with the views and with the needs of our members, wherever resident, but it stimulated-as perhaps nothing else could have done,- the multifarious activities of the Institute, and gave substantial expression to the fact set forth in our title-and of which we 109 may well be proud-that we are in very truth the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.A reference to our JOURNAL will suffice to show the great variety of subjects debated at the Sectional meetings, and scarcely a Council meeting passes without some correspondence from one or more of the Sections raising matters needing discussion in the interests of the pro- fession as a whole. The election of Members of Council is this year conducted under the new By-laws, and for the first time in the history of the Institute we have a directly competitive ballot. The new system is in accord with the views expressed by the Local Sections, and is designed to give to the main body of our members a more direct voice in the choice of the Council. Time will show how this system works in practice, but of this I am convinced, that what- ever may be the result of the ballot this year, we shall have a strong and representative Council, and one which will devote itself actively and conscientiously to the work before it.I may, perhaps, just remind you that the District Members of Council returned in January sit on terms of equality with the General Members of Council, and have an equal voice in all that concerns the working and the welfare of the Institute. Our members have always regarded it as an honour and a privilege to serve the Institute in any official capacity, and many of us know how whole-heartedly they have thrown themselves into the work, and how freely they have given of their often very limited leisure.As President, I have perhaps had an exceptional opportunity of witnessing the readiness with which men, already heavily burdened with affairs, have responded to very onerous demands upon their services in the interests of the Institute, and one need not fear for the future of a profession which numbers so many of such men within its ranks. To the Honorary Treasurer, I have already expressed my sense of indebtedness, and I desire to offer my warmest thanks to the Vice-presidents, Members of Council, Chairmen of Com- mittees and others, who have done so much to lighten my labours, and to make my year of office a very happy one. To Professor Morgan and to Mr. Stubbs, both of whom retire from the office of Vice-president, our very especial thanks are due for the assiduity and devotion which they have shown to the affairs of the Institute. To the retiring Members of Council, also, our warmest thanks 110 are due.Some-like Mr. Watson Gray-have been astonishingly regular in their attendance, notwithstanding the large amount of valuable time which long railway journeys must have in- volved, and all have ungrudgingly given not only their time, but their special knowledge and experience, to the services of the Institute. Of the work of our Committees, it is impossible to speak too highly. A glance at the Report of the Council will suffice to show how many meetings have been held and how many im- portant subjects have been dealt with. On the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee falls, I need scarcely say, a very full share of hard work.Where all have worked so well, it is perhaps invidious to refer to any one Member, but I feel that the Council would like me to take this opportunity of expressing to Mr. Hawkins our thanks for his continued services as Acting Chairman, at what must often have been considerable personal inconvenience. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee, under the able Chairmanship of Mr. Ballantyne, has proved to be a most useful institution, as is shewn by the action we have taken with regard to various measures before Parliament, and other matters of legal importance concerning the profession. To Mr. Pilcher I do not know how to express my gratitude at all adequately.It is not too much to say that, without his ever-ready help, his great experience of Institute matters, placed always at my service, and his wise advice so willingly given, my occupancy of this chair would have been scarcely possible. would also like, in this connection, to express my great personal obligation to Mr. Marlow, as well as to Miss Cawston and to the members of the office staff generally. I am informed by the Registrar that, although we have 3541 Fellows and Associates on our Register, the number of our members known to be actually out of appointments is less than 70. Whilst our sympathy goes out to those who are thus tem- porarily deprived of employment, we have, I think, some reason to congratulate ourselves that the position is no worse.Having regard to the increasing number of qualified chemists whom our Universities are turning out, and at a time of almost unparalleled industrial depression, it is, I think, cause for con-. gratulation that the percentage of unemployment is so small. I believe-at any rate, I sincerely hope-we may draw from this the comforting inference that employers are looking more and 111 more to science to help them in overcoming technical difficulties, and in improving their manufacturing operations. On the other hand, I would like to utter a note of warning. The chemical profession, like most other professions, is at the moment overcrowded, and the demands it makes on those who enter its ranks are very great, and are year by year becoming greater.Many parents still retain the impression that chemistry is a rapid road, if not to wealth, at least to a comfortable competency, and that it differs from the other professions in involving a much less expensive course of preparation. I think it well, therefore, that it should be known as widely as possible by all young men and women who may be considering the adoption of chemistry as a profession, that a keen love of the subject is essential to success, and that they must be prepared to face a great deal of hard and often unattractive work, and to make the very real sacrifices which a professional career inevitably involves. I am well aware that there are exceptional persons to whom ordinary rules and considerations do not apply, but so far as the average chemical student is concerned, the course of training must be of the University character, if success is to be ultimately attained, and the training will therefore make the same demands upon the financial resources of parents as Medicine, the Law, or any other of the learned professions.The sooner this fact is generally realised the better for all concerned. This leads me to a matter in which I personally feel a very keen interest, and which demands the earnest co-operation of all our Fellows and Associates. I refer to the part which the In- stitute can and ought to take in helping the future generation of chemists, so far as they are represented by our registered students.I need not, perhaps, say that our Students have not only ready access to the offices of the Institute, but that a great deal of time and kindly attention is devoted to them by the Executive officers. I feel, however, that something more than this is necessary. We have no desire to intervene in any way between teachers and their students, our object being rather to bring those students at an early stage of their career into touch with the realities of professional life. If, in doing this, we can introduce a little more of the personal element and show a little more active sympathy, it will, I am convinced, be all to the good. The Local Sections are doing what they can to further this aim, but I am hopeful that the Institute may be able to do even more than it has yet 112 done to make the students feel that we are genuinely interested in their present welfare, as well as in their future success. I should like to conclude this address, which has necessarily been of a discursive and unconnected character, on a note of optimism.Even as a separate branch of physical science, chemistry, as distinct from alchemy, is of comparatively recent birth, whilst as a profession-using that word in the sense in which it is understood to-day-it may be said to have come into existence within the lifetime of many of us in this room. In these circumstances, the present position of our profession should inspire us with a feeling of pride and of deep satisfaction, and should have the effect of stimulating us all to increased en- deavours to raise it still higher, and to that position of pre-eminence which it is surely destined to occupy.There is scarcely a department of human activity which is not influenced more or less profoundly by the discoveries and develop- ments of chemistry; nor is there a single individual in the com- munity whose comfort has not been increased, and whose daily life has not been made happier-or at least, more tolerable- through the beneficent operations of the science we cultivate and profess. What discoveries in chemistry the future may hold, and in what way those discoveries may still further modify the material life of man, none can say, but I think it is not unlikely that if any distinctive term should be applied by the historian of the future to the era on which we are now entering, he will describe it as the “Age of Chemistry.” That the immediate outlook for professional chemistry is not brighter need cause no astonishment, but the present period of industrial depression will pass in time, and I feel confident that before long we shall see opening out before us a prospect such as the chemists of the past generation could never have thought possible.Of the future, I have never indeed felt any doubt, but we have it in our power as individuals to hasten or to retard the progress which we all so ardently desire to see, Remembering this-our individual responsibility-let us keep ever before us the highest professional ideals of duty and conduct, and strive to be worthy in every sense of our great calling.113 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1922. Election of the Council and Censors.-The list of the Officers, General and District Members of Council and Censors, who took office from the 1st March, is given on pp. 79-81. Appointment of Committees.-At the first meeting of the new Council, on 10th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen were appointed (pp. 80-81). Board of Exam iners.-The Board of Examinersfor 1921-22 has been re-appointed for the ensuing year as follows :-Chair- man, The President. Members of Council: Ernest Mostyn Hawkins, Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, and George Nevi11 Huntly. Examiners for the Associateship and in General Chemistry : Oscar Lisle Brady, B.A., D.Sc., and Samuel Smiles, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S.Examiners for the Fellowship: Branch A-Inorganic Chemistry, Section I., Mineral Products, John Thomas Dunn, D.Sc. ; Section II., Metallurgy, Cecil Henry Desch, D.Sc. ; Section III., Manufactured Products (as required). Branch B- Physical Chemistry, Joseph Edward Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. Branch C-Organic Chemistry, Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Branch D-Agricultural Chemistry, Bernard Dyer, DSc. Branch E-Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and Water, Edward Hinks, M.B.E., B.Sc.; Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy, Frederick Gowland Hopkins, DSc., M.B., F.R.S. Branch F-Bio-Chemistry, Arthur Harden, D.Sc., F.R.S.Branch G-Chemical Engineer-ing (as required). Registered Students,-As the outcome of a conference of representative students from recognised colleges in the London area, with members of the Committee of the London and South- Eastern Counties Section, a scheme has been provisionally approved by the Council, and draft rules have been formulated for a Students’ Association. The main objects of the Association will be to arrange meetings of registered students of the Institute, to discuss professional and other matters of interest to students, to provide lectures, to arrange exhibit evenings, social evenings 114 and debates, to arrange visits to works in the neighbourhood of London, and generally to promote the interests of registered students.The name of the Association will be “The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London) ,” and its headquarters will be at the Institute. Correspondence relating to the Asso- ciation may be addressed, pro. tern., to Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute. It is hoped that the Association will be able to co-operate with the chemical societies of the recognised colleges in the area. The Association will be the special concern of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section; and the Council hope that other Sections of the Institute will be able to foster the formation of similar associations in other districts. Lectu re.-Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, Vice-president, delivered his lecture on “ Chemists and the Patent Laws” before the Institute on the 24th February. A short discussion ensued, and a cordial vote of thaFks was accorded to Mr.Ballantyne, on the motion of the President, seconded by Mr. Walter F. Reid. The lecture, which was very well attended and much appreciated, has been printed, and copies will be issued to members and students with this Part of the Journal. Notes. Pasteur Centenary; Strasbourg, May-October, 1 923. -In order to commemorate the Centenary of the birth of Pasteur, the University and the town of Strasbourg, with the concurrence of the Pasteur Institute and the approval of the family of Pasteur, propose to erect a statue facing the Strasbourg University, where, as a professor, Pasteur commenced his career.The inauguration ceremonies will take place on May Ist, 1923,under the patronage of M. A. Millerand (President of the Republic), M. le Prbident A. Loubet, M. R. Poincar6, M. Loredu, and M. Alapetite, and will include the unveiling of the statue and the opening of an Exhibition of Hygiene and Bacteriology. 115 This Exhibition will be designed to illustrate the advances made in various branches of science as the result of Pasteur’s dis- coveries, and at the same time a Congress of Hygiene and Bacteriology will be held for the discussion of questions relating to the prevention of disease. With the object of showing the sympathy of this country with the projects of the French Committee, a British Committee composed of the iollowing members has been formed :-Sir Charles Sherrington, G.B.E., President of the Royal Society (Chairman); Mr.A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., President of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, (Treasurer) ; Mr. H. E. Field, President of the Institute of Brewing; Prof. Percy F. Frankland, C.B.E., F.R.S., Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, University of Birmingham ; Sir John M’Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S., LL.D., Principal of the Royal Veterinary College ; Prof. C. J. Martin, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Lister In- stitute; Sir W. J. Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University of Cambridge ; Sir James Walker, F.R.S., President of the Chemical Society; and Sir Almroth Wright, K.B.E., F.R.S., Principal of the Institute of Pathology and Research, St.Mary’s Hospital. It is hoped that those who desire to contribute to the Memorial will send their contributions before 30th June, 1922, to the General Secretary and Treawrer, Monsieur Th. Hering, 6 rue des Veaux, Strasbourg, or to Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., The Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. I. The Commissioner-General , Professor Borrel , is very anxious to be furnished with the names of manufacturers and business firms in this country to whom the exhibition might be of special interest. All who can assist are requested to communicate with Professor Borrel, 3, rue Koeberli., Strasbourg. Popu Iar Lectu res.-The Lectures and Library Committee are glad to hear from members who are giving popular lectures on chemical matters.On 7th March Dr. E. W. Smith ad- dressed the Ruskin Literary Guild, Carshalton, on “The Modern Gas Works and its part in Fuel Conservation.” After dealing briefly with the history and nature of coals, and the possible uses of peat, lignite, etc., he discussed the efficiency of power production and problems relating to domestic heating; he touched on the position of the chemist in the industry, and shewed lantern slides illustrating a modern gas plant. 116 Local Sections. BeIfast Section.-The Section arranged a luncheon at Thompson’s Restaurant on 6th March, 1922,to meet the Assistant Secretary. Among the guests were Alderman S. T. Mercier, J.P., Chairman of the Higher Education Committee of the Belfast City Council ; Major Rupert Stanley, Principal ; Prof.Wren, Head of the Chemistry Department of the Municipal College of Technology, and Mr. G. W. Ferguson. Mr. Totton, the Chairman of the Section, in proposing the health of the guests, said that, for his present purpose, he would treat Mr. Marlow as one of themselves, since he was a fellow chemist. He joined with the toast the names of Alderman Mercier, who had taken a life-long interest in the educational progress of the City, and Mr. Ferguson, who when in London had been associated with the Registrar of the Institute in working for the reinstatement of ofiicers in civil life. He felt that gatherings such as that at which they were present did a great deal to enable laymen to realise that chemists were, after all, human beings who took an interest in the ordinary amenities of social life.Alderman Mercier, in reply, mentioned that he had been associated with the City Council from the time when the College of Technology was built, and he had watched very carefully its progress ever since, first as Deputy Chairman, then as Chairman of the Education Committee. He was glad, therefore, to have learned, in conversation with Mr. Marlow, that he and his colleagues had received a very favourable impression of the College. He then proposed the health of the Institute. Mr. Marlow, in replying to the toast, said that on the occasion of the first visit of an official of the Institute to Belfast, he felt that there were many things he would like to say.He was particularly pleased to have had an opportunity of coming into touch, in the first instance, with the educational side of Belfast life, since the primary object of the Institute was to promote the efficient training and examination of those who were pro- posing to adopt the profession of chemistry. He had that morning visited the Municipal College of Technology, and he could again assure Alderman Mercier that the equipment of the College was very creditable to him and to his colleagues. He was also glad to have had an opportunity of meeting Major Stanley, the Principal, and Prof. Wren and his assistants. He hoped during the afternoon to pay an informal visit to the University, and he felt sure that he would find there, as he had also found in all the University centres in the United Kingdom, that a very sound foundation was being laid for the training of chemists.He felt that, in the conditions then coming into existence in Northern Ireland, there would be an excellent opportunity for chemists to show their value to the State. There might perhaps be few essentially chemical industries in Belfast, but he believed that there would be a considerable future for chemistry in Ulster. Mr. Marlow referred also to the fact that the Institute had co-operated with the Board of Education in London with regard to the training of students in technical schools, and he briefly outlined the history of the negotiations which had taken place.He felt sure that, if a similar arrangement were deemed desirable in Northern Ireland, the Institute and its Local Section would be willing to help, since this scheme was not only of assistance to such students, but had provided a definite avenue of approach for those who wanted to get on in life and to qualify eventually for the profession of chemistry. The formation of Local Sections was, in his opinion, one of the finest steps in the development ,of the organisation of the Institute, and he felt that the Belfast Section was to be con- gratulated upon organising functions such as that at which he was present,rsince, through the pu5licity given to the affairs of Local Sections, the existence and the value of chemists were brought homeJo the:outside public.Mr. Marlow then asked those present to drink with him to the continued success of the Belfast Section. During his stay in Belfast, Mr. Marlow visited the University, in addition to the Municipal Technical College and some of the larger works in the City. On 7th March, with the Chairman and Hon. Secretary of the Section, he called upon Dr. Garrett, the Principal Scientific Officer to the Education Ministry of the Northern Government, to discuss the question of co-operating with the Department in regard to the training of chemists and chemical assistants. They assured Dr. Garrett that the In- stitute, and especially the Belfast Section, which represented organised chemical opinion in Ulster, would welcome any oppor-tunity of being of service to the Government, 1IS Bristol and South-Western Counties’ Section.-A wen-attended meeting of the Section was held in the Lecture Theatre of the Merchant Venturers Technical College, Bristol, on the 10th March.Mr. Edward Russell, B.Sc., F.I.C., who took the chair, welcomed Mr. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute. A number of Registered Students from the University were present. Mr. Marlow opened a discussion upon “The Status and Remuneration of the Chemist.” He said that he would deal chiefly with the status of the chemist, by whom he meant a Fellow or Associate of the Institute of Chemistry, or a person who by training and examination was equally qualified. He mentioned briefly the nomenclature of various grades of persons who were engaged in the chemical industries, and after urging upon the Section the desirability of discussing the article upon the title “Chemist,” which had appeared in the JOURNAL, suggested that in view of the misuse of the title by persons engaged on the fringes of the profession, the members should confine their use of the word chemist to those who came within the definition above mentioned.He considered the question of status from the point of view of the individual chemist, and also from that of the profession as a whole. The status of the profession was gauged to a very large extent by the estimation in which the individual members were held by the public, and therefore every member should do his best to maintain that status.It was also noticeably affected by the work of the professional organisation, particularly by the work of the Council. He referred to numerous recent instances in which public recognition had been given through the Institute to the profession. He felt also that a rigid ethical code was essential to the well being of the pro- fession; and the fact that the Censors had so few cases to deal with spoke very highly for the professional status of the members. He dissociated himself from any suggestion that professional bodies should exercise trade union functions. It was true that towards the end of the war some appeared to see certain temporal advantages to be gained by adhesion to that movement, but personally he was very glad that it was not within the power of the Institute to exercise such functions.It was not easy, however, to dissociate the question of the remuneration from that of the status of the chemist. It was not possible to lay down any definite minimum scale of salary, since he could conceive many occasions on which the young chemist starting 119 in life would be wise to accept a noniinal salary with definite prospects. Except in the case of chemists who were engaged in routine analyses, there was no necessary limit to the remunera- tion which they might expect. He wished to point out, however, that chemists were employed not only because they were chemists, but because they were educated men whose training eminently suited them for adapting themselves to the many requirements of modern industrial life.There were many industries, besides the great chemical industries, in which chemists could do useful work, and a great deal would depend upon the leaders of such industries realising that fact. The Institute did not attempt to intervene with regard to the remuneration of individual members, but had in some measure dealt with the question on behalf of the profession as a whole. It was contrary to its best interests that any member should impliedly admit his inability to manage his own personal affairs. Local Sections, by their social meetings and by arranging meetings with other societies, were doing good work to improve the status of the profession. It was, moreover, a much simpler matter to interest the public, through the local press, in the work of a Section, than it was to obtain publicity for the everyday work of the Institute.In the discussion which followed, Mr. Russell said that he was glad that Mr. Marlow had referred to the fact that the chemist was an educated man. He felt that the laboratory assistant very rarely became a professional chemist, but, nevertheless, he was glad that opportunities were provided for him so to do. He also referred to the educational distinction between the chemist and the pharmacist, which was clearly indicated in the different standards of training required in the two callings. With regard to a minimum salary, he reminded members that first appoint- ments were frequently nothing more than continued technical training, and a defined salary was therefore irlpracticable.Mr. Littlefield spoke as a chemist who was also a qualified pharmacist, and emphasised that the distinction between the two callings was further illustrated in the works of wholesale druggists where usually a number of pharmacists worked under the control of a Fellow of the Institute. Mr. Southerden discussed the complexity of the problem of remuneration. He thought that members should not forget that this must to a certain extent depend upon the salaries which 120 firms were able to pay, and he agreed that there could not be any definite minimum salary. Mr. Andrews felt that the Institute and the Local Sections should combine to educate the public.There were only too many firms who never consulted chemists until something went wrong. He also considered that teachers of chemistry should be treated from the point of remuneration no less favourably than the chemists they trained. Mr. Popham emphasised that the chemist was employed for many other qualities than those arising from his purely chemical knowledge. To be successful he must be prepared to take his coat off and learn from the working man, who had a good deal to teach him in his own industry. Mr. Marlow having briefly replied to the discussion, thanks were accorded him for visiting the Section. Glasgow and West of Scotland Section.-A well-attended meeting of the Section was held at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 16th February, Mr.William Rintoul in the chair. The Registrar of the Institute was also present. The Section continued the discussion on the matters referred to in the report of the previous meeting, and dealt with the financing of Local Sections. The Hon. Secretary of the Section read the statement which had been I'orwarded to the Council (JOURNAL, Part I, 1922, p. 45), and appealed for further financial support from headquarters. The Registrar, having been called upon, commented briefly upon the strong position which the Institute occupied as the recognised qualifying body for chemists, and its high standard of professional conduct and attainments. Dealing with the matters scheduled by the Section at its previous meeting, he asked the members to give attention to an article on the title "Chemist " and restriction of chemical practice, which was about to be published in the JOURNAL and mentioned briefly the difficulties to be encountered in proceeding with that subject.It was easy to suggest that the Council should do certain things, but many propositions were made without consideration of the difficulties to be overcome and the steps to be taken for their fulfilment. The Council hoped that the Sections would consider the statement and send in some practical suggestions. In his view, whatever rights pharmacists had possessed in the past, the progress made in the 121 science and practice of chemistry was the main factor in changing the significance of the word ‘(chemist.” It appeared to him that it would not be practicable to dissociate the two problems: the restriction of the use of the title, and the restriction of practice.He suggested that if the chemist obtained sole use of the title it would be for the definite purpose of providing that practice in chemistry, within limits which also needed definition, would be confined to those persons who were empowered to use the title. He believed that the public appreciation of the importance of chemistry was growing, and the number of chemists was increas- ing to such an extent that the public would before many years realise fully who the real chemist was, and would know more of his work; it would, however, be very difficult to secure the exclusive use of the title. If restriction of practice were aimed at, the present generation of qualified men would have to face the fact that many would have to be registered who were not of the standard required by the Institute.It was a question how far it was wise or desirable to hedge round the profession with legis- lation in the manner suggested. The Council would give careful consideration to the views expressed by the Sections on these matters. The proposal with regard to the divergent character of science degrees was one of much importance, and could probably best be dealt with by holding another conference of Professors of Chemistry such as that held in October, 1913. That conference had been productive of far-reaching results, in co-ordinating the work of the Institute and of the Universities.With regard to the arrangement made between the Institute and the Board of Education for granting National Certificates in chemistry, the Registrar said that the scheme was considered desirable because it afforded the means whereby young students of chemistry were brought into touch with the Institute. If it increased the work of the office, the Council would no doubt increase the staff; but it was not expected that the Institute would suffer any financial loss in that connection. The scheme was distinct from the arrangements made whereby laboratory assistants, as such, were afforded facilities for preparing for the examinations of the Institute, although the candidates might in some cases be the same.The question of giving publicity to the importance of chemis- try was one which the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry had undertaken to consider. The local sections of the 122 Institute were doing very good work in that direction by holding meetings khich were duly reported in the local press. The individual members themselves could do much to let the world know in what the work of the chemist consisted. He added that personally he held the view that the general public was not keen to read, but was inclined to skip over, articles on scientific matters. It was necessary “to gild the philosophic pill” and to make it attractive. The Council were perhaps hardly prepared to reconsider the mode of election of the Council, since the first election under the new By-Laws was only then pending, but the Section was entitled to offer suggestions.The Council had also .been asked to circulate the more important and interesting portions of their minutes. They had no desire to keep inforniation from the members-they published it as soon as possible in the JOURNAL-but they thought that District Members of Council, who, as a rule, were invariably members of Local Sections, could exercise their discretion in communicating matters which were obviously intended to become common knowledge. The Finance and House Committee would consider again the proposal to ~equire the payment of a lump sum registration fee; but it was probable that they would find it inadvisable for at least two reasons; firstly, that it would press hardly upon the new member or his parents, who had already borne the heavy expense of his education and training; and, secondly, that the com-pounded fee, when invested as it would have to be, would give such a poor return (being subject to income tax) for carrying on the business of the Institute.With regard to the amount of the grant to local sections, the Registrar said that this had been determined by the representa- tive.. of the Sections in conference with the Finance Committee. He hoped that the Committee would be in a position to re-consider the matter in the near future, especially because he realised that many members were put to expense in attending the meetings.Dr. Hepworth, in the course of the discussion that followed, differed from the Registrar in the view that the public did not take much interest in science. He referred to American publicity methods, and suggested that a closer touch between the Institute and the Educational press would be desirable. He 123 asked whether the Institute had been approached by the Govern- ment with regard to the Pharmacy Acts Amendment Bill. Mr. Macaulay, Dr. Caven, Mr. Coleman, Prof. Henderson, Mr. Cumming and Prof. Wilson also spoke on the subject of publicity, several members stating that the press would welcome articles on matters of scientific interest and reports of meetings. Prof.Henderson suggested that the Institute should get into touch with the Scottish Education Department, with reference to the scheme for awarding national certificates to students in technical schools. Dr. McDavid mentioned that the balloting paper for the elec- tion of the Council gave no indication of the work in which the candidates were respectively interested. He thought that a short note sho:ild be attached to each name stating the branch of work in which the candidate was engaged. Mr. Gordon pressed for action in respect of the title “Chemist.” If it would take fifty or sixty years to make the definition effective, the sooner some steps in that direction were taken the better. He thought that publicity might be well promoted by some of the surplus chenists becoming journalists.He WPS also anxious that the Council should investigate the Diplomas Df Colleges, some of which were fully up to the standard of uni- versity degrees. Mr. Barbour suggested a modified spelling of the word ‘‘chemist.” Mr. Sorley related some of the early experiences of the Local Section, and expressed the hope that means would be found for maintaining the Section without a local levy. The Chairman, having summed up the points raised by the various speakers, asked for a reply from the Registrar, who, on the question of publicity, expressed the view that the members themselves constituted the best means whereby the profession and its work became known and understood. He thought the public knew more of the chemist than the latter realised. He wasglad that the Glasgow press was sympathetic and hoped that members would try their hand at journalism for the good of the cause.The Institute had not been approached by the Government with regard to the Pharmacy Acts Amendment Bill. That Bill had been introduced at the close of a session by priiate members, 124 and in his view was not likely at any time to be seriously enter- tained. Prof. Henderson’s suggestion with regard to the national certificates being introduced in Scotland would certainly receive attention. He thought that Dr. McDavid’s suggestion with regard to giving more information on the balloting list should be transmitted to the Council. On the proposal to modify the spelling of the word “chemist,” he (the Registrar) feared that such spelling would be regarded as evidence of ignorance.The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the Chairman and to the Registrar for his attendance. Huddersfield Section.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel on 15th March, Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the chair. The Chairman called upon Dr. J. Bruce, who addressed the meeting on the arrangements made by the Institute with the Board of Education with regard to national certificates in chemistry. He regarded the new scheme as a very important departure which would probably have far-reaching results. It was very necessary that some central body should supervise the teaching of chemistry throughout the country ; the Institute could act with special authority in this matter because of its previous work in setting a high standard of proficiency for its members.The new scheme, referring as it did to a grade lower than that of Associate, was long overdue. Since the discon- tinuance of the Board of Education examinations there had been no uniform standard available, and the want had been keenly felt by teachers of chemistry. The scheme set up for full-time students a standard in their examinations lower than that required for a degree, and for this he felt there was no adequate reason; on the contrary, the multiplication of examinations was to be deprecated. Part-time courses were, however, on a different footing. There the time and energy available was limited, and any instruction would be less useful than when given under the more favourable conditions of a full-time course. The regulations suggest a standard of examinations equal to that for a degree ; that required explana- tion.It was, however, desirable that the standard should be kept as high as possible and the number of different certificates reduced to a minimum. The certificates must be regarded as 125 stepping stones to the Associateship. It was emphasised that in these regulations the Institute definitely assumed some responsibility in the general educational scheme of the country. The courses prescribed were grouped, and he hoped that this would ensure that in future part-time education would have a greater value than in the past.The question of preliminary education was of fundamental importance ; he suggested that the prescribed preliminary education attached too much import- ance to chemistry and too little to literary subjects. Critical judgment and the power of expressing their thoughts could best be developed in young students by a thorough training in English, while the abstruse concepts of general chemistry were unsuitable for presentation to the majority of such students. The need for adequate preliminary education was even greater with part- time than with full-time students, and its lack had been the reason for much of the past failure in teaching evening students, which had led to waste of time and energy on the part of both teacher and student.To avoid this he suggested the re-shaping of the preliminary work on the lines indicated and the raising of the age of admission of students to such courses. There was little facility at present for the transference of evening students to day courses. If the Board of Education and the Institute could co-operate and produce some scheme of scholarships for promising students the efficiency of the evening work would be greatly increased. In any case, evening work would always be severely handicapped, the time available was very limited ; research was almost impossible. The discussion was then opened by Dr. A. E. Everest, who said that in considering the scheme we must look back to the past, have regard to the present, and decide what to aim for in the future.The Board of Education examinations did good work in their time. When they disappeared no national standard was available ; some technical schools then instituted a diploma of their own which was of value while the student remained in the area where the school was known ; in some cases the school would be known all over the country ; but often a student received a set- back on leaving his own neighbourhood. The new scheme would tend to remove this disability, and he welcomed it on that ac- count. It might make the work of educational authorities harder, but an educational system should consider its students, not its grants. There were difficulties in the scheme; the Institute already conducts examinations for the Associateship, 126 and where necessary for the Fellowship, and is now about to supervise examinations for other grades.There was a danger that, in the minds of some people, these various grades might become confused. He suggested that the danger might be avoided if it were at once made clear that thesc examinations were to be regarded as preliminary to or as stepping stones to the examina- tion for the Associateship, etc. The phrase (( University standard ” was ambiguous ; such a standard was obviously reached at matriculation. He hoped that great care would be taken by the Institute to satisfy itself that the necessary pre- liminary education had been obtained, and strongly advised the insertion of a time limit to the period within which such pre- liminary training might be dispensed with.The regulations relating to full-time courses needed careful consideration ; there was no reason why in three years a full-time student should not have leached the standard of a pass degree ; the new regula- tions should not tempt students to refrain from taking a degree in favour of this cheaper certificate which at present had no standing. The relation between these new certificates and the Associateship should be defined at once. The Secretary supported the remarks of Dr. J. Bruce with regard to the teaching of English. Mr. T. Dyson, the Headmaster of Almondbury Grammar School, having thanked the Section for their invitation to be present, said that the function of the Secondary School which interested the Institute especially was the provision of pre-liminary training ; this, he assured them, was in the average school fairly sound.He was delighted to find chemists so in-sistent on a literary training as a preliminary to science ; every teacher of science was or should be a teacher of English. Speak-ing of general science education, he could not quite see where Technical Schools came in the scheme of education. The Board of Education, by encouraging Secondary Schools to give advanced courses, had cut off one of the sources of supply of Technical School students. The Technical School at present tended to recruit its day students from odds and ends ; students who were not good enough to go to the University went to the Technical School.The Higher Certificate taken by the advanced secondary school boys and girls meant very little. After an interval, the Chairman aroused the meeting by a somewhat sweeping condemnation of the Secondary Schools for their imitation of the Public Schools. He considered the Higher 127 Certificate useless and mainly taken for window dressing to provide work for a VI. form. Boys and girls should leave the Secondary School after taking the Matriculation, and proceed either to Technical School or to the University. Dr. A. E. Everest then proposed the following resolution: ‘‘ That this Section views with apprehension the introduction of the proposed examinations unless a clear statement is made of the objective in view, and the relation which these examina- tions will hold to the existing diplomas of the Institute.Further, they feel that it should be clearly stated, at once, that no reduc- tion of the standard required for membership of the Institute (A.I.C. and F.I.C.) will be made.” He felt that the new scheme was helping to perpetuate some of the bad features in the educational system ; part-time-educa-tion was the curse of the country, necessary in its present state, but an evil. In education the spirit of selfishness must be eliminated. Every person fit for a certain stage in education should be given an opportunity of proceeding to that stage. Dr. Hodgson seconded the motion, which was strongly supported by Mr. S. Robson.He agreed with Dr. Everest that the present preliminary examination of the Institute provided a suitable test for those not able to qualify at once for the Asso-ciateship. He was jealous for the professional status of the chemist, and felt that the standard must be kept high; not everyone in a chemical works can become a fully qualified chemist. Mr. Hudson, the Principal of the Technical College, replied to many of the adverse criticisms of the new scheme and sup-ported it. He gave some account of a similar scheme worked by the Institute of Mechanical Engineers. He thought the scheme defective in the provisions relating to applied chemistry, e.g. dyeing and metallurgy, and pointed out in reply to Mr. Dyson that technical schools and secondary schools were run by two different departments of the Board of Education, whose activities were not always fully co-ordinated. He thought that possibly chemistry was an unsuitable subject for secondary education.Dr. J. Bruce supported the resolution. Dr. Hodgson having left the meeting, Dr. L. G. Paul put the resolution from the chair; it was carried unanimously, and the Hon. Secretary was asked to forward it to the Registrar requesting him to bring it to the notice of the Council. 128 Irish Section (Dublin).-At a meeting of the Section, held on 30th January, Prof. Sydney Young read an interesting paper entitled “ Some Notes on Distillation.” The members of the Section subsequently dined together. The Assistant Secretary visited Dublin on his return from Belfast, and saw many members of the Section in colleges and in works.Leeds Area,-The Inaugural Meeting of the Leeds Area Section was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, on 16th March. About thirty members were present and several letters of regret were received from members unable to attend. Mr. Burrell, City Analyst, was elected to the chair. The proposal received from the members resident in Sheffield to include the Sheffield district in the Leeds area was adopted, and a discussion ensued on the Local Section Rules and other routine business. The following Committee was elected :-R. D. Abell, B. A. Burrell, A. H. Clucas, John Evans, H. J. Ewart, J. A. Foster, G. N. Grinling, John Haworth, W. J. Read, W.J. Rees, F. W. Richardson and George Ward, with Dr. R. B. Forster as Honorary Secretary. Messrs. McCandlish and Gawler were elected auditors. Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-At a well-attended meeting of members and friends of the Section, held on 9th March, Mr. H. I. Evans in the chair, Mr. T. Haworth, A.S.A.A., contributed a paper on the place of accounting in factory organi- sation, dealing with works’ accountancy and its application to business problems. He had felt for many years that the position of the accountant in industry had not been sufficiently recognised, and the benefit of information and advice which could be given by an accountant of the proper training and type had not been fully utilised. The call for up-to-date methods of management had resulted in a considerable boosting of costing methods, often to the exclusion of the real issue and purpose of accounting.“Costing” was a very limited application of accounting, and there were many more important matters than the ascertainment of cost. The accountant had a definite place in the organisation of a factory of which the objects were to produce work, to sell goods, and ultimately earn a profit. Its activities could be summed up under the headings of control, equipment, supplies, operation, 129 and accounting. The last-named function was concerned with recording the performances and activities of the other functions, and collating, tabulating, and presenting the significant facts for the information of the control function.After the war, one of the most important matters in the reorganisation of any factory had been that of regaining control. The complete and distinct separation of the accounting function, with its assistance as a recording instrument to keep the administration and direction au fad with what was happening, was, in his view, the first step in tackling such a problem. To have each executive develop and operate his own accounting scheme was bound to result in labour and expense when it became necessary to blend results into a comprehensive statement of the whole business. The well- being of the business as a whole was often sacrificed to false ideas of departmental efficiency. A much more important duty than that concerned with the laying out and accounting procedure and measurement and compilation of records was the examination and investigation of results with a view to the establishment of stand- ards.He conceived the development of factory accounting to be more in the way of applying statistical methods. He would parallel the works accountant with the actuary, who by an examination of accumulated results was able to establish certain laws, and to pre-determine the course of events. He felt very strongly that until accounting was given a more human aspect, until they demonstrated that it was the results and performances of individuals that they were concerned with, much of the support which ought to be afforded to the accountant would probably not come his way.During the discussion which followed, Dr. Armstrong, Prof. Heilbron and Messrs. Inman, Macdonald, Shepherd and Stocks, spoke in high appreciation of the paper, for which a hearty vote of thanks was accorded. London and South-Eastern Cou n ties.-A well-attended meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 15th February, when Mr. G. Lemmens, Managing Director of Messrs. Lipton, Ltd., opened a discussion on “What the Manufacturer expects of his Chemists.” Mr. E. R. Bolton, Chairman of the Section, presided, and introduced Mr. Lemmens, whose address and the discussion thereon are reproduced on page 151. 130 Manchester and Distri ct.-The Manchester Section held a Social Evening at the house of the Literary and Philosophical Society, on Friday, 24th March, Mr.William Marshall presiding. A large number of members and students were present to meet the President, who had been invited to address them. The President, having expressed the pleasure which it gave him to visit the Section, referred to the close association of the City of Manchester with the development and progress of chemis- try, and to the very generous and enlightened support which Manchester had always afforded to science, even from the very earliest days. He had frequently expressed the opinion that the formation of the Local Sections was one of the wisest and most statesmanlike things the Institute had ever done. The Institute of Chemistry was not, after all, merely a building in Russell Square, but con- sisted of a body of men all of whom were interested in the same great subject, and all of whom were actuated by the same desire to promote in every way the progress of that subject, and the welfare of the profession to which they belonged, even though- as might sometimes be the case-such action involved some personal sacrifice.That was, in fact, what was meant by a “profession,” and he thought it would be clear to everyone that for the attainment of those objects, and. especially for the cultivation of that esprit de corps which is the very soul of a profession, there must be such opportunities for coming together as the Sections most conveniently provided. The Sections, in fact, afforded what were in many cases the only opportunities for men resident in some particular district to get to know one another well, and to discuss subjects of common interest concerning professional matters.In that connection he would like to express the view that discussions at the Sectional Meetings should, as far as possible, be restricted to matters bearing either directly or indirectly on the professional side of their subject. In other words, matters relating to pure chemistry, or to industrial chemistry, should generally be left to those Societies which had been formed for the express purpose of dealing with them. In this way duplication of effort and dissipation of energy would be avoided. He felt that there was at the present moment greater need.than ever for chemists to present a solid and an unbroken front. They had gained for themselves during the war a very high position in the public estimation, but he felt that not only were 131 they not making that further progress which he would like to see, but that they were actually in danger of slipping back. He felt, however, they had every reason to be exceedingly proud of their present position as a professional body. He was not very old; but he would remark that during his student days, and even when he commenced to practice, the profession was something very different from what they saw to-day. At that time there were only the beginnings of a profession ; individualism was rampant ; every man was more or less a law unto himself, and things were freely done which would not now be countenanced for a single moment.It was to the credit and honour of the Institute of Chemistry that it had brought about this changed state of affairs, and that it had created a coherent and powerful body of professional men out of something very like chaos. They all heard occasional criticism directed against the Institute. He for one welcomed criticism, provided that it was free from malice and well informed, but he thought they were entitled to say to their critics that whatever the Institute might or might not have done, it had, at least, succeeded in building up a great profession, and one which compared favourably-from whatever point of view regarded-with any of the other great learned professions.There might be some there that night who were just at the commencement of their career, and if so, he would like to say to them that he thought they ought to feel very happy in belonging to what he firmly believed would, in the near future, be regarded as one of the most important of all the learned professions. Without chemistry, a reasonable knowledge of the world in which they lived was impossible. Chemistry had been one of the most powerful forces in transforming the material life of man, it was one of the greatest sources of material wealth, and repre- sented a branch of human knowledge on which their national prosperity and their national security depended far more than on any other. In concluding, he desired to remind their younger members that they had the advantage of coming into a profession which was already formed, and they should remember, therefore, that they owed it to those who had gone before them and who had borne the burden and heat of the day, to see that they maintained the honour and dignity of the profession, and that they upheld all that their predecessors had won for them.The hearty thanks of the Section were accorded the President, 132 on the motion of Mr. William Thomson, seconded by Dr. A. K. Miller. The Registrar, who was also present, in thanking the Section for their hospitality, acknowledged the courtesy of the past and present Honorary Secretaries of the Local Section, and said that he felt that social meetings of that kind fostered the best of good feelings between the Local Sections and Headquarters.He also referred to the formation of the Students’ Association in London then pending. The company enjoyed a programme of music and recitations. Votes of thanks were accorded to those who provided the enter- tainment and to the Chairman. The Registrar subsequently met many of the students who were present and advised them with regard to matters connected with the regulations and examinations. Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting, of the Section, which took the form of a dinner in the Refectory, Armstrong College, and to which all members of the Institute residing in the Section area, whether members of the Local Section or not, were invited, was held on the 14th February, 1922.Twenty-seven members were present. During the course of the evening the Chairman (Dr. P. E. Bowles) delivered his inaugural address, in which hc said :-“I willingly give pride of place to my predecessors in the position of your Chairman, for their oratory and that indefinable ‘some- thing’ which, if a Chairman possesses it, makes his meetings go with a swing, but if he does not, they lag and falter. To these men I humbly bow the knee, and hope that with their inspiration and your patience I may help to make this session a successful one. “To no man do I bow the knee, either humbly or otherwise, when it comes to a love of my profession, a strong sense of loyalty to that body which has consistently worked to keep that profession clean and dignified-The Institute of Chemistry-and a strong personal desire to see our profession more honoured and respected every day.I think I am on non-controversial grounds in stating that the higher interests of our profession are more carefully preserved by the Institute than by any other organisation. You may search its records in vain for any solitary action which has not had, as its ultimate object, the raising of the dignity and status of the chemist. The work has been well done; the fight has been a hard one, and is by no means at an end; but the professional chemist of this generation can look a member of any other learned profession squarely in the eyes with the feeling that he starts out at least on equal ground.This statement is true to-day, and, although I cannot speak from personal knowledge, was by no means true 20 years ago. We have to thank the Institute of Chemistry almost exclusively for bringing about this state of affairs. “In our daily work people have gradually come to learn that there is only one kind of answer that ever comes from the chemist -the truth. However inconvenient, however it may act as a cold douche on some pet scheme, no chemist can warp his ex- perimental results in order to fit in with some preconceived idea of other people or himself. Hence I say by his daily work he has earned a great meed of trust and owes gratitude to none. But he does owe loyalty to his profession, and he must uphold with all his might and main his confreres who are determined that not only shall the high ideals be maintained, but that they shall be recognised and rewarded.“Privileges always carry with them duties, and as we are privileged to belong to the Institute, it is our bounden duty to support our Local Sections so that we may become an actual and impressive power. Isolated as we are, it is only by forming our- selves into a solid, compact, enthusiastic body that we can ultimately make our opinions felt, and we can only become strong by meeting each other socially and thrashing out the various vexed questions which crop up in our professional life. Just to mention one or two cases, there is the very important decision to be made as to the very word ‘chemist.’ Then the several terms used in a recent Act of Parliament require definition; all these things must have a solution, and chemists, with their logical minds and experience in general research, are the right people to find these solutions.“I should like our Central Organisation so to impress our Government that they would never introduce legislation con-nected with our profession without first consulting the Institute of Chemistry, then we should not have such a Gilbertian situation as we have now, owing to an Act of Parliament containing in- definable terms. No Government would dare to introduce bills on medical subjects without consulting the medical organisations, and we must educate our politicians up to a due sense of our importance, which we will not do entirely by working in our 134 laboratories and libraries.I have attempted to show you the importance of (I) supporting your central organisation, and, in order to do this, you must (ii) support your local organisation. Come to its meetings in strength and stimulate its officers by your own enthusiasm.” Dr. J. T. Dunn, on behalf of the meeting, thanked Dr. Bowles for his address. Votes of thanks were accorded to Dr. J. T. Dunn for his services as Chairman of the Local Section since its inception, and also to Dr. J. H. Paterson, to whom, as Hon. See., had fallen the greater part of the work in organising and carrying on the Section over the two years it has been in existence.Mr. S. H. Collins spoke on the value of the Institute to the great body of professional chemists, and considered that, owing to its activities, the status of the chemist had advanced markedly during the last few years. British Fine Chemicals,-The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has published a pamphlet entitled “Some British Fine Chemicals Produced by Members of the Association,” containing a list of nearly 2000 products, and an index of firms who are prepared to supply them. Copies of the pamphlet can be obtained from the General Manager of the Association, 166, Piccadilly, London, W. I. 135 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). THE inaugural meeting of the Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London) was held at the Institute on 29th March, Mr.E. R. Bolton (Chairman of the London Section of the In- stitute) in the chair. About 60 students were present. Mr. Collett, Secretary of the London Section, outlined the proceedings which had led up to the meeting, and the Chairman then invited discussion upon the proposal to form an Association and upon the draft rules submitted. (See p. 136). Miss Tookey suggested an amendment to the effect that, instead of forming another association, arrangements should be made for students to attend the meetings of Local Sections. In this way students would come into touch with Fellows and Associates, and the work of organisation would not be duplicated. Works visits and lectures required a good deal of arrangement, and the number who could visit any works at a time was limited.She thought that students could attend lectures at the chemical societies of any of the colleges, and it would be easy for the secretaries of societies to send notices of these meetings to the Institute. Mr. Marlow, being asked to reply, said that at Local Section meetings students would be visitors without voting powers, whereas the proposed Association would be run by students for themselves, although they would meet Fellows and Associates who, as Honorary Members, were really interested in them. Bar students at their meetings formed valuable friendships, and were brought to realise that they had entered a great fellowship, wherein the most junior student found himself on equal terms with eminent barristers.The profession of chemistry should encourage its students to acquire early in their career the same esprit de corps as that which existed in the law. In his view, the formation of a separate Association was essential for this purpose. Moreover, there were sometimes topics for discussion at Local 136 Section meetings which did not interest students-matters referred to them by the Council for consideration. Mr. Collett added that the Association would provide the mechanism whereby students could be invited to Section meetings. Mr. Winsor remarked that, if students were merely invited to attend the meetings of chemical societies at the colleges, they attended as strangers, but at the Institute they would meet on common ground.The proposed amendment was withdrawn by consent, and the Association declared duly formed, two students voting to the contrary. The Draft Rules were:- Title. 1. The name of the Association (which is formed under the auspices of the London Section and of the Council of the Institute) shall be “ The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).” The headquarters of the Association shall be the offices of the Institute. ObJ ects. 2. The objects of the Association shall be to arrangemeetings of registered students of the Institute to discuss matters of professional and student interest, to provide lectures, to arrange exhibit evenings, social evenings and debates, to arrange visits to works in the neighbourhood of London, and generally to promote the interests of Registered Students.3. The Association shall in every way possible co-ordinate with, and co-operate with, the chemical societies of the recog- nised colleges in or around London. Member-4. The members of the Association shall be divided into ship. two classes, and shall be styled Ordinary Members and Honorary Members. (a) Registered students of the Institute shall be eligible to be Ordinary Members, and shall become OrdinaryMembers on notifying the Secretary of the Association in writing of their desire to do so, and of their intention to abide by the rules of the Association. (b) Fellows and Associates of the Institute shall be eligible to be Honorary Members, and shall become Honorary Members on notifying the Secretary of the Association in writing of their desire to do so, and of their intention to abide by the rules of the Association.OrdinaryMembers on election as Associates of the Institute during any business year for which a subscription has been paid shall become Honorary Members for the remainder of that year without the payment of any further subscrip- tion. Committee. 5. (a) The management of the Association shall be vested in a committee which shall consist of :-i. a President, who shall be a Fellow of the Institute and an Honorary Member, and shall be elected by the Ordinary Members present a.t the Annual General Meeting. 137 ii. one Honorary Member, who shall be a member of the committee of the London Section of the Institute, and shall be elected thereby.iii. Ordinary Members, who shall be elected by postal ballot as follows :-(a) one Ordinary Member, by the Ordinary Members in each of the recognised colleges in the London Area. Such member shall be a student at such college, and shall vacate his seat on the committee if he cease to study at such college. (p)two Ordinary Members shall be elected by the Ordinary Members whose registration was made on the proposal of Fellows who are not pro- fessors or teachers of chemistry at recognised colleges. Any casual vacancy amongst the members of the Committee shall be filled by the Committee by the elec- tion of members representing the classes mentioned in this section of this rule.No business shall be transacted at any Committee meeting unless at least 4 Ordinary Members be present. The Committee, at a Meeting which shall be called by the President, shall elect from their own number a Vice-president, an Honorary Treasurer (who shall be an honorary member) and an Honorary Secretary. No officer other than the Honorary Treasurers shall hold the same office for more than two years in succession. An Ordinary Member who wishes to serve on the Com- mittee shall be nominated by two Ordinary Members, who shall notify the Secretary of the Association in writing at least fourteen days before the Annual General Meeting. An Ordinary Member of the Committee shall ips0 fucto vacate his seat if he be absent from three consecutive meetings of the Committee without the consent of the Committee.Annual 6. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in the last General week in May to receive the Report and Financial Statement Meeting. for the preceding session ; to appoint scrutineers to examine the balloting lists ; to elect the President and Auditors for the ensuing session ; to receive the scrutineers’ report upon the election of the Committee ; and to transact any other necessary business. Special 7. The Honorary Secretary shall call a Special General General Meeting on the written request of fifteen ordinary members or Meeting. upon a resolution of the Committee. Notices of 8. Notices of motion at a General Meeting shall be sub-Motion.mitted in writing to the Honorary Secretary so as to reach him at least fourteen days before such meeting ; but the Chairman of such meeting may, in his discretion, allow motions which are not in accordance with this rule. 138 Quorum. 9. No business shall be transacted at any General Meeting unless at least ateen ordinary members be present; exceptthat at Special General Meetings at least thirty ordinary members shall be present. Notices. 10. Notice of meetings shall be conveyed by means of a membership card to which every member shall be entitled ; by announcement in the “Journal and Proceedings of the Institute ” and in the technical press ; and by notice on the notice boards at recognised colleges and at other convenient places.Forwarding 11. A resolution passed at a General Meeting may be of Resolu-submitted to the Committee of the London Section of the tions. Institute, who may, if they deem fit, submit the same for the consideration of the Council of the Institute. Votes. 12. At all general meetings each ordinary member present shall have one vote, but honorary members shall not vote. In case of equality of votes, the chairman of the meeting, even though he be an honorary member, shall have a casting vote. If a poll be demanded at a General Meeting by fifteen ordinary members it shall take place at such time and in such manner as the chairman shall then decide, and in case of equality of votes, the chairman of the meeting at which the result of the poll is declared shall have a casting vote.Subscrip-13. (a) The Annual subscription of an Honorary Member tion. shall be ten shillings and of an Ordinary Member five shillings. The annual subscription shall be payable on the 1st May of each year, but Honorary and Ordinary Members elected after the 31st December in any business year shall pay only one half of the anni1sll subscription for that year. (b) Any Honorary or Ordinary Member whose subscription is unpaid on the 22nd May shall ipsofacto cease to be a member, and shall continue to be ineligible for member- ship until arrears of subscription have been paid. Accounts. 14. The Treasurer shall keep accounts of all monies received and expended by the Association, and shall lay before the A4ssociation at the Annual General Meeting a statement of account made up to the 30th April immediately preceding.Such accounts shall be examined and the correctness thereof certified by two auditors who shall be Ordinary Members, but not members of the Committee. If any casual vacancy occur in the office of auditor the Committee may fill such vacancy. An Ordinary Member who becomes an Honorary Member shall not thereby vacate the office of auditor during the year for which he has been elected. Minutes. 15. The Secretary shall keep minutns of all meetings of the Committee and of the Association, and such minutes if purport- ing to be signed by the chairman of the meeting, or of the next succeeding meeting, shall be prima facie evidence of the matters stated therein.139 Alteration 16. No alteration in or addition to these Rules shall be of Rules. made without the consent of two-thirds of the OrdinaryMembers present and voting at a Special General Meeting called for that purpose, of which seven days notice shall be given in writing to each member, and no such alteration or addition shall become effective until it has received the approval of the Com- mittee of the London Section of tho Institute and of the Council of the Institute. Disputes. 17. Any disputes arising out of the interpretation of these rules may be submitted to the Committee of the London Section of the Instditute, whose decision in the matter shall be final.On the motion of Mr. Miller, seconded by Mr. Blench, it was decided that the Provisional Committee who had drafted the rules should manage the Association until the Annual General Meeting, to be held in May. The Chairman then called upon the Registrar of the Institute to deliver an address on “Students’ Societies, with special reference to the work of similar societies formed under the auspices of other Chartered Bodies.” He spoke with special experience of the Chartered Secretaries’ Students’ Society (London), of which he had been the first President. This Society held joint debates with the Law Students’ Debating Society and with the Students’ Societies of the Chartered and Incorporated Accountants, and he had spent many jolly evenings with what he termed the junior fellowships of these professions. He said that the Association which had now been formed would not in any way wish to interfere with College Associations, but rather to co-operate with them, and, at the same time, provide a common ground where the junior fellowship of the profession could meet, affording opportunities for extending among the chemists of the future those ties of good feeling and friendship which were so valuable in after life, when, apart from the joy of friendship itself, those ties were drawn closer for the furtherance of the common cause-the advancement of their profession and their science.There was a healthy atmosphere about the contact of men who have known one another from their youth up; there was a better understanding and an absence of petty jealousy when they met in consultation, a more generous interchange of opinion, a greater esteem for worth and a more kindly allowance for shortcomings. A barrister friend of his had given him the following points:- 1.A students’ society gives students some corporate life which is so 2. A students’ society should be self-supporting, so that under the paternal influence of its President it may go its own gait. 3. The President should be a man who can keep his lusty children in vduable to the member of the University or Inn of Court. 140 order, act as a buffer between the parent society and the students’ society, and have the courage to protect his young against the assaults of outsiders.4. A students’ society promotes self -reliance, breeds confidence, makes mistakes-as no one is infallible--not even the youngest- and develops esprit de corps. He suggested that the President should be an officer or member of the Council of the Institute, who could watch the interests of students, and take part in welcoming and doing honour to their guests and visitors; further, that he should not hold office for more than one year, or at most two years, in order that in the course of time a succession of members of the Council should have a close acquaintance with their constitution and proceedings. Obviously, too, he would be a man with a wide knowledge of their science, able to sum up on a technical debate, and contribute usefully to their discussions as occasion required. He mentioned that even before the war Professor Meldola, who was then President of the Institute, had discussed with him proposals for arranging students’ nights, and, therefore, he had been very glad when Mr.Murdoch had raised the matter afresh. He believed that before long the Association would prove that its existence was all for the good of chemistry, for the students themselves, the Institute, and the profession generally. After quoting from Blair’s Lectures on Rhetoric a passage dealing with the subject of students’ debating societies, he urged those who could contribute usefully to any discussion not to neglect to do so. It would give them confidence, which would be valuable when presenting themselves for their examinations, or when seeking an appointment, and afterwards in business life.Good speakers would always be useful among chemists, especially as the Institute had to appoint from time to time representatives to attend conferences, government commissions or enquiries, to act as delegates on deputations to ministers of state, and for similar purposes. He believed that such an Association would lead chemists to a more self-confident expression of their views in public debate, and would bring to the fore men and women who, in the course of years, would prove leaders of the profession. What was wanted was more self-reliance. That might sound like an argument against organisation; but it was an argument for organisation to promote the proper professional spirit, to promote the ideals of professional life.141 He hoped that the Publications Committee would see their way to afford space in the JOURNAL of the Institute for some record of their proceedings, and in wishing the Association every possible success, expressed himself confident that they would never look in vain for sympathy and help from the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, to whose special care they were entrusted, or to the President and Council of the Institute, who would watch their proceedings with the keenest interest. Having warned them not to expect riches, he concluded with a quotation from Emerson’s Essays:-“Work in every hour, paid or unpaid, see only that thou work, and thou canst not escape the reward; whether thy work be fine or coarse, planting corn or writing epics, so only it be honest work, done to thine own approbation, it shall earn a reward to the senses as well as to the thought; no matter how often defeated, you are born to victory.The reward of a thing well done is to have done it.” The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the Registrar and to the Chairman. 142 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur-chased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.! “Atmospheric Nitrogen, The Fixation of.” Joseph Knox. and edition. Pp. 121. (London: Gurney & Jackson.) 4s. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (1) as nitric or nitrous acid, or as their salts; (2) as ammonia and ammonium compounds; (3) in the form of compounds which readily yield ammonia.*“ Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organischen Chemie. ” 4th Edition. Vol. 4. Pp. xv. and 734. (Berlin: Julius Sprenger.) Ic]3 10s. *“Cane Sugar, The Manufacture of.” Llewellyn Jones and Frederic I. Scard. 2nd Edition. Pp. xix. and 481. (London: Duckworth & Co.) 25s. Sugar cane; crushing and extraction of the juice; accessories and their functions; multipie mills; clarification; filtration; concentration; crystallisation; scientific control ; steam generation ; by-products. *“ Chemical Dictionary, The Popular : A Compendious Ency- clopaedia.” C. T. Kingzett. 2nd Edition. Pp. viii. and 539.(London: BalliPre, Tindall 23 Cox.) 21s. *“ Chemilter-Kalender, 1922.” R. Biedermann, revised by W. Roth. 2 Vols. Vol. I., pp. xix. and 520; Vol. II., pp. xii. and 624. (Berlin: Julius Springer.) 4s. 6d. *“ Colloid Chemistry of the Proteins.” Wolfgang Pauli, trans- lated by P. C. L. Thorne. Part I. Pp. xi. and 140. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 8s. 6d. Colloid chemistry and the general chemistry of the proteins ;conditions of stability in protein solutions; electric charge on natural soluble al- bumin; properties of proteins in iso-electric reaction; salts of albumin and acids; salts of albumin and bases; alterations in state of the alkali proteins with lapse of time; salts of the globulins; migration velocity of the protein ions. “Cyaniding Gold and Silver Ores, a Practical Treatise.” H.Forbes Julian and Edgar Smart. 3rd Edition, revised and enlarged by A. W. Allen. Pp. xxiv. and 4x7. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 36s. net. 143 “Distillation Principles and Processes.” Sydney Young and others. Pp. xiii. and 509. (London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.) 40s. Principles and processes ;distillation of acetone and normal butyl alcohol on the manufacturing scale; distillation of alcohol;fmctiond distillation as applied to the petroleum industry; distillation of glycerin; distillation of essential oils. *“ Explosives Supply, Technical Records of, 1915-1918.” No. 6 : Synthetic Phenol and Picric Acid. Pp. vi. and 97. No. 8: Solvent Recovery. Pp. 22. Ministry of Munitions and Department of Explosives Supply.(London : H.M. Stationery Office.) No. 6: 15s. No. 8: 3s. *“History of Chemistry, A Concise.” T. P. Hilditch. 2nd Edition. Pp. xi and 276. (London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.) 6s. *“Inorganic Chemistry.” T. Martin Lowry. Pp. x. and 943. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 28s. Historical and introductory; non-metals; the metals : typical series; the metals : transmission series. *“Isotopes.” F. W. Aston. Pp. viii. and 152. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 9s. Radioactive isotopes ; positive rays ; neon ; mass-spectrograph; analysisof the elements; electrical theory of matter; isotopes and atomic numbers; spectra of isotopes; separation of isotopes; appendices. “Mechanical Testing, A Treatise.” R.G. Batson and J. H. Hyde. Vol. I.: Testing of Materials of Construction. Pp. xiii. and 413. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. Testing machines; mechanical tests of hard drawn wire; testing cast iron; influence of shape and time; elastic constants; experiments on the repetition of stresses; resistance to combined stresses; alternatingbending tests beyond the yield point ; hardness and abrasion tests; impact and notched bar testing; effect of temperature on mechanical properties ; testing of timber, stone, brick, road materials, limes, and cements. “Metallography and Macrography, An Introduction to the Study of.” Leon Guillet and Albert Portevin. Translated by Leonard Taverner. Pp. xvi. and 289. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 30s.Metallographic technique; theory 01 metallography; mechanical properties; industrial application to iron, steel and various alloys and to non-ferrous metals and alloys ;macrographic technique. 144 *“ Modern Chemistry, Pure and Applied.” A. J. Hale. Vol. IV. Yp. vi. and 280. (London: Virtue & Co. Ltd.) 16s. Carboxylic acids ; esters, oils, fats and waxes ; essential oils ; terpenes, gums and resins; rubber; aromatic sulphonic acids; phenols; nitro-compounds ; amines. “Oil Encyclopaedia.” Marcel Mitzakis. Pp. 567. (London: Chapman 8r Hall, Ltd.) 21s. “Oil Shales.” H. B. Cronshaw. Imperial Institute Mono-graph. Pp. go. (London: John Murray.) 5s. *(‘Organic Synthesis.” An Annual Publication of satisfactory methods for the preparation of organic chemicals.Roger Adams, Chief of Editorial Board in America. Vol. I. Pp. vii. and 84. (New York: John Wiley, Inc.; London: Chapman 81Hall, Ltd.) 8s. 6d. Description of 23 preparations of organic research chemicals on scale of )lb. to Blb. *“ Potash.” Imperial Institute Monograph. Sydney J. John-stone. Pp. x. and 122. (London: John Murray.) 6s. net. Deposits of soluble potash minerals; salt lakes and pans; potassium nitrate deposits of mineral origin ;potassium nitrate deposits of organic origin; sea water as a source 01 potash; insoluble potash minerals; flue gases as sources of potash; vegetable sources of potash; residues from beet-sugar manufacture ; animal sources of potash; references to literature on potash. “Quantum Theory, The Origin and Development of the.” Max Planck.Translated by H. T. Clarke and L. Silber- stein. (Nobel Prize Address, 1920.) Pp. 23. (Oxford: Clarendon Press.) 3s. 6d. “Soaps and Proteins.” M. H. Fischer. Pp. ix. and 272. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 24s. Colloid Chemistry of soaps; colloid chemistry of soap manufacture; analogies in the colloid chemistry of soaps, protein derivatives and tissues; appendix of physico-chemical constants. “Solids, Aggregation and Flow of.” Sir George Beilby. Pp. xv. and 256, with 34 plates. (London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.) 20s. Microscopic methods and measurements ;surface tension forms in liquids and solids; varied ways in which aggregation takes place; cohesion among minute solid particles and between these particles and flat surfaces; polish &s the result of surface flow ; crystallisation and vitreous states in solids, their influence on the physical and mechanicnl properties of ductile metals; influence of the crystalline, mobile, and vitreous states on the flow or rocks and ice; molecular pulsation cells; extension of Faraday’s work on thin metal leaves ; phosphorescence affected by the change from the crystal to the vitreous state.145 “Steel, The Electro-Metallurgy of.” C. C. Gow. Pp. xvi. and 351. (London: Constable & Co. Ltd.) 27s. 6d. Historical development ; electro-metallurfiica1 methods of refining cold charges ; liquid steel refining; ingot casting; application to foundrypractice; characteristic principles and features of design :modern types; refractory materials used in construction ; properties and manufacture of carbon electrodes.*“Structure of the Atom, The.” Stephen Miall. Pp. 26. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.) IS. 6d. The structure of the atom; radio-active changes ; isotopes ;Langmuir‘soctet theory. *“ Sulphuric Acid by the Contact Process.” (Typescript.) Lecture delivered before the German Chemical Society, 1901, by R. Knietsch, translated by James Watson. “Woven Fabrics, Analysis of.” Alfred F. Barker and Eber Midgley. 2nd Edition. PI>. xv. and 322. (London: Scott, Greenwood SL Son.) 15s. Qualities of raw materials and of unions; calculations relating to the weights of union and cloths; setting of cloths; weave analysis; effects of dyeing and finishing on woo1, union, dress, linen and cotton fabrics; analysis of woven fabrics; quick methods of analysis; qualitative and quantitative analysis of fibres in woven fabrics ; costing.146 The Library. Since the issue of the Journal and Proceedings for 1921, Part II., the Lectures and Library Committee has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-ANBLO-MEXICANPETROLEUMCo. LTD. : Mex Fuel Oil. 2nd Edition. London, 1921. ARGLES, CHARLES: Chemicals and Industrial Materials with their Commercial Uses. Charles Argles. Birminqham, I921. MESSRS. EDWARDARNOLD& Co. : Chemical Disinfection and Sterilisation. Samuel Rideal, D.Sc., F.I.C., and Eric K.Ridenl, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1921. Isotopes. F. W. Adton, M.A., F.R.S., A.I.C. Londoii, 1921. ATACK,F. W., D.Sc., F.I.C.: The Chemists’ Year Book. Edited by F. W. Atack, D.Sc., F.I.C., assisted by L. Whinyates, A.M.C.T., A.I.C. 2 Vols. Manchester, 1921. MESSRS. BENN BROS., LPD.: Modern Gasworks Practice. Alwyne Meade. A.M.1nst.C.E. London, 1921. The Practical Chemistry of Coal and its Products. A. E. Findley, B.Sc., A.I.C., and R. Wigginton, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. London, 1921. The Structure of the Atom. Stephen Miall, B.Sc., LL.D. London, 1922. CHAPMAN & HALL, LTD.: Colloid Chemistry of the Proteins. Part I. Prof. Dr. WolfgangPauli. London, 1922. French-English Dictionary for Chemists. A. M.Patterson, Ph.D. London and New York, 1921. Handbook oi Chemistry and Physics. C. D. Hodgman, X.S., assisted by M. F. Coolbaugh, M.A., and C. E. Senseman, M.A. London, 1920. DEPARTMENT :OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH Technical Records of Explosives Supply, 1915-191 8 : No. 1: Denitration of Spent Acids, 1920. No. 2 : Manufacture of Trinitrotoluene, 1920. No. 3: Sulphuric Acid Concentration, 1921. No. 4: Theory and, Practice of Acid Mixing, 1921 No. 6: Synthetic Phenol and Picric Acid, 1921 No. 8 : Solvent Recovery, 1921. London. HALE,A. J., B.Sc., F.I.C.: Modern Chemistry, Pure and Applied. A. J. Hale, B.Sc., F.I.C. 4 Vols. London, 1921. JOHNSTONE, SYDNEY J., B.Sc., A.I.C.: Potash. Imperial Institute Monograph. Sydney J.Johnstone, B.Sc., A.I.C.London, 1922. 147 JONES, LLEWELLYN, AND SCARD,F.I., F.I.C. : The Manufacture of Cane Sugar. London, 1921. KINGZETT,C. T., F.I.C. : The Popular Chemical Dictionary. A Compendious Encyclopaedia. 2nd Edition. London, 192 1. MESSRS. E. & S. LIVINGSTONE: Chemistry and Civilisation. A. S. Cushman, A.M., Ph.D. Edin-burgh, 1921. MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Co.: A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. W. Mellor, D.Sc. London, 1922. A Course of Practical Organic Chemistry. T. Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C., and Douglas F. Twiss, D.Sc., F.I.C. 3rd Edition. London, 1922. Factory Chemistry. W. H. Hawkes, A.R., M.Sc. London, 1921. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. E.J. Russell, D.Sc., F.R.S. London, 1921. LUCAS,ALFRED. O.B.E., F.I.C. : Forensic Chemistry. Alfred Lucas, O.R.R., F.J.C. London, 1921. MESSRS. MACMILLAN& Co. LTD. : Inorganic Chemistry. T. Martin Lowry, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. London, 1922. MAONAB,WILLIAM, C.B.E., F.I.C. : Preliminary Studies for H.M. Factory, Gretna, and Study for an Installation of Phosgene Manufacture. Department of Explosive Supply. Prepared by William Macnab, C.B.E.. F.I.C. London. MERSEY AND IRWELLCOMMITTEE: Proceedings, 1920-1 921. Prmton, 1921. MESSRS. METHUEN & Co.: A Concise History of Chemistry. T. P. Hilditch, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2nd Edition. London, 1922. MORRELL,R. S., M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C., AND WAELE,A. DE, A.I.C. : Rubber, Resins, Paints and Varnishes.R. S. Morrell, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C., and A. de Waele, A.I.C. London, 1921. MES~RS.SIR ISAAC & SONS, LTD.: PITMAN The Manufacture and Uses of Explosives. R. C. Farmer, O.B.E., D.Sc. London, 1921. Radioactivity and Radioactive Substances. J. Chadwick, M.Sc., Ph.D. London, 1921. Sulphur and Sulphur Derivatives. H. A. Auden. London, 1921. RIBBLEJOINTCOMMITTEE: Proceedings, 1920-2 1. Preston, 1921. SANDERS, F.I.C. :J. MCCONNELL, Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie. 2nd Edition. 2 Vols. Leipzig,191 1. SHELDON,N. L., Ph.D., F.I.C. : Report of the Industrial Alcohol Committee. Simla, 1920. OF LONDONUNIVERSITY PRESS, LTD.: Organic Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative. E. de B. Barnett, €3 Sc, F.I.C., and P. C. L. Thorne, M.A., A.I.C.London, 1921. 148 WATSON, JAMES, D.SC., F.1.C. : Sulphuric Acid by the Contact Process. (Typescript.) Lecture delivered before the German Chemical Society, 1901, by R. Knietsch, translated by James Watson, D.Sc., F.I.C. The Production of Sulphuric Acid by Catalytic Action. (Typescript.) James Watson, D.Sc., F.I.C. The Lectures and Library Committee are also indebted to Fellows, through whose kindness the supply of various journals has been continued, and will be grateful to Fellows, Associates, Authors, and Publishers for the continuance of their generous support. Books Purchased. Aluminium and its Alloys. C. Grard. Translated by C. M. Phillips and H. W. L. Phillips, B.A., A.I.C. London, 1921. Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organischen Chemie.Vol. IV. BerZin, 1922. Catalogue of British Scientific and Technical Books. British Science Guild. London, 192 1. Chemie der Nahrungs und Genussmittel sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstiinde. J. Konig. Berlin, 19 1620. Chemiker-Kalendar. Dr. Rudolf Biedermann. Berlin, 1922. Famous Chemists: The Men and their Work. Sir William A. Tilden, LL.D., F.R.S. London, 1921. Handbook of Laboratory Glass Blowing. B. D. Bolas. London, 1921. The Mineral Industry : Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1920. Edited by G. A. Roush, A. B., M.S. Vol. XXTX. London and New York, 1921. Organic Synthesis. Roger Adams. Vol. 1. London, 1921. Report of the Progress of Applied Chemistry. Society of Chemical Industry. Vol. V. London, 1921. Richter’s Organic Chemistry.Vol, 11.: Chemistry of the Carbocyclic Compounds. Translated from the 11th German Edition, by E. E. Fournier D’ Albe, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. London, 1922. Tables Annuelles de Constantes et Donndes Numdriques de Chimie, de Physique and de Technologie. Comit6 Internationale nomm6 par le VII. Congrds de Chimie appliqu6e. Paris, Cambridge and Chicago, 1921. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. IX. Part 11.: Iron and its Compounds. J. Newton Friend, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. Londun, 1921. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Vol. 11.: Calculi to Explosion. London, 1921. 149 Journals Wanted. The Committee will be glad to receive gifts of any of the following, which are needed to complete sets :-Publication.Wanted. The Chemical News. . .. Vol. 29, Nos. 748 and 754; Vol. 30, Nos. 766 767 and 786. The Chemical Trade Journal. Vol. 27, No. 610. Chemiker-Zeitung .. .. Vols. 1-17, inclusive. Chemisches Zentralblatt .. The first four series, and Vol. 1 of the 5th series. Comptes Rendus .. .. From commencement to 1877, inclusive, and 1894 onwards. Journal of the Board of Agri-culture . . .. .. From Vol. 2, Part 3, to Vol. 7, Part 3, inclusive. Journal of the Institute of Brewing .. .. .. 1898 (Nos. for January and March); 1899 (No. for February). Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering .. .. Vols. 1-4 of the Metallographist, inclusive. Vol. 21: Nos. 8-12, inclusive; Vol. 22: NOS. 1-4, inclusive. Proceedings of the Royal Society .... .. Vols, 1-12 (1862), and Vol. 25 (1876) on-wards. Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie .. .. .. From commencement to 1898 inclusive; and 1901. Obituary. HARRY LEONARD ALLENdied at Saranac Lake, New York, on 31st January, in his 36th year. Educated at Newport School, Fife, and at Dundee High School, he received his scientific training under Prof.- now SirAames Walker, at University College, Dundee, and having graduated in Science at the University of St. Andrews, passed the Inter- mediate Examination of the Institute in 1908, and the Final in the branch of Mineral Chemistry in 1909. After several months’ experience as chemist and assistant manager to the Caledonian Portland Cement Company, he held an appointment for over two years with Messrs.Nobel’s Explosives Co., before proceeding to the United States to the position of superintendentof the works of the Wright Chemical Co., New Jersey. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913. 150 ALFRED ERNEST DAWE died on 24th December, 1921, in his 40th year. Born at Sydenham and educated at Alleyn’s School, Dulwich, he was lecture assistant in the chemical department of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School from 1897 until 1901, and then occupied a similar position at Battersea Polytechnic until 1903. In the following year he was admitted to an Inland Revenue Laboratory Studentship, and attended the Royal College of Science. He remained in the Government Laboratory until 1910, when he joined the staff of the Stationery Office, where for many years he was an examiner of paper, to which subject he devoted special attention, and on which he lectured at the Borough Polytechnic.He was elected an Associate of the Institute shortly before his death. ROBERT PETTYCECILTHOMAS died at Pusa, India, on the 15th March, after an operation for appendicitis, in his 27th year. Educated at South- gate County School he passed the Intermediate Science Examination of London University and entered as a student at Peterhouse, Cambridge. He obtained a commission in the King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in July, 1915, serving with the Machine Gun Corps from 1916 to 1919, and being wounded in May, 1918. On demobilisation he returned to Cambridge, and took honours in chemistry in Part 11.of the Natural Science Tripos in June, 1921. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in December last, when he proceeded to an appointment as Assistant Bacteriologist in the Indian Agricultural Service. WALTERMACFARLANEdied at Weclnesbury on 19th November, 1921, in his 68th year. Born in Strath-Endrick, Stirlingshire, he gained a Stevenson Bursary scholarship at the John Anderson, (the Royal Technical) College, Glasgow, and was trained under Professors Dittmar and Mills. In 1883 he joined the staff of the Monkbridge Iron and Steel Works, Leeds, of Sir James Kitson-now Lord Airdale; and in 1888, was appointed chief chemist of the Glengarnock Iron and Steel Company, with whom he became manager of the Siemens department.Under Prof. Mills he had conducted research on gases; while at Glengarnock he devoted much attention to blast furnace gases; and his name is associated with the Macfarlane-Caldwell gas apparatus. In 1896 he obtarned an appoint- ment at Wednesbury under the Staff ordshire Education Committee, with whom he remained for 25 years, retiring in August last from the position of Principal of the County Technical College, Wednesbury. He was well known as a metallurgist, was a very successful teacher of metal- lurgy, and author of Laboratory Notes on Practical Metallurgy, The Principles and Practice of Iron and Steel Manufacture, and LaboratoryNotes on Iron and Steel Analyses, all published by Messrs. Longmans, Green and Co. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1889.DAVID Emys WILLIAMS, who died at Bryn, near Corwen, on 9th January, in his 28th year, was educated at Llanelly County School, and trained at University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, under Prof. Alexander Findlay. He graduated with Honours in 1915, and in July of that year was appointed a works chemist at Messrs. Nobel’s Explosives CO.’s factory at Pembrey, where he remained until early in 1918, when he joined the Inns of Court O.T.C. In February, 1920, he was appointed assistant lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at University College, Aberystwyth, which he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. 151 “What the Manufacturer Expects of his Chemists.” [Abstract of an address given by MY.G. Lemmens, Managing Director of Messrs. Lipton, Ltd., before the London and South- Eastern Counties Section of the Institute of Chemistry, 15th February, 1922.1 In my younger days, when I used to attend meetings at which technical subjects were discussed, I observed that, when these were of a general nature, it was the usual practice to find fault with the title employed. Conforming with this ritual, I think that “What the Manufacturer expects of his Chemists ’’ carries with it an implication that he does not get what he expects, and is impelled to say so. My sympathies are rather the other way, and, with Baalam the son of Beor, I, who have been invited to curse, feel more inclined to bless. There might properly be some burning words to address to the manufacturer as to what chemists as a class expect from him with regard to encouragement. But not having an inspired ass to control me, I must speak by my brief and confine myself to cursing, or, as the Chairman, with that elegance of diction that always distinguishes him, has ex- pressed it, “put it acrost ’em,” understanding that what is expected of me is to indicate to what extent the average works chemist falls short of a manufacturer’s expectations and how he can live up to them.I use the word “average” works chemist purposely and proceed on the understanding that the members of the Institute are not included in the term, but are the aris- tocracy of their profession and can afford, as we all do when we hear a sermon, to say, “This ought to touch the other fellow on the raw; I hope it’ll do him good.” Besides, it does not matter much anyway, I am only opening the ball for others who can contribute far more useful information than I, who am only a grocer; but if you will bear with me for a few moments I will give you my ideas.152 The first thing we want in a works chemist is initiative. have put this first because it is the most useful quality to the manufacturer, and the one most frequently lacking. Most works chemists display a tendency to pursue the routine of making the determinations asked of them and let it go at that. The manu- facturer may not always realise it, but he is to a considerable extent dependent on the chemist to tell him what he needs.Not only so, but a problem defined is half solved. Lots of us don’t know that there is anything the matter with us until we read the patent medicine advertisements! Secondly, what we need of our chemists is broadness of out- look. Specialisation may be very good as a career, but a manu-facturer does not want a specialist in his laboratory, and, without paradox, this is equally true even if the manufacture is a special- ised one. What I mean is this: The expression “works chemist ” is a convenient one to use, but the man worthy of the name and position must be far more than this. He must in actual fact exercise all the functions of “technical control,” and all that this implies. Subject to something that I may have to say later, there ought to be a constant warfare waged between technical control and “rule-of-thumb,” shrewd buffets being taken and given on either side.And I mean on either side. I have seen technical control worsted by rule-of-thumb, and the rule-of-thumb has not infrequently been in the right, or, what is still more inexcusable, the technician has not been man enough to keep his end up. This introduces my third point, and I approach it with some misgiving. I have a distaste for platitudes, and I do not like labouring the commonplace before a distinguished gathering. Perhaps, after all, my hesitation is unnecessary. We are all intelligent people, and are readily prepared to admit our short-comings; defects in temper and character, limitations in intellect and knowledge we acknowledge, but there are two qualities at least which the humblest minded of us have, and on which we pride ourselves-common sense and tact.I never met anyone yet who did not reserve these two, and did not criticise the lack of them in others. I need only therefore congratulate all works chemists on their possession of tact and recommend them to exercise that quality to the utmost. In the conflict between the rule-of-thumb man and thc technician, the former is at a very great and even unfair dis- 153 advantage. He resents the fact instinctively, and is naturally on the defensive, and not infrequently employs the best of defences-the offensive. He is of ten unconsciously conscious of the weakness of his case in controversy.He knows, or thinks that he knows what he knows, but doesn’t know why he knows it; whereas the more nimble-minded trained man can make the best of a weak case. The man with these advantages at his command ought to use them sparingly. If he doesn’t it will recoil on his own head. We must not disguise from ourselves Ihat the case for trained technical control has not even yet been won. It is a slow fight, but the trained technical chemist is undoubtedly coming to his own, and the present generation owes much to the pioneers who had the hardest part of the campaign to contend with. I remem-ber a case about twelve years ago. I was taking the greater part. of the output of a jam manufacturer in the provinces, and I stipulated for the presence of my representative in his works, with full powers, which was agreed to.But when this representative turned up and was found to be a fully qualified chemist, great umbrage was taken. I pointed out that his services would be of the greatest value, but great resentment was expressed at my interpretation of my rights. His position was made one of the greatest discomfort, culminating in the exercise by the time- keeper of his right of search on leaving the works and a couple of rounds without gloves to decide who was the better man. A little later a stack of several tons of filled marmalade developed mould rapidly, was emptied and reboiled with the same result, and again a third time.The chemist was appealed to and identified the abnormal mould with a culture present in some straw that had come from the potteries with the jars, and which lay in a corner of the boiling room. The trouble was removed, and thereafter relations were most cordial and his assistance was const an tly enlisted. The next quality that the works chemist must cultivate is a grasp of essentials. I experience a difficulty in explaining exactly what I mean about this very important point, and I must do so obliquely. I am picturing to myself the case of a man who is technically fully qualified, and possibly has had practical experi- ence in the laboratory of a public analyst or of an analytical chemist in private practice, and is appointed works chemist to a commercial firm.He finds himself in a totally new environment, and his technical qualifications only cover part of the ground; 154 the problems with which he has to deal are quite different from what he has been accustomed to. A chief accountant tells me that in practice a firm’s books are not by any means kept on text- books principles, and I have a painful recollection of learning to dance in my giddy youth and finding the practice in a ballroom quite different from that in a dancing academy. What seemed essential previously was ignored in practice, and I was altogether at sea. Similarly, the chemist will find himself confronted for the first time with new factors, chief among which are those of costs and yields; and that questions like that of moisture content in raw materials are of overwhelming importance.I don’t mean that he will be taught this by the management. If he is depend- ent on this he is no good. It is just such questions which the management is ignorant of or has ignored, and it is the highest ‘function of technical control to grasp them spontaneously and point them out. One of the habits which he will have to shed is that of academic accuracy. The third decimal point is fright- fully impressive unless it is realised that the burette can only be relied on to one. Another aspect of the grasp of essentials is to realise the final end of his work. The person who really matters is neither the leader of his profession, whom he reveres, nor his immediate employer, whom he despises, but a far more important personage, the ultimate consumer-in my own case the working housewife, the woman with the shawl.Consider an example-the so-called solubility of cocoa. But let me put it another way. I was in a haberdasher’s shop the other day, wanting socks. A refined young lady demanded my closed fist, which I presented to her, and she proceeded to measure socks around them. I said, “That’s all right, but as a matter of fact I almost invariably wear my socks on my feet.” She said, “Yes, but I can tell if the socks will fit you by measuring them round your hand.” replied, “That would be all right if there were a constant ratio between one’s hands and one’s feet, but this only applies to the perfectly formed average person, and if I were the perfectly formed average person you wouldn’t have to measure me at all.” She made some remark to another refined young lady, which I did not catch, which was perhaps just as well.The application to the solubility of cocoa, or rather its tendency to remain in suspension, arises thus: It appears to be the academic practice to define it as the percentage passed by a standard mesh. Now I don’t believe that the average housewiie 155 passes her husband’s cocoa through a hair sieve. I think that it is more likely that if he finds a lot of mud in the bottom of his cup he says, “What’s this muck you’re giving me? I’m going round to the Pig and Whistle.” Personally, if I had to test cocoa for fineness, I would extract the sample with ether and compare its rate of subsidence in a graduated cylinder of soapy water against a standard or against bogey.After all, it is not the fineness of the fine particles which interests me, but the coarseness of the coarse particles. But it is no use explaining that to the chemist; he knows better, and no doubt he is right. Lastly, and by no means of least importance, I would make an appeal for the exercise of that great virtue “scientific humility.” To the humble scientific mind, nature has great secrets to dis- close and rich rewards to bestow. Every difficulty surmounted discloses rich unexplored fields ahead. Believe me, it is not merely a truism, but it is the result of long and bitter experi- ence that, among technically equipped minds, scientific humility is the rarest of virtues and its absence extraordinarily obstructive to progress.A man who really understands the job and has worried over a problem in many of its bearings, perhaps for months, on saying to his chemist: “I wish you would investigate so-and-so,” is quite commonly met with the answer: “Oh, I can tell you, if you do so-and-so, such and such a result will follow.” It is a most infuriating experience to be met with elementary text-book information, which is common knowledge. What many young and highly trained men find a difficulty in grasping is that their text-books and works of reference, their Thorpe and their Lewkowitsch, only provide certain data and do not pretend to exhaust their subjects.Bearing in mind what I have defined as one of the chief functions of technical control, viz., the com-batting of rule-of-thumb methods, with its corollary, the challenging of tradition-it is extraordinary the amount of passive obstruction still met with from the very people who should be least subject to that fault. The leason is that “they know it all,” and the man that cannot have that idea rapidly drummed out of him is hopeless and useless. It ought not to be necessary nowadays to repeat such venerable aphorisms as that-“the more we learn, the more we learn how little we know;” but experience shows us every day how true it is. I have personally had this experience over and over again.A typical case occurs to me. We had been manufacturing a standard product for many yeais, and knew as much about it 156 as anyone. A certain difficulty caused us to conduct a complete investigation into it from the beginning, in the course of which the difficulty was easily removed, but the investigation was continued to the end. By that time we unquestionably knew more about the technics of the product than anyone had known before, and we at any rate learnt one thing, that at the end we knew far less than we thought we knew before we started. There is only one royal road to knowledge, that is drudgery. An essential for any technical man, and this particularly applies to the chemist, is that he should be endowed with genius, that is with an infinite capacity for taking pains, and with intelligence enough to know that if he tries to cut corners or take short cuts, he will miss his way.But the scientific humility for which I am pleading must confine itself to diffidence about one’s own knowledge, and while not accepting the finality of one’s own pre-conceived ideas, one must equally refuse to accept blindly the authority of others. By this I do not mean that every works chemist must redetermine the atomic weights for himself; he has for working purposes to accept the best available authority; but I believe that wholesome scepticism and refusal to accept, as presenting an insuperable difficulty, the opinion of any authority, however respectable, is the most fruitful source of progress, If we examine the technical progress made in recent years, we almost always find that it has been made possible by the exploding of some tradition that has been obstructing it.Other moral qualities, such as power to control his staff and of organisation, I need not waste time over. Either a man has them or he hasn’t, and that’s all there is about it. May I trespass on your patience a few moments longer and suggest a few directions in which manufacturers are waiting for knowledge from chemists. In their order of importance, mankind requires Food, Clothing, Shelter, Transport and Recreation. I do not think that the first and most important of these has received its share of attention from chemists. Take Tea, for instance.The amount of attention that has been devoted to this important food is almost negligible. believe that it would repay attention; indeed, I could indicate some most valuable lines of research. Again, there is a lot of work waiting to be done in connection with Cocoa and Chocolate; something has been done, and I only 157 wish that I could associate a name with Tea to compare with Whymper and Macara on Cocoa. Then Jam. We certainly know something about pectins and the properties of invert sugar, but we have still a very large number 01 problems to be solved. A good deal of work has been done on Edible Oils; perhaps they have received more attention than most other foods, but we are far from coming to the desired stage regarding Margarine.Problems in connection with Condensed Milk are crying out for solution. As regards Bread and Flour, it is not so much information that is lacking as the application of the iedts of research through technical control. Then the use of preservatives. It is nothing shoit of a national scandal that the subject is allowed to remain in its present unsettled state. Personally, I am opposed to their use, but this is a prejudiced view, because I enjoy the advantage of a very highly organised transport service and strict laboratory control. I recognise, however, that a very large proportion of the fooa supplies in this country are handled without these advantages, and that the use of preservatives is necessary to an extent which ignorant busybodies do not appreciate. It would be interesting to trace to its source the evidence on which the objections of some public authorities to their use are based, and to enquire whether the corresponding objections to the consumption of incipiently decomposed foods have been considered.I suggest that it is among the duties of the chemical profession to educate the public authorities further on this subject, and through them the public. The subject is far frqm exhausted, and it would be a good thing to examine further whether the question of dis- closure on labels has been properly considered. For what my own opinion is worth, I consider that strict but judiciously fixed limits should be imposed; but that disclosure is accompanied by serious objections.Another branch of the same subject is that it is expected of the works chemist that he will keep himself abreast of the times and in touch with current developments. He has the oppor- tunities and training necessary for scrutinising the technical press which are denied the management. I am afraid that you will object that I have described a super- man, but I will have to add another qualification; the works 158 chemist should be familiar with the legal asgects of the industry in which he is engaged-permissible moisture limits, colouring matter, Board of Trade regulations and the like. Thjs is in itself a wide and interesting field, but I hope that our typical chemist will never let himself specialise in it, lose his first innocence and degenerate into the “expert witness.” In the discussion which followed one member said that he felt sure any chemist would appreciate in his employer a sympa-thetic understanding oi the position such as Mr.Lemmens possessed; far too frequently this quality was lacking. It would be a great advantage if trained chemists were on Boards of Directors. Mr. Cdlett expressed his appreciation of Mr. Lemmens’ address, and hoped he woula allow it to be printed for the benefit of all works chemists, more especially the younger ones. Mr. Lemmens had such a broad outlook and insight intc the position, that he felt sure there was little in his address for any chemist to attack. He was sorry he had not been able to get some repre- sentatives of the “rule-of-thumb ” class-some works managers or foremen-to come to hear the address and discussion.During his comparatively short experience as a works chemist he had been fortunate in having a managing director of a very similar type to Mr. Lemmens; but he had found that one of the greatest difficulties was that a good part of his work consisted inevitably in checking the efficiency of other members of the staff; the chemist, therefore, was in great danger of being regarded as a spy. He was much impressed by Mr. Lemmens’ remarks on tact, and quite realised that the faults were often on both sides. While Mr. Lemmens was speaking he had recollected incident after incident which were direct cases in point. Another diffi- culty he had experienced was during the carrying out of experi-mental modifications of processes.On questioning foremen, the chemist was often told not what had actually been done, but the detailea instructions as to what the faeman had been told to do were elaborately recited. In this connection he would like to ask Mr. Lemmens whether in his opinion the chemist should be given disciplinary powers in a works, or whether he should remain in a strictly advisory capacity. Some manufacturers seemed to regard the chemist as a magician. He had been in treaty with a firm of marmalade makers who wanted a research chemist. As an instance of the work he would be 159 called upon to do, they told him that a certain variety of lemon gave a beautiful clear jelly, whereas another kind gave cloudiness.They thought that the chemist should take these lemons into his laboratory, analyse them, and report as to the came of the differ- ence. They did not think the chemist should be allowed to see the actual works processes. Many works managers seemed to regard the chemist as a cross between a nuisance and a luxury. Mr. Smart referred to the manner in which the works chemist might be introduced into the works. He thought that there were difficulties in the way of the inclusion of the chemist in any system of premium payments. The works chemist should be a guide, philosopher and friend. Mr. Hinks referred to the question of preservatives. He considered the chemist had done all he could in the matter of preservatives ; he had invented them, used them, shown how they should be used, how they should not be used, and had detected them; what more could he do? This was an important year with regard to preservatives, in that the Departmental Committee came of age.Up to now the action taken as the result of the Committee’s recommendations had been remarkablv slight, and action could only be taken by a Government Depart- ment, for there were so many restrictions. For instance, one man did not use preservatives, but his competitors did; in one county they might use preservatives. in another they might not. The only satisfactory thing would be for the Government Depart- ment to get busy. As regards educating the public, he had tried to do so; he had written an excellent article to The Daily MaiZ, but it had been returned to him as being too technical.Mr. Stephens said he was greatly interested in what had been said by the last speaker. He had found that preservatives had to be camouflaged; so that one was really between the devil and the deep sea. He considered that a legal fiat should be given as to a definite allowance. There was always the question whether they should be used in edible compounds ; products could be made without them; the question was, could they be made commercially without them? On the point of authority versus tact, he considered that very much depended on the temperament of the workman; usually you could lead him, but you could not drive him. Further, you should not try to ascertain his secrets, which, in any case, he gave away quite easily.As regards advertisements ; he wondered whether 160 the sub-conscious mind of the public was being affected by the posters. Mr. Rogers referred to the points raised by Mr. Collett, more especially the question of whether the chemist should be left to supervise the job. He considered this varied with the different kinds of works, and instanced the case of a rubber tyre factory. This was a works with one product only, and if there were a process which needed careful supervision he considered the chemist should supervise. There were numerous other pro- cesses going on in the works where the rule-of-thumb man was the better supervisor, as he was generally a better controller of labour.Then, different works required different types of chemists. In very many cases more was required than purely chemical ability; the chemist should qualify himself, for instance, to be able to correct a machine which when operating was not doing all it should; indeed, he should develop the physical as well as the chemical side. In that case a chemist could do what others could not do, and the manufacturer would gain by keeping his chemist in the works, and not in the laboratory. Regarding the rule-of-thumb man and the reason of his being there, Mr. Rogers said he was only there because so far we have not been able to educate him to have just enough knowledge to be of assistance to the chemist.He believes his rule-of-thumb must be useful because it has twenty years’ experience behind it, and he will never be convinced that he is wrong. One rule-of- thumb man whom he knew, used to take his book of recipes home with him every night, and the chemists decided to prove to him that they could make up his mixes without it. They did so, and all he said was: “I don’t know when I was asleep or when I was drunk, but someone must have stolen my book.” Mr. Macnab said that he had come in contact with many works both abroad and at home. What distressed him in this country was that the people at the head of the chemical depart- ment were usually so lacking in scientific knowledge. Some em- ployers led their chemists a very hard life.This, he hoped, would ultimately be improved, and he considered the war had helped very much in that direction. He commented on the variety of works chemists. There was the chemist in the works who re- mained a chemist all his life, and there was the chemist who developed a certain knowledge of chemical engineering, and was put in charge of processes. He suggested that the meeting would be very helpful if it focussed the ideas that were abroad on this 161 subject, and quoted from a letter he had received from the head of one of the largest works in the kingdom, to the effect that the general feeling was that the chemist was lacking in general knowledge of engineering both theoretical and practical ; and needed sound training in mechanical drawing, and in practical management of simple boiler installations.In Germany, he continued, the man in charge in a chemical works was a chemist, the second-in-command being an engineer In England, the engineer was often at the top, and these were the men who sometimes caused friction. If chemists elected to go into industry they should study chemical engineering. As regards initiative: a young friend of his obtained a job in a firm which produced opaque gelatine, and very soon after his arrival he conceived a method of making the gelatine clear. He hastened to his employer with this discovery, but instead of its being appreciated it was deplored, the explanation being that the originator had been unable to make the product clear, and had got out of the difficulty by advertising the opacity in the title.Young chemists should be humble and should learn that they are dealing with different matters from those they had to deal with at college. He knew of an employer who would not have University men in his works because they would not work. When this man wanted a chemist he looked around among the men in the works, and when he found a bright lad he put him in the laboratory, sent him to night schools, and so got the type of man he required who would work. Mr. Macnab therefore advised the young chemist not to be afraid of work, or of learning, so that by this means he would get a more complete outlook and be able to rise above the rule-of-thumb man.Mr. Claremont thought some distinction was necessary between works chemist and chemist at a works. It seemed that employers wanted someone who could run before he had learned to walk. He had recently been reading the advertisements of various manufacturers, and thought that the qualifications asked for were far too specific. He did not consider it necessary for a chemist to have actual experience of any particular side; his general knowledge would enable him to pick up any special work in a very short time. Mr. Macara said that the manufacturer often did not know what he wanted, that as a rule the manufacturer expected the chemist to find his own problems. A chemist sometimes should 162 forget he is a chemist, should use his general knowledge and educption in other ways, such as in assisting the engineer.He advocated attention to detail. It was often this that counted in manufacturing. As regards tact and getting on with the workmen, he thought that, if anyone took a friendly interest in workmen, when he came up against them they would know that he was not out to take their secrets or to reduce their import- ance; the chemist should disabuse them of that idea, and where possible interest them in the scientific side of their work. He referred to an incident in his own experience with a retort man who was going the wrong way about the job. He took him up into the laboratory for a chat, gave him some scientific informa- tion, shewed him some microscopic slides, etc., and they became good friends.With regard to the point raised about “spying” on the men, the chemist could help by his special knowledge, could often prove that something which went wrong was not the fault of the men. The men would then trust him, and difficulties could be put right without reference to the managing director. Mr. Marlow, asked to give his views as regards the necessity of legal knowledge, said that a certain amount was necessary to the chemist in every type of works. It was also necessary that the works chemist, dealing with the manufacture of foodstuffs, should know the legal limits, e.g. the amounts of the various substances which must or must not be present in every article. Apart from the above aspects, a chemist should have a full knowledge of the law in so far as it concerned the safety of the employees in a works.Mr. Parkes said he wished to refer to two of the points brought up. As regards the relationship between the chemist and the rule of thumb man, he considered there were often faults on both sides. Difficulties had been avoided to some extent in two works of which he had had experience, by means of a works committee, which was held once a week. This committee was attended by the chemist, the engineer, a representative of the directorate, and some of the foremen. If they had difficulties they discussed them in conference; the chemist had thus a definite opportunity of bringing his ideas before the people who managed the business, and of getting them carried out.In these works the position of the chemist was ideal. Mr. Macnab had given an instance of chemists being selected from smart boys 163 in the works. He suggested that smart boys should be taken out of the laboratory and put into the works. Boys got on very well in the laboratory to begin with, but after a period of time their position became somewhat hopeless, with no chance of promotion when they found themselves up against men with qualifications. He considered it would be a great advantage if these boys could be put into the works with the idea of their developing into managers or under-managers of departments. Mr. Cremer referred to the training of chemists, and said there was not much time to train a man going up for the London B.Sc., even to be a chemist.If he were to take instruction in engineering he would hardly find the classes of much use to him, as they were arranged specifically for the engineer. He con- sidered that chemists, given a good general education and ordinary average common sense, should be able to fill the dual rale. He considered that manufacturers were unreasonable in their demands. There were certain “gadgets ” entirely specific to their particular works with which they expected the chemist to be au juzt. Manufacturers should understand that, given ordinar-j. intelligence, a chemist would pick these things up in a very short lime. A chemist, as a rule, was expected to be an accountant, an engineer, to control labour, etc., in addition to doing his work as a chemist, and he really thought far too much was expected, particularly of young chemists.The Chairman, in summing up, said he knew all would agree that they had listened to a most inspiring address by Mr. Lemmen, and to a very interesting discussion. He felt that the most im- portant part of the training of a chemist should be to write reports in such a way as to leave out chemistry, and make a clear, logical and terse expression of his findings, which was in- telligible to his client. The chemist’s scientific knowledge should be used only as one of the aids to obtaining the necessary information; and a chemist must remember that all his client required was the information and not the chemistry by which he had obtained it.Nothing annoyed the non-technical man so much as to be faced with what he did not understand, and the profession of chemistry suffered as a result. Mr. Lemmens, being invited to reply, said that when he agreed to open a discussion on the subject, he did not engage to 164 reply to or combat the opinions of others better qualified than he was. He was struck by what Mr. Collett said about the function of a chemist being rather that of a detective or a spy. He knew of one leading analyst, specialising in oils, who, when he was stumped by his analytical figures being susceptible of more than one interpretation, made it a practice to investigate what the manufacturer had been buying lately, and adjusted his interpre- tation of the constants accordingly.One member had disagreed with his remarks about the necessity of drudgery and avoiding short cuts. Well, we all had our own opinions, mostly erroneous, and he was keenly conscious of the handicap under which one laboured in discussing matters which had been exhausted long ago by trained minds. He thought it was Talleyrand who said that our forebears were very dishonest-they had stolen all our best ideas. The difficulty was that it was apparently so easy to utter platitudes; but what sounded so was really the result of accumu-lated experience, often bitter experience. However, the bright spot was that we learned more from our disappointments than from our successes. A question, very much to the point, had been raised as to whether the works chemist should assume any sort of control, or whether this should be left to the “practical” man.On this point he had no doubt whatever. The chemist should avoid at all cost the assumption of any executive functions. His position should be advisory only ; when he attempted the administrative he was stepping outside it. He was there to give advice, and he must not be responsible for the resuIt, in success or failure, which was governed by many other factors regarding which he was neither concerned nor competent. And in this connection he would let the members into a secret. “Never claim any credit for your work. Let the practical man take it all. You will thus achieve the popularity with him that is essential to you, and he will learn to lean on you.” Besides, the man who was always claiming credit, got the reputa- tion of doing so, was looked at askance, and was grudged the credit he deserved; the man who never claimed credit got it conceded to him generously, and got rather more credit than he deserved.So there was a profit on the transaction. One speaker referred to the man with the jealously guarded bool.. of formulae. It was rather funny. All foremen had these 165 books, and they were all alike and all worthless. They would do far better to share their knowledge and to check and improve it. Someone had suggested that the manufacturer expected too much of his chemist in the way of magic.The trouble was generally quite other; he did not expect anything at all. If he did, it would help the chemist very much, whereas the reverse was the case; it was the chemist who was in the position of defining in what direction improvements in processes, reduction in costs and that sort of thing were possible. The meeting closed with a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Lemmens and to the visitors who had contributed to the discussion. 166 Changes in the Register. At the meeting of the Council held on 24th February, one new Fellow was elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship; 52 Associates were elected; and 72 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 4 Fellows and one Associate by death. New Fellow. Woolcott, William Ellard, 9, Hackins Hey, Liverpool.Associates elected to Fellowship. Arundel, Edgar, B.Sc. (London.), 19, Warren Road, Wanstead, London, E.ll. Cramer, Barnett Joseph, M.Sc. (Vict.), c/o The Straits Trading Co. Ltd., Singapore, Straits Settlements. Craven, William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Cremer, Herbert William, B.Sc. (Lond. ), Preston Lea, Faversham, Kent. Manley, Cyril Herbert, M.A. (Oxon), 17, Booth Avenue, Witthington, Manchester. Vakil, Kapilram Httrdevram, B.A. (Bombay), M.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), Villa Vasant, Santa Cruz, Bombay, India Wells, Ernest Edmund, k3.S~.(Lond.), 1, The Grove, Didsbury, Man- Chester. New Associates. Barfoot, Miss Doris Furness, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, Spring Bank Road, Chesterfield. Barker, Arthur Neal, B.Sc.(Lond.), 69, St. Margaret's Road, E. Twicken-ham, Middlesex. Burton, Harold, M.Sc. (Sheff.),c/o 109, Fulwich Road, Dartford, Kent. Challans, Frank Bertrand, B.Sc. (Lond.), 74, Plane Street, Hull. Chandrasena, Juan Pedige Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., 58, Endlesham Road, Balham, London, S.W. 12. Chilvers, Percy Monkman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Caledon Road, Sherwood, Nottingham.Clark, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Lodge Road, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Collins, George Ernest, M.Sc. Tech (Manc.), 37, Xarshall Road, Levenshulme, Manchester. Corbet, Alexander Steven, Abbeystone House, Sidmouth Street, Reading. Davidson, Leslie Fullerton, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.C., Little Bendrose, Finch Lane, Amersham, Bucks. Dimcan, Herbert Maxwell, B Sc.(Lit-.), 7, Relvidere Road, Princes Park, Liverpool.Firth, Fred, Laboratory, Meadow Lane Gas Works, Leods. 167 Garrett, William Herbert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 47, Shiel Road, Liverpool. Gates, Stanley Frederick, B.A. (Oxon.), 12, Albion Square, London, 33.8. Gough, William Henry, M.Sc. (Lond.), 120, Boleyn Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Grayson, Reginald Ernest, 19, Greenhill Road, Cheetham Hill, Manchester. Habgood, Bernard James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 35, Northwold Road, Stoke Kewington, London, N. 16. Harvey, Charles Ewart, B.Sc. (Bris.), Wilton, Midsomer Norton, nr. Bath. Helsby, Frank William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20a, Walpole Terrace, Brighton. Hewis, Harold Wilton, B.Sc. (Lond.), 819, Hucknall Road, Nottingham. Holligan, Philip Terence, B Sc.(Mane.), M.C., 17, Church Walk, Ulverston, Lanes. Horton, Harold Vivian, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Brambledown Road, Wallington, Surrey.Jenkinson, John Albert, B.Sc. (Liv.), School House, Little Sutton, nr. Birkenhead. Jones, Denis Vernon, KSc. (Lond.), 302, Radford Road, Nottingham. King, Percival Edgar, 5, Grosvenor Mount , Grosvenor Road, Headingley, Leeds. Lipscomb, Alfred George James, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Bungalow, Rowley Lane, Littleover, DPrby. Marry Henry Norrison, 24, Spenser Road, Bedford. Mawson, Frederick William, 294, Ro tton Park Road, Birmingham. McLeod, Charles Maxwell, KSc. (Liv.), 19, Zig-Zag Road, Wallasey. Moore, Thomas Arthur, 52, The Vineyard, Richmond, Surrey. Nugent, Thomas Charles, M.Sc. (Liv.), 25, Woodville Terrace, Everton, Liverpool.Owen, Edward .John, B.Sc.(Wales), Porthdafarch Farm, Holyhead,N. Wales. Owles, Archibald Bewick, A.M.C.T., 76, Wilbraham Road, Chorlton-cum- Hardy, Manchester. Perlrins, Maurice, 25, Melbourne Road, Ilford. Pickering, John Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 113, Mayola Road, Lower Clapton, London, E.5. Pohl, Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Woodville, Hockley. Essex. Race, Joseph Harry, B.Sc. (Vict.), Engineer's Office, Liverpool Gaa CO., Duke Street, Liverpool. Ray, Frank Crafer, B.A. (Cantab.), 47,Alfriston Road. West Side, Clapham Common, London, S.W.11. Read, Hugh Norman, B.Sc. (Birm.), 24, Second Avenue, Selly Park, Birmingham. Reid, James, M.Sc. (Q.U.I.), High Street, Holywood, Co. Down, Ireland. Reynolds, Errol Jesse Lambert, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 4, Wylen Street, Honor Oak Park, London, S.E.23. Simpson, Miss Margaret Gertrude, B.Sc. (Vict.), 31, Hilton Crescent, Hilton Park, Prestwich, Manchester. Speakman, John Bamber, M.Sc. (Vict.), Harley House Private Hotel Windsor. Steel, James King, B.8c. (Glas.), 2, South Park Drive, Paisley. Stoyle, Francis Wilbert, B.Sc. (Q.XJ.I.), 37, Kansas Avenue, Belfast. Sylvester, Norman Darby, B.Sc (Birm.), 36, Harrison Street, Bloxwich, Walsttll. Tadman, lMss Marie, XSc. (Liv.), 30, Barrington Road, Sefton Park, Liverpool.Toms, Harold, M.Sc. (Lond.), Chemistry Department, King's College, Strand, London, W.C.2. Underhay, George Flaxman, B.Sc. (Lond.), Allerton, Woodside Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, N.10. 168 Wallington, Reginald M7ilfred, B.Sc. (Bris.), 1, Upton Road, Southville, Bristoip Weil, Jacob Albert, 101, Leicest,er Road, Higher Broughton, Manchester. Williams, John, B.Sc. (Wales), Dolyfelin, Llanio Road, Cardiganshire, S. Wales. New Students. Ansell, Miss Gwendolen Dorothy, University House, (. Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham. Barlow, Miss Kathleen Margaret Monteagle, Ben Varne, Onslow Gardens, Wallington, Surrey. Barrett, William John, 46, Gardiners Hill, St. Luke’s, Cork. Bradford, Hubert John, 134, Victoria Drive, Eastbourne, Sussex. Braithwaite, John Frederick, 8, Carlton Road, Pendleton, Manchester. Brooks, Arthur Cecil, Cintra, Garville Road, Rsthgar, Dublin. Brown, Alexander Henry Sparkhall, Annamore, Blackrock, Co.Dubh, Ireland. Carpenter, Victor Alexander, 60, Harcourt Road, Sheffield. Cash, William Alan, 30, Penelope Road, Irlarns-0’-th’-Height, Manchester. Chignell, Guy, Thelwall, Fareham, Hants. clay, Charles Nightingale, 18, Stanley Street, Spital, Chesterfield. Cochrane, Colin Galbraith, 2, Lothian Bank Eskbank, Midlothian, Scot- land. Craig, Ewart Hoyte, 141, Bethune Road, London, N.16. Curtis, Ronald Hamilton, 46, Foulser Road, Upper Tootmg, London, S.W. 17. Devies, William Henry, 22, Pine Grove, Monton, nr. Manchester. Dixon, Frederick, 15, Southcoates Avenue, Holderness Road, Hull. Douglas, Eric Arthur, Rosemount, 73, Penfold Road, Folkestone. Dudeney, Herbert Bernard Yardley, Belle Vue, London Road, Burgess Hill, Sussex.Edgeworth- Johnstone, Robert, Lake Magadi, Kenya Colony. Everet,t, Frank Cook, 43, Bannockburn Road, Plumstead, S.E. 18. Fairgrieve, Adam Wilson, 3, Elm Row, Galashiels, Scotland. Ferguson, James Russell, 11, Lawrence Street, Partick, Glasgow. Forbes, Cyril Douglas, Clement House, 6, Cherry Hill, York. Forbes, William Bulloch, 38, Balhousie Street, Perth, Scotland. FOX,Anthony Basil Darwin, 41, High Street, Southwold, Suffolk. Foxlee, George Thomas, 153, Victoria Street, St. Albans, Herts. Graham, Frank Nelson, Altmouth, Hightown, Liverpool. Grant, Julius, 9, Rookwood Road, Stamford Hill, London, N.16. Griffiths, John Preedy, 15, Hazelwood Lane, Palmers Green, N. 13. Harman, Cecil Sayers, 139, Wakeman Road, Kensal Rise, London, N.W.Harris, Cyril Charles, 13, Waverley Grove, Southsea. Harrison, Charles Frederick Reed, 127, Poplar Avenue, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Harvey, Alexander, 44, Birchfield Road, Widnes, Lancashire. Hay, Thomas Congalton, 39, Comeley Bank Avenue, Edinburgh. Henry, Arthur George, 51, Hardcastle Street, High Street, Peckham, S.E.15. Hewer, Alfred Walter, c/oT. A. Luxford, Esq., Cumber Hill Road, Duffield, Derbyshire.Hudson, William George Davey, 36, Elsley Road, Lavender Hill, Battersea, London, S.W. 11. Ingham, John, 19, Greyhound Road, Tottenham, London, N. Jolly, Victor George, 5, Kenwood Road, Edmonton, London, N.9. Jones, Clifford Merton. Buxton Crescent, Newton Hill, Lee& Rod,Wakefield. 169 Jones, Llewellyn Loveday, 1, Warwick Street, Brighton, Sussex.Kirby, Christopher Stanhope, 77, Westover Road, Wandsworth, London, S.W.18. Lintott, James Nicholas Talbot, Ivydene, London Road, Ashford, Middlesex. Mallinson, Sydney John, 217, Monega Road, Manor Park, London, E.12. Marsh, Ernest Charles James, 213, Browning Road, Manor Park, London, E.12. Mathews, Miss Dorothy Mary, 100, St. George’s Square, Westminster, London, S.W. 1. Maunder, Archibald George Daw, 13, Werndee Road, South Norwood, London, S.E.25. McAndrew, Duncan Bruce Forbes, Clutha Place, Uddingston, Lanarkshire. Monk, Harold Edward, 27, Kenwyn Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Myatt, George Gillies, 31, Mina Road, Merton Park, London, s.W.19. Ormrod, George Wallace, 14, W. Liston Road, Higher Crumpsdl, Man-Chester.Partington, Norman, 229, Lees Road, Oldham. Phillips, Leslie, Nicholas, Broad View, Meopham, Kent. Popton, William Ames, 13, Bebbington Road, Plumstead, London, S.E. 18. Rapes, John Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 201, Denman Street, Nottinghm- Relfe, William Ernest, 43, Vale Road, Silverhill, St. Leonards-on-Sea. Riding, Richard William, Moss View, Ormskirk. Robins, William James, Mapperley Hall, Nottingham. Roff, James Edward, 42, Cranbrook Park, Wood Green, London, N.22. Romyaneck, Joseph, 62, White Horse Lane,London, E.1. Rymill, Frederick Ernest, 13, Cecil Avenue, Barking, Essex. Salmon, Stanley Herbert, 33, White Rock, Hastings. Smith, Archie Firth, 3, Isla Road, Woolwich, London, S.E.18. Smith, Charles George, 10, Lome Road, Wdthamtow, E.17.Smith, Richard James, 3, Cabul Terrace, Armley, Leeds. Tebbit, Reginald Ernest, 120, Lordship Lane, London, S.E.22. Thomas, Frank Arthur, Jubilee House, South Lancing, Sussex. Tricker, Reginald Ernest Lanham, 55, Lloyd Street South, Moss Side, Manchester. Ubee, Frederick George, 45, Ditton Road, Surbiton, Surrey. Veale, Joseph Mary, 103, Haddington Road, Dublin, Ireland. Walker, Frederick Claude, 88, Tressillian Road, Brockley, London, S.E.4. West, William, 37, Brunswick Road, Edinburgh. DEATHS. Fellows. Harry Leonard Allen, B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Thomas Lynton Briggs. Alfred Hill, M.D. (Aberd.). Edward William Taylor Jones. Associates. David Emrys Williams, B.Sc. (Wales). General Notices. Examinations,-The Council give notice that Examinations for the Associateship will commence on July 3rd.The list of candidates will be closed on Monday, zznd May. Examina-tions for A.I.C. will also be held in October next, provided a suficient number of Candidates notify the Registrar (before aand May) of their intention to enter in that month. Candidates who intend to present themselves can obtain further information from the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to April, 1919,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for election to the Fellowship.In special cases the Council may permit Associates who have been registered for a less period to enter for examination, although they cannot be elected Fellows until they have been registered as Associates for three years. Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as under:- Last Day of Entries. Period of Examination. 3rd to 7th July, 1922.Monday, zznd May, 1922. 10th to 14th July, 1922. An Examination in Biochemistry will commence on 23rd October, for which entries must be received not later than 25th September. The branches of the examinations for the Fellowship are :-CHEMISTRY.Branch A. INORGANIC Section I. MINERALPRODUCTS. Section 11. METALLURGY. Section 111. MAXUFACTUREDPRODUCTS. Branch B.PHYSICALCHEMISTRY. CHEMISTRY.Branch C. ORGANIC Branch D. AGRICULTURALCHEMISTRY. Branch E. THE CHEMISTRY(including Microscopy) OF FOODS AND DRUGSAND WATER. Branch F. BIOCHEMISTRY. Branch G. CHEMICALENGINEERING. 171 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are' available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory A4ssistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations, and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have opportunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations. The Library.-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10A.M. and z P.M.) except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested.The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.). Chavgos of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to .notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Benevolent Fund.-A form of subscription will be found on an advertisement page at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL.Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Belfast ... ... ... Bristol and South-West- ern Counties ... ... Dublin ... ... ... Edinburgh and East of Scotland ... ... Glasgow and West of Scotland ... ... Huddersfield ... ... Leeds Area ... ... Liverpool and North-Western Counties ,.. London and South-Eastern Counties . . . Manchester and District Newcastle -on -Tyne and North-East Coast .. . South Wales ... ... Dr. W. H. Gibson,'O.B.E., F.I.C., York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast. W. A. Storey, B.Sc., F.I.C., Home Cottage, Wick, near Kristol. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. B. D. W. Luff, F.I.C., 85, Ashley Terrace, Edinbu rgli. Dr. A. J. Robertson, F.I.C., Shaw- field Chemical Works, Rutherglen, Glasgow.D. H. Peacock, B.A., B.Sc., F.I.C., 5, Virginia Road, Marsh, Hudders- field. Dr. R. B. Forster, F.I.C., Depart-ment of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, University, Leeds. John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Bootle, Liverpool. R. Leslie Collett, M.A., F.I.C., c/o The Institute of Chemistry. James Barr, B.Sc., A.I.C., The Bungalow, Waterside, Marple, Cheshire. Dr. J. €3. Paterson, F.I.C., Neville Chambers, Westgate Road, New castle -on -Tvne. A. J. Shelton, F.I.C., 10,Park Road, Clydach, S.O., Glam.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9224600077

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1922. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Regzstrar and Secretary. 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, June, 7922. Publications Committee, 1922-23 HORATIO BALLANTY N E (Chaivman), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Presideat), WALTER E. ADENEY, ARCHIBALD A. BOON, R. LESLIE COLLETT, ALLlN COTTRELL, T. W. DRINKWATER, LEWIS EYNON, JOHN HANLEY, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, 0.B.E ANDREW MORE, T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 175 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY, 1922.Institution of Chemical Engineers.-The General Pur-poses Committee have held a conference with the promoters of the proposed Institution of Chemical Engineers, who had ap-proached the Council with a view to securing the support and co-operation of the Institute in founding the new Institution. The conference was held on 19th April, when the proposed Institution was represented by Prof. J. W. Hinchley, Mr. J. A. Reavell and Dr. E. W. Smith, who briefly outlined its objects, and gave particulars of the qualifications proposed for its various grades of membership. The Committee gathered that the general aim of the new body was to set a standard for, and encourage the supply of, chemists with a sufficient knowledge of engineering and engineers with a sufficient knowledge of chemistry, to be able to plan, design, construct, develop and control the plant and works necessary for transferring processes from the experimental to the manufacturing scale. The representatives of the new Institution held that the available machinery for training and testing such men was inadequate, and that it could only be set up satisfactorily under the auspices of a distinct body to represent the profession of Chemical Engineering.At the beginning such a body might include chemists and engineers, some of whom might not posses; all the qualifications in respect of both chemistry and engineering which it would be the aim of the Institution eventually to require of its members.The promoters were anxious to secure the sympathy, encour- agement, and, to the fullest extent possible, the co-operation of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. They were fully prepared to recognise, so far as chemistry was concerned, the claims of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, though even the standard of ,4.I.C. would not invariably be insisted upon; but they would not accept the syllabus of the examination for the Fellowship in Branch G, Chemical Engineering, as sufficient qualification in engineering for the membership of tne proposed new Institution. They hoped, in the course of time, to induce the universities to provide training on the necessary lines, including vacation courses in engineering, for chemists in works, and also to make provision whereby students in colleges coiild ohtain experience in works during vacations.It was not their intention that the membership 01 the new Institution, per se, should constitute a qualification for the practice of chemistry, and they undertook to make that matter clear in order that the functions of the new body should not clash with those of the Institute. The General Purposes Committee agreed that there was a decided need in this country for chemical engineers, within the meaning indicated above, and expressed their sympathy with the idea of forming a special institution to promote the supply of chemical engineers. The Committee gathered, from the discussion, that the pro- moters of the proposed new Institution were desirous of co-perating with the Institute, and in no sense acting against or usurping its functions.The Committee desired to secure for chemists the widest field of activity and control in industries which were primarily chemical, and they held that the encourage- ment of chemists to take suitable course? of study in engineering was highly desirable; but they remarked that at present no very definite agreement had been arrived at, as to the extent of training in chemistry which would be required of those who were primarily engineers, although they were informed that the promoters intended to consult with the Institute on this question, and on all matters of common interest to the two bodies.In the belief that the objects of the promoters of the proposed Institution of Chemical Engineers were laudable, the General Purposes Commit tee advised the Council to consider favourably the proposal to co-operate, so far as possible, provided that adequate assurance was forthcoming that no action would be taken which was liable to be prejudical to the interests of the Institute, Further proceedings in this matter will be reported in due course. Government Chemists.-In 1918 the Council prepared and published a pamphlet entitled " Suggested Government Chemical Service," which was also included in Proceedings, Part IV., of 177 that year. The pamphlet was circulated to all Government Departments in which Chemists were engaged, and to all Members of Parliament, with a view to impressing upon the Government the vital importance of chemical science in affairs of the State and the necessity for maintaining the efficiency of the Civil Service in that connection.The suggestions of the Council, which were set forth in the pamphlet, were as follows :-That, as candidates should be required to produce evidence of qualification, the appointment of chemists should be based on a system of selection by properly constituted authority, and not by examination or nomination. That the names of approved candidates should be placed on a short list from which the heads of the respective Government chemical establishments would themselves make the final selection. That persons appointed as chemists should be graded as civil servants in the Higher Division, preferably as members of a professionaldivision, if such be at any time constituted, wit,h status, emoluments and pension comparable with those Gf the members of other technical and learned proiessions employed by the Government.That, dependent on satisfactory service, the system should provide for certainty of promotion (with corresponding advance in emoluments) up to a definite rank, independent of the occurrence of vacancies. That suitable titles should be allotted to the different ranks of the Government Chemical Service, in order of seniority as under, the rank held by the head chemist in any establishment being determined by the size of the establishment and by the nature of the work carried out :-Chief Chemist, with, in certain cases, a special departmental title.Deputy Chief Chemist. Superintending Chemist. Principal Assistant Chemist. Senior Assistant Chemist. Junior Assistant Chemist. That definite salaries and increments should be prescribed for all ranks of the Government Chemical Service. That the secondary staff, to whom the title chemist would not be applicable, should be classified as under :-(a) Chemical Assistants (Senior and Junior), who should be men of good education, but without full professional qualifi- cation. (On obtaining the latter they would become eligible for appointment as chemists, and would acquire the status necessary for presenting themselves to the board of selection referred to above.) (b) Laboratory Assistants (Chief, Senior and Junior), who should be capable of performing simple chemical operations, assisting the chemists in the routine or mechanical parts of their work, fitting up apparatus, etc.(c) Laboratory Attendants (Senior and Junior), who would do the ordinary work of caretaking, cleaning of the laboratory and apparatus, etc., with prospects of promotion to Labora- tory Assistant. 178 The Council are .aware that their suggestions were appreci- ated both by the departments and the chemists concerned, and that modifications have been made in several instances in the directions indicated. For example, the President of the Institute has acted during the past few years as a member of the Selection Committee for Temporary Assistants of the Government Laboratory, and in 1920 the Institute was asked to appoint a representative to serve on a Committee appointed by the War Office to enquire into various matters relating to the work of the Directorate of Chemical Inspection at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, including the status, grading and remunera- tion of the chemists there.The Institute is very willing to assist in such enquiries in any way in which it can be helpful, particularly where its members are concerned, and in this instance its representative, Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, took part in the enquiry and convinced the War Office Committee of the need for reforms on the lines advocated by the Council.The findings of the Committee, however, have not been carried into effect, owing to the setting up-by the Civil Service National Whitley Council-of Committee " C," which was also required to review the conditions of service of chemists in the Civil Service. On the appointment of Committee " C," the Council of the Institute addressed letters to both Honorary Secretaries of the Committee in June, 1921, suggesting that a representative of the Institute would be of service to both the official and the staff side, and offered, should the Committee desire it, to appoint a Vice-president to give evidence or to assist in the deliberations on any matter affecting chemists in the Government service, since the Institute had in its possession a considerable amount of information with regard to the remuneration and conditions of service of chemists in all branches of the profession which it would be glad to place at the disposal of the Committee.Owing, however, to various causes there was considerable delay in holding joint meetings of the two sides of the Committee, which consists of representatives of the Treasury as well as representatives of the staff, and the invitation to the Council of the Institute to appoint representatives was not received until 28th April this year, when the Secretary of the staff side indicated that evidence would be required on the conditions of service of chemists outside the Civil Service. Committee " C '' agreed, in the first instance, to investigate the establishment at the Government Laboratory, as the largest chemical department of the Government Service, and to review 179 other departments in the light of the scheme that might be agreed upon for the Government Laboratory. On 24th April evidence was taken on behalf of temporary Assistant Chemists and Chemists, Class II., and on 15th May, Mr.Ballantyne, who was attended by the Registrar, was heard as the representative of the Institute, duly appointed by the Council, to give evidence on the conditions of appointments of chemists outside Government Service. The Council had appointed Mr. Ballantyne on the under- standing that he should express his views freely and without bias. Before the hearing Mr. Ballantyne was acquainted with the views of the staff side of Committee " C," whose main contention was that scientific staffs should be regarded as on the same level with administrative staffs in the Higher Division of the Civil Service since both were drawn from the best educated classes, consisting mainly of university graduates.They urged that Temporary Assistants who were not promoted to the permanent staff should not be required as at present to leave the Government Laboratory at 30 years of age and that they should be merged in one class with Chemists, Class II., and Chemists, Class I. : and suggested a scale of salaries corresponding with those of the administrative staffs of the Higher Division of the Civil Service. Mr. Ballantyne expressed his willingness to deal with the question from the information at his disposal, but he was committed to certain views on the question of salaries, and his suggestions on that subject had already been before at least two Government Committees, as well as the Treasury.His recommendations had been made at a time before the present financial stringency had arisen, and represented what he then conceived to be satisfactory. Not only in order to be consistent, but also on account of present financial conditions, he would feel a difficulty in urgine; that any better scheme should be adopted. He attached the greatest importance to the tenure of the posts of junior assistants ceasing at the age of 30, because he held the opinion that if a man or woman did not show sufficient capacity to be promoted before reaching that age, he or she should take up some other class of work.It would bc nothing but an injustice to the individual, and wrong to the national interest to encourage persistence in an occupation for which he or she was not fitted. He was also opposed to the idea of merging the three groups into one class. He therefore requested the Registrar to notify the Vice-chairman and the Secretary of the staff side of Sub-committee " C " that his evidence might not coincide with 180 their views and offered to withdraw. It was agreed, however, that his evidence should be taken, and at the hearing he spoke from the experience which he had gained in the enquiry of the War Office Committee and on other Departmental Committees, and also as an employer and a director of scientific and industrial concerns. He had the particulars of the salary statistics pub- lished in the Journal of the Institute in 1920 and 1921,Part I.oE each year, and information regarding the National Physical Laboratory and other establishments. While he agreed with the general principle that chemists should be graded as civil servants in the Higher Division, as expressed in the statement published by the Institute, he was not sufficiently acquainted with the nature and responsibility of the work of the administrative staff of the Higher Division to enable him to compare their duties with those of the chemists. He adhered to the view that the Temporary Assistants should not be merged with the permanent staff or retained after the age of 30 years.It was in the interests of public service that an assistant who did not succeed in obtaining promotion should leave the service under such conditions that he would still be able to seek employment elsewhere. The Laboratory had, in fact, proved a training ground of some utility; the system had not worked harshly in the past, and the service had not suffered from the arrangement. It was well that Temporary Assistants should be engaged with a definite understanding from the outset, because it was difficult and invidious for the head of a department to advise the dismissal of these assistants when he was not justified in recommending their promotion, He held, moreover, that it would accord with the views oi the Council shown in " Suggested Government Chemical Service " to provide distinct grades in order to maintain a stimulus for individuals to gain promotion.The Chairman of the Staff side of the Committee '' C" subsequently addressed the Council of the Institute expressing dissatisfaction with the evidence, objecting that it was opposed to the avowed policy of the Institute and the spirit of the pamphlet on t'he Government Chemical Service, particularly the sugges- tions " that persons appointed as chemists should be graded as Civil Servants in the Higher Division . . . with status, emolu- ments and pension comparable with those of the members of other technical and learned professions employed by the Govern- ment," and '' that dependent on satisfactory service, the system 181 should provide for certainty of promotion to a definite rank, independent of the occurrence of vacancies.” At the Council meeting held on 26th May, Mr.Ballantyne reported upon the evidence he had given before committee “C ” and his action generally in furtherance of the establishment of a Government Chemical Service. The Council, having thoroughly discussed the matter, confirmed the opinion that chemists in Government appointments should be graded a5 civil servants in the Higher Division, and otherwise endorsed the views which they had expressed with regard to the Government Chemical Service. They accorded Mr. Ballantyne their thanks for the care and attention which he had devoted to the interests of the Institute in this as in other matters.University of Padua.--(nn the occasion of the Seventh Centenary of the University of Padua the Institute was honoured by an invitation to appoint delegates to attend the celebrations, which were held during the week commencing 15th May. The President was fortunately able to represent the Institute, and presented an address in the following terms:- The President, Council, Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland send their fraternal greetings and hearty congratulations to the Magnificent Rector, the Senate, the Professors, and the Alumni of the University of Padua on this auspicious occasion of j ts Seven Hundredth Anniversary.Your Venerable University has in the by-gone ages reared to eminence students from all the countries in Europe who, on their return to their native lands, have handed on the torch of learning and science, and spread the fame of their Alma Mater to every quarter of the Old World. On our part we remember with pride that eager students of science from this country have been enrolled among the numbers of those who sought instruction in a centre of learning made famous for all time by the glorious names of Galileo dei Galilei and Giovanni Battista Morgagni. The Institute rejoices in the continued progress which your illustrious University has made in the furtherance of all branches of learning, and earnestly desires that it may pursue its great and beneficent work, and continue, as in the past, to attract to Venetian Italy, from all parts of the world, students of Natural Science and lovers of Art and Letters.On behalf of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, this 10th day of May, 1922. A. CHASTONCHAPMAN,President.0E. W. VOPLCKER,Hon, Treasurer. RICHARD Registrar and Secretary. B. PILCHER, The President subsequently reported to the Council that he and Mrs. Chapman had been very cordially received: 182 Unauthorised use of F.I.C. and A.1.C.-Inrecent years the Council have been called upon on several occasions to demand an explanation of the unauthorised use of the letters A.I.C. and F.I.C., by persons other than duly elected Associates and Fellows.In two cases persons have used the letters in applying for appoint- ments. In the first case, the excuse was offered that F.I.C. was thought to be an abbreviation indicating membership of the Society of Chemical Industry, which was not only absurd, but contrary to the Charter of the Society which forbids the use of any letters to indicate such membership. In the second case, the person concerned, who had at the time an application for Associateship under consideration by the Council, used A.I.C. on his visiting card, in anticipation of his election, but his application was declined. The Council are determined to protect the privileges of the members, and will in future refer such cases of misrepresentation to the solicitors of the Institute.Entrance Fees for the Associateship.-The question raised at the Annual General Meeting as to whethe: the entrance fee to the Associateship (two guineas), then resolved upon, would be payable by students previously registered, has been referred to the legal advisers of the Institute. Counsel’s opinion has now been received and is-that the entrance fee is payable by every person admitted to the Associate- ship, without reference to the date on which he may have been registered as a student; and that it is outside the powers of the Council to make any provision that it should not apply to students registered before the amount was fixed by the General Meeting. The suggestion regarding the fees of candidates for member- ship, submitted by Dr.0. L. Brady at the Annual General Meeting, has been considered by the Finance and House Com- mittee, on whose recommendation the Council have decided that in future all candidates applying for admission to the Associateship without examination be informed that in the event of an application not being accepted, the sum of one guinea, being half the entrance fee, will be non-returnable,-but that it will be placed to the credit of the candidate, in the event of his election to the Associateship, either with or without examination. 183 Fees for FeIIowshi p.-The Council have also decided that all candidates applying for the Fellowship, whether or not previously Associates, and whether or not their papers are referred to special assessors or to the examiners, shall be re- quired to pay a fee of five guineas, which will be non-returnable.Life Composition,-The Finance and House Committee have reported on the proposal received from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section that members on admission should pay a “lump sum ” registration fee instead of an annual subscription. Thc Committee are unable to advise the Council to entertain this proposal. They feel that if adopted it would deter candidates from the membership, since it would be an additional heavy expense to the new member or his parents, following the cost of training and examinations and, moreover, the compounded registration fee when invested would yield but little in dividends (which are subject to income tax) for carrying on the business of the Institute. Other matters raised by Local Sections are under consideration and will be reported upon in due course.Public Appointments.-The Councils of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts have appointed a Joint Com- mittee consisting of the Presidents, with Mr. E. R. Bolton (Hon. Secretary of the Society), Mr. Cecil H. Cribb, Dr. Bernard Dyer, and Mr. Edward Hinks to deal primarily with matters affecting public analysts. The Committee will revise the pamphlet on the “Conditions of Appointments of Public Analysts,” published in November, 1913. With regard to the appointment of a public analyst for the county of Middlesex, the Councils of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts have protested against the principle of submitting samples of food, taken in connection with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, for ex- amination by persons other than public analysts. Even the simplest of such investigations demands proper scientific control, and in the absence of such control, the system of entrusting formal samples to unqualified persons may very readily con-stitute a serious danger to the public, as well as a possible waste 184 of money.The County Council have been asked to receive a small deputation from the Institute and from the Society for the purpose of discussing the matter. With regard to the appointment of gas examiners within the county, the Council of the Institute has protested against the inadequacy of the fees proposed to be allowed for gas testing (8s.to 15s. per test, according to the number of tests made per week). Reference was made to the professional standing and the qualifications required of gas examiners, and it was shown that the time occupied by each test was from 24 to 4 hours, in addition to the time spent in travelling, which might be as much as two hours. The proposed fees, therefore, provided remunera- tion at the rate of IS 9d. to 2s. Gd. per hour. The County Council were asked to reconsider the terms, particularly in view of the example set, which was liable to be followed by other authorities. In the matter of the appointment of a public analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea, the Council directed attention to the fact that the remuneration offered was below that paid before the war, and altogether inadequate in view of the respon- sible nature of the work; that it was contrary to the usual practice not to allow the public analyst fees for attendance in court, and that an appointment for 12 months only was contrary to the public interest, because security of tenure and continuity of pro-cedure were essential for the proper conduct of the work.The Borough Council were urged to modify the terms before making the appointment] and it was suggested that a representative of the Institute should confer with the appropriate Committee. A reply was received from the Town Clerk that the Borough Council had had under consideration the question of the possi- bility of appointing a whole-time analyst for the Borough.The question had been gone into very fully in 1909,but for various reasons had not been proceeded with, and other arrangements had eventually been made. Pending the settlement of the question, and on account of the death of the previous holder of the office, it had become necessary to make provisional arrange- ments. The Borough Council had, therefore, decided to appoint a part-time public analyst, on the basis of an annual contract, and applications for the appointment had been received from a number of qualified analysts. 185 The attention of the Public Appointments Committee has been directed to a letter from the Chairman of the General Council of the National Association of Technical Gas Officials, published in the Gas Jour9taZ in January last, embodying a suggested scale of remuneration for gas officials-including chemists.In this scale, chief chemists were classified with chief draftsmen and outside superintendents, the minimum salaries suggested, which the General Council of the National Association appeared to regard as reasonable, being very much the reverse. A letter was therefore addressed to the Chairman of the General Council of the National Association, pointing out that the efforts of the Association were likely to do more harm than good, in view of the attitude adopted towards the scientific men on whose science the industry mainly depends.The Association was informed that chemists should be regarded as the professional equals of the engineers, although the administrative officer, whether engineer or chemist, should obviously be remunerated for his additional responsibility, and, further, that it was only by the employment of chemists of the highest calibre that the industry could maintain its position for the benefit of all interested parties, employers and employees. MeIdoIa Medal .-The Council have pleasure in recording the thanks of the Institute to the Society of Maccabaeans for a framed and mounted Meldola Medal which has been placed in the library. Fellows and Associates are reminded that the Meldola Medal is awarded annually as a recognition of chemical research work of outstanding importance, which .has been carried out by a British chemist under 30 years of age, and completed during the year in respect of which the award is made.The award is primarily for analytical chemistry, but the administrators need not restrict it to that branch. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated, in order that it may be con- sidered in January next, when the award for the year 1922 will be decided. Gift.-The thanks of the Institute have been accorded to Mr. E. W. Voelcker, the Hon. Treasurer, for the gift of a lantern for lecture purposes,-more especially for the benefit of the London and South Eastern Counties Section.186 Office Equipment.-The Council, on the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee, have made considerable additions to the office equipment by the purchase of further apparatus for addressing purposes and of a Gammeter Multigraph -an outfit suitable for printing circulars, agenda and forms, hitherto produced by stencil duplicating. This equipment will be available, so far as is reasonably possible, for notices of Local Sections. Finsbury Technical College.-A letter has been received from Mr. J. H. Coste, on behalf of the Committee concerned with the movement to prevent the closing of Finsbury Technical College, thanking the Council of the Institute for their interest arid support. Nat i onal Ce rtificates in C he mistry.-The#first examina- tions under the scheme agreed upon between the Institute and tbe Board of Education for the award of National Certificates in chemistry have recently been held.104 candidates from Technical Schools in England presented themselves for Senior Part-time Course Certificates, and Advanced Part -time Course Certificates. The results should be available towards the end of July. Ce ment Standards,-Mr . Frank William Harbord, C.B.E., has been appointed as the representative of the Institute on the Sectional Committee on Cement of the British Engineering Standards Association, in the place of the late Mr. Bertram Blount. 187 Local Sections. BeIfast Secti on.-The Annual General Meeting was held on the 26th May, at the Gables, Botanic Avenue, by the kindness of Mr.Samuel Templeton. The Annual Report was read and adopted, and the past and future activities of the Section were discussed. The accounts for the session were submitted and two auditors appointed. In the absence of other nominations, Dr. G. S. Robertson and Mr. A. Marks were declared elected members of the Committee, in place of Capt. W. G. Bennett and Mr. Hugh Graham, the retiring members. After the business, a general discussion on professional matters took place, but owing to the curfew regulations the gathering had to break up rather early. The next meeting of the Section will be on 29th September. The Bristol arid S.W. Counties.--\ meeting of the Section was held on 1st May at the Merchant Venturers College, Bristol, Professor Wertheimer in the chair.A paper was read by Mr. R. D. Littlefield, F.I.C., on the “Hatching and Rearing of Salmon under unnatural conditions.” Mr. Littlefield having shortly described the trouble caused by the waste liquors from distilleries in the north of Scotland and the method of purification by bacterial agency, gave a very full and interesting account of practical tests carried out during many months to prove that the purified effluent was no longer harmful to salmon ova and fish. A series of three pairs of tanks was built. Through the first pair the purified effluent alone was passed. The second pair received an equal volume of effluent and clean water, 40 per cent. and 60 per cent.respectively, the third pair similarly 4 per cent. and 96 per cent. Alongside was a pair of control tanks receiving clean water only. In these were placed ova, fry, and parr, and their incubation and growth were minutely observed. At the end of six months the fish were examined and compared with those in the control tanks and with fish hatched and grown under entirely natural conditions. In all cases they were found normal, thus proving the success of the method of purification of the effluent which had been employed. An interesting discussion followed, and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. 188 Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-At the 35th meeting of the Section, held at the Bear’s Paw Restaurant on 6th April, a paper was read by the Hon.W. Hulme Lever on “The Value in Business of Scientific Training,” Mr. H. J. Evans in the chair. Mr. Lever said that some measure of scientific training was useful to the business man-not so much on account of the actual facts learned, as that it taught him to think scientifically. Modern business was necessarily a large field employing a great many varieties of people. In modern commerce the chemist was employed as a chemist, the engineer as an engineer, the mineralogist as a mineralogist, and so on, but very often the ideal and most successful business combinations had been between a purely commercial man and a purely scientific man. On the ideal board of directors there should be one scientific or technical brain, one legal brain, and one accountancy brain, with the addition of parely commercial brains. Where did this vague, indescribable “something ’’ called the commercial man come from ? He had passed no special examina- tions to qualify him for his post.Frequently his sole graduation had been in the school of hard knocks, in the university of every- day life. Although it was becoming increasingly common to receive a University training, there would always be many in business who had not received this training; but, provided some form of training could be given, the question arose as to what form was the best. Undoubtedly any study followed systemati- cally was good for the brain, but there was no training better than a scientific one.In his own case he had decided to take the Natural Sciences Tripos at Cambridge, and had never regretted his choice. No doubt he thought that to learn something of chemistry would be of direct use in the soap-making industry. It was not, how- ever, for this reason that he found the training to be of use. Enough chemistry to enable a man to understand the principles of soap-making, in so far as they were required to be known by the commercial side of the business, could be learnt in a very short time. The training was of value because it induced a scientific mode of thinking. The aim of study should not be the storing of facts ad nauseam, but the understanding of principles according to which these facts might be applied.In studying chemistry the aim was not to learn off by heart the list of atomic weights or to memorise a 189 host of formulz and equations, which might readily be looked up in a text-book, but to understand what an equation was and to apply the principles underlying it. After all, the general idea of the chemical equation was cropping up the world over. The balance sheet of a business was, in a sense, an equation, and the understanding of a chemical equation helped one to appreciate a business equation. Under the principle of the indestructibility of matter, capital put into a business must be accounted for in the same way as the chemical reagents put into a test tube, even to the formation of H,O and the giving off of CO,.There was a lot of H,O and CO, about some balance sheets ! The principles learned in science were invaluable to the business man for the four following reasons, among others:- I. Science seeks simplification. 2. Science seeks standardisation. 3. Science seeks truth. 4. Science teaches humility. As to the first, scientific investigation explained more and more the phenomena of nature in terms of variations of simple units. The most complex living organism known was only a multiplication of cells, each with its essential protoplasm and nucleus, although the problem of what life really was remained unsolved. The modern physicist had shattered the older chemists’ belief in the atom as the indivisible unit of matter by saying that all atoms were only different arrangements of electrons or negative charges of electricity.So must the successful business man ever search after simplicity. He must get down to simple units and arrange his problem in an orderly way. The clever business man could put his finger on the heart of a problem right away, because he knew that all the complications of business were only different arrangements of certain simple and essential principles, which, obeyed, led to success, or, ignored, led to failure. With regard to the second reason, that science seeks standardi- sation,-the essence of science was measurement, necessitating standards. No business man with a scientific training could rest content with the archaic and unwieldy units with which commerce dealt.The scientific mind craved for a universal metric system, both of weights and coinage, and it was interesting to note how many business houses turned shillings and pence into 190 decimals of a pound for the internal working of their own system of accounts. The scientific mind also desired a linking up beiween the measurement of weight and the measurement of volume. Our unit of weight ought to be that of a definite volume of water. Respecting the third point, that science sought truth-the scientific man in his investigations rarely craved for anything else; and the same should be said of the sound business man. Each should be equally capable of discarding all points and opinions which did not lead towards this goal. The whole history of science was a pilgrimage in search of truth.At the fourth point, that science taught humility, some might be iuclined to smile; but regarded dispassionately and seriously, it would be found to be true. The non-scientific mind was staggered at the accomplishments of science. The scientific man overlooked the accomplishments in face of the mysteries yet unsolved. The unknown was not a definite something which would one day be entirely discovered and turned into the known. It had been truly said that knowledge was like a cir'cle ever widening as it grew, and the more it grew, thegreater-not the less-became its area in contact with the unknown. The business man should take a leaf from the book of the scientific man and realise that the present triumphs of commerce did not represent the last word. The business man who sat down content with himself and his business only sat down to watch the business go back and not forward.The scientific world never rested content; the more it probed into the unseen mysteries the more it realised how little was known and how much there was to know. We scatter the mists that enclose us, Till the seas are ours and the lands, Till the quivering ether knows us, And carries our quick commands. From the blaze of the sun's bright glory TVe sift each ray of light, MTe steal from the stars their story Across the dark spaces of night. But beyond the. bright searchlights of science, Out of sight of the windows of sense, Old riddles still hid us defiance Old questions of Why and of Whence.There fail all sure means of trial, There end all the pathways we've trod, Where man, by belief or denial Is weaving the purpose of God. 191 In the discussion, Dr. Brislee said that he much appreciated the idea of having men with scientific training on every board of directors in order to establish a bond of sympathy between the technologists and the financiers. While it was awkward for the technical man to be bothered with queqtions of cost, he, never- theless, should have a definite idea of the value of ldbour and materials, and work hand in hand with his financial confr6res. Separate branches of a concern working in watertight compart- ments hindered progress.He remembered, for instance, the case of a new managing director of a large locomotive works, who, at the outset, stated he had not come to make locomotives, but to make money. An unsympathetic attitude made things very difficult for the researcher, who might easily be presented with difficult problems on which he might spend a large amount of diligent and intelligent work with little practical result. A still more disappointing result followed when he was directed on a wrong course and asked to get out certain desired information, perhaps involving a deal of labour, when he knew from the outset that it would not lead to the end desired. The researcher thus appeared to be doing a large amount of unproductive work, and, indeed, was often required to carry out an investigation which was not immediately realisable as a financial asset. It was becoming increasingly incumbent upon industrial chemists to undertake pure research, because they could not predict when a discovery would become of technical importance, especially when the theoretical groundwork had not been cleared.The non-technical mind could not always appreciate the fact that lines of research, projected on the idea of definite direction of investigation leading to a definite result, were not always practicable. The experience of Research Boards all over the country amply proved this. He much appreciated Mr. Lever’s view that some knowledge of science on a board of directors would establish a link of sympathy, and he was confident that it would spur the chemist on to better work.Mr. Stocks said they were very much indebted to Mr. Hulme Lever for his interesting and instructive address, and hoped that they would have the privilege of hearing him on future occasions. With regard to the relationship of science to industry, there were many ancient industries, such as dyeing and leather manufacture, which, although depending on scientific principles, had grown up without scientific control, simply by those in charge trying various experiments, rejecting the failures, and assimilating the 192 useful ones. This method was a tedious one. Although matters were now much altered, chemists were not yet appreciated at their true value.There were many works which did not yet employ chemists, and often the chemist was not called in until something awkward happened which he had to put right. A chemist, if he was any good at all, would learn his business, and would be able to teach workpeople how to do things properly in order to avoid mistakes which it was necessary to rectify. He hoped to live to see the time when a chemist’s starting salary would be EIOOOa year. In a large works, where specialisation was necessary, chemists were grouped into analytical chemists, re-search chemists, and works or process chemists; but in a small works the chemist had to be all these, and perhaps in his spare time help in other ways, even with book-keeping and despatching goods.In some works the chemist was kept too much in the laboratory and not allowed to go into the works, where he was regarded as a bit of a nuisance, as he was alwa!7s nosing into things; but he advised them to get out into the works as much as possible and learn as much as possible. He was interested in Mr. Lever‘s ideal board of directors, especially that it should contain at least one scientific man, and he hoped that even more than one would be appointed to each board. Although often regarded as having little business ability, scientific men were in many cases more businesslike than business men, and there was no reason why scientific attainments and business ability should not go together. One attribute of the scientific man, that of humility, mentioned by Mr.Lever, was illustrated by a quotation from Bishop Spratt referred to in the “History of the Institute of Chemistry,” which he read. “The Chymists lay it down, as a necessary Qualification of their happy Man, to whom God will reveal their ador’d Elixir, that he must bc rather innocent, and virtuous, than knowing. And if I were to form the Character of a true Philosopher, 1 would sure to make that the Foundation: Not that 1believe, God will bestow any extraordinary Light in Nature, on such Men more than others; but upon a bare rational Account: For certainly, such Men. whose Minds are so soft, so yielding, so complying, so large, are in a far better Way. than the bold and haughty Asserters : they will pass by nothing, by which they may learn; they will be always ready to receive, and communicate obser- vations; they will not contemn the Fruits of others Diligence; they will rejoice to Bee Mankind benefited, whether it be by themselves or others.” Among the wonderful things which the chemist in the works could now do, according to a report in the Echo recently, was 193 the manufacture of nitroglycerine from vegetables.At first sight this would appear similar to making T.N.T. from turnips, but the journalist had seized upon the least interesting part of his commnnication for his title, the real object being the extrac- tion of palm oil. Mr. Knowles thanked Mr. Lever for his very interesting lecture, and wished to place before the meeting his own views of how the chemist fared in Germany previous to the war.There was no doubt that Germany built up her great chemical industry, and particularly her coal tar colour industry, by getting the best chemical brains possible into the business. There were always chemists on their boards of directors, and frequently a chemist in charge of process work, besides the chemists required for control of materials bought and the products sold, to say nothing of chemists on research. One thing, however, which impressed him whilst in Germany was that a man was given a post because he was a suitable man from the point of view of his capability, and not because he just happened to be the son of a man who already had a good post in the firm; and there was no doubt that this thorough way of putting business first helped a great deal towards their ultimate success.Another way in which Germany pushed her coal tar colour industry was by the employment of chemists as technical travellers. Inventors were better looked after in Germany, particularly from the financial aspect, as they had a system of banking, e.g. a “Gewerbe Bank,” whose business was to lend money on new inventions after they had been thoroughly examined by expert technical men. Dr. Clarke suggested that the Institute should arrange for Mr. Lever to repeat his address before commercial leaders of industry, because he was able to eTplain the value of a scientific training in a manner that the specialised man of science certainly could not.In many industries there was still a lack of sympathy between the commercial man and the chemist. This, in the speaker’s opinion, was due to two causes: (a) The bdlief of the commercial man that the chemist was the cure for all ills, and that any difficulty could be turned over to a research department and become solved ; the commercial man showed disappointment when a solution was not forthcoming; but he should realise that research by qualified men was only the best means of tackling a difficulty and.not a sure means; (b) the technical man took the attitude that the commercial man would not understand a technical problem, even if it was explained to him, and hence it 194 was waste of time to attempt it. The commercial man was thus left in mid-air on many technical matters, a thing he naturally resented.The technical man consequently should take con-siderable pains to keep the commercial man in touch with technical matters, simplifying his explanations as much as possible. In the opinion of the speaker, the chemist was too much inclined to sit down and wonder why his services were not appreciated more, instead of considering whether he himself was not mainly con- tributing to his non-recognition. The chemist generally was not very adaptable. He frequently showed little tact in dealing with commercial men, as mentioned before, and frequently no tact at all in dealing with plant managers. Plant managers generally had , accumulated a wide store of knowledge by exercising powers of observation without any underlying scientific training.They were people who demanded considerable respect from chemists, and not the contempt that they frequently got. If the chemist considered such points as these he would contribute to the better recognition of science in industry. MI-. Moore said that in most large businesses there were many grades of workers who had different duties. A scientific training would be of benefit to all, but it was of particular value to those who occupied the higher positions. The men who occupied these high positions, besides requiring a thorough knowledge of the business, had to be clear thinkers. It was necessary for them to be of sound judgment, to be able to estimate the value of evidence, and to be able rapidly to select the best line of action out of several possible ones.They should be able to sift the essential elements out of a mass of detail. They should be men of broad outlook, able and willing, when necessary, to develop the business on new lines and to adapt themselves to new methods and new conditions. In the course of a scientific training, a student was constantly considering facts and their inter-relations. In his experimental work he was frequently using the facts he knew, in order to produce results which to him were new. If his use of the facts was not proper, or if his thinking lacked clearness, or if his judgment was not sound, then the experiments would be partly or wholly unsuccessful.Thus the clearness of his thinking and the soundness of his judgment were being continually exercised and tested in a practical manner. Many experimental results could be obtained in a variety of ways, and hence the student had to make a choice of one of several methods. He had to consider 195 such factors as time, cost, the apparatus and facilities at his disposal, the purity and quantity of the product, etc. As he advanced in his work, he learned of some of the more important researches that were being conducted, and began to appreciate that knowledge was continually advancing and expanding. His outlook became modified and he realised that it would be neces- sary for him, as knowledge progressed, to discard some of the facts and processes which he formerly accepted and used, and in their place to substitute new facts and new methods.In thc last year or two of his college training, he would probably have oppor- tunities for taking part personally in some research work, and thus would have the very valuable opportunity of making some personal contribution to the growth of knowledge. Thus a man who received a scientific training was continually exercising and developing those qualities of mind which were of such importance in business. Not only was he exercising and developing them, but he was constantly using them to produce definite practical results. Hence a scientific training as a pre-paration for business was very valuable. Mr. Gabriel Jones, while disclainling any firs t-hand knowledge of chemical industry, thought a very important point mentioned by Mr.Hulme Lever was his ideal hoard of directors, and he believed that probably many industrial concerns had come to grief through the lack of technical brains on the board; it was often unsatis- factory for a number of purely business men engaged in chemical industry to decide upon a course of action and then to leave their chemists to work out the problem. Chemists engaged in industry had opportunities of meeting their employers on equal terms in such bodies as the Society of Chemical Industry, and he recom- mended membership of that Society to chemists for that reason, and also for the chance it gave them of helping their purely business associates with their scientific knowledge.Mr. Hulme Lever had likened a balance sheet to a chemical equation, but he (the speaker) thought that there was a difference between the two that was very obvious. Whilst in a chemical equation, one expected the same quantity of matter to result from the reaction as was originally put in, he supposed that a balance sheet in which the " matter " produced was not greater than that supplied would be regarded as unsatisfactory. He thought also, from opinions he had heard expressed, that more co-operation between chemical 196 and engineering staffs in manufacturing concerns was desirable ; they were too prone to work in watertight compartments. Mr. Inman suggested that a report of the meeting should be sent to various chemical journals, with a view to advertising the existence of the Institute, and the proceedings of the Local Section, because the lecturer had stated the scientifically trained man’s case so aptly. The meeting closed with a cordial vote of thanks to Mr.Hulme Lever for his paper. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on the 29th March, when Mr. George Rudd Thompson, of Newport, Monmouthshire, gave a lecture entitled “ Some Experiences of a Public Analyst,” in the course of which he related many episodes, including several of an excep- tional character, particularly, in connection with forensic matters, which had occurred within his experience of over 30 years as a consulting chemist. Mr.Thompson’s vivid accounts of murder trials and other proceedings in the courts, in which he had been called upon to give professional evidence, were both entertain- ing and instructive. The meeting closed with a very cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Thompson, several members expressing the hope that his reminiscences would be published. On the 26th April a discussion, in which many members took part, was held on the article‘appearing in the Journal of the Institute, Part I., on “ The Title Chemist.’’ On the motion of Mr. G. H. Perry, the following resolution was put, and carried by a very large majority, only three members voting against :-That in the opinion of this Section, the Council should not at present attempt to restrict the use of the title “Chemist ” by pro-moting legislation, but should seize every opportunity to educate the public through the press and in other ways as to the proper use of the word ; and that Members of the Institute shonld not themselves use or countenance the use of the title “ Chemist ” except in connection with a fully qualified chemist according to the Institute’s standard (A.I.C..), and should take every opportunity of formulating and establishing this interpretation of the title.The resolution was subsequently forwarded to the Council, who have referred it to the General Purposes Committee, to be considered with any resolutions on the subject which may be received from other sections. 197 Newcastle-on-Tyne & North East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held on the 14th March, in the rooms of the Chemical Industry Club, Brunswick Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne, -Dr.P. E. Bowles in the chair. On the invitation of the Chairman, Mr. C. H. Ridsdale opened an informal discussion on the statement regarding the title "Chemist " which appeared in the Journal of the Institute, Part I., 1922. Amongst other speakers were Dr. Bowles, Dr. Paterson, and Messrs. Binks, Duncan, Short and Young. The general feeling of the meeting appeared to be that while it was highly desirable that some definition of the term "Chemist " should be discovered, there did not seem to be sufficient ground, from the point of view of the community at large, to justify the restriction of the title " Chemist " to those who make the practice of chemical science their life-work.Moreover, it was felt that the subject was hardly one upon which a formal resolution could be put forward at the moment. A meeting of the Section was held on the 25th April, in the rooms of the Chemical Industry Club, Newcastle-on-Tyne,-- Dr. P. E. Bowles in the chair. The Chairman called on Mr. C. H. Ridsdale to open a debate on the present methods of admission to membership of the Institute, which Mr. Ridsdale proceeded to do by submitting a series of motions in which the procedure of the Council was criticised as being of too "academic '' a nature. Mr. T. Wallace, who replied, dealt with the motions in order and sought to show that the Council of the Institute were doing what was possible to regulate entries in such a manner as to serve the best interests of the profession as a whole.Rv perinission of the meeting, letters dealing with Mr. Ridsdale's proposals were read from Dr. Dunn and Mr. H. J. Young, who were unavaidably prevented from at tendins. After considerable discussion, in which many of those present took part, the closure was moved and, after Mr. Ridsdale had replied, the motions were put to the meeting, and, lacking support, were lost. On 23rd May the Section dined in the Refectory, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tvne, and entertained as guests Dr. Haworth and Dr. Kriscoe, both of the College, and Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. 198 On behalf of the Local Section, Dr.Dunn, who occupied the chair in the absence of Dr. P. E. Bowles, welcomed Mr. Marlow to Newcastle. In thanking the members of the Section for entertaining him, Mr. Marlow gave a short outline of the recent activities of the Council of the Institute. Previous to the dinner, Mr. Marlow addressed a meeting of students at Armstrong College on the development of the pro fession of chemistry and the work of the Institute. Notes. University College, Nottingharn.-The need for universi- ties to afford greater facilities for higher education in our great industrial centres has long been recognised. The old universities being able to provide for only a limited number of students, provision has to be made elsewhere for the much larger number who are unable to go to them.On 14th June, at Highfields, Dunkirk, near Nottingham, Lord Haldane laid the foundation stone of the new University College, which is to form the central block of the proposed University for the East Midlands. The site is the gift of Sir Jesse Boot, who had also provided ~150,000towards the cost of building, in addition to Ezo,ooo for a chair of chemistry. Considerable funds were still needed, however, when Lord Haldane announced at the public luncheon, held on the same day, that he had received a further sum of L10,ooo from Sir Jesse Root and a cheque for EIOO,OOOfrom an anonymous donor, who appealed to the large manufacturers, employers of labour and other wealthy men of the country to support the movement.In the course of the proceedings Lord Haldane rderred to the foundation of the modern universities, indicating that wherever one was established the spirit of the university penetrated the whole city, giving a new type of consciousness to its citizens, enlarging its general outlook, and promoting prosperity. The new universities were pouring forth a volume of knowledge which 199 was for the benefit of mankind generally as well as for the great cities. The university for the East Midlands would be the centre of a stimulating sphere to higher thought. He suggested that it would be possible to organise the new university on something like the pattern of that of Wales, affiliating the colleges in the neighbourhood.On the ground of expense, it might be necessary in the first instance to confine it to faculties of arts, science, engineering and commerce. The other faculties would come later. The available sum of ~250,000is sufficient to make a start with the building, but more will be required for the fuller develop ment of the project. The Institute was represented by the Registrar, who was very kindly received by Prof. Kipping, Major Trotman, Mr. J. T. Wood and Mr. Wilkie. Gas Examiners-The revised " Memorandum on the Appointment, Qualifications and Duties of Gas Examiners," published by the Gas Referees in March, contains the following paragraphs :-" As regards competence of Gas Examiners, the Gas Referees consider that it is important that a Gas Examiner should have a sufficient knowledge of physics and chemistry to enable him to understand thoroughly the testa to be applied to the gas.It is also important that he should be a person accustomed to making quantitative measurements, the accuracy of which he is prepared to sustain under cross-examination. A person of good professional standing as an analyst or engineer, a.nd with experience of the physics and chemistry of gas, would be suitable. " As regards impartiality. it is obviously undesirable that the Gas Examiner should be in the employment of the gas undertaking, or should have any financial interest in it ; and that when the Local Authority owns the undertaking he should not be an employee of the Authority." In any case the personal standing and professional qualifications of the Gas Examiner should be such as to inspire the confidence of the public, and of the management of gas undertakings. " When a Gas Examiner is appointed, a deputy similarly qualified should, where practicable, also be appointed to act in his temporary absence. " The time which the Gas Examiner will have to give to official gas tostings depends on the prescriptions of the Gas Referees, which will vary with the advance in the design and construction of testingapparatus and with local conditions of gas supply. The following figures, though only rough approximations, may serve as a guide to the time which a gas examiner is likely to have to devote to his duties. " He will be required to visit the testing place at intervals of time,which in most cases need not be strictly equal.The time needed for each visit will probably be about two hours. The minimum number of visits will probably be : " For gas undertakings supplying : More than 1000 million cubic feet a year : one each day (for the present). 200 Less than 1000 million andmore than 250 m.c.f. a year : one each week. Less than 260 million and more than 100 m.c.f. a pear : one each fortnight. Less than 100 million and more than 50 m.c.f. a year : one each month. Less than 50 million cubic feet a year: one each quarter (as a minimum).” Institute of Brewing Research.-The scheme orgmised by the Institute of Brewing in 1920 for the study ol the principles underlying the operations of the fermentation industries generally, and the brewing industry in particular, affords a means of co-operation between maltsters and brewers, farmers, malting and brewing chemists, and agricultural investigators.The investiga- tions are being carried on for the benefit of the Fermentation Industries as a whole, and the expense is met from a special research fund supported by voluntary contributions. Work has so far proceeded in three main directions, viz. hops, barley and timber. The work on hops has been divided into five main sections :-(I) The breeding of new varieties; (2) manuring; (3) drying; (4) testing for brewing value ; and (5) chemical investigations. Researches on the breeding of new varieties of hops are being carried out at the South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, and testing stations have been established at other places in Kent in connection with the study of manuring and cultivation generally. Experimental hop gardens have been planted at East AIalling in Kent, where the progress and character of seedlings raised in the hop-nursery at Wye can be watched, having regard to their resistance to disease, yield, resin-content, ind other desirable brewing qualities.Experimental kilns have been built at Reltring, designed for controlling the various factors concerned in the process of drying, with a view to determining the best conditions. The investiga- tions involve the study of the effect of (a) varying temperature with constant air current, (b) varying air current with constant temperature, (c) the influence of the moisture-content, (d)burning varying amounts of sulphur, (e) the products of combustion of open fires, (f)the use of dried air, (g) the variation of the height of the air above the fires, and (h)the influence of weather.Chemical investigation of the coniplex constituents of hops is in progress under the direction of Prof. F. L. Pyman at the College of Technology, Manchester, the present aim being 201 to isolate and identify the constituent or constituents on which the preservative or antiseptic properties 01 the hop depend. At the same time, with a view to placing the cultivation of barley on a scientific footing, testing stations have been established in the principal barley-growing districts, for the conduct of experiments to ascertain the effect of artificial fertilisers and of farmyard manure on the malting quality of barley.This work is co-ordinated under the direction of Sir E. J. Russell. Botanical and chemical research on the timber for casks is also in progress. This has been entrusted to Prof. Percy Groom and Prof. S. B. Sckryver at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. It is anticipated that a report with details of the progress made by Prof. Groom, on the botanical side, will be published in the near future. La Soci6te de Chimie lndustrielle is arranging a Liquid Fuel Congress to be held in Paris in October next.Special attention is to be devoted to the terminology, tests and analysis of petroleum products. The Society hopes to draw together chemists interested in these matters. The Congress will consist of five Sections dealing, respectively, with (I) Petro-leum, (2) Shales, (3) Lignites and Peats, (4) Tar and Benzene, (5) Alcohol. During the Congress an exhibition will be held illustrating the numerous applications of liquid fuels. Popular Lectu res.-The Publications Committee will be glad to receive notices of popular lectures given by members of the Institute. Reference has been made in the Journal to such lectures from time to time, and, as examples may be mentioned, a series of free lectures on “The Colloid State,” and two on “Combus- tion,” given by Dr.Newton Friend, in January last, at the Birmingham Municipal Technical School. The former were intended for science teachers, pharmacists and persons engaged in the paint and varnish industry, and the latter for children. Lectures to workpeople are also useful as a means of publicity. An example is afforded by that given in April by Mr. E. Lewis, chemist to Messrs. Christopher Thomas and Bros. Ltd., of Broad Plain, Bristol, on “Soap and its Manufacture.” This lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and exhibits, and was well reported in the local press. Nr. Lewis described the operations in soap manufacture; the metting of fats and oils; 202 the making of caustic alkali, soap boiling; mixing operations; framing, cutting, stamping and packing of household soaps ; the manufacture of toilet soaps ; glycerine recovery, and other processes. The lecture concluded with a number of soap-bubble and crystallisation experiments.Journal of Scientific I nst ruments.-The Institute of Physics has transmitted to the Council a specimen copy of a proposed Journal of Scientific Instruments, asking for co-operation in the project. The Journal will be devoted to the description of methods of measurement and construction and use of instruments used in scientific and technical work. The Journal will require at first some measure of financial assistance, apart from the proceeds of sale, but it is anticipated that eventu- ally it will be self-supporting. Fellows and Associates who are interested in the matter should communicate with Mr.F. S. Spiers, O.B.E., B.Sc., Secretary of the Institute of Physics, 10, Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C. 3. The Canadian Institute of Chemistry has published a booklet containing a portrait of its President, Professor J. ifratson Bain, the names of its Officers and Council, a brief statement of its organisation, with the documents of its consti- tution and by-laws, and the list of members. The publication is interesting in several respects. After an attempt, made in 1908 by the late Dr. G. P. Girdwood, to bring chemists in Canada together, nothing further was done until Prof. M. A. Parker read a paper in 1918on " Association of Canadian Chemists " before the Canadian section of the Society of Chemical Industry.After discussion on this paper an Organisation Committee was appointed, with Prof. Parker as Chairman and Mr. Harold J. Ro;tst as Secretary, and the Canadian Institute was eventually incorporated by Letters Patent in August, 1921. The Institute aims to serve those in the profession and those having need of professional assistance and to consolidate the profession of chemistry for the benefit of the country. The purposes and objects oi the Institute, as defined in the Letters Patent, are as follows:- (a)To raise the Profession of Chemistry to its proper position among the learned professions, so that it may attract a larger proportion of the 203 best intellects, and thereby secure a supply of trained chemists adequate to the growing industrial needs of the country ; (h) To form an organisation immediately available for consultation by the Government ; (c) To encourage original research, develop and maintain high standards in the profession, and enhance the usefulness of the profession to the public ; (d)To protect the public by gathering together a body of chemists who may be consult,ed with confidence ; (e) To look after and promotc the professional well-being and interests of chemists by :having registration bureaux, social centres, employ- ment bureaux, centres and mediums for the acquirement and inter- change of scientific experience and knowledge, clearing houses of chemical knowledge, including libraries and bureaus ; (f) To establish scholarships, medals and prizes ; (9)To petition Parliament in the interests of Chemists ; (h)To purrhase, hire or otherwise acquire, for the purposes of the corporation, any real or personal property, and in particular any lands, buildings, furniture, club, household or office effects, utensils, books, newspapers, periodicals, instruments, apparatus and fittings ; (i)To erect, maintain, improve or alter any buildings for the purpose of the corporation ; (j)To acquire, register, use, and deal in any patent, patent rights, licenses and trade-marks, processes or privileges and to grant licenses thereunder suitable or convenient for the purpose of the corporation ; (k)To procure the corporation to be registered, licensed or recognised in any country, province or place ; (I) To provide for the delivery and holding of lectures, exhibitions, public meetings, classes, examinations and conferences, calculated directly or indirectly to benefit or advance the work, aims and objects of the corporation ; (m)To subscribe to, become a member of, and co-operate with any other association, whether incorporated or not ; (n)To raise money by subscription; (0)To conduct chemical, physical and biological analyses, make surveys, reports and tests ; (p)To devise, plan, purchase and deal in methods, formulae and pro- cesses of manufacture ; (a) To manufacture, d,evise, purchase, sell and deal in scientific apparatus, machinery and devices ; (r)To invest the funds of the corporation not required for immediate purposes ; (8) To do a11 such acts and things as the corporation may think incidental or conducive to the attainment of the above objects.The membership, which is open to women, includes z Honorarv Fellows (H.R.H. The Prince of Wales and Sir William Pope), 166 Fellows, 39 Associates and 50 Student members. 204 April Examinations, 1922. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the Institute from the 3rd to the 8th April. The number of candidates examined in each branch and the number of those who passed are shown in the following table:- Number Number :FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP Examined. Passed. In General Chemistry . . .. .. 11 6 In Branch (a) Mineral Chemistry .. 1 0 In Branch (d) Organic Chemisti-y .. 2 2 In Branch (8) Chemical Technology of Sulphuric Acid, etc. .. .. .. 1 1 FORTHE FELLOWSHIP: In Branch A, Section 11, Metallurgy .. 1 1 In Branch C, Organic Chemistry Group- Essential Oils .. .. .* 1 0 In Branch E, Chemistry of Foods and Drugs, etc. .. .. .. .. 2 2 19 12 One successful candidate in General Chemistry had previouslysatisfied the Board in all respects except in the translation of German technical literature. One candidate in General Chemistry satisfied the Board in his practical work and translation, and they recommend that when he presents himself for re-examination he be required to take only the two theoretical papers in General Chemistry.One candidate who had previously satisfied the Board in the Exami- nation for the Fellowship in Metallurgy, with the exception of the oral examination in General Chemistry and the translation of Spanish and French technical literature into English, presented himself for re-esamina-tion. He was not successful. Associateship Examination. The average standard attained in the examination in General Chemistry was rather higher than at the previous examination, but the questions on Inorganic Chemistry were not well answered, The Board consider that this may be due to neglect of this side of the subject during the latter part of the candidates’ training. The theoretical questions in the other branches were on the whole answered well. The practical exercises were carried out well, particularly the organic exercises in the examination in General Chemistry. Candidates in many cases did not summarise their 205 results satisfactorily.The general standard oi translation from French and German technical literature was again very low. Fellowshifi Examination. The work of the successful candidates for the Fellowship was well carried out. The following candidates passed the examination for the Associateship (A.I.C.) : In General Chemistry. Byrne, Lawrence James Patrick, B.Sc. (Birm.), University of Birmingham. Gardener, Guy William Carr, King’s Colleqe, London, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Illing, Edward Thomas, B. Sc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College. Jones, Hugh Trefor, B.Sc.(Wales), University College of Wales, Aberyst-wyth.Raynes, John Leonard, B.Rc. (Lond. ), University College, Nottingham. Shadbolt, Frederick Stanley, Sir John Cass Technical Institute and Birkbeck College. In branch (d) : Organic Ch,emistry. Naylor, Henry, Blackburn Municipal Technical College. Phillips, Reginald John, Birmingham Municipal Technical School. In branch (9): the Chemical Technology of Sulphuric Acid and its By-products. Sanders, Alexander, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. The following Associates passed the examination for the Fellowship (F.I.C.): In branch A, section II., Metallurgy. Hargreaves, Frank, A.R.S.M., n.1C. In branch E, the Chemistry (including nrZicroscopy) of Foods and Drugs and Water. Barnes, Arthur Chapman, B.Sc.(Manc.). Byles, John Edward, R.Sc. (Manc.). Examination for Fellowship. Branch A-Section II .-Metal Iurgy. MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than five questions to be attempted.) 1. Give some account of the persiilphates and perborates. How 2. What catalysts are used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid bymay they be prepared? the contact process ? What impurities in the gases act as poisons to those catalysts, and how may they be eliminated? 3. Explain briefly how it has been shown that more than one element can have the same chemical properties (isotopes). How may such elements be distinguished ? 206 4. Describe the manufacture of caustic soda by some process known to you.5. What is the chemical nature of plaster of Paris? How is it prepared, and why does it set with water? 6. Describe any colorimetric method used in quantitative analysis, and explain any sources of error, 7. Give a short account of the law of masa action, with examples. MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922 : 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than five questions to be attempted.) 1. State the effect of varying temperature and pressure on the equilibrium between solid carbon and its two gaseous oxides. 2. What do you understand by dead-roasting, chloride-roasting, pyritic smelting, and acid leaching ? Give an instance of the application of each of these processes in metallurgy. 3. In the analysis of metals, silicon is usually estimated as silica. What impurities is the residue of silica liable to contain, and how may an accurate determination of silica be made? Explain the difficulties in the method.4. A large deposit of copper ore in Chile consists mainly of a basic sulphate. Describe the method of extraction, and explain how the impurities are removed. 5. What is “stainless steel”? Give some account of its properties and composition. Why is such an alloy resistant to corrosion? 6. Iron ores are valued according to their iron-content, taking into account the percentages of certain impurities present. What impurities are of importance in this respect, and why do they influence the price ? 7. Sketch the equilibrium diagram for the alloys of iron and carbon, and indicate the meaning of the fields into which it is divided, neglecting the case of hardened steels. TUESDAY, APRIL 4th, to FRIDAY, APRIL 7th, 1922: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make as complete an analysis as possible of the given sample 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the given mixture. (This exercise of commercial chromium oxide. must be completed on Tuesday.) 3. Make as full an analysis as possible of the given sample of gun metal. 4. Identify the principal constituents of the given light alloy, and determine the perrentage of one of them. 5. Examine the four specimens of metal by means of the microscope. 6. Determine the percentages of sirlphur and phosphorus in the Make sketches to illustrate their structure and identify them if possible. given sample of cast iron.Branch C-Organic Chemistry : Group-The Esscntial Oils, with special reference to Turpentine, Gums, Natural and Artificial Resins, Drying Oils. MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. Explain, with all the necessary experimental details, the various processes by which the methyl group may be introduced into organio compounds. 207 Give a short account of the method devised by Zeisel for the estima- tion of the methoxyl group in organic compounds, and as full an account as possible of the modifications introduced by subsequent workers for the simplification of this process. 2. Describe the methods by which terpin, terpineol, and dipentene have been prepared synthetically. 3. Show how the (a)chemical, (b) physical properties of organiccompounds are affected by the conjugation of double linkages.MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922 : 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Describe and discuss the progress which has been made in the hydrogenation of oils and fats. 2. Write an account of the chief ways in which natural non-fatty oils may be obtained. Refer especially to the isolation of the aromatic hydrocarbons. 3. Describe the general methods which are employed in determining the structure and value of a new essential oil which has been isolated in a pure condition. Illustrate your answer by referring to one actual example. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, APRIL 4th to 7th, 1922 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. The substance “A” is a new essential oil. Examine it, and, if possible,assign a constitution to it.(Piperitone, from Andropogon Jwarawancusa-Jones.) Branch E-Chemistry of Food & Drugs, etc, MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1923: 20 a.m. to 1 p.m. I. 1. Write a short account of the methods that are available for the determination of the starch content of food products. Show by typical examples the cases where the different methods you describe are to be preferred or are not permissible. 2. Name some of the better known naturally occurring aldehydes and ketones, classifying them in accordance with the groups of bodies in which they occur. Describe the typical reactions by which they can be separated and identified. Illustrate your answer with references to structural formulae. 3. What do you understand by the terms “normal” and “ab-normal” as applied to cow’s milk? Give an account of the analytical methods available for the detection of abnormality of milk.11. (Answer m a separate book.) 4. Describe a recognised method for the estimation of the alkaloids in a sample of Cinchona Bark. Mention the chief pharmacopeal pre- parations of the bark with their medicinal doses, and discuss briefly the therapeutic action of quinine. 5. Enumerate the official preparations of ipecacuanha, and point 6. Compare the symptoms of chronic and acute arsenical poisoning. out how their dosage varies with the purposes of their administration. Describe critically and in detail a method for estimating arsenic in minute quantities. 208 MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922 : 2 to 5 p.m.1. The powder A contains two alkaloids mixed with starch. Separateand identify the alkaloids individually. (Quinine and morphine.) 2. Identify the microscopic specimens 1 to 8. 3. From the potato provided, prepare slides containing clean pre- parations of the starch grains. TUESDAY, APRIL 4th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the Reichert-Meisel, the Polenske and the Kirschner values of the fat A obtained from a sample sold as margarine. State what conclusions you draw from the data obtained. 2. Determine the proportion of lead present in the tartaric acid B. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 5th, 1922: 10.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The custard powder C is stated to contain milk and egg. Test the truth of this statement by analysis, making the analysis quantitative as far as time permits.THURSDAY, APRIL 6th, 1922: 10.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the proportion of chloroform present in the lozenges D. 2. Identify the substance E. (Cocaine hydrochloride.) FRIDAY, APRIL 7th, 1922 : 10.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Analyse and report upon the Tinctura Camphorae Composita F. (The alcohol is not to be determined.) 2. By inspection and microscopical examination identify the specimens G., H., I., and J. (strawberry seeds; fig seeds; ground tea; chicory.) 3. Prepare and mount for microscopical examination the picrate of the alkaloid K. (Atropine). Examination for the Associates h ip. General Chemistry. MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Write a short account of chromium and its compounds, with 2.Discuss the qualitative and quantitative separation of the alkaline special reference to the position of this element in the periodic table. earth metals. 3. Give a brief account of the theory of valency and its origin. 4. What is an amphoteric electrolyte? How may the extent of its ionisation be determined ? 5. Give an account of the occurrence and metallurgy of gold. Describe the preparation and properties of the chlorides of this element. MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922 : 2 to 5 p.m. 1. The following structure has been assigned to a compound. State how you would proceed to confirm it :-KO2 209 2. Write a short essay on the aliphatic alcohols. 3. Give an account of the preparation and properties of diazo-methane.4. Give the formulae of uric acid, xanthine and purine. State how two of these may be synthesised. 5. Write a short essay on sulphonation, indicating the technical importance of this operation. TUESDAY, APRIL 4th, 1922 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a quantitative analysis of the sample (A) of Limestone given you. (This exercise may bP completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 5th, 1922 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Analyse qualitatively the given alloy (B). (Lead-Selenium.) THURSDAY, APRIL 6th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. You are given a sample or”piperonal (C). Prepare a specimen of the oxime from 5 grams of the material and a specimen of piperonyl acrylic acid from the remainder. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, APRIL 7th, 1922 : 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. You are given a mixture (D) of two substances. Identify the components, and prepare a derivative of each. (0.nitrophenol, p. toluidine.) Branch (a)-Mineral C he mistry. MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. By what chemical methods has the manufacture of oxygen on an industrial scale been attempted? By what method is it now chiefly produced? Explain clearly the principles on which this method is founded. Describe how you would examine a sample of the product for purity, and state what impurities, if any, would you expect it to contain ? 2. How are alkali-metal perborates, persulphates, hyposulphites, and hypophosphites respectively obtained ? Describe generally the characters and uses of each class of salts, and say how their various con- stitutions are expressed in formulae.3. Describe clearly how you would quantitatively separate and determine the metals in a solution containing the sulphates of copper, iron, aluminium, and zinc. Explain the principles underlying each separation, and give equations expressing all the reactions involved in the separations and determinations. 4. “Mercury has a monatomic molecule, but that of chlorine is diatomic, and that of ozone triatomic.” Discuss the evidence on which this statement is based. 5. Write a short essay on either (i) The discovery of argon and its congeners; or (ii) The variation, with the source of an element, of its atomic weight; or (iii) Catalysis.210 TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, APRIL 4th and 5th, 1922 : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. In the sample of manganese ore A determine the manganese, the iron, tho silica, the phosphorus, and the “available oxygen.” 2. From the same sample of manganese ore prepare a specimen of pure manganese chloride, and give evidence of its purity. (These exercises may be continued throughout the week, but fresh exercises will be set on Thursday and on Friday. THURSDAY, APRIL 6th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Continue Tuesday’s exercises. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture of three salts B. (Potassiummetabisulphite, sodium phosphate, magnesium sulphtzte.) FRIDAY, APRIL 7th, 1922: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Continue Tuesday’s exercises. 2. Determine the total chlorine and the free acid in the sample of salt-cake C. Branch (dJ-Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922 : 10 a.m.. to 1 p.m. 1. Write a detailed account of Staudinger’s work on the ketenes, with special reference to the more recent developments. 2. Discuss the synthesis of rubber and indicate the chief ways in which its commercial production has been considered possible. 3. The synthetic di-substituted derivatives of smcinic acid occur in two well-defined forms. Describe the characteristic reactions of each form, and the ways in which they may be converted each into the other. Indicate possible reasons for the phenomena you describe.4. Illustrate the commercial uses to which anthracene can be put. TUESDAY, APRIL 4th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The liquid A is a sample of impure ethyl malonate obtained in a faulty preparation from chloracetic acid. Determine the two chief im- purities present in the sample, and estimate the amount of each present in 100 grams oi the material. (Ethyl-malonate with 5 per cent. of ethyl-cyanacetate and 3 per cent. of ethyl chloracetate.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 5th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 1. Prepare from A a sample of pure ethyl malonate. 2. Report on the nature of the organic compound B. (Acetal.) THURSDAY, APRIL Gth, 1922: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the organic acid C prepare the acid chlnride (using thionyl chloride), the acid amide and the nitrile. Leave about five grams of each preparation for inspection, duly labelled with name of the compound and its melting point or boiling point. (Benzoic acid,) 211 FRIDAY, APRIL 7th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Relegate to their respective classes the acid and basic constitu- ents of the organic salt D. 2. Determine the molecular weight of the acid constitutent. (D, Theobromine Salicylate, D, Theobromine Acetylsalicylate.) Branch (g)-The Chemical Technology of Sulphuric Acid Manufacture. MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only four questions to be answered.) 1. Give a concise account of the plant required for the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the chamber process, illustrating by means of sketches the lay-out and approximate dimensions of same.2. What are the main points to be considered in the process of manu- facture, particularising the essential points for the successful working of the plant in each operation? 3. What are the chemical and physical properties of sulphuric acid at strengths between 60 per cent. and oleum containing 20 pcr cent. free SO,? Draw curves shewing (1) its action on iron and steel between these strengths, (2) its freezing points. 4. Your are given a sample of B.O.V.; what impurities would you expect to find ? Describe fully the method of de-arsenication. 5. Give, with equations, the reactions which occur throughout the normal working of a chamber plant process, and state what other com- binations may occur owing to irregularities in the process, such as altera- tions in temperatures, etc.MONDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1922: 2 to 5 p.m. Paper 11. (Only four questions to be answered.) 1. What is “Acid Mist”? What means have been adopted to overcome it ? 2. Give a short resume of the work which led up to the production ot sulphuric acid by the use of catalysts. Detail the catalytic poisons and their effect on the contact mass. 3. Describe, with sketches, the plant required for the production of oleum (20 per cent. SO,) by either the Mannheim, Schroeder-Grillo or Tentelew processes. Mention the points of difference between these.4. What effect has temperature upon the conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide? Discuss the heat balance throughout the contact process, and what methods of temperature control are employed. 5. Describe the control tests you would require to be carried out in the manufacture of 1.5per cent. oleum from 85 per cent. sulphuric acid and an accurate method of testing the strength of oleum produced. TUESDAY, APRIL 4th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only four questions to be answered.) 1. When air and ammonia gas are passed over heated platinum sponge, oxidation occurs. Describe the method, and give its practical applications. 212 2. It has been stated that most of the boiler plants attached to chemical works have an average efficiency of 58 per cent.Give reasons for this, and state what methods you would adopt, and what tests you would instal, to achieve the maximum economy of fuel. Describe some well-known form of CO, gas recorder. 3. If the water supply contains 14.5 parts of carbonate of lime, 9.4 ,, ,, sulphate of lime, 6.3 ,, ,, sulphate of magnesia, 8.0 ,, ,, sulphate of soda, 3.0 ,, ,, sodium chloride, per 100,000, what weights of chemicals would you require per 10,000 gallons to soften this? Describe a type of water soft,ener. If pitting and corrosion occur in the boiler, to what would you attribute this, and what steps would you take to overcome it? 4. What types of refractory linings are used for Herreschoff kilns, rotary cement kilns, Glover Tower? Give an approximate analysis of the best type to use in each case, and a method of analysis of same.5. What is the relation between the chemical constitution and the lubricating value of an oil ? What chemical and physical tests would you apply to determine the suitability of samples of oil submitted for (1) cylinder lubrication, (2) high speed shafting, (3) slow-moving heavy machinery ? TUESDAY, APRIL 412, 1922 : 2 to 5 p.m. (Only four questions to be answered.) 1. State the action of sulphur trioxide, nitric and hydrochloric acid fumes upon plant materials, such as concrete, mild steel piping, rubber insulation, leather belting, cast iron piping; what means are taken to prevent any such action ? 2.Give a short description with diagrams of the manufacture of nitric acid from sodium nitrate. State some of the industrial applications of nitric acid and some uses of the residual nitre cake. 3. Describe the preparation of the sulphates of aluminium and iron, and give their uses in industrial operations. 4. Describe fully the working of a Gaillard Tower. Compare its cost and efficiency with those of other methods of concentration. 5. What type of plant gives the best results in the drying of (a)coal, (6) ammonium nitrate, (c) sticky materials, (d) dyes? Give a description of same. WEDNESDAY to FRIDA Y,APRIL 5th to 7th, 1922 : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of pyrites cinders for sulphur and iron. 2. Estimate the amounts of lead and of total nitrogen acids in the given sample of sulphuric acid (A).3. Report on the samples of pyrites, sulphur, sodium nitrate, and lead. 4. Ascertain the strengths of the given samples of sulphuric acid (B) and oleum. 213 Obituary. ALFREDASHRY,who died at Reading on January 7th, in hip 78th year, studied medicine at, Guy’s Hospital, qualifying as M.R.C.S. in 1869, F.R.C.S., in 1871, and M.B. (London), in 1872. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Officer and Public Analyst for Grantham, and in 1883 to the correqponding posts for Newark. In 1888 he became Medical Officer, Public Analyst and Gm Examiner for Reading, which offices he held until 1920, continuing as Public Analyst for Grantham, Newark and Reading until his death.He took an active interest in the chemistry of foods and was a frequent cont,ributor to the Analyst. He was associated with Mr. Otto Hehner in an investigation of the so-called “previous sewage ” contamination. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. WILLIAMSALVADORCURPHEYdied at Hampstead on the 25th April, following an operation, in his 67th year. A member of a Manx family, he was born at sea, his second name being that of the vessel. Educated at Glasgow High School, he studied chemistry under Prof. Dittmar, a,nd in 1877 became Assistant to Dr. Angus Smith, Chief Inspector of Alkali, etc., Works. He was appointed Sub-Inspector in 1882, Inspector in 1892, and Chief Inspector in 1910, from which position he retired in 1920.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and served as a Member of Council from 1911 to 1914. CHARLESMANN LUXMOORE died in a nursing home in London, after an operation, on 16th April, in his 65th year. Educated at Dr. Nunn’s Commercial School, at Bristol, he received his early training in science under Mr. Thomas Coomber and Dr. J. M. H. Munro, and in 1877 was awarded a Royal Exhibition at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, where he studied under Profs. Galloway and Barrett. In 1884 he passed the Major Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society, where he also gained the Silver Medal in Chemistry, Botany and Materia Medica. In the same year he obtained the Pass Degree of B.Sc. (Lond.); in 1893, presented himself for the Honours Degree Examination, when he was placed in the First Class; and after a three years research in organic chemistry, in collaboration with Prof.Wyndham R. Dunstan, in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, was awarded the degree of D.Sc. In 1894 he was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry to the Hertford County Council, while he also taught science in Hertford Grammar School. Subsequently,having worked for soms time in the Rothanisted Laboratories, he becamp Lecturer in Chemistry and Agricultural Chemistry at University College, Reading, which position he held for ten years until 1906, during which period he devoted much attention to agricultural research and published a monograph on the soils of Dorset. Later he became Principal of the Central Technical Schools for Cornwall, at Truro, which he relinquishedin 191 1 owing to declining health.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895, and for several years acted as assistant to the Examiners of the Institute. 214 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Through the courtesy of Dr.-now Sir-Edward John Russell, Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, the members of the Association visited Rothamsted on 17th May. They as- se‘mbled at Golders Green, travelled by motor omnibus, and spent a very enjoyable afternoon inspecting the farm and the labora- tories. They afterwards adjourned to Harpenden for tea before returning by the same route. Mr. E. R. Bolton, Chairman of the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section, and the Registrar were also present.The Committee of the Association subsequently addressed a letter to the Director thanking him for the courtesy extended to them, and later congratulated him upon the honour of knight- hood which had been conferred upon him. The first general meeting of the Association was held on Thursday, the 25th May, at 8 p.m., Mr. R. 0. G. A. Berchem, Vice-President of the Association, in the chair. Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Past President of the Institute, was nominated and unanimously elected first President of the Association. Mr. Marlow expressed Sir Herbert Jackson’s regrets that before he had been approached on the subject of the Presidency he had made an appointment for that evening which he was unable to cancel; he hoped, however, on many kture occasions to be at the meetings of the Association, and had expressed his heartiest good wishes for its success.The following were,declared duly elected as members of the Committee, a ballot having been necessary only in the case of University College, where two members had been nominated :- 215 Battersea Polytechnic . . Mr. S. H. Dennington. Birkbeck College . . . . ,, H. Edgerton. East London College . . ,, A. J. Prince. Finsbury Technical College . . ,, D. J.Trescot-Brinkworth. King’s College, London . . ,, F. S. W. Brice. Sch. of Pharmaceutical Society ,, F. J. Dyer. University College, London . . ,, W. G. Eggleton. Sir John Cass Institute .. ,, C. E. Carey. Representative of Student‘s registered on the proposal of Fellows other than Profes- ,, C. T. A. Garlick.isors of Chemistry at recog- , nised Colleges . . .. Institute of Chemistry, Lon-don and South-Eastern ,, G. S. W. Marlow Counties Section . . .. J (The Committee, at their first meeting, will proceed to nomi-nate members of committee to represent colleges from which nominations were not received in time for the meeting). Messrs. R. 0. Gibson and P. H. Stoton were appointed Honorary Auditors. The Chairman reported that the retiring committee had drafted a provisional scheme for the proceedings of the Associa- tion during the coming session, comprising at least three meetings during each academic term, at which papers should be read on professional subjects ; provision would be made for inter-college debates and for informal meetings.Tentative arrangements had also been made for at least two meetings to be held in conjunction with the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section of the Institute, and these would probably take the form of an exhibi- tion and an informal meeting. Arrangements will also be made for visits to works, some of which might take place during the long vacation. On the motion of Mr. W. G. Winsor, the meeting accorded a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. G. S. W. Marlow for his services in connection with the formation of the Association. A vote of thanks was also accorded to the Vice-president, who, on his retirement from the Committee, vacated office.The official business having been concluded, light refresh- ments were served, and an informal meeting was held. 216 Lectures to College Chemical Societies. Birkbeck College Chemical Society.-On the 20th March the Registrar of the Institute addressed the Birkbeck College Chemical Society, by invitation, on “The Institute of Chemistry and its Objects,” Dr. George Senter presiding. Whether, he said, men worked with their heads or their hands, or with both, they had from very ancient times found some form of organisation to be desirable and necessary. The organisations of the church, the law and medicine, and organisa- tions of crafts (such as those represented by the City Guilds, and, later, by the trades unions) had all played their part in the history of the world.Our ideas oE the knowledge and skill which should be possessed by men and women engaged in the various professions had developed with the progress of the sciences and arts on which those professions were based. The necessity had therefore arisen for some standard of qualification, and this had naturally been determined by the members of the professions concerned, who had formed themselves into societies and institutions in order to provide machinery whereby the general opinion might be ascertained and formulated, and regulations devised, with regard to the training and testing of persons intending to follow the professions. Thus, during the 19th century, in practically every calling deemed to be professional, steps had been taken towards definite organisation, and claims had been made to recognition by the community of its place in the affairs of the country.Where the profession had direct relation to the pro- tection of life or property-as in the case of medicine and the law-some measure of legislation had been provided to restrict the practice of the profession to persons certified to be duly qualified and registered by a competent aathority; and in other cases-engineers ,architects,pharmacists,account ants, surveyors, musicians, actuaries, journalists, patent agents, secretaries, and chemists-the professions had been formally recognised by the 217 Crown by the grant of Royal Charters to their respective qualifying bodies.To these bodies the Government, industry, commerce and the public generally, looked for professional assistance. The ideals of such institutions were parallel with those of an individual: their potency lay in the stimulus they afforded succeeding generations to attain higher ends; but while, in the individual, ambition was cooled by success, failure, or advancing age, the ideals of institutions were maintained by succeeding Councils and succeeding generations of members. Bodies corporate which had every prospect of long life were particularly suited to the purposes of men with long views, who meditated schemes which required time for their develop- ment, but which promised stability and duration when once they were completed.They were constantly working for posterity; constantly striving for better conditions for those who come hereafter; and each generation of members was indebted to its predecessor for something. Every profession saw the necessity for acknowledged leaders with such views, and these were to be found among the Councils of the chartered bodies. They determined the professional competency of candidates for their membership, they main- tained, and looked to their members to maintain, a high standard of professional conduct. The community had derived enormous benefit from the organisation of these bodies, for it had not only raised the status of the professions, but had contributed to the advance ment of technical knowledge and skill during the past century to an extent unparalleled in any similar period.They had become an essential part of the life of the country; for every student who prepared himself properly for his profession and enrolled in the recognised chartered body brought added strength to the resources of the country, and, at the same time, promoted the corporate spirit of his profession, which must in time tend to his own advantage. By becoming better qualified for their work, such students contributed to the uplifting of the status of the profession as a whole; they were better able to help them- selves, their families, their employers, their country, and mankind generally. It was not always easy to convince men of the need for common action in a common cause which called for some measure 21s of personal sacrifice; and yet-passing from the general to the particular-the Institute of Chemistry could not complain that the chemists of the country had not rallied to it.The apathy of a few-incliiding even one or two well-known men-need not deter anyone from taking his part in helping forward his profession ; he must in the long run derive some benefit from doing so, and at the outset he should realise that it was due to those who had laboured before him that he found the profession to-day in a distinctly higher position in the public esteem than it would otherwise have occupied. The Registrar referred to the foundation of the Institute in 1877, indicating that it was in the main created by the younger chemists of that time, who were incited to action by the hope that chemistry would come to be regarded as a definite and established profession.He showed that the position of the profession in relation to other professions was then by no means clearly established, and that chemical practice was frequently undertaken by members of other professions, who, in many cases, had a very meagre knowledge of the science of chemistry; and, in dealing with the condition of the profession prior to the foundation of the Institute, mentioned that when the Adulteration Acts (1860-1872) and the Sale of Food and Drugs Act (1875), were passed, the terms of appointment offered to public analysts were in many cases ridiculous, and that at first not a few men were appointed who were quite unfit for office.It was foreseen that considerable advantages would accrue to practitioners by their being united in a properly organised body capable of watching their interests and of dealing with matters of professional conduct. The practice of chemistry being thus placed in a more satisfactory position among the learned professions, the membership of such a body would become recognised as the hall-mark of competence, and chemical work would be less frequently entrusted to the incompetent. -4 scheme for organising the profession within the Chemical Society had been discussed, but the provisions of the Charter of the Society were held to preclude it. Chemistry was not then regarded as a definite vocation which a young man would choose with the same confidence as any other profession which was already organised.The work of organisation met with considerable opposition. When the promoters tried to register the Institute under the 219 Companies Act there was trouble with the Board of Trade and the Privy Council, who appeared to be ignorant of the fact that there were chemists who were not pharmacists, and the Institute was compelled to adopt the name “Institute of Chemistry” instead of “ Institute of Professional Chemists.” It was also, at first, forbidden to grant certificates; but this privilege was definitely confirmed by Royal Charter eight years later. The first Council were not discouraged] however; they enrolled the majoritv of the chemists of established repute, framed regulations, started holding examinations, and otherwise embarked upon the objects for which the Institute was founded, which, in the original Articles of Association, were defined as follows:-(a)To ensure that consulting and analytical chemists are duly qualified for the proper discharge of the duties they undertake by a thorough study of chemistry and allied sciences in their application to the Arts, Public Health, Agriculture, and Technical Industry.(b) To adopt such measures as may be necessary for the advance- ment of the profession of chemistry, and particularly for the main- tenance of the profession of Analytical and Consulting Chemists] on a sound and satisfactory basis.(c) The doing of all such other lawful things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the above objects. The Council stipulated from the first that a high standard of education and training should be demanded of all candidates for membership, and determined to maintain that standard by a carefully defined system of examinations. Very few universities or colleges provided, at that time, a training in preparation for professional practice in chemistry, and certainly no university examination in the subject, then held, would have been regarded as a satisfactory test of com-petence. Several of the colleges which had since become uni- versities had not even come into existence, and others had only been established for a few years.It was fortunate] however, that the majority of the professors of chemistry were ready to support the new organisation, and several took part in framing the first regulations of the Institute, which provided a definite curriculum for adoption in their institutions. The idea of hall-marking competent professional chemists had been modified by the Board of Trade, since the Institute was precluded at first from granting diplomas, and it was many years bcfore the public could be brought to realise that member- ship of the Institute conferred a distinct qualification for practice. Within a short time, however, there were comparatively few men 220 of standing in chemistry who had not joined the Institute.They joined with little or no thought of personal gain; but, on the contrary, gave their material support and personal influence for the good of the profession generally. Before the examinations had been properly instituted, and the value of the qualifications had been thereby enhanced, the advantage of membership was but slender to those who had been elected in virtue of reputations already acquired. It was unavoidable that some years had to elapse before the examinations began to attract candidates in substantial numbers ; the increase in membership was therefore not so rapid as to make the organisation numerically strong. In the course of the address, the Registrar quoted many passages from the past presidential addresses and from the history of the Institute (1877-1914),and he remarked that its history during the war and since would easily make a second volume. He referred to the grant of the Royal Charter and to the address delivered, in 1886, by Professor Odling, who indicated the advantages secured thereby to chemical science.to the public and to the Fellows and Associates themselves under the Charter, the Institute had acquired the right to confer a definite qualification to practise: not an exclusive right, but a right which no other body possessed. Even then, years had to pass before this right was properly recognised by the public, if only for the reasons that the mernbership was still under 500 and the demand for the services of the members was still very small.Indeed, there were people, including some of acknowledged standing in scientific circles, who held that it was derogatory in a man of science to pursue his investigations for gain, and that the intention of the Institute was entirely commercial. In such circumstances, there was little reason to wonder that the industries of the country were so slow in adopting scientific methods under scientific control. The work of the succeeding Councils was all uphill; but, as they persevered, the inernber-ship slowly but steadily increased, in spite of the increasing strin- gency of the conditions of membership and the fact that the examinations were maintained at tbe highest possible standard consistent with the training provided in the universities.During the presidency of Sir William Tilden- thirty years ago-the whole scheme was placed on a still higher level. Can-didates were required to pass a Preliminary Examination in subjects of general education, an Intermediate Examination in General Chemistry, and a Final Examination in a Special Branch. Although graduates in science with first or second class honours in chemistry and candidates possessing similar qualifications were exempted from the Intermediate, no candidate was then admitted to the Associateship without examination, and election to the Fellowship was restricted almost entirely to Associates of three years’ approved experience. For many years, despite the necessity for examination, the Associateship was sought after; but the time came when many colleges became universities, and as a consequence a far larger proportion of Registered Students of the Institute took degrees, and of these a considerable number, feeling that they had passed sufficient examinations, were content to start on the business of life without joining the Institute.Nevertheless, the Institute had set a standard which had its influence on the training of chemists in general, and it had stimulated hundreds of students to pursue courses of study which, but for the Institute, would never have been undertaken at all, while the examinations were specially distinguished as tests of original capacity as well as of theoretical attainments, manipulative skill, and knowledge of routine methods. Indeed, the examinations of the Institute differed from those of the universities; for whilst the latter were contrived to test the amount of knowledge which a candidate had succeeded in bringing to a focus at a particular moment of time, the main object of the examinations of the Institute was to test what the candidate could actually perform when placed as nearly as possible under the conditions occurring in practice and within reach of a good chemical library.The candidate who did well in the one would not necessarily do so well in the other. This practical character was preserved in the Institute’s ex-aminations, in order that the Fellows and Associates might be known for soundness of judgment and for capacity to perform chemical work upon which the public could place implicit reliance.Many honours graduates, however, declined to take the examinations of the Institute, and as a result a steadily increasing body of chemists remained outside its ranks. There was only one way out of the difficulty. The leaders of the Institute had full regard to what had taken place in medicine. With the creation of new universities, the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons had continued their Conjoint Examinations, but 222 the General Medical Council had been obliged to acknowledge and register men who acquired degrees without going to the Conjoint Board. The. solution of the problem, so far as chemistry was concerned, was in the minds of those who attended the Conference of Professors of Chemistry, called at the instance of Prof.Meldola, during 1913,the second year of his presidency of the Institute, although owing to the outbreak of war the matter was not finally determined until 1917. In the spring of that year, the Council of the Institute resolved to make provision for the admission to the Associateship of war candidates who had obtained first or second class honours in the Final Examination for R.Sc., or’other qualifications equivalent in standard ; but it soon became obvious that, owing to the extraordinary variety of war work which devolved upon chemists, the privilege could not in justice be restricted even in this sense. In the following year the Institute in Extraordinary General Meeting determined the lines upon which the present Regula- tions were based.Four years’ day training (or the equivalent) was regarded as the minimum ; the Intermediate Examination was eliminated; graduates with first or second-class honours in chemistry and holders of equivalent diplomas who had otherwise complied with the Regulations were entitled to apply for the Associateship, and’ all others were required to pass an examination in general chemistry. For the Fellowship, Asso- ciates were required to be registered as such for at least three years, and to pass an examination in a special branch unless they produced evidence of original work of exceptional merit, denoting a distinct contribution to the advance of their science. To-day the Roll of the Institute contained the names of about 1600 Fellows, 2150 Associates, and nearly 1000 Registered Students.It was a strong body, almost unique in the high attainments of its members and, as the events of the past few years have proved, without doubt one of the greatest assets of the British Commonwealth in peace or war. Having dealt with the educational influence of the Institute and the work of organisation, the Registrar said that its functions were not restricted to prescribing regulations, conducting examinations and keeping a register. It took a part in the affairs of the country and was frequently called upon to aid the Government, not only by providing competent chemists for the public service, but by affording advice and assistance in iiiatters of legislation upon which chemistry had a bearing.223 During the war, and since, not only the Institute but the chartered professional bodies generally had received greater recognition than at any time previously from the Government. In practically all public chemical appointments due Consideration was given to the qualifications F.I.C. and A.I.C., which were in some cases indispensable. This was practically so in the case of public analysts, about 96 per cent. of these appointments being held by Fellows of the Institute. To take another example, the Institute had recently come to an arrangement with the Board of Education for the granting of national certificatcs in chemistry to students in technical schools in England and Wales.The Institute published a Journal which did not trench upon the ground covered by other societies. Though modest in its scope, it recorded the proceedings of the Council, and contained much information of importance and interest to members and students. It was of direct advantage to a student to know what was going on in the profession which he intended to join, and he would find that many matters upon which he should be informed were discussed by the Council and by the Local Sections of the Institute. The Institute also arranged lectures of practical interest to members and students generally, but especially to the younger members. Fellows of the Institute having special knowledge and experience were asked to deliver lectures indicating the scope and object of work carried out in various branches of practice, while they might also deal occasionally with matters of professional, forensic, or ethical interest. Their aim was educational, and it was not intended that they should clash with papers received by other societies.The Institute possessed excellent headquarters with a useful library, and its members also enjoyed the privilege of the use of the Library of the Chemical Society. The question of formulating a code of professional etiquette was among the first to be discussed by the Institute. In 1878, the Council arranged a series of Conferences, to afford oppor- tunities for the interchange of opinion, and to promote a better understanding among members on professional matters.The Council hoped that the consideration of various points of pro-fessional ethics would tend to the formation of a code which would be voluntarily accepted by members of the Institute, and, in the course of time, influence the profession generally. Burke said: “Manners are more important than laws. Upon them in a great measure the laws depend.” The principle generally expected of the professional man was that he must pursue his interest with due regard to the rights of others. Those who aspired to professional status must accept its responsibilities and fulfil its obligations. The Institute must do without those who want to advertise, or behave in any way contrary to the ethics of the profession; but any such would learn very quickly that they had made a mistake by incurring the displeasure of their professional brethren, and would find themselves regarded as I‘ outsiders,” whom others would decline to meet in consultation.Local Sections had been formed to create local organisations of members and students to keep alive their interest in the general progress of their profession; to maintain its status; to arrange conferences and to afford opportunities for social inter- course; to assist the Council of the Institute in certain parts of their work; to inform the Council on matters of local professional interest, and to co-operate with the office in securing appoint- ments for the members. The chief object was to foster the spirit of mutual help among the members.The London and South Eastern Counties Section had recently initiated a Students’ Association, of which the Registrar hoped those present would all become members. The value of the Appointnients Register of the Institute would be readily appreciated. Although at the armistice, or soon after, several hundred chemists were released from active service and from work connected with the production of muni- tions and war material, at the end of 1920 only 13 members were known to be without employment, and even to-day, after 18 months of deplorable industrial depression, during which the profession had greatly increased in numbers, less than z per cent. were in that unfortunate position. At the present time the Institute was faced with the difficult problem of placing those who were out of work, while no work was to be had, but the Council were doing their best by endeavouring to keep the Institute in the minds of the manufacturers and employers of chemists, in order that they should turn to the Appointments Register for assistance when they were ready to increase their chemical staffs.The utility of professional institutions had been recognised overseas by the establishment of Chemical Institutes in Australia, 225 in South Africa, and in Canada. The quaIifications of the home Institute were readily accepted by the Overseas Institutes, and it was hoped that in the course of time, reciprocal recognition would exist between all these bodies within the British Common- wealth.In all the principal Overseas Dominions, the Institute had Honorary Corresponding Secretaries to whom members could obtain introductions when going out to appointments there. The executive officers of the Institute were always glad to see members and students, and were often able to give advice of direct value to those who came to consult them. Referring to the word chemist, the Registrar said that it was, at one time, for instance in the 17th century, used in common parlance to connote two different callings; and in the Igth, for a while, particularly that of the pharmacist; but it was coming more and more to be regarded in its true sense; and he believed that it must eventually become firmly and solely attached to those of the chemical profession.A change was needed in both law and custom. Chemists could at least rectify the latter by always referring to pharmacists and chemists by the names which more accurately described them. There was an article on the title “chemist” in a recent issue of the Journal of the Institute which showed that as the law stood, the pharmacist had clearly a right to use it; and not onlv the pharmacist, but trading companies who had shops in the charge of pharmacists. These trading com-panies had shareholders, and therefore a very large number of people was interested in the title. To effect any change in the law immediately would be exceedingly difficult ; the share-holders of the drug companies were no doubt represented in Parliament, and Parliament generally was apt to regard all measures promoted by any body of individuals, as an attempt on the part of such a body to acquire power for its own ends.If the Institute attempted to promote a measure for the re- striction of the title, it would probably aim also in some degree (to be defined) at the restriction of practice to properly qualified men. He was inclined to think that it would be useless to promote any such measure unless it covered both objects- the restriction of the title and the restriction of practice. It was necessary, however, in the first place, to teach the public what a chemist really was, and this undoubtedly could best be done through the members of the chemical profession.The war had removed a great deal of ignorance with regard to the 226 practical use of chemistry in everyday life, and chemists should do all they could to keep the chemist in the public eye. There might be a few who would say that the Institute was not what it used to be. It never was; in other words, it had never remained for long quite the same sort of body, because, while its chief objects had remained the same, the circumstances in which those objects had been pursued had been modified, and additional objects had arisen with those circumstances: the increased facilities for technical education, the increasing utilisation of science in industry, the incorporation of univer- sities, the stimulus given to chemistry by the war, and the im- proving conditions of the profession.All those, and other circumstances, had exercised in turn a marked influence on the building up of the Institute and of the profession. However, the Institute had come to stay. It had been in existence nearly 45 years, and would continue its good work. It was for the juniors in this progressive profession to endeavour to be even better chemists and better men than their predecessors. In conclusion, he laid particular emphasis on one point, men- tioned earlier. Every student who received a systematic training for a professional career and associated himself with a recognised professional body was a potential factor in pro-moting the efficiency of his profession and, to that extent, the prestige of his country and the general advancement of the highest activities of the civilised world.Further, as the work of all professions was in some measure helpful to everybody, everyone should recognise it as part of his duty to take his share in supporting the professional institution which was entrusted with the maintenance of the status and welfare of his own profession. University College, London.-On 9th May, the Registrar of the Institute addressed the members of University College Chemical Society, Dr. 0. L. Brady presiding. He urged that every chemist should strive to advance his science in some particular branch, and thus promote the reputa- tion of British chemistry and at the same time his own interests. Those who were acquainted with the changes made in the Regulations of the Institute during the past few years would be aware that the Council, instead of requiring all candidates- without exception-to pass an examination for the Associateship, granted exemption to those who had taken the degree of BSc.227 with first or second class honours in chemistry following a four years course (including physics, mathematics and an optional subject), or who had complied with certain prescribed conditions no less exacting. The reason for that alteration was to enable the Institute to effect the more complete or-ganisation in one body of the trained and competent chemists of the country. The concession, however, was not so great when the ultimate result was realised, for the candidate, instead of completing a three years course and passing the examinations for the Associateship, had to complete a four years course or a three years course film a years subsequent experience, before attaining the Associateship, and he had to be registered as an Associate for three years and to pass an examination for the Fellowship in a special branch, or produce evidence of independent work of such a high character as to satisfy the Council in granting him exemption from the Fellowship examination.Since October, 1917,the number o€Associates elected without examination was approximately 2,000 , and of those who had completed the three years registration required by the Charter for Fellowship not more than 30 had been elected to the higher grade without examination. The hope had been expressed that a stimulus would be given to Associates to make a great effort to produce originalwork of a high standard and that the collective effect would redound to the credit of British chemistry. It might be early yet-particularly under the peculiar conditions left by the war-to judge whether this hope would be realised.All chemists were not destined to be research workers, in fact, he was told that good research chemists were rare; but there was scope for practical inventive minds as well as for the more theoretical academic minds : an inspiration resulting from deliberate thought on a problem involving some new sequence of operations had often led directly to improvements in plant and apparatus.The recently published lecture on "Chemists and the Patent Laws" by Mr. Horatio Ballantyne confirmed the view that it was not through mere luck or happy chance that a chemist in the course of his work stumbled across a discovery or invention : it was through the combination of observation with science, and knowledge with understanding, that discoveries were made and their significance appreciated. Others might go over the same ground and miss the hidden treasure : sometimes it was not even 228 hidden but obvious; they might work for years in a particular industry without giving a thought to the iniprovement of the methods employed; but those who kept pace with the progress of theory and practice worked in the light and had constantly an eye to the possibilities-improvement of quality, increase of yield, reduction of costs, utilisation of waste, introduction of new pro- ducts, and so forth.Every chemist should endeavour to make some contribution which was entirely his own. The greater the difficulty the greater the pleasure and satisfaction when his efiorts were crowned with success. For example, an assistant in the laboratory of a public analyst, or in a works’ laboratory, might seek an improved method of analysis: to simplify, to be more accurate, systematic and efficient, and to reduce cost. The Meldola Medal was to be won by such work. Keen observation, the use of the natural senses, attention to detail and care in manipulation, must all find place in the equipment of chemists who have the true scientific spirit of enquiry.Students should consider the position to-day of the science- apart from the profession-and the wide domain that had been opened up during the past quarter of a century. At the end of four years’ training they would have prepared a foundation covering vastly more ground than the students of a quarter of a century ago; and though (for that very reason) the work had doubtless been more difficult, and possibly in some respects less exhaustive, they would start their experience on a basis pro- viding far greater possibilities of building up a great and noble edifice than that which was available to their predecessors. They should consider the vast literature of their subject and the ease with which they could obtain access to it at the Libraries at the Chemical Society, at the Patent Office, at the Institute, and in College libraries; and then the books themselves-could they imagine the toil involved in the compilation of tables of physical constants, dictionaries, text books and monographs? Did they realise how very few were produced with profit to their authors at all commensurate with the work, if indeed there were any profit at all? He reminded them also of the improve- ments in apparatus and instruments, in the equipment of chemical laboratories, and generally of the greater facilities and encouragement which they enjoyed.All these things con- sidered, they must admit that the chances the present generation 229 had of doiny something worthy of note were greater than those of the past.He suggested that it would savour of ingratitude to have all these advantages and not to try to‘ render something in return. Some were naturally gifted with more talent and imagination than others; some had abilities for great matters, others for small; but much could be done by sheer hard work. What measure of genius they had inherited they could improve; it could not be forced, but by taking pains might be developed in their following their natural bent, if they- could but discover it. They should start on the journey to get somewhere, with an object in view other than that of the mere exercise.They might for a time have to keep to the beaten track, but if they only kept touch with the general lie of the land they should be able to strike a new path on their own and in due course find the road to fame or fortune. For many years he enjoyed the friendship ok Sir John Henniker Heaton-thc postal reformer. He was thought by some to be a “crank”; but he had one definite and distinct aim in life, prompted entirely by a disinterested motive: the desire to cheapen communication by post, telegraph and wireless, and to bring people of all nations closer together for peace and harmony. His efforts met with much success, and only the great war retarded the fuller realisation of his aims. He had urged a young M.P., who went to him for advice, to seek one main object and pursue it at all costs, and as an example he suggested the utilisation of waste land for replacing as much as possible our ever-decreasing supply of timber. The Registrar did not know whether the advice was followed; but the principle was sound and good.The first few years of experience were of the utmost importance ; they should take care to profit by them, by learning something every day; a chemist must be a student throughout his life. If he loved his work, he would be happy in making himself a useful member of society; if he did not, he should not delay to change his career. He suggested that they should constantly review the history of chemistry, and of its practical applications; mark how new theolies and new practice displaced the old, and learn what they could from the failures of the past as well as from successes. From so doing they would be able to look at 230 things at a distance in a new light and with a better sense of perspective and proportion. It would assist them to consider how and in what directions further advance might be attempted.If they found it difficult to remember the details of an operation, their recollection of the history of their science would often enable them to get over the difficulty. The student had so much to do that he was very liable to read without reasoning. He should guard against this, and strive to exercise independent thought. The teachers knew of this fault, and encouraged students to reason for themselves.It was an effort, but they must always take a broad view of things, and constantly exercise their judgment in the light of knowledge. Steele, in one of his delightful essays, wrote of “Fancy the daughter of Liberty, the most beautiful of all the mountain nymphs,” and “Judgme.tlf, the offspring of Time, and the only child he acknowledged to be his.” The chemist must give freedom to his fancy-his imagination-and from his store of knowledge call judgment to aid hiin in determining the possi- bilities o€ his work. It would be invidious to mention them, but he could give many examples of successful chemists whose names had become definitely associated with particular departments of chemical investigation or branches of chemical industry.Almost without exception these were men who maintained an active interest in the bodies devoted to chemistry in this country: the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Public Analysts, and the Institute of Chemistry. The point of this remark was that they were thereby provided with opportunities of keeping in touch with their professional brethren and thus formed many friendships with men to whom they could turn when in doubt upon points with regard to which others were possibly better informed. No chemist knew so much that he had not need at some time or other of help from one who had made a special study of a particular branch. Chemists, there- fore, should take an active part in their professional societies and learn all they could from others. To be able to discuss with a friend a difficulty arising in the course of their work was a privilege of untold value, when relations were established free from restraint; when each party knew that in a public matter any help he might render would be gladly acknowledged and, that in private matters, his confidence would be respected.231 As Registrar of the Institute, he had frequently to look through the names of the members, and in doing so invariably had a mental picture of each one whom he knew and remembered. Taking the Register of Fellows, page.by page, he could say quite confidently that they represented a body of men most decidedly useful to their fellow men, and on the whole successful.The unsuccessful chemists were the exception. He did not say that to raise their hopes unduly, but to assure them that it was most unwise to despair. It was equally unwise to be impatient: he had known many do very well, but it was invariably through their own ability and real hard work. So seldom was the Institute asked to fill vacancies for which no special experience was required, that he inclined to the view that, although every chemist should be a "good all-round man," some form of specialised knowledge had become almost im- perative. Even in teaching-which, after all, was the most responsible of all professions-the head of a chemical department of every university and college now saw to it that all sides of his subject were represented individually by different members of his staff.He should be sorry, however, if anything he had said should lead them to conclude that he advocated early specialisation. The Institute held that students should keep their training in their main subject as broad as possible, in order that they might be well-grounded in general principles before proceeding to specialise; but in the choice of an optional or additional subject, i.e. other than chemistry, physics and mathematics,-due regard might very well be paid to its bearing on any branch of chemical work to which the student was attracted, or in which he was likely eventually to seek employment. For example, such subjects as higher physics and engineering were obviously useful to the works chemist ; metallurgy, to the metallurgical chemist ; geology and mineralogy, to the inorganic chemist ; physiology, bacteriology, agriculture and botany, to the prospective public analyst; bacteriology and biology, to the bio-chemist.Evidence of a certain amount of specialised knowledge was often a factor of importance when an employer was deciding between a number of candidates for an appointment, and was the next best thing to actual experience in a particular line of work. 232 If a student had a liking for any branch he should follow that ; if he had not discovered any such liking, he should do his best in that in which he was working; if he was out of work, he should take, if possible, a course in a subject, a knowledge of which might prove a useful addition to his equipment.To any student with the necessary resources and the mind for big things, a good course in engineering would be a valuable asset; some business experience would not come amiss; but he should be careful in any case not to lose touch with his general chemistry. The newly qualified chemist, lacking actual experience, often found it very difficult to induce employers to acknowledge that he was sufficiently well equipped to tackle any ordinary problem, and to make good headway in a reasonable time. The officers of the Institute tried to impress this upon employers who were engaging chemists for the first time, and who commonly moved somewhat cautiously, especially so far as salaries were concerned ; but such chemists, when offered the opportunity, had frequently earned a year’s salary or even several years’ salary within a very short time of their appointment.On the other hand, they occasionally heard of mistakes which had been disastrous to the employer and the chemist, and had certainly not been helpful to the profession as a whole. It was necessary for beginners to proceed cautiously and to make positively sure of their ground when they ventured to suggest innovations, and this was par- ticularly necessary when they were dealing with ‘‘rule of thumb ” men, for they were inclined to be distrustful in any case. Anymistake would surely be magnified, and any success achieved would not necessarily be properly acknowledged. They might even be reminded that so far as they were successful they had done no more than their duty; but if they failed,-that was quite an0 ther matter .Hunting after an appointment was a serious ordeal. One thing was certain: that, at the present time, they must be content to begin where they could. They had to prove their worth if they ever hoped for its recognition. An old proverb said: “Those whom necessity forces to sell have never a fair offer”; but they should do everything possible to get on with the business. Men of education had to rely on themselves. If their education failed to give them character they must make it themselves, and not confess themselves beaten. Self -made men, like Sir James Barrie, whose speeches at St. Andrew’s had recently been reported, did not realise-when they were in the making-the hardships they underwent and the courage they needed.They had the joy of their work and took pleasure afterwards in looking back on the brave days of trial. Such men were the great hearts of this world. Sir James suggested that it was an advantage to be poor; it was often an advantage to be born with no advantages. It enforced self-reliance. Rut when Sir James said, “We your elders are much more interested in you than you are in us,” he (the Registrar) was not sure that most people gave sufficient thought to the im- portance of doing everything possible, cven to making great personal sacrifices, to help and encourage the young men and women who were striving to get a foothold on the bottom rung of the ladder.However, he wanted them to know that the Institute was anxious to help those who were doing their best to help them-selves, and to assure them that this was one of its chief objects. The Institute knew very well that the profession would advance by looking to the interests of’ the students and Associates, because they would do the like when they had established themselves. Time, the physician of all, cured their early troubles and brought them to others. It was all part of the game-and, then, they should think of Barrie and the conifort of his address on Courage. It was not merely to please them, that he expressed his conviction that if we wished to make the profession strong and to bring the public to realise what a chemist was, and what he did, we must give every possible help to the coming generation.Strength in this case did not lie so much in numbers, as in the possession of strong leaders. The profession had good leaders, but it must constantly provide for the future, and the one thing which made for that, more than any other, was the growing strength of Students’ Societies. He wanted to assure them again that it was far from the desire of the Institute that the new Association of Students under the Institute should interfere in any way with the freedom of those societies; on the other hand, he hoped they would not hesitate to ask the advice of the Institute when they were seeking lectures or addresses from leading members of the profession.Professional chartered bodies such as the Institute enabled the public to distinguish trained and competent practitioners in any calling, and they existed for the public good: that was the main justification for their existence, and should afford a sufficient reason for professional men and women to join them, apart from any possible individual gain to themselves. It was to such institutions that the professions looked to establish their pasition in the work-a-day world: and to voice their opinions in all matters in which they had a right to be heard. As the President of the Institute had said, we lived in the age of chemistry, but it was strange that an age of science, which we interpret as ordered knowledge, should be an age of unrest and disorder.The educated professions could do much to hold the balance and to preserve peace; it was for the students to produce new leaders and strong representatives to take part in uplifting the profession, and in maintaining it in honour for the benefit and happiness of the general community. 235 Books and their Contents. [*Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur-chased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] *“ Applied Chemistry, A Dictionary of .” Sir Edward Thorpe. Revised and Enlarged Edition. Vol. 111.: Explosives-K. Pp. 743. (London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co.) 60s. “Bacteriology, Agricultural and Industrial.” R.E. Buchanan. Pp. xviii. and 468. (London and New York: Appleton 13 Co.) 15s. Morphology and classification of microorganisms ; methods of study ; physiology of microorganisms ;bacteria in technical agriculture and the industries ; microorganisms and diseases ; sanitary bacteriology. “Bleaching.” S. H. Higgins. Pp. vii. and 137. (London: Longmans, Green Sr Co.) 10s. 6d. A r6sumPl of the important researches on the industry which were pub- lished during the years 1908-1921. “Cement, Manufacture of Portland.” Arthur C. Davis. 3rd Edition. Pp. xiii. and 46. (Dublin: J. Falconer.) 25s. *“ Chemical Manufacturers’ Directory, 1922.” Pp. 245. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd.) 4s. 6d. “Chemical Analysis, Quantitative, A Course of Instruction in.” George McPhail Smith.Pp. x. and 218. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 12s. “Chemists’ Year Book, 1922.” F. W. Atack and L. Whinyates. 2 Vols. Pp. 442 and 713. (London: Sherratt & Hughes.) 21s. 236 Combustion, The Chemistry of.” J. Newton Friend. Pp. vii. and IIO. Chemical Monographs. (London: Gurney & Jackson.) 4s. Historical; combustion of solid carbon; flame; combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons, etc. ; ignition temperatures; inflammation of gaseous mixtures ;propagation of flame in gaseous mixtures ;surface combustion. *“ Empire Municipal Directory and Year Book, 1922-23.’’Fourth annual issue. (London:Municipal Engineering and Sanitary Record.) 10s. 6d. net. A comprehensive Directory of Municipalities in Great Britain and the Overseas Dominions, including: a list of local authorities and their officials, and special articles on road and building construction, lighting, heating and ventilation, sewerage, fire prevention, etc.*“Inorganic Chemistry.” T. Martin Lowry. Pp. x. and 943. (London: Macmillian & Co., Ltd.) 28s. Historical; non-metals :the metals ; typical series and transition series. I‘ Lead Ores.” Imperial Institute Monographs on Mineral Resources, with Special Reference to the British Empire. T. C. I?. Hall. Pp. 127. (London: John Murray & Co.) 6s. *“ Nitrogen, Industrial.” P. H. S. Kempton. Pp. viii. and 104. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. Free and combined nitrogen and its sources; natural and artificial fixation of nitrogen ; explosives; fertilizers ; etc.“Oils, Fats and Waxes, Chemical Technology and Analysis of.” J. Lewkowitsch. 6th Edition, Revised by G. H. Warburton. 3 Vols. Vol. 2. Pp. xii. and 959. [London: Macmillian 81 Co., Ltd.) 42s. “Organic Chemistry, Introduction to.” D. L1. Hammick. Pp. viii. and 258. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 6s. The development of the fundamental principles of organic chemistry from the experimental side. *“ Organic Chemistry, A Textbook of.” A. Bernthsen. Revised by J. J. Sudborough. Pp. xvi. and 908. (London: Blackie 6r Son.) 12s.6d. Aliphatic or open-chain compounds; chemistry of the cyclic compounds. ‘I Petroleum Refining.” -4ndrew Campbell. and Edition. Pp.xvi. and 297. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 25s. Examination of crude oil; storage of crude oil and liquid products; distillation, extraction and refining; candle manufacture ; chemical treatments ; distribution. *“ Physical Chemistry, Textbooks of.” Metallography. C. H. Desch. 3rd Edition, Pp. x. and 440. (London: Long-mans, Green & Co.) 16s. The diagram of thermal equilibrium ;solid solutions or mixed crystals : ternary and more complex systems; metals which are only partially miscible in the liquid state; practical pyrometry and thermal analysis; the preparation of micro-sections; the microscopical examination of sections ; crystallisation of metals and alloys ; under-cooling and the metastable state; diffusion in the solid state: physical properties of the alloys; electromotive force and corrosion; construction of the equilibrium diagram; the molecular condition of metals in alloys and the nature of inter-metallic compounds; plastic deformation of metals and alloys ; metallography of iron and steel ; metallography of industrial alloys.“Spectra, A Treatise on the Analysis of.” W. M. Hicks. Pp.326. (Cambridge University Press.) 35s. Types of series; series systems; Rydberg’s rules: effects of physical conditions; the oun; linkages; p and s wquences; d and f sequences: monatomic gases: appendices of tables. “War Gases, Lethal.” F. P. Underhill. Folio. Pp. xi. and 309. (Yale University Press.) 63s. The toxicology and pathology of the lethal gases; their influence upon respiration, pulse and temperature; the effects of repeated exposure : changes in metabolism ;alterations in blood concentration ;development of pulmonary oedema ; acidosis ; treatments : phosgene pokoning.238 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on April 28th and May 6th, I Fellow was elected; 13 Associates were elected to the- Fellowship ; 70 Associates were elected ; 77 new Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and I Associate by death, New Fellow. Rartrip, George Frederick. 2, Comer Road, Worcester. Associates elected to Fellowship. Clayton, William, D.Sc. (Liv.), Arderry, Allerton Drive, Mossley Hill, Liverpool.Gray, George, M.Sc. (Liv.), 13, Addison Court Gardens, West Kensington, London, W.14. King, Charles Arthur, M.Sc. (Leeds), 4, Poplar Avenue, Garden City, Wakefield. Mann, Sydney Andrew. B.Sc. (Lond.), Pathological Laboratory, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, S.E. 5. Munro, Leslie Alexander, B.A. (Oxon), 12, Park Road, Winnington,Northwich, Cheshire. Paul, Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 85, Brunswick Square, Leaininqton Spa. Stark, David Carmichael, 21, Princes Street, Stirling, Scotland. Stewart, Andrew, B.Sc. (Glas.), 11 1, Petershill Road, Glasgow.Walker, Thomas Kennedy, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Vict ), Meadow Bank, Holling- worth, nr. Manchester. Williams, Evan Clifford. M.Sc. (Mane.), The University, Leeds. Associates elected to Fellowship (after Examination). Barnes, Arthur Chapman, B.Sc.(Manc.), Nairobi, Kenya Colony, British East Africa. Byles, John Edward, B.Sc. (Manc.), 87, Newlands Park, London, S.E. 26. Hargreaves, Frank, A.R.S.M., D J.C., The Lindens, Kenningtoii. Kent. New Associates (by Examination). Bryne, Laurence James Patrick, B.Sc. (Birm.), 17, Glenlace Road. Black-heath, London, S.E. Gardener, Guy William Cam, Darley House, 8, Vanbrugh Park Road West, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. Illing, Edward Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Andrew’s Rouse, Roupell Street, London, S.E. 1. Jones, Hugh Trefor, B.Sc. (Wales), Caethle, Towyn, Merioneth. Naylor, Henry, 26, Palatine Road, Blackburn. 239 Phillips, Reginald John, 96, Bourneville Lane, Bournville, Birmingham. Sanders, Alexander, 13, Thornton Lodge Road, Huddersfield, Yorke.Shadbolt, Frederick Stanley, 54, Chipley Street, New Cross, London, SE. 14. New Associates. Ackerman, Isidore, B.Sc. (Birm.), 64, Gough Road, Edglnaston, Birming- ham. Adcock, Arthur Homer, N.Sc. (Liv. ), Fairfield, Eccleston Park, Yrescot, Lanes. Allan, Hamish, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, West Heath Drive, Goldws Green, London, N.W. 11. Ambler, Henry Reason, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Clifford Road, East Finchley, -London, N. 2. Armstrong, Miss Anna Elizabeth, B.A. (Dub.), Spring Villa, Dromahair, Go. Leitrim. Barr, James Cruikshank, B.Sc. (Glas.), Morven, Hillpark, Newlands. Glasgow.Bell, John Lyle, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 171, Wellington Street, Motherwell, Scotland. Black, Angus David, Blairpark, Eglinton Road, Ardrossan, Ayrshire.Bogod, Marks, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 175, Commercial Road, London, E. 1. Clark, Leslie Marshall, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Glen Darragh, Clay Cross, Derbyshire.Dean, John Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), Oxboiirne House, Shoreham, Seven- oaks, Kent. Domleo, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), Selwyn House, Mill Hill Lane, Derby. Done, Allan, B.Sc. (Birm.), Bridgeholm, Woodville, nr. Burton-on-Trent. Driver, John Edmund, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lambley Lane, Burton Joyce, Notts. Dunn, John Stanley, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Edgeley Road, Clapham, London, S.W. 4. Ewing, Miss Margaret Anderson, M.A. (Aberd.), B.Sc. (Glas.), 5, Church Street, Huntly, Aberdeenshire. l~ergiison, Alec Munro, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Hampden Street,Nottingham.Field, Edward, B.Sc.(Birm.), c/o 7, Margaret Street, Beaumaris, Anglesey. Gapp, Maurus Percy Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Farnsby Street, Swindon, Wilts. Giblin, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Christ College, Brecon, Wales. Gilbert. John Edward Thornton, B.Sc. (Lond. ), 59, Burford Road, Notting. ham. Glover, Thomas, M.Sc. (Dub.), 28, Constance Road, Edgbaston, Birming- ham. (Adding, Charles Douglas, B.A. (Cape of Good Hope), Chemistry Dept., Technical College, Durban, Natal, S. Africa. Greenfield, Geoffrey James, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Storrington, Pul-borough, Sussex. Hatch, Frank Akerman, Rivulet House, Gentleman’s Row, Enfield, Middlesex. Hill, Robert Ashton, B.Sc. (Liv.), 8, Ettington Road, Anfield. Liverpool. Hirst, Joseph Frederick, B.Sc.(Lond. ), 3, Wolseley Gardens, Gunnersbury, London, W. 4. Houghton, Arthur Sereld, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Lincoln Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Tredale, Thomas, B.Sc. (Australia), Chemical Laboratories, University College, London, W.C. 1. 240 Julius, Albert Abraham, B.Sc., A.R.C.H. (Lond.), D.I.C., 39, NightingaleRoad, Clapton, London, E. 5. Kirkby, William Anthony, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Rlanc. 1, Wineter House, Thorn. field Roac‘, Heaton Moor, Stockport. Law, James, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrew’s). 45,Northfield Road, New Moston, Manchester. Law, James Conquer, B.Sr. (St. Anclrcw’s), 6, Pelham Placr, Hiqher Crumpsa11, Manehester. Lea, FrFdericlr Measham, B.Sc. (Birm.), 49, Sandford Road, Moscley, Birmingham.Lees, Norman Dempster, B.A.(Cantab.), 31, Hagley Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Leighton, Frank Milner, B.A. (Cantab.),B.Sc. (Lond.). 1, Townsend Road, Harpenden, Herts. Mallet, Richard Edmund Antony, B.A. (Oxon), Redford, Ockley, Surrey. Maltby, John Gwilliam, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Winchilsea Avenuc, Ncwark. Martin, Hubert, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 34, Bramber Road, Wcst Kensington, London, W. 14. Mitchell, Michael George, A.K.C.Sc.I., Chemical Dcpartmeiit, The Con-densed Milk Company of Ireland, Ltd., Lansdowne, Limerick, Ireland. Money, Charles Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Gayton Road, Hampstead, London, N.W. 3. Moscow, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Abinger Road, Hedford Park, London, w. 4. Nobes, Frederick Laurance, A.R.C.S., c/o The Carborundum Co., Ltd., Traff ord Park, Manchester.NorriFh, Ronald George Wreyford, B.A. (Cantah.), 48, Kimberloy Road, Cambridge.Perren. Edward Arthur, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 70, Denton Road, London, N. S. Philip, Archibald, B.Sc. (Mane.), 222, Warv ick Road, Carlisle. Powers, Harold Edward Charles, l3.S~.(Lond.), 4,Grovc Crescent, JVood-ford, London, E. 18. Redsell, Edward Norman, H.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Clwnber Street, Hull. Rosehwy, Marcus, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 50, Margravine Gardens, Baron‘s Court, London, W.6. Sawers, Thomas Jack, B.Sc. (Glas. ), Woodend, Giffnock, Henfrewshire. Southerton, Leslie Charles. B.Sc. (Birm.), 16, Kriighton Street, Hepthorne Lanr-.,nr. Chesterfield. Stennitt, Sydney Dockeray, M.Sc. (Mane.), 2, Dogpole Court, Shrewsbury.Stevens, Thomas Stevens, B.Sc. (Qlas.), Marsdcn, Renfrew. Taffel, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 118, Rrondesbury Road, Queeii’b Park, London, N.W. 6. Taylor, Alexander Jefferson, B.A. (Cape), School of L4griculture, Cedara, Natal, S. Africa. Tobias, Benjamin Franklin, l3.S~. (Lond.), 108, Oakleigh Park Drive, Leigh -on-Sea. Trann, David, B.Sc. (Edin.), Muiredge, Buckhaven, Fife. Truman, Albert Clifford, RSc. (Lond.), Walden, 40, Oakley’s Road, Long Eaton, Notts. Weston, Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), Gatesgarth, Poulton Road, Carleton. Poulton-le-Fylcie.Weston, Stanley Haworth, B.Sc. (Glas.), C/O The Straits Trading Co., Ltd., Singapore, Straits Settlements. Westrip, George Meredyth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Palmyra, Portsmouth Road, Surbiton. Surrey. Wood, Robinson Pearson, B.Sr.(Durham), c/o 44, Pemberton Street, Old Trafford, Manchester. 241 New Students. Attfield, George Cooper, 73, King Charles Road, Surbjton, Surrey. Beard, Herbert Greensmith, Torre Garth, Burton Leonard, Harrogate. Beeby, George Harry, 92, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire Bott, Edward Cecil Benjamin, School House, Defford, Worcester. Bratby, Edward Victor, 78, Finnemore Road, Ideal Village, Birmingham. Briggs, Geoffrey Fielden, 168, Elmhurst Mansions, Edgeley Road, Clapham, London, S.W. 4. Burns. Thomas Stark, Prospect Rank, Uddingston, Lanarkshire. Clarke, Alexander Robert Maclaren, 6a, Emu Road, Queen’s Road, London, S.W. 8. Cocker, Leslie, 148, Somerset Road, Huddersfield. Cooke, Thomas Henry, 6, Solihull Lane, Hall Green, Birmingham.Couzens, Leslie John, 101, Kensington Avenue, Manor Park, London, E. 12. Cowen, Laurenre Gordon, 136, Turney Road, Dulwich, London, S.E. 21. Davies, Robert Leo, Sunnyside, Mount Road, Upton, nr. Birkenhead. Downes, Aubrey Douglas Whelda!, Alnberton, Common Lane, Latchford, W. Warrington.Driscoll, Ernest Percy, 4, St. Paul’s Road, Tottenham, London, N. 17. Dykes, William Kirkwood, Crannog, Linlithgow. Faichney. Peter, 32, James Grove, Kirkcaldy. Fell, Eric Whineray, Belle Vue, Ulverston, Laneashire. Firth, Herbert, Poplar Cottage, Scholes, Cleckheaton, Yorks. Fisk, Phillip Marcus, 10, Alloa Road, Goodmayes, Esses. Fitter, Norman Summerfield, 3, Hickman Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham. Fussell, Wilfrid Henry, 5, Eliot Bank, Forest Hill, London, S.E.23. German, Eric, 103, Farleigh Road, London, N. 16. Glassett, John William, 47, Tyneham Road, Lavender Hill, Battersea, London, S.W. Griffiths, Miss Marjorie Edith, 39, Devonshire Road, Palmers Green, London, N. 13. Hanney, Carl Anton James, Sunny View, Clydach Road, Morriston, Glam. Hayes, Thomas Reginald, Alpine Gardens, Keswick, Cumberland. Hayward, Jack Arthur, 42, Church Lane, Marple, Cheshire. Hill, Herbert Erich, c/o Government Analyst’s Dept., Wellington Street, Perth, Western Australia. Holtom, Stanley Worthington, 275, Tyldesley Road, Atherton, Lancs. Hunter, James Gilchrist (junior), 14, Moat Place, Edinburgh. Hurley, John, 7, John Street, Chilvers Coton, Nuneaton. Ironside, James Ingljs Martin, 79, Leslie Terrace, Aberdeen.Jacobs, Julian Michael Samuel, 291a, Camden Road, London, N. 7. Jesson, Frederick George Richard, 99, Abbott Road, Poplar, London, E. 14. Kearns, John, 13, St. Clement’s Road, Drumcondra, Dublin. Kimmins, Lionel George, Booklands, Tonbridge, Kent. Lee, Edgar Morton, 27, Ridgeway, Enfield, Middlesex. Lenn, Miss Norah Ellen Mary, 19, Henderson Road, Wandsworth Common, London, S.W. 18. Lewin, John Upton, 15, Arlington Street, London, N. 1. Manson, William Sinclair, 89, Brightside Road, Lewisham, London, S.E. 13. Marchant, Laurence Herbert George, 303, Barton Road, Stretford, Man- Chester. Msttana, Solomon, 7, Lordship Park,London, N. 16. Matthews, Marcus Aurelius, 47, Spratthall Road, Wanstead, London, E.11. McCarley, Alan Frederick, 76, Harwood Road, Fulham, London, S.W. 6. McGill, Alexander, 60, Dundee Street, Edinburgh. McNeill, Norman, 50, Oaklands Park, Ballsbridge, Dublin. Mills, Alfred Joseph, 116, Cromwell Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W. 19. Mitchell, Miss Constance Elizabeth, 59, Cecil Avenue, Wembley, Middlesex. Mitchell, Reginald Gordon, 7, Courtfield Gardens, West Ealing, London, W. 13. Orrell, Leonard, 483. Walshaw Road, Bury, Lancs. Parkin, Thomas Noel, 5, Larna Road, Erith, Kent. Prior, Philip Henry, 9, Westhorpe Street, Putney, London, S.W. 15. Ramsay, Peter Nayler, 10, Lyndhurst Terrace, Barking Road, East Ham, London, E. 6. Ridgwell, John Leslie, 50, Xanselton Road, Manselton, Swansea. Rigden, Horace Walter, Ivy House, Church Street Village, Whitstable, Kent.Russell, Henry Ballantyne, 26, Nelson Place, Stirling. Schorn, Edwin John, 5, Annandale Street, Edinburgh. Scott, Gordon Aldridge, Woodridings, Granville Road, Sevenoaks. Scragg, Harold, Post Office, St. Anthony’s, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Silverman, Leonard, 16, Gainsboro’ Road, Row, London, E. 3. Stephenson, GPorge Edward, 45. Joseph Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Stone, Lawford Hugh Anderton, Cross-in-Hand, Heathfield, Sussex. Storrie, Frederick Robert, Pouthpark House, Paisley, Scotland. Stubbs, Sydney Robert, Letchford House, Anderson Lane, Horwich, Lancs. Sutherland, John Alexander, 3, Binnie Street, Gourock, Scotland. Tait, John Barclay, 32. Ryeliill Terrace, Leith. Taylor, Arthur Edgar, 26, Leicester Street, Burton-on-Trent Thomas, Brynmor, 25, Gorsefield Road, Prenton, Cheshire.Thomas, Carbery Gwynne, 71, Grove Lane, Denmark Hill, London, S.E. 5. Thomas, Frank Charles, 8, Brnmshill Gardens, London, N.W. 5. Tuckw, John Morgan. 9, Endsleigh Gardens, London, N.W. 1. Wallis. Edward, 20, Guildford Road, South Lambeth, London, B.W. 8. Whitehouse, Alan George Raine, 15, Wye Cliff Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.Willcox, James Stuart, Henry Road, Lenton, Nottingham. Withers, Donald Frederic, 1 7, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London, S.E. 25. Wright, Miss Ethel Catherine, 5, Pelham Crescent, Nottingham. DEATHS. Fellows. William Salvador Curphey. Charles Mann Luxmoore, D.Sc. (Lond.). Lionel William Stansell.William Gowland, A.R.S.RI., F.R.8. Stanley Thompson. Associate. Robert Cecil Thomas Petty, B.A. (Cantab.). 243 General Notices. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to June, 1919,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have opportunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such students and assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10A.M. and 2 P.M.) except when examinations are being held. 244 Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.). Registered Students ol’ the Tnstitute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.The Register of the institute is in course of revision for publication in 1923. Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their $ermanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments,-The 5th edition of “A List of Official Chemical Appointments” is about to be prepared, with a view to publication towards the end of the year.The disorganisation of scientific staffs owing to the war, has rendered the earlier production of this edition practically impossible, chemists especially being called upon to relinquish their work in establishments devoted to purposes of peace in order to serve the country with the forces or in the production of munitions or other war material. The object is to provide and maintain a list of official ap- pointments which are held by chemists in all parts of the Empire. Previous editions have included :-(i) Appointments in Great Britain and Ireland, under various Depart- ments of State, County and Borough Councils and other public authorities, and the professorial and teaching appointments h universities, colleges, technological institutions, medical, agri- cultural and veterinary colleges, and in public and secondary schools: 245 (ii) Professional and teaching appointments in the Empire of India, Dominion of Canada, Commonwealth of Australia, Dominion of New Zealand, Union of South Africa, British Colonies and Pro-tectorates, and also in Egypt and the Soudan Provinces; (iii) An Appendix giving concise information with regard to societies and institutions for the advancement of chemistry, chemical industries and professional chemical interests.In addition to strictly chemical appointments, reference has been made to those connected with chemistry and its ap- plication to agriculture, metallurgy and assaying, mineralogy and geology, bacteriology, and other branches of work in which chemical knowledge ad skill are necessary or useful.Par-ticulars have been given of the Acts of Parliament under which the appointments are madc, and the regulations and conditions governing the selection of candidates for them. The information will be obtained chiefly from official sources, but the co-operation of Fellows and .4ssociates of the Institute is cordially invited. Suggestions which may increase the usefulness of the list will also be welcomed, and carefully considered, Communications should be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9224600173

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1922. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, August, 1922. Publications Committee, 1922=23 HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Chairman), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Presidefit), WALTER E. ADENEY, ARCHIBALD A. BOON, R. LESLIE COLLETT, ALLIN COTTRELL, T. W. DRINKWATER, LEWIS EYNON, JOHN HANLEY, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, 0.B.E AN DREW MORE, T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 249 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-JULY, 1922.Admission of Fellows and Associates.-The C~~ncil have decided that after 1st January, 1923, candidates who are elected to the Fellowship without passing through the grade of Associateship, or to the Associateship, shall be required, as a condition precedent to their admission to the Institute, to attend before the Council, or before the Committee of a Local Section, to make the Declaration required under the By-Laws, and to receive their Certificates from the President, or the Chairman of the Local Section as the case may be, who will welcome them into the Institute. The ceremony will take place at the Council Meeting or Local Section meeting nest succeeding the meeting at which the new member has been elected.The Council have also decided, subject to the concurrence of the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, that in the case of a newly-elected Fellow or Associate resident in the Overseas Dominions or elsewhere abroad, where an Honorary Corre-sponding Secretary has been appointed by the Institute, the new member shall be required, at a convenient time, to hand his Declaration to the Honorary Corresponding Secretary, from whom he will receive his certificate of membership. Where there is no Honorary Corresponding Secretary the Council may dispense with this requirement, but will welcome the new member when he is in this country. The Council hope by this means to bring the new Fellows and Associates immediately into direct touch with the Institute and its Sections, and encourage them to take an active interest in the work of the Institute for the good of the profession.Institution of Chemical Engineers.-On further corre-spondence between the Council of the Institute and the pro- moters of the proposed Institution of Chemical Engineers (to which reference was made in Part III., p. 175),it has been agreed that the following proviso shall be included in the Memorandum of Association of the Institution which is now-before-the Board of Trade. 250 “Provided always that such objects shall not comprise nor shall this memorandum be taken as conferring upon the In- stitution any power or right to prescribe courses of study or to hold examinations whereby qualifications or authority to practise or to use any distinctive title can or may be conferred in respect of the practice as such of consulting analytical or technical chemists (other than chemical engineers) or of teachers of chemistry.” The Council of the Institute also suggested that, in order to avoid confusion which might arise from the sequence of the letters indicating membership, the name of the Institution should be changed to the “Chemical Engineers Institution.” The pro- moters replied, however, that the name of the Institution had been the subject of prolonged consideration, and that they would prefer that it should stand: The word “Fellow” would not be used, but Members and Associate Members would use the initials M.I.Chem.Eng., and A.M.I.Chem.Eng., and they felt therefore that the Council of the Institute would not desire to press that point further. The Council were satisfied with this assurance.Publicity.-The Council have under further consideration the promotion of publicity with regard to the professional work of chemists, and have already signified their desire to co-operate in this respect with the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry. Fellows and Associates are invited to forward suggestions on this matter. Cement Standards.-In response to the invitation of the British Engineering Standards Committee to nominate a repre- sentative of the Institute to serve on the Sectional Committee on Cement in the place of the late Mr. Bertram Blount, the Council have selected Mr.Frank William Harbord, C.B.E., and he has accepted appointment. Income Tax.-In December, 1920, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue received a deputation from the National Union of Scientific Workers, the Institute and other bodies, who presented a request that abatements of income tax should be allowed to scientific workers in respect of subscriptions to societies and to libraries and periodicals, purchase of books and instruments, damage to clothing, travelling expenses to meetings and conferences, rent and expenses of private laboratories and studies, and other expenses incurred in research. 251 The Commissioners stated that the claims of persons who derived their incomes from appointments-as distinct from independent practice-would be decided according to the terms of ‘their respective appointments, and could not ordinarily be allowed except where it could be proved to the satisfaction of the Commissioners that the expenses were incurred necessarily, wholly and exclusively in the performance of duties required to be carried out under formal agreements. The Council of the Institute have lately had before them the decision of the Board of Inland Revenue contained in a letter to the Institute of Journalists, dated 31st March, 1921, and have suggested to the Board that some of the abatements therein allowed should be equally allowable to analytical and techno- logical chemists and teachers of chemistry.For example, allowances have been made to journalists in respect of the cost of books and newspapers. The Council have suggested that, since chemists must buy technical books and journals in order to keep abreast with progress in their science,- a necessary condition of their continued employment , quite apart from any question of their advancement in their profession -they should be allowed abatement in respect of the actual expenditure on the renewal of reference books and technical journals.Next, as corresponding to the allowance to journalists in respect of stationery, typewriters and fountain pens, it would be reasonable to consider abatement in respect of apparatus, instruments, and materials used in research. In the case of many appointments of chemists and teachers, research is a condition of employment .The Council have suggested, therefore, that chemists en-gaged on research or experiment for the purpose of furthering knowledge should be allowed abatement in respect of the expenses involved; and with regard to travelling expenses (in respect of which allowances have also been made to journalists), that chemists should be allowed abatements in respect of the actual expenditure incurred in attending scientific meetings and con- ferences, although not in respect of the cost of travelling between their homes and places of business. The Board have replied that they “have-*given the whole subject of the allowance of Income Tax in respect of the various expenses mentioned their most careful consideration, 252 but that nothing has emerged to lead them to modify the views they expressed on the occasion of the Deputation ”-adding that-“In the Board’s opinion allowance cannot be made for any of the items mentioned in your letter in computing the 3ncome Tax liability of the employee unless it is a condition of employment that such expenses should be borne by him.” Teachers in Technical Schools.-No general ruling appears, so far, to have been adopted in determining the salaries of teachers in technical schools under the provisions of the Report of the Burnham Technical Committee as to recognising the diplomas of the Institute as “qualifications equivalent to a Degree.’’ Each educational authority may, at its discretion, recognise exceptional qualifications or experience, by making additional payments.The Council of the Institute claim that the diploma of A.I.C. should be recognised as at least equal to a degree with first class honours in chemistry, because, although the former may be granted to candidates who have not actually passed the Examina- tion for the Associateship, such candidates are required to produce evidence that they have obtained a degree with first or second class honours in chemistry (or an equivalent diploma), and must have completed at least four years of day training in a recog- nised university or college in the requisite subjects, or at least three years of such training flus approved experience of at least one additional year. The Council require, moreover, that such candidates shall be recommended by their teachers and em-ployers, and, where there is any doubt as to the standard of the attainments of the candidate, the Council in Committee, or a specially appointed Local Committee, shall interview the can- didate and submit him to a suitable oral examination.Every A.T.C. therefore must have undergone the equivalent of four years’ recognised day training, and those who do not take a first or second class honours degree (or an equivalent diploma) are required to pass the examination for the Associateship in general chemistry conducted by the Institute. This examination is of a standard fully equal to that for a first class honours degree in chemistry, with emphasis on the practical side.The Education Department of the London County Council, having had under consideration the technological equivalents to a good honours degree, and after correspondence with the 253 Institute and the Executive Committee of the London Branch of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions, have decided to accept the A.I.C. obtained by examination as equal to B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry. The Education Department, however, decided that it could not delegate its powers in respect of other Associates, but would allow them to submit evidence of their training and attainments to the Education Department for assessment, having due regard to their Associateship. “What the Manufacturer Expects of his Chemists.” -Copies of the address which was given before the London and South Eastern Counties Section on 15th February, 1922, and published in Part 11.of the JOURNAL, have been sent to a number of selected companies and firms with an invitation to express their views thereon for the consideration of the General Purposes Committee, who will report to the Council in due course. Journal.-The Publications Committee dl be glad to receive proposals regarding the preparation of special articles for the JOURNAL and any suggestions for the improvement of the publication. Public Dinner.-To celebrate the 45th Anniversary of the foundation of the Institute, a Dinner will be held at the King Edward VIT. Rooms, Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue, on Friday, the 17th November, at 7.30 p.m.Tickets (IS/-each) for members and their guests (ladies and gentlemen) can be obtained from the Registrar, and will be allotted in the order in which the applications for them are received. Registered Students.-The President and Mrs. Chaston Chapman have invited Registered Students of the Institute to a reception at the Midland Grand Hotel, St. Pancras, on Wednesday, the r8th October, at 7.30 p.m. 254 Local Sections. Belfast Section.-The Section is looking forward to a successful winter session, and arrangements are now being made which it is hoped will not be so seriously disorganised as was the case last year. A programme of dates of meetings has been drawn up, and these will shortly be submitted to the Committee for approval.It is then proposed to issue a printed list of meetings for the session to each member of the section. A list of journals available to members in the Belfastlarea has been compiled and is now ready for issue. Much interest is taken in the section in the question of income tax abatement for chemists, and the Section has directed the attention of the Council to abatements allowed to members of the Institute of Journalists. Huddersfield Section,-The following is the provisional programme for the session 1922-1923:-October 23rd-Address by the Registrar on “The present position and future prospects of the Institute and of the Profession,” November 24th- Paper by Dr. H. T. Calvert on “Water for Industrial Purposes.” December 19th-Meeting for discussion.January 24th-Paper by Dr. A. E. Everest on “Plant Pigments.” February 15th- Paper by Mr. W. L. Bragg on “Crystal Structure.” March-Annual dinner. The November meeting will be a joint meeting of the various Huddersfield Scientific Societies. Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section.-On 11th May, Prof. W. H. Roberts gave an address “On the Function and Value of the Institute of Chemistry, reviewing the functions of the Institute and the advantages to be gained from the more complete organisation of the profession.” Meetings of the Section during the coming session will be held at the Washington Hotel on the second Thursday in each month. A smoking concert, arranged by Mr. F. J. Smith, will be held in October.The Section hopes to hear papers by Prof. 255 Baly, on the Romance of Science; the Registrar of the Institute, on matters of interest to the profession; Major Lefebure; and Prof. Roberts, on a subject to be selected; arid also to make arrangements for a cinema demonstration of microscopic reve- lations, by Messrs. Path6 Frkres. Arrangements have been made for members of the Section to dine together during the hour preceding each monthly meeting. Personal. The Committee of the Ramsay Memorial Fund have given Lzoo to the Senate of the London University to provide an annual gold medal at University College in commemoration of the late Sir William Ramsay. The Memorial Tablet to the late Sir William Ramsay in Westminster Abbey will be unveiled by H.R.H.the Prince of Wales on November 3rd. Mr. Waters Butler has given &o to the Birmingham Municipal Technical School to provide an annual prize in chemistry, to be known as the “William Russell Prize.” Dr. M. 0. Forster has been appointed Director of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Dr. .Jack Cecil Drummond has been appointed to the Chair of Bio-Chemistry at University College, London. Sir William Pope has been elected President of the Inter- national Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Mr. C. T. Heycock has been appointed Prime Warden of the Goldsmiths Company. Dr. George Senter, Principal and Head of the Department of Chemistry, Birkbeck College, has been selected by the University of London Graduates’ Association as candidate for the vacancy in the representation of Science Graduates on the Senate of the University of London, caused by the election of Dr.Walmsley to the Chairmanship of Convocation. 256 Notes. Pasteur‘ Centenary, Strasbourg, May-October, 1 923. -The fund for the Pasteur Memorial referred to in the JOURNAL, Part 11. (pp. 114-115) has now been closed. The memorial, which will take the form of a statue to be erected facing the University of Strasbourg, will be unveiled at the Centenary Celebrations in May, 1923. The President of the Institute, who has acted as Hon. Treasurer for the British Committee, has reported that the list of contributions received by him amounted to @46 T~S.Gd., which sum has been forwarded to Mons.Th. HCtring, the General Treasurer, at Strasbourg. Popu far Lectu res.-Among the lectures lately delivered by members of the Institute before local societies may be men- tioned one on “Chemistry in the Service of the Community,” delivered by Mr. A. R. Tankard in March before the Hull Literary Club, and another on “The Influence of Science on Human Life,” given in April by the same Fellow before the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society. During the months of May, June and July, Dr. T. J. Murray gave a series of ten lectures, at the Wolverhampton Technical School, on “Recent advances in our knowledge of the Structure of Matter.” Though not of the ordinary ‘popular’ order, these lectures were well attended by many interested in pure and applied science and engineering, as well as by science teachers and graduates, and were followed by discussions.257 An Appeal on Behalf of Russian Men of Science. The Council, having received an appeal from Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, High Commissioner of the International Russian Relief Committee, on behalf of Russian intellectuals, have decided that as the Chemical Society is alreadv taking action in this matter, the Fellows and Associates of the Institute should be asked to support the Fund and render what assistance they can through the Society. In the early autumn of 1921 the attention of the Council of the Chemical Society was drawn to the very serious conditions prevailing amongst Russian men of science, and it was felt that much helpful and practical aid could be afforded by chemists in this country by meeting some of their pressing wants.Accordingly, in September last an appeal was issued by the President (Sir James Walker) to the Fellows of the Society, in- viting them to contribute to a Relief Fund and to send gifts of clothing and recent chemical literature. In rendering this assistance there was uncertainty at first whether parcels sent from England would reach their destination, but satisfactory evidence has since been received that the parcels have reached those for whom they were intended. The Council of the Society have reported that up to the end of June, 1922, the sum of .&IO had been received in response to the appeal, and in addition various gifts of clothing and books.Of this amount about fl~gohas been devoted to the purchase of clothing, etc., which, with other gifts, has been forwarded for the use of men of science in different parts of Russia. Thus there remains only a small balance in\ hand, and since there is unfortunately every reason to anticipate that during the coming winter the distress in Russia will be no less acute than last year, it has been decided to issue a further appeal in September, 1922. In addition to donations, gifts of clothing (which, if old, should be in good condition), and recent chemical literature, will be welcome. Cheques (made payable to Mr. S. E. Carr and crossed "Russian Fund "), together with parcels of clothing, underclothing, boots, books, etc., should be sent to the Assistant Secretary, Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.1.258 July Examinations, 1922. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the places and on the dates given below :-In General Chemistry, for the Associateship, at the Institute, July 3rd to 8th, and July 10th to 15th, and at the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, July 10th to 15th. Branch (a)-for the Associateship, at the Institute, July 3rd to 8th. Branch (b)-for the Associateship, at the Institute, July 3rd to 8th. Branch (d)-for the Associateship, at the Institute, and at the Heriot- Watt College, July 10th to 14th. Branch (e)-for the Associateship, at the Institute, July 10th to 15th.Branch (g)-for the Associateship, at the Institute, July 3rd to 8th. For the Fellowship :-In Branch A.11. at the Institute on July 3rd to 8th. In Branch E at the Institute on July 10th to 14th. Sixty-three candidates presented themselves; the number examined in each branch and the number of those who passed are shown in the following table:- For the Associateship : No. examined. No. passed. General Chemistry .. .. .. .. 45 28 Branch (a) Mineral Chemistry .. .. 4 2 Branch (b) Metallurgical Chemistry .. 1 0 Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. .. 4 3 Branch (e) Chemistry of Food and Drugs, ctc. 3 1 Branch (9) Chemical Technology of Coal Tar Distillation and Inter- mediate Products .. 1 0 F ir the Fellowship : Branch A.11.Metallurgy . . .. .. Branch E. Chemistry of Foods and Drugs, etc. Two candidates in General Chemistry were referred for further examination in the translation of technical literature from German, but otherwise satisfied the Board. 259 The unsuccessful candidates in metallurgical chemistry and in chemical technology will not be permitted to present them- selves for re-examination until July, 1923,but they will not then be required to pass any part of the examination except an oral examination in general chemistry,'and also (in the case of the candidate in metallurgy) in the translation of technical French and German. The uwsuccessful candidates in Branches (a), (d) and (e) will not be admitted to re-examination until July, 1923, and a similar restriction has been imposed upon one of the candidates €or the Fellowship in Branch E.The standard attained in the examination in General Chemis- try was on the whole better than usual, particularly in the practical part, of which the quantitative inorganic work was per- formed the best. In the theoretical part of the examination the simpler questions dealing with inorganic chemistry were poorly answered; candidates seemed inclined to neglect their general inorganic chemistry and pay more attention to specialised knowledge which is comparatively recent. Some candidates who did excellent practical work had to be rejected on account of their extremely poor knowledge of theory. The French and German translations were well done.Several of the candidates for the Associateship in special branches seemed to have failed to appreciate that the oral examination in general chemistry is a material part of the ex- amination, and to have neglected their studies accordingly. The standard of the work, particularly in Food and Drugs, was uneven, the quantitative work leaving much to be desired in the matter of accuracv. PASS LIST. The following Associates have passed the examination for the Fellowship : In Branch A. 11, Metallurgy : Oakley, Percy Dale, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E, The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and Water: Emery, Reginald Ernest, B.Sc. (Bris.).Walmsley, James Rawson, A.M.C.T. The following candidates have passed the examination for the Associateship : In General Chemistry : Bateman, Alan Hamilton, Birkbeck College, London.Berchem, Rudolph Otto George Alexander, Birkbeck College, London. Brow, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Edin.), Heriot-Watt College and the TJniversity, Edinburgh. Carmichael, Kenneth Francis, Hsriot- Watt College and the University, Edinburgh.Cooler, Harold Frederick, East London College. Crawdey, Ailsa Victorian, University College, London. Easterbrook, William Caulton, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Eastland, Cyril Jack, School of the Pharmaceutical Society. Fairgrieve, Jessie Helen Carroll Dick, Heriot- Watt College, Edinburgh. Fritz, Jack, Leeds Central Technical School. Grant, James, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh.Haslam, Margaret Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.). Herd, Clifford Walter, University College and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Kekwick, Leslie Oliver, University College, London. Luke, James Trewhella, King’s College, London. Mathie, John Richardson, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Maunder, Archibald George Daw, University College, London, MeGregor, Percy, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Melhuish, Barradale Whiddon, School of the Pharmaceutical Society. Miller, Herbert Frederick, Birkbeck College, London. Mitchell, Robert Edward, South Western Polytechnic, London. Polglaze, Gordon Henry Francis, King’s College, London. Richardson, William Robert, University College, London. Rigden, Horace Walter. Schorn, Edwin John, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh.Stokoe, Hector Vivian Thurlbeck, B.Sc. (Lond.), Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Tucker, John Morgan, University College, London. Wallace, Dorothy Orford (Nat. Sei. Tripos, Cantab.), Girton College, Cambridge. Under Regulations inforce prior to March, 1920. In Branch (a),Mineral Chemistry: Cutting, Percival Harman. Laing, Thomas Edward, South Western Polytechnic, London. In Branch (d), Organic Chemistry: Dodds, Gilbert Elliot, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. McCartney, William, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Renton, Archibald, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. In Branch (e), The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and Water: Pearson, Margaret, South Western Polytechnic and Battersea Poly- technic, London.261 Examinations : July, 1922. Examination for the Associateship in General Ch e mistry. MONDAY, JULY loth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of and criticise the methods used for the qualita- tive and quantitative separation of cobalt, nickel, manganese and zinc. 2. Give an account, with historical references, of the use of the spectroscope in the discovery of new elements. 3. How may the formation of complex salts in aqueous solution be demonstrated ? Illustrate your answer with examples. 4. Describe the researches which led to the discovery and isolation of radium salts. Briefly indicate the changes which take place in the successive degradation of the radium atom. 5. Describe the preparation and properties of hydrazine, hydrazoic acid and hydroxylamine. MONDAY, JULY loth, 1922: 2 to 5 p.m.1. What evidence of abnormal valency of elements has been observed among organic compounds. 2. Describe with examples the application of two physical methods which are used to confirm the structure of carbon compounds. 3. Give an account of the synthesis of dextro and laevo glucose. How may a pentose be obtained from a hexose. 4. Discuss the constitution of the aromatic “diazo ” compounds,and mention the chief reations of these substances. 5. The following constitution has been assigned to an organiccompound 2-nitro-4-5-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde. How would you prove it to be correct? 6) MONDAY, JULY 3rd, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.You are supplied with a sample of pyrolusite A Estimate the total manganese, the iron and the “available” oxygen. (This exercise mybe completed to-morrow. ) TUESDAY, JULY 4th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Analyse qualitatively the given alloy €3 or B1. (Ferro-vanadium or ferro -titanium.) WEDNESDAY, JULY 5th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. You are given a sample of p-xylidine C. Prepare from it a specimen of p-xylenol and two characteristic derivatives of the latter. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 262 THURlSDAY, JULY 6th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify the two components of the given mixture D or D1. (Tartaric and citric-acids or oxalic and succjnic acids.) (ii) TUESDAY, JULY llth, 1922: 10 a.m. lo 4.30 p.m.The given alloy E consists of manganese and copper with a small percentage of iron. Make a complete quantitative analysis. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, JULY 12th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. Analyse qualitatively the given alloy F or F1. (Ferro-molybdenum or ferro-tungsten.) THURSDAY, JULY 13th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. You are given a sample of m-xylidine G. Prepare from it a specimen of m-xylenol and two characteristic derivatives of the latter. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, JULY 14th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify the two components of the given mixture H or HI. (Sodium formate and sodium acetate, or resorcinol and benzoic acid.) Branch (a) Mineral Chemistry. MONDAY, JULP 3rd, 1922: 10 am. to 1 p.m.[Candidates are expected to answer four questions. Nos. 3, 4 and 5 must be attempted.] 1. What are the sources of cobalt, and how is the metal prepared? Give the chief properties and uses of the metal and of its more important compounds.Give a brief account of the cobaltammines, including their preparation and their formula. How is cobalt usually separated from nickel in analytical work, and on what principle does each method of separation depend ? 2. Give brief accounts of the chamber process and the contact process of preparing sulphuric acid, and say under what circumstances, and for what reasons, one or the other is likely to present the greater ad van tage . What do you regard as the constit~itional formula of sulphuric acid, and what reasons can you give to justify this formula ? 3.Draw up a scheme for the complete quantitative analysis of a glass which may contain silicates and borates of potaseium, calcium, barium, and zinc. 4. Give as fully as you can the evidence on which is based the statement that the halogens, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, form a “family ” of related elements. How far does the behaviour of fluorine justify us in including it in this “family,” and in what respects does it differ from the other halogens? 5. Write a short essay on one of the following subjects:- Radioactivity.The discovery of argon and helium, Isotopes. 263 TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, JULY 4th and 5th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the sample of limestone.Say, from the result of your analysis, whether it would be suitable for cement making. (Dolomite, containing a considerable percentage of magnesia.) 2. From the sample of iron ore prepare a specimen of ferrous am- monium sulphate; and determine the percentage of iron, ammonia or sulphate radicle in your preparation. (These exercises may be completed during the week.) THURSDAY, JULY Bth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a qualitative analysis of the solution which contains two metals and three acid radicles. (Mercuric chloride, potassium iodide, potassium nitrate.) 2. Report fully on the sample of white lead submitted. (White lead, zinc white and barium sulphate.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, JULY 7th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The presence of either iron compounds or chlorides in the sample of water would be objectionable. Ascertain whether it contains either or both, and if so in what quantity. Branch (d) Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, JULY loth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the chemiitry of the mustard oils and indicate the in-dustrial uses to which any of the processes for the formation of these substances have been put. 2. “There is no essential difference between the chemistry of the aliphatic series and that of the aromatic series. The difference is only one of degree.” Comment on this statement. 3. Describe the chief methods which have been used for determining the position of a double bond in a carbon compound.By what means has the structure of olein been determined ? 4. Discuss the structure and formation of cyanamide. Give an account of the more important reactions of this substance, especially in relation to the possible and actual industrial uses of the products formed. TUESDAY, JULY llth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The aqueous solution A contains three organic acids. You are required (a) to identify the three acids, (b) to determine the quantity of any one acid present. [Oxalic atid (5 per cent.), acetic acid (10 per cent.), formic acid (5 per cent.).] 2. D is a mixture of two carbohydrates. You are required to report on the nature of the two ingredients and to identify the products of their hydrolysis. (Inulin and maltose.) WEDNESDAY, JULY 12th, 1922: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on tho natures of the two substances E and F, and examine their behaviour towards one another. Leave crystalline specimens of anyderivatives you are able to prepare. (Thiodiphenylbarbituric acid and o-nifrobenzaldehyde.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 264 2. B is a sample of commercial benzaldehyde. Report on the impurities present and determine the amount of benzaldehyde in the sample. [Benzaldehyde (90 per cent.), benzoic acid (5 per cent.) and benzyl chloride (5 per cent.).) THURSDAY, JULY 13th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. From the dicarboxylic acid C you are required to prepare (a) the anhydride, (b) the acid chloride, (c) the imide, and (d) the methyl ester.Determine the melting point or boiling point of each derivative and have specimens duly labelled for inspection. (Phthalic acid.) FRIDAY, JULY 14th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. I. G is a solution in ethyl alcohol of the ethyl esters of two organic acids. You are required (a) to identify the two acids, (b) to determine the amount of each present in 100 grms. of the solution. [Ethyl benzoate (10 parts), ethyl oxalate (20 parts), alcohol (70 parts).] 2. Report on the nature of the substance H. (Terpin hydrate.) Examinations for the Fellowship and for the Associateship. Branches E and (e) the Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Foods and Drugs, and of Water. [The exercises were taken by all candidates except where otherwise indicated.] MONDAY, JULY loth, 1923: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the significance attaching to the presence, and the amount of, (a)nitrate, (b)nitrite and (c)sulphate in a water supply for domestic use. 2. What are the sources of fuse1 oil? Give an account of the con- stitution of the chief ingredients of this oil and of analogous isomeric bodies. 3. Brom-phenol blue is said to have a range, as an indicator, of from P~2.8to P~4.6. Explain fully what you understand by this state- ment. 1. Give an account of the physical and chemical propert,ies of chloral hydrate, stating how the pure substance is prepared. Dimuss its therapeutic uses and describe the tests used for its identification in cases of poisoning. 2. Give the range of medical dosage in the case of each of the following: Spiritns aetheris nitrosi, amyl nitris, potassii bromidum, potassii iodidum, morphinae acetas.atropinae sulphas. 3. Discuss briefly the present use of organic arsenic compounds in practical therapeutics, pointing out the general principles upon which their action is supposed to depend. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. The sample of cooked oatmeal (porridge), labelled A, contains a mineral poison which in small doses is a familiar drug. Identify it fully, demonstrating your tests to the examiner. (Tartar emetic.) 2 Using human red corpuscles as a standard for comparison, estimate approximately the average size of the grains in the starch B. 3. Identify microscopically the more significant structures in the deposit from the sample of water C.(Ditch water.) 265 TUESDAY, JULY llth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substance B. (Glycero-phosphoric acid.) 2. Determine tho amounts of silica, lime, magnesia and mixed alkalis in the flour A. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow. ) WEDNESDAY, JULY 12th, 1022: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the flour. 2. Make a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the lemonade C for preservatives. (Salicylic and benz6ic acids.) F.I.C. only. 2. Determine thr? prcentages of oil and albuminoids in the sample of feeding stuff D. A.1.C. only. THURSDAY, JULY 13th, 1928: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The liquid E is a mixture of ether and petroleum spirit.Deter-mine the proportions of the two ingredients. 2. Examine microscopically the specimens F and G. Identifythem and make drawings of the structures observed. (Barley meal and tobacco leaves.) F.I.C. only. 2. Examine microscopically the gentian root H and identify any foreign ingredient. (Rice starch.) A.I.C. only. FRIDAY, JULY 14th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Examine the specimen of calcium superphosphate K for the presence of a mineral poison. (Lead arseiiate.) 2. Examine the specimen of glycerine J and report on its suitability as an analytical reagent. (Borax and acetic acid present.) F.I.C. only. 2. Determine the percentage of sulphur present in the compound liquorice powder L. A.I.C. only. Examination for the Fellowship in Branch A, Section 11.and for the Associateship in Branch (b) Metallurgy. [The exercises were taken by the candidates in both branches except where otherwzse indicated.] MONDAY, JULY 3rd, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than .five questions to be attempted.) 1. W7hat solid fuels are used in metallurgical processes? Select two instances of a metallurgical solid fuel employed for a definite purpose, mentioning the principal qualities that would be demanded from it. 2. Give an account of the use of blast furnace gas in metallurgical processrs. State its usual range of composition, and explain how it maybe enrichsd if necessary. 3. Discuss the principal methods of estimating phosphorus in steels, giving special attention to the sources of error in (~r)mild steels, (b) alloysteels.4. Describe one process for the extraction of nickel from one of its 6. How are the properties of a ductile metal altered by cold-working. ores. What other metals usually accompany nickel, and how may they be removed 1 266 Explain the facts as far as possible. 6. Give an account of the micro-structure of the following:- (a)A rolled steel rail containing 0.4 per cent. of carbon; (b) The same steel quenched from 1000° C. ; (c) A grey cast iron containing 1.5 per cent. of phosphorus; (d) A casting of 60-40 brass. 7. Discuss the chemical reactions in the smelting of a copper sulphide ore, giving an account, if possible, of the chemical equilibria involved- 2 to 5 p.m.(P.I.C.only.) (Not more than five questions to be attempted. Candidates may obtain fullmarlcs by answering four questions). 1. Make a clear classification of the most important types of iron ore. What principles may be used in constructing such a classification ? 2. What rare metals have found technical applications ? Give some account of the properties and uses of two of them. 3. Describe the methods you would use to determine whether a given pair of metals formed solid solutions with one another or not. How would you detect the formation of a compound of the two metals ? 4. Give an account of the composition and structure of a silica brick. Through what changes does such a brick pass during heating, and how do those changes affect its refractory qualities? Give an outline of the theory of the changes.5. How may the phase rule be applied to the study of metallurgical problems? Give one instance of its application. 6. Describe a method for the electrolytic estimation of copper. HOW would you annlyse a sample of cupro-nickel by this method? 7. Draw up a scheme for the complete quantitative analysis of a glass which may contain silicates and borates of potassium, calcium, barium and zinc. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, JULY 4th to 7th, 1922: 10a.m. lo 4.30p.m. each day. 1. Make as complete an analysis as possible in the time of the given sample of nickel-chrome steel A. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the given light alloy B. 3. (F.J.C.) Make an assay of the given ore C for gold and silver.3. (A.I.C.) Make an assay of the gold ore C. 4. Make a complete analysis of the sample of limestone D and say whether it would be suitable for blast furnace purposes. (This work may be completed during the week with the exception qfquestion 2 which must be completed on Tuesday.) THURXDA*Y, JULY 6th, 1922: 10a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (F.I.C. only.) Make a qualitative analysis of the solution E which contains two metals and three acid radicles. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 267 Examination for the Associateship. (Under Regulations prior to 1920) Branch (g). Chemical Technology of Coal Tar Distillation. MONDAY, JULY 3rd, 1922: 10a.m. to 1p.m. [Pour of the questions only to be answered, of which No.1 must be one.] 1. A tar distillery produces 10 tons of crude light oils (free from tar acids) per day. Describe with diagrams, the plant required to convert this into 90’s benzole, 90’s toluole, 90-160 solvent naphtha, water white heavy naphtha. Give special attention to sizes of the important units of the plant. 2. Give some of the essential characteristics of the crude tars obtained from a gas works with horizontal retorts, from a gas works with vertical retorts, and from coke ovens. 3. Describe, with rough diagrams, the separation on the large scale of naphthalene from creosote. 4. It is assumed that carbolic acid is a very valuable constituent of tar. What methods would you adopt to ensure recovering all present in the original tar? 5.Give an account of the recovery of pyridine to meet the new German specification. 6. How would you deal with the waste acid from a benzole refinery ? 2 to 5 pm. [Pour of the questions only to be answered, of which No. 1 must be one.] 1. A gas works produces 50 tons of tar per day. Describe a plant to distil this continuously into light oils, creosote oil, anthracene oil, and pitch. Pay special attention to the kinds of metals to be used in the important parts of the plant. 2. Describe, with rough diagrams, the separation of crude phenol and cresols from light oils. 3. It is assumed that 80 per cent. anthracene is commanding a veryhigh price. Describe how you would set about making it from crude undrained anthracene oil.4. Describe, with diagrams, two kinds of fractionating columns, 5. Describe very briefly as many different kinds of agitators for and compare their efficiency. naphtha washing as you know; what metals would you use in the con- struction oi the washer itself ? 6. Describe a process suitable for the production of naphthalene of suitable purity for the manufacture of dyes. TUESDAY, JULY 4th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer four questions.] 1. Discuss the action of (a) the common mineral acids, (b) organicacids, and (c) alkalies on aluminium, and mention any application of the metal in chemical industry. Describe the method of welding aluminium. 2. State the materials you would use for the following purposes, specifying the composition of any necessary jointing materials :-(a) An acid-proof floor, (b) a pipe line to convey strong nitric acid, (c)vessels for the transport of concentrated sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids, and (d) a vessel for evaporating a solution of ammonium sulphate, con- taining free sulphuric acid.Sketch (d), illustrating the method of re-moving crystals during evaporation. 268 3. You are required to measure a temperature of about, 125OOC. in a horizontal flue of a retort; describe two methods, give sketches of the apparatus, explain the principles involved, and state which form you prefer, giving reasons. 4. Describe the determination of the calorific value of a liquid by means of the bomb calorimeter; explain the corrections for radiation and for acids formed during combustion, and state how you would deal with a volatile liquid.5. Discuss the various systems of classifying coals, and give your opinion regarding their value. Give a short account of our present know- ledge of the constitution of coal. 6. You are required to report on the suitability of a sample of coal for use in a gas producer; state the tests you woulcl apply and the con- clusions you would draw from the results. Sketch a gas producer and describe the method of operating it, referring specially to the avoidance of clinkering trouble. 2 to 5 p.m. [Answer four questions.] 1. Describe, in general terms, the methods used industrially for the separation of a mixture of solids, stating any principles involved.Describe one method fully and make a sketch of the plant. 2. Illustrate, by means of sketches, the construction of a filter press with washing arrangements and describe the method of operating it. What alteration of the construction, or method of working, would you suggest for dealing with a slimy solid ? 3. State the effective pressures available for the separation of a solid from a liquid in the following cases:-(a) A vacuum filter, (b) a filter press, (c) a hydraulic press, and (d) a hydroextractor; state the considerations which limit the pressure in practice. Sketch an overdriven hydroextractor with bottom discharge and explain the method of calculating the pressure from the dimensions and speed of rotation of the cage.4. How would you calculate the ratio of the weight of moisture to that of dry air, in air saturated with moisture at a specified temperature and pressure ? State the conditions necessary to secure the maximum thermal efficiency in the drying of a solid by heated air, and sketch one form of plant, operated on the counter-current principle. 5. Write a ehort account of the processes by which hydrogen has been produced industrially. Describe a method of hydrogenating oils by using a catalyst, and specify the requirements regarding the purity of the hydrogen used. 6. State the principle underlying the present process of liquifying air, illustrate the method by means of a diagrammatic sketch, and explain the process of separating the liquid into its constituwtq.WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY, JULY 5th to 7th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.each day. 1. Sample A is road tar. Analyse, and state which Road Board Specification it passes (if any). If not, state in what particular it fails and whether the deviation is serious. 2. Sample B is crude anthracene. ,Prepare from this a specimen of carbazole as pure as it is possible to obtain in time allowed. 3. Sample C is ammoniacal liquor. Determine its strength in terms of fixed and free ammonia. 269 Obituary. STANLEYWALTER CARD died at Four Oaks, Birmingham, on 12th July, in his 30th year. He was educated at Ipswich Municipal Secondary School and at King’s College, London, and graduated as B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1913.He continued his training in preparation for the examination for the Associateship of the Institute. but in September, 19 14, he obtained a commission and served throughout the war. eventually being engaged with the Claims Commission in Paris. On demobilisation, early in 1920, he secured an appointment with the Dunlop Rubber Co., which he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. WILLIAM GOWLAND died at 13, Russell Road, Kensington, on 10th June, in his 80th year. Born at Sunderland, his early manhood was devoted to the study of medicine, but in 1868 he entered the Royal College of Chemistry, and in the following year passed to the Royal School of Mines, where he gained the Murchison Medal in geology in 1869 and the De la Beche Medal in mining in 1870, and was awarded the Associateship in both mining and metallurgy.He was then for two years chemist and metallurgist to the Rroughton Copper Co. before he was appointed chemist and metallurgist to the Imperial Japanese Mint at Osaka, where he re- mained for sixteen years until 1888, also acting from time to time as metallurgical adviser to the Imperial War Department. In 1889, he returned to the Rrnughton Copper Co. as chief metallurgist. From 1892 he worked at the Royal School of Mines wit,h Sir William Roberts-Austen, whom he succeeded in 1902 as Professor of Metallurgy, from which ap- pointment he retired in 1909 with the title of Emeritus Professor. In 1901 he undertook excavations at Stonehenge for the Society of Anti- quaries of which he was a vice-president.He was the author of ImperialMint Technical Reports and of The Metallurgy of the Non-Eerrovs Metals, the first edition of which was published in 1914, and on the fourth edition of which he was engaged at the time of his death. He also contributed numerous papers to the Journals of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Royal Society of Arts, and other journals. In recognition of his services in Japan he received from the Emperor the Order of Chevalier of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1008. He was a Past President of the Institute of Metals, a Past President of the Institu- tion of Mining and Metallurgy (from whom he received the gold medal of the Institution in 1909), and of the Royal Anthropological Institute.He was one of the first candidates for the examination for the Associateship of the Institute, which he passed in Japan in 1883; he was elected a Fellow in 1888, and served on the Council from 1897 to 1899 and from 1905 to 1908. ALFREDHILLdied on 22nd February in his 96th year. He was originally trained for medicine and qualified as M.R.C.S. (England) in 1850, and M.D. (Aberdeen) in 1854, but he had already shown his interest in chemistry by attending courses at Freiburg and Paris, and in 1853 270 had been appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at Sydenham College, Bir- mingham (of which he was one of the Founders), which was subsequently amalgamated with Queen’s College, in which he occupied the chair of Chemistry until 1876. In 1960 he was appointed one of the first public analysts under the Adulteration of Foods and Drugs Act, and during the greater part of his professional life, held appointment as Medical Officer of Health for Birmingham.He was also for some years Public Analyst for the County of Warwick. He was President of the Society of Public Analysts for the year 1885. He retired from practice in 1903, and from that time resided in the Isle of Wight. He was author of numerous papers on water supply, drainage, and other sanitary matters, as well as of papers on food and drugs, drinking water and sewage, contributed to The Analyst. His son, Prof.A. Bostock Hill, succeeded him as Public Analyst for Warwickshire. Of his four sons, two, Dr. A. Bostock Hill and Dr. T. Eustace Hill, are Fellows of the Institute. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, and was a member of Council from 1882 to 1885. LIONELWILLIAMSTANSELLdied at Maidstone on the 22nd May in his 6lst year. Educated at the City of London School, he became in 1877 assistant to Mr. Otto Hehner, in March, 1879, assistant to Mr. C. H. Piesse, Public Analyst to the Strand Board of Works, and in November, 1880, assistant to Dr. Matthew A. Adams, Public Analyst for Kent. Subsequently he held the appointment of Public Analyst for the County of Kent for a period of two years, and also for several Kentish boroughs.He was joint author with Mr. C. H. Piesse of a paper on the Analysis of Mustard, and was responsible for the chemical work involved in many papers contributed by Dr. Adams to The Analyst. He passed the Final Examination of the Institute in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs and was elected a Fellow in 1900. 271 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur-chased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Atom, Within the: a Popular ’t‘ietv of Electrons and Quanta.” John Mills. Pp. xiii. and 215. (London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd.) 6s. *“Boiler Feed Water: A Concise Handbook of Water for Boiler Feeding Purposes (its Effects, Treatment and Analysis).” P. G. Jackson. 2nd Edition. Pp.ix. and 143. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 4s. 6d. “Chemical Engineering Library, The. ” (London : Benn Bros., Ltd.) 3s. per volume:- *“ The General Principles of Chemical Engineering Design. ” H. Griffiths. Pp. 64. Essentials of a successful chemical plant ; physical, chemical, me- chanical, pract,ical and economic factors; ha1 design. *“ Materials of Chemical Plant Construction : Non-Metals.” H. Griffiths. Pp. 64. Bricks and tiles ;refractories; stone ;artificial stones; ceramic materials and glass; rubber, ebonite and leather, etc. ;wood ;miscellaneous non- metallic materials. *“ The Weighing and Measuring of Chemical Substances.” H. L. Malan and A. I. Robinson. Pp. 63. Weighing and measuring of liquids; intermittent methods;measuring of liquids; contmuous methods ; weighing and measuring of solids.*“The Flow of Liquids in Pipes.” N. Swindin. Pp. 64. Fundamental researches on viscous flow ; kinematic and absolute viscosity; relation between mean velocity and velocity at axis of pipes; the sff-?diagram; practical application of the kinematic v2 v viscosity equation; flow of liquids in channels; other pipe line losses; summary. *“Pumping in the Chemical Works.” N. Swindin. Pp. 80. Classification; ram pump ; septum displacement pumps ; centrifugal pump; rotary pumps; gas and air pressure pumps; miscellaneous direct-acting lifting appliances; jet pump and blower; air lift pumps momentum pumps. 272 Chemical Solubilities: Dictionary of Inorganic.” A.M. Comey. 2nd Edition, enlarged and revised by A. M. Comey and Dorothy A. Hahn. Pp. xviii. and 11-11. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 63s. ‘I Coal-tar Colours in ‘the Decorative Industries.” A. Clarke. Pp. xiii. and 166. (London: Constable & Co., 1,td.) 6s. Dyes, dyeing and dye testing; 1nord:mts ; manufarture of lakes and pigments; testing and application thereof; staininp and dyeing of wood; dyestuffs in varnishes; paper dyeing; leather dyeing; miscellaneous applications. *(‘Colloid Chemistry, Laboratory Manual of.” H. A. Holmes. Pp. xii. and 127. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. Suspensions;dialysis and diffusion ;condensation methods of preparation ; dispersion methods of preparation; pcptisation; cmgulation; protective colloids; solvated colloids ; surface tension; emulsions ; viscosity; ad-sorption from solution; adsorption of gases; reactions in gels ; experi-ments with the ultramicroscope; soils and clays ;special topics; biblio- graphy. (‘Corrosion : with special reference to the Ferrous Metals and the Deterioration of Ships.” A.Picltworth (London: E. and F. N. Spon, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. *“Diagrams, Modern Chemical Lecture,” with Uses and Ap- plications fully described. Geoffrey Martin. Pp. iii. and 88. (London: Sampson Low, Marst;,n & Co., Ltd.) 3s. 6d. *(I Dictionnaire Anglais-Frangais-Allemand de Mots ct Locutions Interessant.” La Physique et La Chimie. R. Cornubert. (Paris: Dunod.) Fr. 42; bound Fr. 47. “Documents and their Scientific Examination,” with special reference to the chemistry involved in cases of suspected forgery, investigation of disputed documents, handwriting, etc.C. Ainsworth Mitchell. Pp. xii. and 215. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 10s. 6d. Examination of the paper, pens and pen markings; ink; pencil; docu- ments; copying ink pencils ; hand writing ; secret writing ; typewritingand printing; stamps, seals and envelopes; finger prints on documents. “Essential Oils and Artificial Perfumes, the Chemistry of.” E. J. Parry. Vol. 11. 4th Edition. Pp. 365. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Co.) 21s. *“ Explosives Supply, Technical Records of.” No. 5. Manu-facture of Sulphuric Acid by Contact Process. Ministry of Munitions and Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research. Pp.vi. and 128. (H.M. Stationery Office.) 23s. Mannheim oleum plant; Grillo oleum plant; appendices. 273 *“Filtration.” T. R. Wollaston. Pp. x. and 1102. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. Physical action; industrial filtration; public-supply water; centrifugal and vacuum filtration; filtration of Oil and of air. *(‘Gas Manufacture, Town.” R. Staley. Pp. xii. and 108. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) ZS. 6d. Carbonisation; complete classification ; water gas; purification; by-products ; testing. *“Inorganic Chemistry, An.” H. G. Denham. Pp. viii. and 684. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 12s. 6d. The subject is systematised by giving more than the usual prominence to the periodic system.“National Physical Laboratory, Collected Researches of.” Vol. IG. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 20s. “Petroleum and Allied Industries, The,” Petroleum, Natural Gas, Natural Waxes, Asphalts and Allied Substances, and Shale Oil. James Kewley. Pp. xi. and 302. (London: Bailli&re, Tindall & Cox.) 12s. 6d. Introductory; natural gas; crude petroleum; crude oils produced by the distillation of shales, coals, lignites; natural solid and semi-solid bitumens and allied substances; mineral waxes; working up crude oils; characters and applications of petroleum products ;testing of petroleum products. *“ Qualitative Analysis, Notes on.” Concise and Explanatory Supplement. H. J. H. Fenton. Pp. 47. (Cambridge University Press.) 3s.6d. The less common elements; some well-known inorganic and organic compounds. *“ Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Recent Progress in.” P. Schidrowitz. Pp. 64. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.) 3s. 6d. Plantation rubber; mechanics of vulcanisation ; rubber manufacturing industry; mixing ingredients ;properties of vulcanised rubber. “Tanning, Practical.” Partly based on the 3rd Edition of “Practical Tanning,” by L. A. Flemming. A. Rogers. Pp. xxiii. and 699. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 45s-Hides and skins ; soaking ; depilation ; deliming ; drenching ; bating, puering and pickling; raw hides; tannage; vegetable tanned leathers; belting leather; patent leat,her; dyeing leather ; fat liquoring; finishing; woolskins and fins ;vegetable and synt,hetic tanning materials ;artificial leather; analytical methods.*“Water, Sewage, Foods and other Substances, Chemical Ex-amination of.” J. E. Purvis and T. R. Hodgson. 2nd Edition. Pp. 346. (Cambridge University Press.) 20s. 274 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on June 23rd and July 28th, z Fellows were elected; 13 Associates were elected to the Fellowship; 85 Associates were elected; 22 new Students were admitted. The Institute has lost I Associate by death. New Fellows. Pollard, William Branch, Bulag Dakrur, Egypt. Shores, Jeff Henry, M.Sc. (Vict. and Liv.), Ph.D. (Bonn), The Limes, Frodsham, Cheshire. Associates elected to Fellowship. Braunholtz, Walter Theodore Karl, M.A., Ph.J>.(Cantab ), Goslar, Adams Road, Cambridge. Cowie, George Alston, M.A , B.Sc. (Aberd.), 49, Woodstock Avenue, Golders Green, London, N.W. 11. Ellis, George William. O.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.), 25c, Elvaston Place, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. Fairbrother, Thomas Harold, M.Sc. (Manc.), 15, Park Road, Eccles Old Road, Manchester. Griffiths, Evan Dalton, M.Sc. (Wales), 9, Wanstead Park Avenue, Manor Park, London, E.12. Hamer, Miss Frances Mary, M.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Dartmouth Park Hill, London, N.W.5. Hicks. Cedric Stanton, M.Sc. (Otago), Ravensbourne, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. Jones, Osman, St. Dunstan’s, Calne, Wilts. Lewis, Edgar, 6, Russell Road, Westbury Park, Bristol. Miles, Frank Douglas, M.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 15, Lee Terrace (No.6),Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Robinson, Miss Rona, M.Sc. (B‘lanc.), Moseley Villa, Mitford Road, Withington, Manchester. Associates elected to Fellowship (after Examination). Essery, Reginald Ernest, B.Rc. (Bris.), 23, Rowood Road, West Side Clapham Common, London, S.W. 11. Oakley, Percy Dale, B.Sc. (Lond.), 84, Alexandra Park Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.lO. New Associates. The names of the following Associates have been inadvertently omitted from previous lists : King, Leslie Walter, Arran, Blake Hall Road, Wanstead, London, E. 11. (Passed Exam July, 192 1, Elected November, 1921).Williams, William John. I , Bowydd Road, Blaenau, Festiniog (ElectedFebruary, 1922). 275 New Associates (by Examination).Bateman, Alan Hamilton, 48, Mayfair Avenue, Ilford, Essex. Berchem, Rudolph Otto George Alexander, 3, Casewick Road, West Norwood, S.E.27. Brow, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Edin.), 12, Ryehill Place, Leith, Scotland. Carmichael, Kenneth Francis, Fetteresk, Penicuik, Midlothian. Cooler, Harold Frederick, 83, Grosvenor Road, Aldershot, Hants. Crawley, Miss Ailsta Victorian, 41, Wroughton Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 11. Cutting, Percival Harman, 6, Brough Street, Goole. Easterbrook, William Caulton, 10, Montgomerie Crescent, Saltcoats, Ayrshire.Eastland, Cyril Jack, 76, High Street, Margate. Fairgrieve, Miss Jessie Helen Carroll Dick, North Middleton, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Fritz, Jack, 5, Rugby Mount, Meanwood Road, Leeds. Grant, James, 12, Pitt Street, Edinburgh.Haslam, Miss Margaret Mary, R.Sc. (Lond.), Richmond Hill Manse, Leeds. Herd, Clifford Walter, 4, Kingswood Villas, Crabble Avenue, Dover. Kekwick, Leslie Oliver, 98, Wallwood Road, Leytonstone, London, E. 11. Laing, Thomas Edward, 35, Ripplevale Grove, London, N. 1. Luke, James Trewhella, c/o Post Office, Hayle, Cornwall. Mathie, John Richardson, 14, Eglinton Place, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Maunder, Archibald George Daw, 13, Werndee Road, South Norwood, London, S.E.25. McCartney, William, junr., 5, Mortonhall Road, Edinburgh. McGregor, Percy, 4, West Saville Terrace, Edinburgh. Melhuish, Rarradale Whiddon, 137, Sloane Street, London, S.W. 1. Miller, Herbert Frederic, Cheviot, Village Way, Neasden, London, N. W.10. Mitchell, Robert Edward, 41, Park Parade, Harlesden, London, N.W. 10. Pearson, Miss Margaret, 14, Clanricarde Gardens, Notting Hill Gate, London, W.2. Polglaze, Gordon Henry Francis, Beach House, Polkerris, Par Station, Cornwall. Renton, Archibald, 2, Ronaly Road, Edinburgh. Richardson, William Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Bulwer Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. Rigden, Horace Walter, 13, Cromwell Road, Whitstable, Kent, Schorn, Edwin John, 5, Annandale Street, Edinburgh. Stokoe, Hector Vivian Thurlbeck, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Sandringham Terrace, Benton, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Tucker, John Morgan, Barn Stxeet, Liskeard, Cornwall. Wallace, Miss Dorothy Orford, 17, Grosvenor Street, Edinburgh. New Associates. Abraham, Ernest Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), Hogarth, Warrin Drive, Wallasey.Anderson, James Thomson, B.Sc. (Birm.), 126, Lawford Road, N.B., Rugby. Bailey, George Leo, M.8c. Met. (Birm.), 42, Constance Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Baines, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22 Henry Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Baldwin, Charles Edward, Dunloe, Temple Ewell, nr. Dover. Rarash, Michael, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 8, Norfolk Street, Bury New Road, Manchester. Birch, Stanley Francis, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 28, Marloes Road, Kensington, London, W.8. 276 Bowden, Harold Treacher, B.A. (Cantab ), Rochford House, Wilfred Road, Boscombe, Hants. Bowden, Sydney Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Emporium, Seven Sisters, Glam. Brisley, Charles William, R.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 105, Thurlow Park Road, London, S.E.21.Bryan, James Harvey, B.Sc. (Liv.), 42, Hannan Road, Kensington,Liverpool.Burdett, Arthur Ernest Dixon, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Meadow Croft, Burkes Road, Beaconsfield, Bucks. Burns, Thomas Stark, B.Sc. (Glas.), Prospect Park, Uddingston, Lanark- shire. Butler, John, B.Sc. (Idv.), 1, Bulkeley Place, Bangor. Chisholm, Donald, B.Sc. (Glas.), 8, Mathieson Street, Govan, Glasgow. Choudary, Katragadda Sesachalam, M. A. (Madras), 7 1, Coral Merchant Street, George Town, Madras, India. Churchman, Arthur, B.Sc. (Birm.), 14, Runcorn Road, Balsa11 Heath, Birmingham . Clayton, Herbert, B.A. (Oxon.), 75, Thornbury Drive, Bradford. Clutterbuck, Percival Walter, B.Sc. (Leeds), 173, Park Lane, Leeds. Crummett, Alan, B.Sc. (Leeds), 13, Canal View, Sowerby Bridge, York- shire.Cunningham, James Christopher, M.Sc. (Liv.), 20, Nile Street, Liverpool. Cutbill, Leslie James, B.Sc. (Liv.), 26, South View, Bromborough Pool, Cheshire. Davjes, Goronwy, B.Sc. (Wales), Bee Hive, Arthog, nr. Dolgelly, N. Wales. Deshapande, Professor Shankar Shridhar, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Professor of Chemistry, IIolkar College, Indore, Central India. Diamond, Albert Victor, B.,Sc. (Liv.), 37, Claribel Street, Princes Road, Liverpool. Dickens, Frank, B.A. (Cantab.), Glenfield, Weston Road, Northampton.Dobbie, James Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), Mnemaniston, Dalrymple, nr. Ayr.Dobson, Charles Robert, A.R.C.S., A.R.S.M., Fern Bank, Sydney Road, Sidcup, Kent. Donald, Matthewman Henry, B.A. (Cantab.), Quarry Hill, Mealsgate, Cnmberland.Elvins, Oliver Cecil, B.Sc. (Birm.), 402, Nechells Park Road, Birmingham. Fuller, Charles Rubert Francis, B.Sc. (Birm.), 23, Lavender Vale, Mralling- ton, Surrey. Gibbins, Leslie Rrisbane, B.Sc. (Mane.), Malvern, Polygon Road, Higher Crumpsall, Manchester. Gibbon, Eric Rupert, B.Sc. (Mane.), Springbank, Whitefield Road, Ashton- on-Mersey, nr. Manchester. Graham, Gilbert, B.Sc. (Glas.), 7, Campsie Terrace, Thornliebank, nr. Glasgow.Greenwood, Herbert Donald, M.Sc. (Leeds), 22, Bath Road, Ruxton. Grimwood, Robert Charles, A.C.G.F.C., D.I.C., 11, Billiter Square, E.C.3. Haigh, Herbert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 211, Park Road, Barnsley, Yorks. Hallum, William, B.Pc. (Glas.), 75, Mill Street, Rutherglen, Lanarkshire.Ilammond, George Grimshaw, B.Sc. (Mane.), 254, Mill Street, Tosteth, Li verpool. Harris, Jacob, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Mitchell Street, Newtown, VS’igan. Harrison, Douglas Creese, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Church Crescent, Muswell Hill, London, N. 10. Heap, Joseph Greenwood,- A.C.G.F.C., 22, Kingswood Road, Clapham Park, London, S.W.2. Holmes, Albert Raden, B.Sc. (Birm.), Killygordon, Mossfield Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham. 277 Hooper, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 60, Hornby Road, Walton, Liverpool.Huddleston, William Thomas, M.Sc. (Leeds), 33, Southgate, Ulverston, Lancs. Hurwood, Alan Spcnce, B.Sc. (Queensland), Government Chemical Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Jarvis, Alfred James, B.Sc. (Liv.), 166, Grove Street, Liverpool.Jones, Arthur John, 109c, Bedford Street South, Liverpool. Keyworth, Charles Maurice, B.Se. (Lecds), 2, Hillcrest Avenue, Leeds. Miles, Joseph Samuel, B.Sc. (Liv.), 10, Eastman Road, Queen’s Drive, West Derby, Liverpool. Monk, Harold Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 27, Kenwyn Road. Wallasey, Cheshire. McGuinness, John Henry, B.Sc. (Liv.), 28, Auburn Road, Tuebrook, Liverpool.Nanji, Dinshaw Rattonji, M.Sc. (Birm.), 64, Arden Road, Birchfields, Birmingham.Norris, Charles Albert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 96, Forest Road, Southport. Parker, Arthur George, B.Sc. (Liv.), Lynwood, 6, Saunders Street, South- port, Lancs. Parker, William Henry, 26, Gheluvelt Avenue, Kidderminster. Perkins, Sidney Philip, B.Sc. (Wales), Tynewydd, Llanarthney, Car-marthenshire.Philip, Thomas Bruce, A.R.C.S., The Royal Gardens, Buckingham Palace, London, S.W.1. Rehekoff, Louis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Tudor Grove, Hackney, London, E.9. Robins, William George, B.Sc. (Birm.), 156, Saint Luke’s Road, Edg- baston, Birmingham. Robinson, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 39, Brookhill Road, Bootle, Liverpool.Rowlands, John Rirhard, B.Sc. (Wales), 9, Hen Bare, Llanllechid, nr. Rangor, N. Wales. Scrivener, Guy, A.R.C.S., 19, Adamson Road, South Hampstead, London, N.W. 3. Seeley, Ernest Arthur, M.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 10, Hamilton Road, London, N. 5. Settle, Richard Hardcastle, B.A. (Cantab.), 93, Barrowgate Road, Chis- wick, London, W.4. Shaw, George, B.Sc. (Durham), 8, Albion Terrace, Hartlcpool.Sloman, Hedley Archibald, B.A. (Cantab.), 117, Bishops Mansions, Bishops Park, Fulham, London, S.W.6. Sowrey, Jack Chadwick, B.Sc. (Leeds), 36, Hyde Park Terrace, Headingley, Leeds. Spettigue, Ralph Hayden, A.R.C.S., 205, Hampstend Way, Golders Green, London, N.W.ll. Starey, Arthur William, A.R.C.S., 39, Woodlands Gardens, Muswell Hill, Londcn, N. 10. Stockdale, David, B.A. (Cantab.), King’s College, Cambridge. Streather, Alee Thomas, B.Sc. (Birm. ), Glendon, Hinckley Road, Nuneaton. Sutton, Richard William, B.Sc.Teeh. (Mane.), 28a, Henry Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Walker, Thomas Henry, l3.S~.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., Porterswell, Uddingston, nr. Glasgow. Ward, Charles Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, High Street, Old Basford, Nottingham.Whinfield, John Rex, B.A.(Cantab.), Hillcrest, Hook Hill, Sanderstead, Surrey.White, Charles Bertram, A.R.C.S., 7, Bellevue Gardens, Kemptown,Brighton. 278 White, William Henry, B.Sc. (Vict.), 46, Berkshire Gardens, Palmers Green, London, N. 13. Wightman, William Persehouse Delisle, A.R.C.S., 59, Holmewood Gardens, Streatham Hill, London, S.W.2. M'illiams, Miss May, M.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Ruskin Close, Meadway, London, N.W.ll. Woodeson, Richard Austin, B.Sc. (Liv.), 65, Everton Road, Southport, Lanes. Woodman, Rowland Marcus, B.Sc. (Leeds), 72, Ladypit Lane, Beeston Hill, Leeds. Woollard, John Kendrick, A.R.C.S., 57, Lyndhurst Road, Luton, Beds. Wright, Miss Ethel Catherine, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Pelham Crescent, Notting- ham.New Students. Barr, Joseph Robert, 117, Prescot Road, St. Helens, Lancs. Barraclough, Arthur, 252, Thornhill Road, Rastrick, Brighouse, Yorks. Bradbury, Tressillian Page, 329, Whitehall Road, Gt. Bridge, Tipton, Staffs. Buckley, Thomas Alfred, Uplands, Ruswarp Lane, Whitby. Claudet, Frederic Herbert Bontemps, B.A. (Cantab.), 6 and 7, Coleman Street, London, E.C.2. Elsej., George Leonard, 4, Herbert Road, Southall, Middlesex. Gardner, Kenneth Hurst, 41, Kingsland Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. Hill, Frank Leslie, The Woodlands, Wollaston, Stourbridge. Kelly, Hugh Edward, 10, Livingstone Place, Edinburgh. MacGillivray, William Eoghan, 19, Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh. Marrison, Leslie William, 82, Garland Road, Plumstead Common, London, S.E.18.Mather, Clifford Probert, 5, Braddon Avenue, Winston, nr. Manchester. McIlroy, James Blair, Eglinton, District Schoolhouse, Kilwinning, Ayr- shire. Perkin, Emil Ralph, 25, Alkham Road, London, N. 16 Rapes, Edward Gordon, 201, Denman Street, Nottingham Richmond, Frederick Walter, 22, Broadway, Coventry. Ricketts, Harold Neil, 157, Rushmore Road, Clapton, London, 33.5. Sansome, John Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Birm.), 33, Belmont Row, Birmingham. Sheavyn, Geoffrey William Ison, The Grove, Atherstone. Stone, James George Godfrey, St. Catherine's College, Cambridge. Thornley, George Herbert, 33, York Road, Douglas, Jsle of Man. Whettem, Stephen Matthew Austin, 35, Normanton Terrace, Newcastle on-Tyne. DEATH. Associate. Card, Stanley Walter, B.Sc.(Lond.). 279 General Notices. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to October, 1919,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistiy who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. The charge for the Appointments Register is 6s. 6d. on the first entry, and 5s. for renewals. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. On the recommendation of the Publications Committee, the Council have agreed to accept advertisements, subject to the Committee’s approval of the wording, from Fellows and Associates seeking appointments, at a special rate of 3s.gd. for each insertion. Advertisements may also be received from employers seeking the services of chemists and from Fellows and Associates seeking partnerships. 280 The Library.--The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and z P.M.) except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested.The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. The Register of the institute is in course of revision for publication in 1923. Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually for chemical research work of outstanding importance, carried out by a British chemist under 30 years of age, and completed during the year in respect of which the award is made.The award is primarily for analytical chemistry, but need not be restricted to that branch. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1922 will be decided in January, 1923. 45th Anniversary Dinner.-(See page 253.) The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association, London.-Arrangements have been made for members of the Association to visit the following during the months of September and October :-Mews. Van den Bergh’s Margarine Factory, Messrs. Whitbread’s Brewery, The National Physical Laboratory, Nessrs. Duroglass, Ltd., Messrs. Kodak, Ltd., Messrs. John Knight, Ltd. (The Royal Primrose Soap Works.) The Honorary Secretary of the Association is Mr. C. T. A. Garlick, 140,Portsdown Road, Maida Vale, London, W. 9.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9224600247

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1922. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Regastrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, October, 1922. Publications Committee, 1922-23 -HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Chaivmnn), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (President), WALTER E, ADENEY, ARCHIBALD A. BOON, R. LESLIE COLLETT, ALLIN COTTRELL, T. W. DRINKWATER, LEWIS EYNON, JOHN HANLEY, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E, ANDREW MORE, T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. 283 Proceedings of the Council.AUGUST-OCTOBER, 1922. Agricu Itu ral Collegs.-The Council have repeatedly found it necessary to protest against the interference of agri-cultural colleges with the practice of professional chemists. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, in its desire to encourage landowners and farmers to take an intelligent interest in the applications of science to agriculture, has appeared to encourage colleges to undertake investigations and analyses for merely nominal fees at the expense of public funds intended for educa- tional purposes; the systeni has been introduced for the benefit of a particular class well able to afford reasonable fees and has operated to the serious detriment of chemists. While the Min.istry has regarded the provision of facilities for cheap analyses as an educational measure, the Council have held that the practice of agricultural chemistry has been thereby discouraged owing to the private practitioner finding it impossible to compete with State-aided institutions.After a deputation had been received by Mr. Ailwyn Fellowes -now Lord Ailwyn-in April 1905,a statement appeared in the Journal of the Board oi ,Igriculture (January, 1906) that the work carried out for a nominal charge of sixpence (e.g. the deter- mination of butter fat in milk) was not comparable with the analyses carried out by public analysts; but no further step has apparently been taken to remedy the complaint of the agri- cultural analysts. On the other hand, the colleges have aggra- vated the situation by continuing to advertise scales of fees, a practice contrary to the accepted etiquette of the profession, and in several cases certificates of colleges have been produced in courts of law, in direct contravention of the stipulation hid down by the Board that such certificates should not be so used.In the Report of the Departmental Committee on L%pi-cultural Education (July, 1908)~however, the Committee recog- nised that the conduct of analyses for commscial or trade purposes formed no part of the function of an agricultural 284 college in receipt of State aid. The Council welcomed this authoritative statement, since the examination of samples for farmers is as much for commercial and trade purposes as is the examination of samples for any other producers-such as iron- masters, or the manufacturers of dyes or drugs.In view of these facts the Council addressed the Ministry of Agriculture in July last, submitting for the consideration of the Ministry a schedule of “ charges for analyses to farmers in the County of Oxford ” published by the Oxfordshire Agricultural Committee in Nay, 1921, and directed the attention of the Ministry also to the fact that in the case of Ford v. the Bucks County Council, heard before Mr. Justice Sankey in the High Court of Justice, King’s Bench Division, in May, 1921, evidence had been given in support of certificates issued by University College, Reading, in respect of the examination of stomach contents of animals which, it was alleged, had died from phosphorus poisoning.Apart from the professional aspect of the matter, the scale of charges show clearly that University College, Reading, was conducting a practice to the disadvantage of agricultural chemical practitioners, and the case of Ford ZI. the Bucks County Council afforded an example where the certificates of the College had been used for legal purposes. The Council referred to the fact that provision already existed under the Fertiliser and Feeding Stuffs Act for the analyses of fertilisers and feeding stuffs for farmers at the public expense, and suggested that if the Ministry took the view that the analyses of such materials in college laboratories was but an extension of the principle already sanctioned by law, it would be preferable that the Colleges, rather than charge nominal fees which bear no comparison to the cost or value of the work, should frankly do the work gratis.That would at least obviate the impression that these nominal charges represented adequate remuneration, such as would be paid to consultants who had to maintain their own laboratories. The investigation involved in the case of Ford 2’. the Bucks County Council was, however, clearly outside the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, and the case afforded evidence of deliberate State-aided competition, the investigation being such as would ordinarily be entrusted to a consultant. The Council of the Institute therefore expressed their earnest hope that the Ministry would see its way to review the matter 285 and take such steps as might be necessary to remedy the injustice done to agricultural chemists in consulting practice. In reply, the Ministry invited the attention of the Council to the following observations:- '' (I) The material statement in the Report of the Depart- mental Committee on Agricultural Education (July, 1908), to which reference is made in your letter, reads as follows:-" The Committee, while of the opinion that analysis for commercial or trade purposes forms no part of the function of an agricultural college in recJipt of State aitl, consider that when an analytical work is distinctly of educational value it may properly be carried out hy the chemist, at such an institution." (2) It is obviously difficult to draw a line of demarcation between analyses " for commercial or trade purposes " and " analytical work .. . of educational value." (3) It is a common practice for farmers to apply for advice to Agricultural Colleges, Farm Institutes, and County Agri- cultural Educational Staffs on problems which require analyses to be made for their elucidation. The system under which advice on agricultural subjects is provided by Colleges and County Authorites had now been in existence for a considerable time, and the Ministry would not be prepared to take any action which would hamper those Authorities in such advisory work which is highly appreciated by the farming community. (4) Most Colleges and County Authorities impose conditions with regard to analytical work, which may be summarised as follows:-(a) -4nalyses are only made for bonafirle farmers.(b) In no circumstances will analyses be undertaken for manu- (c) All analyses art) private and for the information of the farmer (d) Reports may not be used for advertising purposes or in any facturers or agents. only. Court of Law. As regards (d) it should be mentioned that a condition of this nature can only have a moral effect. As reports of this kind are not " privileged " it is impossible to prevent their production in the course of legal proceedings, or the authors of them from being subpcenaed as witnesses. (5) The Ministry is unable to accept the argument in your letter that because ironmasters, or the manufacturers of dyes or drugs, who require analytical work have no alternative but to employ a private practitioner of chemistry, advice which 286 involves analytical work ought not to be provided for farmers by College and County Authorities; nor does it see its way to advise such Authorities to do this work gratis.At the same time it is anxious to do whatever is possible to remove any legitimate cause of complaint which private practitioners of chemistry may have in this direction. Anysuggestion which your Institute may wish to put forward for diff ereniiating analytical work which can legitimately be done as part of the system of agricultural advice provided by Colle;,e and County Authorities, from similar work which should be left to private practitioners will receive most careful consideration by this Department.” Milk.--The attention of the Councils of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts was directed in July to a circular issaed by the Ministry of Health with regard to the prosecution of milk vendors for the sale of milk deficient in fatty solids.In the circular, the Ministry expressed the opinion that it was undesirable that a prosecution should be based upon the results of a single analysis when the examination of other samples of milk from the same vendor had proved satisfactory and that a prosecution should be instituted only where a series of tests had shown repeated default. The limit for fat fixed by the Ministry of Agriculture is, in the opinion of the Councils, already so low as to admit of the removal of a considerable amount of fat without fear of punish- ment, and in only a comparatively small number of cases are the results such that milk vendors are convicted and penalties imposed.The Councils, therefore, viewed with apprehension any action which might be taken to weaken still further the Regulations of the Ministries of Agriculture and Health relating to the quality of milk, and they felt that the issue of the circular in question was liable to have a very prejudicial effect on the public health. The Councils, moreover, had received information that in several instances local authorities had already acted upon the suggestion contained in the circular and had withdrawn prosecutions in cases where samples had been reported to be deficient in fat.In these circumstances, the Presidents o€ the Institute and the Society- addressed a joint letter to the Ministry of Health expressing the hope that the circular would be withdrawn or modified. 287 In reply, the Minister of Health stated that he was aware of the considerations put forward b57 the Institute and the Society as to the difficulty of obtaining convictions against milk vendors for adulterating milk. It appeared to him, however, that there was considerable misapprehension as to the precise purport and ccope of the circular referred to. He pointed out that the advice given in the circular was limited to those cases in which milk vendors had held a good record for a number of years, and in which during that period constant tests of the milk supplied by them had given uniformly satisfactory results.It was only in such cases that the circular deprecated the institution of prosecutions based on the results o€ isolated tests. Teachers in Technical Schools.-The statement in Journal Part 111. that the Education Department of the London County Council had decided to accept the A.I.C. obtained by esaniination as equal to R.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry was incorrect. The Departnienr has so far only agreed to accept the Associateship as equivalent to a degree. The Council of the Institute, however, are in further correspondence with the Department with regard to this decision, in view of the facts that all candidates for Associateship must have fulfilled f~zwyears’ training, and that those with a pass degree or a third class honours degree are required to pass an examination in order to obtain the Associateship.Dinner Postponed.-In view of the General Election, the Council have decided to postpone the public dinner of the Institute, which was to have been held on 17th November. Registered Students.-The President and Mrs. Chaston Chapman entertained a large gathering of Registered Students of the Institute at a reception at the Midland Grand Hotel, St. Pancras, on the evening of Wednesday, the 18th October. An excellent programme of vocal and instrumental music and “mirthful magic”’ was provided by Miss Bessie Jones, lliss Hilda Bertram, M.Chochoix, Mr. Archie Naish and Mr. Herbert J. Collings (from St. George’s Hall). At half-time the company adjourned for refreshments, and the opportunity was taken by Pvlr. D. J. Trescot-Rrinkworth, Vice-president of the London Students’ Association, to propose a hearty vote of thanks to the host and hostess, which was received with musical honours. The 288 President, in reply, said that it was a delight to both Mrs. Chapman and himself to be among such good company, and he hoped that they were enjoying themselves as much as Mrs. Chapman and he were. The concert was then resumed, the second part being as fully appreciated as the first.“What the Manufacturer Expects of his Chemists.” -The replies received to the invitation sent by the Council to a number of selected companies and firms, to express their views on the matters raised by Mr. Lemmens’ paper, contain some opinions of value and interest, which are here summarised. In the main the views expressed by Mr. Lemmens are en- dorsed; but there is a divergence of opinion on some details. A well-known chemist and manufacturer, of experience extending over half a century, indicated that in the past a chemist without experience would sometimes attempt to teach his principals their business, and assume undue credit for work which had been carried out under specific instructions from his principals. The manu- facturer did not look to his chemical assistants for initiati71e; that should come from the manufacturer himself. His main complaint was that the chemist lacked commercial intelligence, and failed to appreciate the objects of the manufacturer.He found, however, that chemical assistants were nowadays better qualified in all respects, and assumed a more intelligent attitude in their relations with their employers. The general manager of another old-established works held that chemists were inclined to be too proud of their knowledge, somewhat bigoted and conservative, and to disparage sugges- tions put forward by the non-scientific mind. The good business man and the clever chemist were rarely combined in one indi- vidual; the business man should manage, although there should be a very close partnership between him and the chemist, each supporting the other to the utmost of his ability.Practical experience was a great teacher, and the ordinary business man might sometimes be right in his suggestions which the chemist so often considered non-scientific. They should work together as friends-not as rivals-and generally be ready to co-operate. On his works, preference was given to chemists who gained their experience concurrently with their college training, rather than to graduates who qualified solely by college training before they became engaged in industry. On the other hand, another well-known company, employing 289 at least as many chemists as the other, said, “We have never been troubled with the omniscient youngster from college, nor have we found any lack of enthusiasm and enterprise, or any tendency to work into a rut and stay there.’’ The majority had developed very quickly into keen and conscientious workers, most anxious to tackle technical problems, though often incapable of doing so.Few had been found fitted to undertake control of workmen and the efficient supervision of works processes; but the exceptions had been admirable in every way. Failure in these directions was attributed not to inefficient technical training, but to lack of grit, gumption, knowledge of the world and power of leadership, which could only be acquired by sound general education. The chemical profession and industry looked for more recruits of a high standard in respect of heredity, environment and school education.Examinations, October, 1922.-The papers and exercises set at the October Examinations are published in this part. 290 Notes. Birmingham Municipal Technical Schools.-A new Research Laboratory has been fitted up in the Chemistry Depart- ment of this School, and is now available for the use of senior students. The equipment of the Laboratory has been rendered possible by the generosity of local firms who have contributed cither in money or in kind. The whole has been designed with a view to studying more particularly the problems of corrosion and kindred subjects, and both the apparatus and appointments are, therefore, of a special kind seldom found in chemical labora- tories.Russian Men of Science.-The second appeal on behalf of Russian Intellectuals, issued by the President of the Chemical Society in September, has so far brought LIZ~10s. to the Fund. Further donations of gifts of clothing, boots, and recent chemical literature are urgently needed, and may bc sent to the Assistant Secretary, Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. I. Cheques should be made payable to Mr. S. E. Carr, and crossed ‘‘ Russian Fund.” Yorkshire.-On zist October the Regktrar of the Institute was entertained to luncheon at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, as the guest of the Yorkshire Analysts’ L4ssociation. On the a3rd he proceeded to Huddersfield, I\ here he visited British Dyestufis Corporation, enjoyed the hos1)italitY of the Dalton Grange Club, and addressed the local section ot the Institute at a meeting held at the Queen Hotel.On the :3th he addressed the Leeds Area Sectim at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds. The Registrar tool; advantage of these engagements to call at the University of Lee&,, at the Huddersfield Technical College, at the Bradford Technical Colleye (where he addressed the students of the Chemical Depart- ment), and at the Leeds Central Technical School. 291 October Examinations, 1922. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations for the Associateship were held at the Institute from the 16th to the zrst October. The number of candidates examined in each branch and the number of those who passed are shown in the following table:- In General Chemistry .... In Branch (d)Organic Chemistry 8 2 No. examined. 4 2 No. passed. - - 10 6 - Two successful candidates in General Chemistry had pre- viously satisfied the Board in all respects except in the translation of German technical literature. The work of the other candidates in General Chemistry was on the whole rather poor. In the Theoretical part poor knowledge was shown of the theoretical foundations on which analytical processes rest, and, as has generally been the case in the past, the historical question was poorly answered. In the theoretical paper on Organic Chemistry the question requiring application of general knowledge rather than text book material was un- satisfactorily answered.The practical inorganic work was on the whole well carried out, in contrast to the organic work, which was disappointing. The work in the Branch of Organic Chemistry was satisfac- tory. The following candidates passed the Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry:- Chignell, Guy, B Sc. (.Land ), University College, Southampton. French, Herbert, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Wild, Francis Eric, R.Sc. (Birm.), Birmingham University. Young, Edward Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), East London College. The following candidates passed in Branch (d) Organic Chemistry (under Regulations in force prior to March, 1920) :-Baguley, Noel Gregory, University College, Nottingham.Cole, Frederic, University College, Nottingham. 292 In General Chemistry : for the Associateship. MONDAY, OCTOBER lGtlz, 1922: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m 1. Describe and criticise the niethods used in the qualitative and quantitative separation of mixtures of arsenic, antimony and tin. 2. Relate the chief contributions to the advance of chemical science which were made by:-(1) Davy. (2)Van’t Hoff. 3. Interpret. on the basis of the ionic theory, the methods employed in the qualitative analysis of solutions. 4. Mention the chief ores of zinc and describe the processes involved in the preparation of pure zinc from them. 5. Contrast the characters of the elements of the fifth group of the periodic table (Nitrogen group \. 2 to 5 p.m 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:-(a) The influence of stereochemical configuration on chemical reactions (b) Tautomerism.2. Give an account of the alkyl derivatives of zinc and magnesium. Show how they are used in synthetic organic chemistry. 3. Give three examples of the synthesis of heterocyclic systems which form part of the structure of naturally occurring compounds. 4. Write an account of the halogenation of benzene derivatives, indicating very briefly the characteristic reactions of the products formed. TIJESDAY, OCTOBER 17th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Determine the percentages of moisture, iron, sulphur and zinc in the given sample of zinc blende A. (l’his exercise may be completed to-morrow. ) WEDIVESDAY, OCTOBER 18th, 1922: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Analyse qualitatively the given mixture B. (Cadmium iodide I part, potassium iodide 10 parts.) THURSDAY, OCTOBER 19th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. You are given a sample of dimethylaniline C. Prepare from this p-nitroso-dimethylaniline and methylene blue. Leave a small sampleoE the former and the whole of your yield of the latter substance. This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRID*4Y, OCTOBER 20th. 1923: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Separate and idbntify the two components of the given mixture D. (Nitrobenzene and benzaldehyde.) In Organic Chemistry ; for the Associateship. MONDAY, OCTOBER ZGth, 1922: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. I. Two organic reactions typical of those in which the movement of a nitrogen atom is supposed to occur, are “The azo-amido-amido-azo change ” and ‘ ‘ hydrazobenzene-ssemidine-benzidine rearrangement .’7 293 Describe these reactions and indicate the importance of their technical applications. 2. Describe the methods used for producing hydro derivatives of naphthalene. In what way has it been shown that one of the rings in tetrahydronaphthalene is aliphatic in character ? 3. '-The word tautomerism is used to denote rever'sible isomeric change." Discuss this definition and supply instances of its applicability. 4. Indicate the chief industrial uses of :-(a) Anthraquinone, (b) Diethyl malonic acid, (c) Ethyl acetoacetate, and describe how each of these compounds can be prepared in a pure condition.TUESDAY, OCl'OBER 17th, 1922: 10 a m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Prepare from &4a pure specimen of the hydrocarbon of which A is a derivative. (a loromnaphthalene.) 2. Report on the nature of the salt G. (Caffeine benzoate.) WEDNESDAY,OCTOBER 18th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. B is a ten per cent. solution in alcohol of an aldehyde (molecular weight about 140). You are required:-- (a) To convert two-thirds of the material into the mixture of the syn- and anti- oxime yielded by the action of hyclro- sylamine hydrochloride on the aldehyde in the presence of sodium acetate. (b) To separate the syn- and anti- oxime by means of suitable solvents; to determine the melting point of each isomeride ; and to leave a specimen of each for inspection.(c) To convert the remaining one-third of the aldehyde into its phenpl hydrazone; to purify one-half of this preparation, determine its melting point, and to leave it for inspection. (d) To examine and report on the kiehaviour of the remainder of the phenyl hydrazone derivative towards bromine, leaving for inspect,ion any derivatives you may obt,ain. (Cinnamaldehyde .) THURSDAY, OCTOBER lSth, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Prepare not, less than five grams of the pure fully acetylated derivative of the dihydroxy compound C. Determine the melting point of your preparation and leave it for inspection. (Catechol.) 2. Report on the nature of the substances D and E, without attempt- ing to identify them.(Anethole and. diphenylmethane.) FRIDAY, OCTOBER 20th, 1922: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Estimate the percentage of acetyl in the acetyl derivative of C prepared yesterday, and from your result calculate the molecular weight of dihydrovy compound C. 2. *4nalyse qualitatively the mixture F. (Aniline oxalate and oxanilide or benzamide and ammonium benzoate.) All candidates were required to translate into English short passages of about 300 wordsfrom the Rerichte and from Chimie et Induatrie. 294 Local Sections. Belfast.-The session has opened in more favourable circumstances, and a good programme has been arranged. At the first meeting, held on 29th September, Dr. W. H. Gibson exhibited a new pattern of viscometer which had been pre- sented to him by M.Nakano, of Tokyo. This led to a discussion on viscosity. On 27th October Mr. Arthur Marks will describe a visit to the United States Bureau of Standards; on 24th November, Mr. A. P. Hoskins will read a paper on “The Valuation of Town Gas”; on 26th January, Dr. G. S. Robertson will deal with some present-day Fertiliser Problems; on 26th March, Mr. C. J. Still will speak on “Some aspects of the training of the chemical worker”; and on 27th April, Mr. Hugh Graham will read a paper on “Atonis and Electrons.” The annual general meeting will be held on 25th May. The meetings are held at the Gables School of Scientific Method and Chemistry, by the kind permission of Mr. Samuel Templeton.Bristol and South-Western Coun ties-The annual general meeting of the Section was held on 26th October, when Mr. George Einbrey and Professor Wertheimer retired from the Committee, and Mr.W. A. Storey and Mr. C. J.Waterfall were elected to the vacancies thus caused. Mr. Wintle was appointed as Hon. Secretary in the place of Mr. W. A. Storey. Glasgow and West of Scotland -Mr. W. M. Cumming, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, has been appointed Hon. Secretary (f~otern.) of the Section, in the place of Dr. ,4. J. Robertson, who has resigned from that position owing to pressure of other work. Huddersfield.-A general meeting of the Section was held on Friday, zznd September, at the Queen Hotel, Huddersfield, when the Chairman (Dr.H. H. Hodgson) presented the annual report for Session 1921-1922, giving a brief account of the five 295 meetings held, and also of the work of the Committee, and Mr. Robson, the Hon. Treasurer, presented his financial statement and balance sheet. The programme for the coming session was also outlined. The retiring Officers and Committee and the Secretary were re-elected, a procedure sanctioned, for this year only, by a resolu- tion passed at the inaugural meeting of the Section in 1921: Chairman, Dr. H. H. Hodgson; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. S.Robson; Committee, Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr. L. G. Paul, Dr. E. F. Pollock, and Mr. J. H. Wilson; Hun. Secretary, Mi. T. A. Simmons. A very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. D. H. Peacock for his energetic services as Secretary during the greater part of Session 1921-1922. Mr.Peacock embarked (on the day of this meeting) for Rangoon, where he is to take up new work as Professor of Chemistry at the University. Leeds Area.-The programme of Meetings of this Section includes a paper by the Registrar on 24th October; a paper by Mr. F. W. Richardson on the “Ethics of Expert Evidence,” on aznd November; two papers on sampling, by Mr. W. McD. Mackey and Mr. G. hi. Grinling respectively; the Annual Dinner in February; and a meeting on 7th March, for which the Section Committee invite suggestions. Students attending recognised courses in Chemistry are invited to be present at the above meetings. Liverpool and North-Western Counties.--On 12th October the 1922-23 Session was successfully inaugurated at the Washington Hotel with a smoking concert organised by Mr.F. J. Smith, preceded by an informal dinner, both functions being exceptionally well attended. The Chairman, Mr. H. J. Evans, in a brief opening speech, extended a welcome to the members and their friends and expressed the thanks of the Section to Mr. Smith for the trouble he had taken in making arrangements for the concert. He commended the practice of holding a social meeting at the commencement of the session before the Section settled down to the consideration of more serious matters. He said that he regarded the Institute as a guild or brotherhood, similar in many respects to the ancient and powerful guilds which, in the Middle Ages, protected the interests and regulated the conduct of their members.The Sections might be regarded as lodges of the guild. It was the ancient custom of the guilds and lodges 296 when they niet to get their business over and to spend the remain- ing time of their meeting in conviviality and friendly intercourse, but the Section proposed to reverse that process. The ancient spirit of brotherhood, however, was, he believed, stronger than ever in the Section; all its endeavours would be towards further cementing the bonds which bound the members together in good fellowship. The members were enthusiastic in the appreciation of the artistes, the Chairman’s song being a notable success. A very cordial vote of thanks was passed to the artistes, on the motion of Professor Baly, seconded by Mr.Smetham, and was carried with acclamation at the close of a highly enjoyable evening. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The session opened on 25th October with a very interesting lecture by Dr. 0. L. Brady on “The Evolution of Chemical Apparatus,” which was illustrated by lantern slides. The annual general meeting of the Section will be held on zlst November, at G p.m., and will be followed, at 8 p.m., by a paper by Mr. Thomas Terrell, K.C., on “Chemists’ Contracts of Service.” On 13th December there will be an exhibition and informal meeting. The annual dinner of the Section will be held on zIst March, 1923; and the members of the Section will be informed, in due course, of the arrangements made for meet- ings to be held on 17th January, zrst February, and 18th April.Manchester and District.-’The annual general meeting of the Section will be held on 30th October, and at the conclusion of the ordinary business Mr. J. H. Lester will introduce a dis- cussion on “The Proposal of the Textile Institute to apply for a Royal Charter.” A joint meeting of the Section with the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and the Man- Chester Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Societyof Dyers and Colourists will be held on 3rd November, when Dr. F. W. Aston, F.R.S., will lecture on “Isotopes.” Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.- Ameeting of the Section was held in the Armstrong College Refectory, Newcastle-on-Tyne, on 17th October, Dr.Bowles in the chair. After an informal dinner, Dr. G. Weyman opened a discussion on the “ Relation between the Chemist and the Engineer.” He stated that he did not agree with the attempts which were being 297 made to produce the hybrid the “ Chemical Engineer.” He felt that there was room both for the chemist and for the engineer in industry, and he, personally, had the greatest respect for the scientifically trained engineer-a man who was able to express himself clearly in such terms that the trained chemist was able to understand him, whereas conversely, the trained chemist was able to make himself understood by the qualified engineer. The term “Engineer” needed clearer definition; but before a man could call himself a chemical engineer he would have to undergo a thorough training in both chemistry and engineering, such, for instance, as was provided in Canada to-day, where students took five years over their course; he felt that men who undertook this would fall between two stools, as they would emerge from their college training at a more advanced age than others who qualified in either one or the other subject alone, and would, also, have lost valuable time which would otherwise have been spent in gaining practical experience.The only branch of industry in which he felt that there was real scope for the Chemical Engineer was in chemical plant factories, where it might be an advantage to have a man with a deeper knowledge of chemistry than that possessed by the average engineer.On the whole he felt that the real point of the matter was to be found in the remarks made by Mr. Russell Wiles, of Chicago, on the occasion of the presentation of the Perkin Medal to Dr. W. M. Burton this year, to the effect that “a scientifically trained man is a good man for any job.” Mr. G. J. Greenfield felt that his experience of the training given to students at the Massachusetts Institution of Technology in chemical engineering might be of interest. At that institution the preliminary period of training occupied four years, at the end of which the successful student obtained the degree of Bachelor in Chemical Engineering; this coiirse was followed by a one-year “Plant Course,” during which there were vkits to various fac- tories-his own experience had been gained in visits to seven factories in six months, covering such industries as paper-pulp, sugar, rubber shoes, iron and steel, and coke.During this time the student paid particular attention to “Unit Operations,” by which were meant the theoretical considerations involved in heat flow, the flow of fluids, evaporation and gas scrubbing, viewed in the light of actual practice. He differed from Dr. Weyman as to the scope for the Chemical Engineer; he called himself a Chemical Engineer and he was convinced that the 298 training he had undergone was such as to be regarded with respect by both chemist and engineer.Mr. 'I.Wallace agreed that there was necessity for both the chemist and the engineer, but he thought that of the two, the chemist required the more thorough training in order to master both theory and practice; the engineer found that his operations consisted in the exercise of mere common sense, and, consequently if the chemist would use common sense he would rapidly acquire sufficient engineering practice to enable him to perform the functions of the Chemical En,' Dineer . Mr. F. H. Walker deplored the lack of real chemical or engineering training in the case of many gas works' managers. Professor Louis recalled a definition which he had heard of an engineer as being " Any gentleman who can file straight " ; on the other hand, as an example of how a chemist might be defined, he remembered in Nova Scotia being interviewed by a rough looking individual, who came to him with a lump of calcspar, in which were embedded some crystals of iron pyrites, with the enquiry, " Re you the chap what tries things? " He felt that the engineer was the right man in the drawing office and the chemist the right man in the laboratory.In order to apply chemistry it was essential for the chemist to have practical experience, and to gain this he must come out from his laboratory and go into the works. One of the greatest problems of the day was the handling of men, and unless the chemist was prepared to carry his theory into practice, he would never be regarded with respect by the experienced men in the works.It was no use for the chemist to grumble because the engineer held a higher position in a works, for the engineer generally held the purse strings, and, therefore, it were better for the chemist to show some respect for him, even if it were only apparent. With regard to chemical engineers, he believed in a sound training in the basal sciences for a period of from three to five years in a properly equipped technical college in order to enable the student to master the essential principles, but he was utterly opposed to the at tempted performance of technical operations with the small experimental plant so freciueiitly advocated. Other speakers having expressed their views, Dr. Rowles called on Dr. Weyman to reply. The annual general meeting of the Section will be held on the zznd November, 1922.299 National Certificates in Chemistry. THECouncil have received, from the .Joint Committee of the Board of Education and of the Institute, the Report of the Assessors upon the Examinations held by schools which have submitted schemes of training in connection with the arrange- ments set out in Rules IOO issued by the Board of Education. The following is a summary of the Report. Assessorin Chemistry-Professor G. T. MORGAN,O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. Assessor ia Physics and Mathematics-Professor J. E. COATES,O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. I. GENERAL REPORT. A. EXAMINATIONPAPERS. Stamdard of papers submitted to the Institute. The present being the first occasion on which these papers were submitted, the procedure has not yet been completely established. The drafts were received by the assessor at widely different times so that it became very difficult to adjudicate on the standard which was being maintained as between one school and another.Moreover, on this occasion certain schools have been granted conditional exemptions; but it is hoped that in the future a more uniform curriculum will be adopted. In spite of these local differences, however, the questions shewed abundant evidence of careful selection on the part of the internal examiners. In many cases these questions bore the impress of the personality of the teacher and were human documents of great interest as showing the trend of thought existing at the present day among enthusiastic teachers of chemical science.Chemical Terminology. It would be of great educational value if some step towards uniformity were at tempted in chemical nomenclature and terminology. At present, very largely due to the labours of 300 Mr. A. J. Greenaway, F.I.C., current English chemical literature possesses the most consistent nomenclature and terminology existing for the use of chemists, and it is highly desirable that teachers should avail themselves of this opportunity of speaking and teaching in a common language. It is suggested that the naming of chemical substances should follow the simple rules put forward by the Chemical Society and generally accepted among chemists.B. ASSESSMENT SCRIPTS.OF CANDIDATES’ The task of assessing the relative merit of the scripts presented serious difficulties owing to the lack of uniformity in the ar- rangement of the scripts and mark sheets forwarded to the Institute. In certain instances it was found necessary to return these to the schools for amendment, considerable correspondence being entailed before they were submitted in a form suitable fox assessment. It is obvious that in the future this task ought not to be undertaken by the Institute, and steps should be taken to ensure that the schools send up their contributions in proper form. The schools comprised in the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes sent in their work in a systematic and business like manner; so far as their theoretical scripts were concerned the answers of candidates could be assessed without complete re-examination because of the uniform system of marking carried out by an external examiner whose detailed and final marks were indicated plainly on each manuscript.The foregoing remarks refer only to the answers to the theoretical papers. The practical work was submitted inde- pendently of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes, and was prepared in a less satisfactory manner. A detailed scrutiny of the practical results from one school, in particular, showed a deplorable lack of care and supervision. ,4 general survey of the theoretical papers presented indicates a prevailing tendency towards a superficial treatment of the introductory and fundamental portions of chemistry in order to bring the students somewhat prematurely up to the higher and more specialised branches of the science.Two causes contribute to this effect. First, there is the economic necessity of having to place before the students at as early a stage as possible the vocational aspects of chemistry. Students in dyeing centres tend to proceed to their dyeing lectures before 301 they have mastered the principles of the science of which dyeing is an art. Secondly, there is the tendency for teachers to exhibit their familiarity with recent literature by lecturing on current discoveries to students who have not assimilated fundamental principles. In one case a paper on advanced chemistry had four questions involving a knowledge of the structure of the atom ; but a question on simple qualitative analysis introduced into this paper by the assessor was not attempted by any can- didate.A few compulsory questions set by the assessor would ensure a sound test of the general knowledge of the candidates. 11. TECHNICAL REPORT. On the whole the prevailing tendency in these examinations was to overmark the scripts, especially on the part of internal examiners. By giving a few marks to a series of unsatisfactory answers examiners have in some cases recommended candidates for a pass, although it would have been in the best interests of these students to repeat the course. This tendency to leniency was noticeable in answers in pure chemistry and also in scripts on various branches of applied chemistry.Pure Chemisfry. Many candidates were weak on fundamental points: (I)methods of determining atomic weights, (2) definitions of atomic and molecular weights, (3) answers to questions on the periodic classification were generally inexact and fragmentary, (4) the rules of substitution in the benzene series were often badly jum bled. Applied Chemistry (Dyeing, etc.). (a) A candidate was awarded by the teacher 20 per cent. for stating that an insoluble azo-dye is produced on the cotton fibre from boiling solutions. Yet in the trade these ingrain dyes are known as ice colours because they are produced from ice- cold solutions. Marks were given for producing aniline black without an oxidising agent and for padding cotton with diazotised paranitroaniline.(b) Reference has been made to the tendency to pass on to higher work before the fundamental principles have been under- stood. The result is defective knowledge in both elementary and advanced stages. Candidates write at random about ionisation, which furnishes a vague explanation of anything occurring in solution. A question on colloids brought forth 302 many hazy answers. The following answers may be cited in illustration of these points : “,4 solubility product is one which is formed when one substance is dissolved in another.” Colloidal solutions are good for the preservation of eggs.” Practical Examinations. Improvement is essential in the mode of carrying out practical examinations and of marking the results.In one batch of practical scripts candidates appeared to have been given up to 20 per cent. for a general impression of work, As this impression cannot be assessed such marks should be included in the year’s record for laboratory work. Only such marks as can be revised by the assessor should be given in the scripts. In the scripts on practical chemistry (advanced stage) from one school remarkably accurate deterininations were made of nickel steel, and accurate estimations were obtained of the strength of sugar solutions (lactose and maltose). This work was however recorded on loose sheets of paper with no margins. 111. GENERAL CONCLUSION. In order to establish a uniform standard a determined attempt should be made in future to set the same papers in pure chemistry at least for recognised groups of schools presenting candidates under the joint scheme.The papers in applied chemistry would obviously vary with the needs of the local industries. It is made quite clear in the certificates that these documents are granted not by the Institute alone, but by the Board of Education and the Institute conjointly, the Institute acting as Assessor and in an advisory capacity. Through this co-operation the Institute has the power of assisting the progress of chemical teaching in two important respects, (I) by insisting that candi- dates receiving the National Certificate shall be well grounded in the fundamental principles of chemical science, (2 by insisting on a high standard of analytical proficiency in the practical work of college courses. It has been proved beyond doubt to all who have assisted in the assessment of the current year that these desirable objects are by no means generally attained under the existing schemes of technical instruction.303 The Pass List shows that G candidates out of 10 examined for Higher Part-time course certificates, and LZOcandidates out of 93 examined for Ordinary Part-time course certificates, satisfied the Institute's assessors by obtaining at least 40 per cent. of the possible marks in each subject of the final examination. Two candidates each for Higher and for Ordinary certificates having obtained more than 80 per cent.in a subject in the final examinations were awarded distinction. The successful candi- dates have complied with the Rules as to their training, etc., and have obtained on the aggregate at least 5'3 per cent. of the total possible marks in the final year for examinations, home- work and laboratory work. The administrative experience gained this year will be of great value in connection with the arrangements now being made for carrying on the scheme in future . The Board of Education and the Institute have agreed, subject in all respects to the provisions of Rules 100with regard to approval and assessment, to accept the syllabuses and ex- aminations of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institute and of the East Midland Educational Union for the purpose of this scheme in the case of schools within the area of those Unions 304 Scientific and Industrial Research.THESeventh Annual Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, for the year 1921-22, recently published (Cmd. 1735: 3s. od. net), deals mainly with the financial aspects of the principal activities of the Department up to -4ugust last; and the report of the Ad- visory Council, which is incorporated in the publication, deals with the scientific significance of the work, the problems under- taken and results achieved. The publication shows that a very large proportion of the research mentioned relates to chemistry, and that many members of the Institute have been associated with the work in various capacities.Considerations of space preclude more than a short reference to a few items of interest covered by the report. The Forest Products Research Board, of which the President of the Institute and Sir Richard Threlfall are members, has been established to conduct investigations into timber and other forest products derived both from home supply and from overseas, having regard to their financial importance. Information has been collected as to the present practice of kiln-drying timber, and a list of the problems which require investigation is being pre pared. The Fuel Research Board, of which Sir George Beilby is the Director and Sir Richard Threlfall is also a member, has had the assistance of ten other Fellows of the Institute as members of its Committee on the sampling and analysis of Coal.Reports published in 1921-22 deal with the following sub- jects:-Steaming in Vertical Gas Retorts; Low Temperature Carbonisa- tion; Fuel for Motor Transport; The Winning, Preparation and Use of Peat in Ireland; Pulverised Coal Systems in America; Tests on Ranges and Cooking Appliances; The Assay of Coal for Carbonisation Purposes; The Simmance Total Heat Recording Calorimeter; The EEciency of Low Temperature Coke in Domestic Appliances; The Carbonisation of Peat in Vertical Gas Retorts; Physical and Chemical Survey of the National Coal Resources. 305 Further cultivation experiments have been pursued with a view to the production of power alcohol from Jerusalem arti- chokes and sugar mangolds, the waste stalks of the artichoke being convertible into paper pulp.Work is in progress on the fer- mentation of the sugars in the artichoke. The Geological Surzvy has given attention to the subject of the coalfields and has made progress with the publication of a series of special reports on the mineral resources of Great Britain. The Building Research Board established to conduct researches into building materials and methods of construction has been provided with an experimental station at Acton. Among other investigations the Board is testing the oil-free residue of castor beans as a possible material for use in the manufacture of hard tiles and of distempers.Progress has been made in fundamental research on cement and on prcblems arising in the study of Iron Portland Cement. The Director has published a paper on “ The Consistency of Concrete,” giving an account of the apparatus used and of the experiments upon which has been based a standard method of measuring the consistency. Work is also in progress on magnesite cement for jointless floors, the eco- nomical use of fuel in brick-burning, the standardisation of sand-lime bricks, the use of corrugated asbestos cement sheeting as a roofing material, the transmission of heat through buildings, the use of titanium dioxide as a substitute for white lead in paints, and of dekalin, a naphthalene derivative, as a substitute for turpentine.The methods for stone preservation advocated by the Board have been adopted by the authorities of West- minster Abbey and by the Imperial War Graves Commission. The Low Temperature Research Station at Cambridge, for the Food Investigntion Board, has been completed, and this Board is concentrating on bio-chemistry, bio-physics, and the physiology of living and dead foodstuffs. Research into the life-history of the apple after gathering, and tests of the atmosphere in the holds of vessels conveying apples, proved that the latter had been “suffocated” by the carbonic acid they had themselves produced during the voyage. Reports have been published or are in preparation on :-Heat Insulators; “The Black Spot” of Chilled and Frozen Meat; The Preservation of Food by Freezing with special reference to Fish and Meat; Hygrometry; The Transmission of Heat by Radiation and Convec-tion; The Methods used for the Inspection of Canned Foods; The Bacteriology of Canned Meat and Fish.Under the Chemistry Co-ordinating Research Board, inL7est.i- gations into the methods for the production of formaldehyde have been continued, the work bearing on the subject being carried out at the Royal Naval Cordite Factory and at Oxford. Experi-mental manufacturing plant is being erected as a step towards possible full scale manufacture. For the same Board, the Britzsl; Scientzfic Instrumwts Research ,A ssoctatton has succeeded in developing a method for the production of high grade zinc sulphide for luminous paints, and the National Physical Labora ,tory is investigating the relation between luminosity and radium content, the best method of mixing zinc sulphide with radium salts, and problems bearing on the rate of decay of luminosity.Some of this work has been published in the Proceedings of the Physical Society. The Board has also given attention to such subjects as the Oppau explosion, tests for permitted explosives, the improvement of accumulators and dry cells, the manufacture of celluloid film for photographic purposes, and the corrosion of aluminium and its alloys. The work of the Lubrication Research Committee is directed to the elucidation of the fundamental theory of lubrication, the work being carried out at Cambridge and at the National Physical Laboratory. Two papers have appeared in the proceedings of the Royal Society on Boundary Lubrication :-(i) The Paraffin Series, and (ii) The Temperature Co-efficient. The experiments and investigations carried out by Dr.Alexander Scott for the British Museum on preserving and restor- ing museum objects of different kinds have been published, and illustrate the advantages of scientific method in museum manage- ment. Twenty-four Indudrial Research A ssocintions have received licences from the Board of Trade, and of these twenty-two are in actual operation. The Directors of eleven of these Associa- tions are Fellows of the Institute. The British Photogrnplzic Research Associalion is occupied in investigating the fundamental properties of silver haloids and the physico-chemical properties of gelatin and similar colloids.The Director, Dr. Slater Price, has contributed a descriptive bibliography of gelatin to a report recently published by the Adhesives Research Committee. The researches of the British Scientific Instrument Research Association have led to the production on the large scale of a polishing powder and an abrasive, known respectively as " Sira " 307 rouge and “ Sira ” abrasive, which are now in use by several members of the Association for the polishing of lenses and prisms, effecting economy in time and labour. Satisfactory reports have been received on the results of work carried out by the British Portland Cement Research A ssociation on rotary kilns.The Association is endeavouring to ascertain the exact chemical nature of the compounds constituting Portland cement. The B&ish Cotton Research ,+issociat io?? has completed an investigation resulting in the production of an instrument for recording the regularity of yarns, is devoting its attention to the chemical constitution of the cellulose molecule, and has also considered the position of bacteriological research on fabric materials used in the fighting services. The British Cast IYOTLReseavclz A ssociation and the British Refractories Research Association are co-operating in the investi- gation of sands and refractories, and the latter Association is CO-operating with the Glass Iiesearcli A ssocirrtzo~in an examination of the refractories used in the glass industry.Two Associations are dealing jointly with the casting of cylinders and four with die castings. In connection with the work of the Engineering Co-ordinating Research Board, investiga- tions into the production of brass strip ingots are being carried out at the Research Department, Woolwich Arsenal, on behalf of the British Non-Ferrozis Metals Kesearcla Association. The problem of atmospheric corrosion, which has been under consideration by a Joint Committee of the Institute of Metals and the Royal Institute of British Architects, is taken over, so far as financial responsibility is concerned, bj-the British Non- Ferrous Metals Research Association.As a result of the study of bast fibres, the LiiteTL Imlzistry Kesenrclz ‘4 ssorintioiz has gained knowledge of the internal structure of the ultimate fibres of flax, hemp, and ramie and has found means whereby flax and hemp fibres may be distinguished readily one from the other with certainty at all stages of manu-facture into yarns or finished cloth and damask. I317 research into the selective breeding of flax,a pedigree strain of seed has been developed which gives an increase of fibre per acre. The Advisory Council anticipate that the research on hard porcelain, which has been in progress at the School of Science and Technology. Stoke-on-Trent, will be taken over by the proposed Pottery Resenrclz A ssoclntioP2. 308 The Appendices comprise:-(i)a list of Research Boards and Committees; (ii) Statistics of grants to individual workers, including 135 maintenance allowances for workers in chemistry, 10 in metallurgy and 60 in other subjects; (ii) a list of aided researches controlled by public bodies or institu-tions; (iv) a list of over 140 publications by workers in receipt of grants; (v) an account of the progress of research in India and the Over- seas Dominions; (vj) a list of Departmental Publications, including the Technical Records of Explosives Supply. The Annual Report of the National Physical Laboratory is published separately. 309 Books and their Contents.[*Books presented by the authors or publishers, or pur-chased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.! “British Association for the Advancement of Science: Addresses delivered at the 90th Annual Meeting, Hull, Sept.1922.” (London: John Murray.) 6s. *“ Cartesian Economics : The Bearing of Physical Science upon State Stewardship.” F. Soddy. Pp. 32. (London: Hendersons.) 6d. Two Lectures to the Student Unions of Birkbeck College and the London School of Economics, Nov. 10th and 17th, 1921. “Chemical Analysis, Systematic Qualitative : A Theoretical and Practical Study of Analytical Reactions of the more Common Ions of Inorganic Substances.” G. W. Sears. Pp. vi. and 119. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 8s. 6d. Introduction; preliminary experiments; method of analysis; metal ions; acids.* “Chemistry in the Service of the Community.” A. R. Tankard Pp. 19. (London: Benn Brothers, Ltd.) IS. *‘‘ Chemistry, Modern, Pure and Applied.” A. J. Hale. Vol. V. : A Treatise dealing with the branches of chemistry, mineral, metallurgical, organic, pharmaceutical and industrial. Pp.vii. and 280. (London: Virtue & Co., Ltd.) Aromatic amines ; dye-intermediate; dyes ; explosives ; synthetic drugsand pharmaceuticd products ; carbohydrates; glucosides ; cellulose; paper; textiles ; albuminoids; good products; bio-chemistry ; hetero-cyclic compounds. “Dyeing, A Manual of.” E. Knecht and others. Pp. xi. and goz. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 42s. “Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratory Exercises in.” J.E. Norris and K. L. Mark. Pp. 558. (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.) 10s. “Inorganic Chemistry, Systematic.” R. M. Caven and G. D. Lander. 2nd edition. Pp. xviii. and 460. (Edinburgh: Blackie & Sons.) 9s. Text-book for advanced students. 310 “Metallurgical Analysis, Tested Methods of : Noh-ferrous.” S. Pile and R. Johnston. Pp. 128. (London: H. F. and G. Witherby.) 7s. 6d. Analytical procedure ;sampling; assays in alphabetical order of metals ; solutions. *“ Min&ales, Trait6 d’ Analyse des Substance<.” A. Carnot. Tome Quatrieme et Dernier : Mktaux (DeuxGme Partie). Rhvision et Xppendice part E. Goutal. Pp. 1050. (Paris: Dunod.) Fr. 65; bound Fr. 69.50. Nickel ; cobalt; zinc ; cadmium ; indium; copper ; gallium ; mercury ; thallium; lead; bismuth; antimony; tin; silver; gold; the platinum group ; appendices.*“Nitrogen Industry.” J. R. Partington and L. H. Parker. Pp. xv. and 33%. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 21s.net. Nitrogen products and Chile nitrate ; by-product ammonia and an-monium sulphate manufacture; nitrogen fixation processes. *“ Organic Chemistry, Theories of .” F. Henrich. Translated from 4th German edition by T. 13. Johnscn and D. A. Hahn. Pp. xv. and 603. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 30s. The historical development of the theory of organic chemistry up to the period of the theory of types; early history of structural chemistry; later developments in structural chemistry; Johannes Thiele’s theory of partial valencies; theory of Alfred Werner; recent theories in regard to valency ; electron conception of valency ; so-called negative natcre of atomic groups or radicles.Recent theories in regard to the mechanism of chemical reactions; question as to the constitution of benzene; tautomerism and clesmotropism; ionization isomerism ; application of physico-chemical principles to organised chemistry; theoretical specula-tions of John Ulric Lef; conclusions with ragard to the independent existence of free organs and the relation between colour and chemical constitution: indicators ; relationship between fluorescence and consti- tution ; molecular rearrangements ; basic properties of oxygen ; theoretical speculations of Arthur Michael ; electrochemicsl theorie.;.“Petroleum Industry, a Handbook of the.” 2 Vols. D. T. Day. Pp. 974 and 1,012. (New York: John Wiley S: Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman Rr Hall, Ltd.) 75s. “ Physical Chemistry, Laboratory Manual of .” A. W. Davison and 11. S. Klooster. Pp. viii. and 182. (New York: John Wjley Sr. Sons, Inc. ; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. Twenty-four selected enperiments. *“ Plant Products, an Introduction to the Chemistry of.” Vol. 11. Metabolic Processes. P. Haas and T. G. Hill. Pp. viii. and 140. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 7s. 6d. Introduction; the living plant ; synthesis of fats ; synthesis of proteins ; respiration; growth. “Where to Buy.” July, 1922, issue. Pp. 176. (London: S. Davis & Co.) 2s. 6d. A Directory for (1) general chemicals, (2) fine chemicals, (3) plant,material and apparatus, with an index of trade names.3 11 Obituary. FREDERICKTHOMASHARRY, who died, from pneumonia, at M. Leonards, on 14th September, in his 40th year, was born at Lambeth, and educated at the Battersea Polytechnic Day School. Having gained a London County Council Intermediate Scholarship he studied at Finsbury Technical College from 1897 to 1900, and then for one year at the City and Guilds Central Technical College, where he was engaged on research under Prof. H. E. Armstrong. In 1901 he joined the staff of Mr. A, Chaston Chapman, to whom he became chief assistant in 1907, which position he still held at the time of his death. His assistance in bio-chemical investigations is arknowledged in several papers by Mr.Chaston Chapman published in the Journal of the Chemical Society and The Anctly.yt. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. The Royal College of Science Association has reported the death of LESLIEHORACE which occurred at Christmas, 191 7, in his 24th HOWLETT, year. Educated at Westminster City School, he entered the Royal College .of Science in 1912, where he took the Diploma of A.R.C.S., and graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.). Inadditionto thenormalcourse for the Diploma, he worked for two years in chemical engineering and the technology of fuel under Prof. Bone before he joined the staff of Nobel’s Explosives Co. at Ardeer, early in 1917. In the same year he published two papers on .“Electrical Signalling Systems in Mines’‘ in the Proceedings of the Association of JfininyElectrical Engineers.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. WILLIAIMKELLNERdied at Victoria Road, Charlton, Kent, on September 12th, in his 83rd gear. Born at Frankfort in 1839, he received his scientific training under Prof. Wohler at Gottingen University, where . he obtained the degree of PhD. In 1552, he came to England as Assistant to Sir Henry Roscoe, at Owens College, Manchester, and in 1864, joined the staff of Sir Frederic Ahel, then the \Var Department Chemist at Woolwich, where he was at first engaged in general m-ork of the department, but later in investigatory and experimental work, both in connection with explosives, and with the requirements of the various Commissions and Committees on which the War Department Chemist was a prominent member.Of these the “Royal Commission on Accidents in Mines” arc1 “The Explosives Committee” (appointed in 1859 to produce a smokeless powder for the Service), may bc mentioned. Ilr. Kellner also devoted much attention to the production of an apparatus for determining the flash-point of oils; he was largely responsible for the Abel flash-point apparatus, and in collaboration with Sir Boverton Eedwood carried orit an exhaustive series of tests with this apparatus. Much of the more difficult research and experimental work in connection with the evolution of cordite and the production of this explosive was carried out hy Dr. Kellner.In 1892, he succeeded Sir Frederick Abel as Chemist to the Y\’ilr Department, and in addition to the duties of t8hatjoffice served as <tn Associate Member of the Ordnance Board and as Consultiny Chemist, to the Royal Gunpowder Factory at Waltham Abbey. He retired from tlip Service in 1904. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry in 187s arid served on the Council from 1596 to 1895. 312 HENRYHERONSMITH,who died at Eltham on the 7th October in his 76th year, received his training under Mr. John Noble, chief science teacher at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, from 1868-1871, and became chemist to Messrs. Henley & Co., Telegraph Works, North Woolwich, which post he held for five years. In 1876 he joined the staff of War Department Chemist, Royal Arsenal, under the late Sir F.Abel, and in 1877 was loaned to the Royal Laboratory Department, Orchnnce Factories, V7001wich, later being appointed chief metallurgist to the department, which position he held until his retirement in 1911. He was responsible for the manufacture of steel, shells, brass and cupro-nickel strip; and was the pioneer of much valuable work carried out at a period when the Schneider and Martini Henry ammunition were passing out of the service. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1890 313 General Notices. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council, nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday, 11th December, 1922.I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on March 7th, 1921:- Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafforit, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton. Bristo! and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts., Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmoreland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaeter as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks , Oxford, Bucking- ham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants., with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Rlanchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Laneaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Countis of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, -4bordeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife; Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.Glasgow and West of Scotla.nd, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, hverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iji). The County of Monmouth. Ireland. The Overseas Dominions, the Empire uf India and abroad. 314 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:-11. (1)Any five Members whose registered addresses arc, within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fe!low as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council lor that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Corrimittee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94, 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such elcction, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that Uistrict shall sit, jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or hefore the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the foilow ing form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.R., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Nembers.111. (1) On or before the fifth day of Jan1iar.y in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district, in the manner pre- scribed by By-Law 81, n balloting list containing the names of the candi- dates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District: Except that in the case of District (xi) this rule shall read as if “September ” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.”(2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council bymalting a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting liqt in a sealed envclope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secretary at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election i\ being held.TT’. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineera, not Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened spepiallp for that purpose. (2) The iAloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January IS in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-TAawsshall be disallowecl.315 (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting on the third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving tho greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (.5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has withdrawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall he filled as provided in Rule J7.(6) The election of District Members of C’ouncil shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. T7. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xi), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by th, election of one eligible Fellow. The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated, and are eligible for re-elec- tion :-(ii) Bristol and South Western Counties : Robert Dexter Littlefield.(iii) Liveryool and North-West Coast : John Hanlep. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : Alfred Vincent Elsden, B.Sc. (v) hlanchester and Distict : William Marshall. (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire: William McDonnell Mackey. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Thomas William Drinkwater, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Macleod. 316 (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire: George Rudd Thompson. (x) Ireland : Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, A.R.C.S.I., B.Sc., Ph.D. No District Member of Council has as yet been elected for either of the following Districts :-(I) Birmingham and Midlands and (xi) The Overseas Dominions, the Empire of India, and Abroad.Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to Novem- ber, 1919,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. The charge for the Appointments Register is 0s. 6d on the hrst entry, and 5s. for renewals. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Council have agreed to accept advertisements, subject to the Publication Commit tee’s approval of the wording, from Fellows and Associates seeking appointments, at a special rate of 3s.gd. for each insertion. Advertisements may also be received from employers seeking the services of chemists and from Fellows and Associates seeking partnerships. 317 The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10A.M. and 2 P.M.) except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M.to 9 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.) Registered Students of the Institute are permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. The Register of the Institute is in course of revision for publication in 1923. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually for chemical research work of outstanding importance, carried out by a British chemist under 30 years of age, and completed during the year in respect of which the award is made.The award is primarily for analytical chemistry, but need not be restricted to that branch. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1922 will be decided in January, 1923. The 45th Anniversary Dinner has been postponed.- (See page 287,) Admission of Fellows and Associates.-The Council have decided that after 1st January, 1923, candidates who are elected to the Fellowship without passing through the grade of -Associateship, or to the Associateship, shall be required, as a condition precedent to their admission to the Institute, to attend before the Council, or before the Committee of a Local Section, to make the Declaration required by the By-Laws, and to receive their certificates from the President, or the Chairman of the Local Section as the case may be, who will welcome them into the Institute, 31 8 The ceremony will take place at the Council Meeting or Local Section meeting next succeeding the meeting at which the new member has been elected.The Council have also decided, subject to the concurrence of the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, that in the case of a newly-elected Fellow or Associate resident in the Overseas Dominions or elsewhere abroad, where an Honorary Corre-sponding Secretary has been appointed by the Institute, the new member shall he required, at a convenient time, to hand his Declaration to the Honorary Corresponding Secretarv, from whom he will receive his certificate of membership.Where there is no Honorary Corresponding Secretary the Council may dispense with this requirement, but will welcome the new member when he is in this country. The Council hope by this means to bring the new Fellows and Associates immediately into direct touch with the Institute and its Sections, and encourage them to take an active interest in the work of the Institute for the good of the profession. Journal, Part I., 1 922.-The stock of copies of the Jotcmd Part I., 1922, containing the article on the title “chemist,” is almost exhausted. The Registrar, therefore, will be glad to receive copies from any member who may be in the possession of two, or who does not desire to keep his copy for binding.Examinations.-Examinations +or the Associateship and Fellowship will be held during the weeks commencing January 8th and 15th, 1923. The list of candidates will close on Monday, November 27th. Intending candidates can obtain full particulars from the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9224600281

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1922. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, 1V.C. 1.LONDON, December, 1922. Publications Committee, 1922-23 HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Cltarrnz~~t), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Presrdmt), WALTER E. ADENEY, ARCHIBALD A. BOON, R. LESLIE COLLETT, ALLIN COTTRELL, T. W. DRINKWATER, LEWIS EYNON, JOHN HANLEY, G. NEVILL HUNTLY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, 0.B.E ANDREW MORE, T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J WILSON. 321 Proceedings of the Council.OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 7 922. Agricultural Colleges.-The Council have addressed a further letter to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries on the matters referred to in Part V. of the Journal (pp. 283-6), viz. the interference of state-aided agricultural colleges with consulting and analytical practice. In this letter, the Council acknowledge the readiness of the Ministry to consider suggestions for meeting the difficulties which have arisen, but have expressed regret that the matters brought to the notice of the Ministry do not appear to have been regarded at all from the point of view of the professional chemists whom the Institute represents. While admitting that it may often be difficult to draw a clear line of distinction between what is or may be of educational value and what is not, the Council hold that there are cases, such as that already brought to the notice of the Ministry, which admit of no real difficulty.It would have been some satisfaction to the Council to have been assured that where, as in the case in question, the chemical examination of viscera was clearly undertaken in connection with a claim for loss, the Ministry would readily acknowledge that such a matter did not come under the heading of “analysis of educational value,” and would have intimated to those responsible for under- taking such work at an agricultural college in receipt of state aid that they were exercising functions beyond their legitimate sphere. The carlying out of analytical work by state-aided institutions at fees which are inadequate constitutes a grave injustice to the private practitioner, and, seeing that it is done through the medium of grants received for purely educational purposes, the Council feel strongly that it should not be allowed.They note that the Ministry is unable to accept the argument that because other producers cannot obtain free analysis, the farmer should not be so privileged; but the Ministry has given no reason for its attitude on that point. The Council have therefore expressed the hope that the Ministry will recognise the justice of the complaint made by agricultural chemists, who have themselves done so much for the farming community, and that they will give instructions to the colleges concerned not to undertake private work which lies outside the proper sphere of educational institutions.I ncome Tax,-The correspondence between the Institute and the Board of Inland Revenue on the subject of Income Tax has been brought under the notice of the Income Taxpayers’ Society, whose Director, Lord Decies, has kindly consented to the publication of the opinions summarised below : “Since the passing of the Finance Act, 1922, all employees come under the Rules of Schedule ‘E,’ and all other chemists and scientific workers under the Rules of Schedule ‘D.’ “Rule I, Schedule ‘E’ directs the deduction of all sums paid out of salary by virtue of any Act of Parliament, and Rule g authorises the deduction of all expenses ‘necessarily and es-clusively’ incurred in the discharge of duties.“The words in Rule g are ‘may be deducted,’ and the Board of Inland Revenue apparently interpret these as giving the Board a discretion, and a right to dictate the method of proof. “Rule g is framed from the taxpayer’s point of view, and gives him a right to deduct all necessary and exclusive expenses, upon proving, in any satisfactory way, that these expenses are necessary and exclusive, and are in fact paid by him, and not by his employers, and that he has no right to require the em- ployers to pay them. “The Income Taxpayers’ Society thinks that the High Court would hold that the Board of Inland Revenue is not entitled to dictate the method of proof so long as satisfactory proof is given.“As to private workers, the Rules of Schedule ‘D’ allow all genuinely professional expenditure to be deducted from the earnings of each year. “As to the several items:- (I) Subscriptions to societies are allowable so far as they are attributable to professional needs, but not so far as they are paid in return for social or material amenities, e.g. the use of a clubhouse for such non-scientific purposes as meals, chess-playing, etc. 323 (2)Subscriptions to libraries, and to periodicals, are to be allowed so far as necessary and attributzble to scientific purposes. If the library is a general one, a proportion should be disallowed as representing the use of non-scientific works. (3) Purchase of books and instruments is strictly capital outlay and not allowable.What is allowable is the ‘annual upkeep ’ of a suitable scientific library and apparatus, and this ‘upkeep ’ must involve a reasonable addition of new works and new inventions, as well as the ‘wear and tear’ or repair of old ones. (4) Damage to clothing is allowable so far as it is inevitable, and is the result wholly of use for professional purposes. (5) Travelling expenses, to be allowed, must conform to the limitation that they are incurred ‘on work,’ and not in ‘going to work or home again.’ As a rule, scientific conferences and meetings such as those indicated in the case prepared by the Institute seem to comply with this requirement; the meeting or conference is not the actual employment, but the professional chemist attends in the course of his duties.(6) Rent and expenses of private study, etc., must answer the test of being necessary to duties and exclusively attributable to duties. Any portion not so answering is to be disallowed. (7) General research expenses are allowable so far as they answer the ‘necessary and exclusive ’ tests. “The Rules of Schedule ‘E’ allow only actual expenditure. “Those of Schedule ‘D ’ do not entirely exclude estimates for ‘wear and tear,’ as opposed to actual expenditure. Schedule ‘D ’ again has a definite rule that allowance for supply or repair of ‘articles, utensils, or implements’ must not exceed the average annual expenditure for that purpose during the three preceding years.’ ’ Milk.-The Councils of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts have communicated again with the Ministry of Health on the subject of the circular dealing with prosecutions of milk vendors, issued by the Ministry earlier in the year, and have urged that the explanation given to the Institute and the Society, referred to in Part V., should also be given to local authorities concerned with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.Board of Education: Pensions Scheme.-The attention of the Council has been directed to a circular (No. 1286), issued by the Board of Education to Local Education Authorities and Governing Bodies of Schools with regard to the proposed Pension Regulations and particularly clauses 111.and VII. of that circular quoted hereunder : (111.) “There must be actual teaching service of an amount which can reasonably be regarded as occupying the whole time of the teacher. The Board are of opinion that such normally amounts to between 35 and 40 hours a week during 36 weeks of the year and that of this, in the case of an ordinary class teacher, not more than 25 hours is usually devoted to actual class teaching, and the rest to subsidiary duties entailed by actual teaching. The clause suggests a minimum of at least 30 hours a week teaching service during 36 weeks, or the equivalent.” (VII.) “Where the employment under an agreement includes, in addition to teaching, duties of administration, inspection, or organisation, other than the internal duties within the limits of an institution provided for in paragraph V.above; or includes duties, such as research or the furnishing of technical advice, which form no part of the teaching, the service will be regarded by the Board as mixed service, and not as full time service in the capacity of a teacher. It will not, therefore, be recognised as pensionable.” The Council, having considered the matter, on behalf of members of the Institute who are teachers of chemistry, haye informed the Board that the definition of actual teaching service given under 111. and qualified by VII. is unsatisfactory, par- ticularly as it appears entirely to discourage research, in direct contravention of the idea that it is the business of universities, colleges and schools not only to preserve but to extend knowledge.The Council understand that other bodies are protesting against the terms of the circular, and they have asked that the Board will consider the views expressed above when the matter is before them. Benevolent Fund.-The Council have asked the Committees of Local Sections to nominate representatives to serve on the Benevolent Fund Committee in order to provide the necessary organisation for dealing with cases in different parts of the country and to keep the Sections informed with regard to the progress of the fund. 325 Teachers in Technical Schools.-A further letter has been received from the Education Officer of the London County Council setting forth the views of the Higher Education Sub- Committee on the question of recognising the Associateship of the Institute obtained on examination by the Institute as equivalent to a good honours degree, as follows: “Under section 6 of the Report of the Standing Joint Committee on scales for technical teachers it is laid down that the qualifications which may be recognised as the equivalent of a degree shall be determined in the individual case by the local education authority, provided that the Standing Joint Committee may at any time issue such a list of qualifications, and under section 4 (3) (a) it is provided that additional allowance shall be made for a good honours degree or its technological equivalent as determined by the local education authority.Accordingly the Council has drawn up a list of qualifica- tions which it is proposed to accept as equivalent to a degree, and among these qualifications is the Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry if obtained by examination. Owing, however, to the wide scope of the work of technical institutions and to the extraor- dinarily diverse qualifications of the teachers engaged in these institutions it was not considered practicable to draw up any list, of technological equivalents to a good honours degree and the Sub- committee therefore decided to review the individual qualifications of the existing teachers in technical institutions in order to determine whether they could be regarded as equivalent in value to a good honours degree.After full consideration, the Sub-committee are of opinion that it would be undesirable to re-open the question of equivalents to degrees and good honours degrees, and they accordingly feel unable to depart from the position as stated above.” Register of Fellows, Associates and Students, 1 923,-The Register for 1923,which is now in the course of preparation, will include, in addition to preliminary matter relating to the constitution, objects and policy of the Institute, a topographical list of members providing information with regard to their qualifications and the branches of work in which they are en- gaged, with indexes of names and places. Members are requested to return the forms issued with this Part of the Journal as promptly as possible in order to avoid delay in the publication.Election of a Member of CounciI.-Mr. F. H. Lees has been co-opted a Member of the Council in the place of Dr. F. Mollwo Perkin, who has vacated his seat. 326 Local Sections. Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Bristol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle, A.I.C., 170, Newbridge Counties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of J.Adam Watson, F.I.C., 24, Polmarth Gardens, Scotland : nT.Edinburgh.M.Glasgow and West of Scot-Cumming, B.Sc., A.I.C., Royal land : Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : T.,4. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, LyndaleAvenue, Birkby, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : Dr. W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., F.I.C., York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. R. B. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North-John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. Leslie Collett, M.A., F.I.C., The Institute of Counties: Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Manchester and District: James Barr, B.Sc., A.I.C., The Bungalow, Waterside, Marple, Cheshire. Newcastle -on-Tyne and C. J. H. Stock, B.Sc., F.I.C., County Analyst’s North-East Coast : Office, Darlington, Co.Durham. South Wales: L. E. Hinkel, M.Sc., F.I.C., 17, Brooklands Terrace, Swanseu. Belfast.-On 27th October, Mr. Marks, Chief Chemist to Messrs. Harland and Wolff, gave the Section an interesting account of his visit to the Bureau of Standards, Washington, including a comprehensive and critical description of the buildings and equipment . On 24th November, Mr. Hoskins, Chief Chemist to the Belfast Gas Works, gave an historical sketch of the deveIopment cf the valuation of town gas and showed the advantage of the 327 therm system. He described the Simmance-Abady and Fair- weather continuous recording gas calorimeters, which give a continuous record of the calorific value of the gas, all corrections for temperature and pressure being made automatically.Bristol and South Western Counties.-The Annual Dinner of the Section was held at St. Stephen’s Restaurant, Bristol, on November 3oth, Mr. Edward Russell in the chair. The 1oyal:oast having been honoured, the evening was agreeably devoted to a programme of song and story, to which the following contributed :-Mrs. Saunders, Mrs. Wintle (ac-companist), Mr. W. H. Lewtas, Mr. Eric Hodges (solo pianist), Mr. ,4. Jones and Mr. Wintle. &4vote of thanks to the Chairman and the Secretary, proposed by Mr. Southerden, of Exeter, terminated the proceedings. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section, in conjunction with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, was held on 11th December in the Society of Arts Hall, 117,George Street, Edinburgh, when Prof.H. S. Allen, M.A., D.Sc., delivered a lecture on “Modern Theories of the Structure of the Atom.” The Annual Dinner arranged jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry will be held in the Royal Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, on Saturday, January zoth, 1923. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At the annual general meeting of the Section, held on 3rd November at the Royal Technical College, Prof. F. J. Wilson preAded. The Committee for the ensuing session was elected with Mr. F. W. Harris as Vice-Chairman, Mr. J. Sorley as Treasurer, and Mr.W. M. Cumniing as Hon. Secretary. The accounts for the year were received and adopted. The meeting was followed by a very enjoyable smoking concert. Other fixtures of the Section include a Joint Meeting with the Ardeer Chemical Club, a Joint Meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry (19th January), Annual Dinner (23rd February), and a Joint Smoking Concert with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry (16th March). 328 Huddersfie1d.-On 24th November, at the Technical College, a meeting was held jointly with the Huddersfield Textile Society, the Huddersfield Engineering Society, the Society of Dyers and Colourists (Huddersfield Section), and the West Yorkshire Metallurgical Society.Frank Roebuck, Esq., J.P., President of the Huddersfield Textile Society, presided over a large audience. Dr. H. T. Calvert, F.I.C., of the Ministry of Health, gave an address on “Water for Industrial Purposes with special reference to Textile and Engineering needs,” in the course of which he dealt with the source of water supply, and the origin and removal of the various impurities, with special reference to the needs of the textile and engineering industries. He also dealt with the questions of storage and the use of water for direct power pur- poses, steam raising and condensing, scouring and dyeing. Many of the troubles due to the use of unsuitable water were discussed and the treatment necessary to render the water suitable for the particular purpose was indicated.A very animated discussion followed, and Dr. Calvert answered a large number of questions, which indicated the magnitude of the subject and the need for a wider and fuller appreciation and use of the services of chemists. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer, on the motion of Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Chairman of the Section, seconded by Mr. €3. R. Pitt, of the West Yorkshire Metallurgical Society. Huddersfield, Leeds Area and Liverpool.-On the 23rd and 24th October, and 9th November, these sections respectively were addressed by the Registrar of the Institute on “The present position and future prospects of the Institute and the profession.” The chartered professional institutions generally, he said, had become recognised as part of the machinery of the State; they supplied the hall- mark whereby the trained practitioners in any profession could be distinguished ; they exercised greater influence, and received greater recognition from the community, now than at any time hitherto.The result in the case of the Institute was the establishment of an organisation of nearly 4000 members with a very high standard of professional competency and integrity, an organisation which had rendered the country good service and of which every member had good reason to be proud. 329 The Institute had throughout striven for high ideals and high standards, and would continue to be the main factor in sustaining the prestige of chemists and promoting their highest interests.An important move had been the establishment of local sections, of which the chief objects were to make the members better known to one another and to secure their co-operation in making the Institute and the profession greater and stronger. In the eyes of the public the Institute and the profession had still to contend with a misunderstanding as to the use of the word “chemist,” but he thought that progress had been made in that matter; not so much with the man in the street as with the people whose views carried weight. Chemists were coming into their own title by the natural process of assuming it. They could not take any other; but they would secure it as the public learned more about them and their work. The usefulness of a profession might be gauged by the extent to which its members were employed. After the war chemists were in demand, and at the end of 1920 only 13 members of the Institute were known to be without employment.It was remarkable-in view of the very large increase in the number of recruits to the profession, the depression in industry, and the closing down of works-that the number of members now unemployed was so small. Still, there was a surplus of about i30, i.e. less than 3 per cent., and he asked for the help of members of the Sections in making an endeavour to find them work, since the profession could not be entirely happy unless it was fully employed. With the increased teaching of science in schools and the extended facilities for higher training in universities and technical colleges, a far more sympathetic and intelligent appreciation was shown towards scientific work.He thought it unwise and hurtful to complain that the profession was not recognised as it should be. Chemists were comparatively few in number, and were not so much in the public eye as some other professional men, but people were realising more and more how much they were in- debted to chemists. Let any one of them make a discovery of note and the Press would not neglect it-a triumph for British science was ever welcome. Chemists should welcome all suitable opportunities of letting other people know who they are and what they do. The training for chemistry was as prolonged as for other professions, the order of intellect required was as high as for any, the services rendered (so far as they could be com- pared) were as valuable, and the strictest code of professional 330 conduct was observed.The mountebank-who promised a good report for advertisement purposes before he received the sample- had disappeared, but practitioners had still to contend with competition from trading concerns and State-aided institutions which were beyond the control of the censors. There was less interference from other professions ; perhaps the advance of chemical methods placed the work beyond their capacity. In recent years there had been a great increase in the number of young men and women capable of routine testing; but such work had a limited value, and could not afford satisfactory prospects for highly trained men.The chemist could never consider himself a finished article. He had continually to im- prove his faculties and character if he looked for highly respons- ible, more exacting, and better paid work. If chemists were to take a more prominent part in industry they must be men of affairs as well as chemists. He thought, therefore, that more chemical students Fhould be encouraged to take some training in the principles of engineering and some at least to acquire experi- ence in commerce. He knew that this would be held by some to be impracticable, and he was far from advocating over-training, which led to exhaustion; but he suggested that engineering could be taken more frequently as an optional subject, and that if chemists were to replace what might be termed “rule of thumb” or “practical” men, it would be necessary for them to acquire something of the good and useful qualities of the latter.One would think that an overcrowded profession would be un- attractive. He constantly told students that they must be brilliant to be very successful. He could not deter the new recruits, and could only conclude that the young man bent on science is not out for fortune but for higher aims. Chemistry was a calling in which there was room for men of variow grades of ability. It was impossible to prevent the influx of men of less attainments, of whom there was always a certain need. The most that could bc done was to urge employers who required the services of such assistant? to take only those who had the necessary general education and the earnest intention of becoming properly qualified.This would tend to eliminate the type of assistant who never became more than an adept in a nairow sphere, but was a source of trouble to the profession when he pretended to be a chemist. He was not convinced that compulsory registration, if it were possible, was yet desirable, except for certain special purposes, or that it would be wise on general grounds to hedge round with legislative restrictions the pursuit of science, any more than the pursuit of art or music. He thought that chemists should take more interest in public work; it would assist them in upholding the profession.He also referred to the importance of supporting home chemical in- dustries. In industries which were essentially chemical, chemists were now more frequently found among the directors, or as managers, but there were many other concerns less chemical in character, which might with advantage employ chemists on the works or as consultants. In conclusion, he expressed the opinion that the Institute was in a sound condition, and was steadily improving in every way, but to maintain that improvement members generally must take their share in its affairs and keep alive the spirit of pro- fessional fellowship. The profession was in a far more satisfactory condition than at any pre-war period, and, but for the surplus,- which, howevet, should be absorbed without great difficulty as conditions become more normal-the future was very promising. The coming generation must realise, however, that a chemist was not equipped for the business of life unless in addition to his chemistry he could bring a practical mind to bear on the needs and aims of those whom he served. It appeared to him, more- over, necessary to discourage entry into the profession of any who showed no promise of really making good in it, while every effort should be made to effect the more complete organisation of qualified chelnists and to ensure the continuance of a supply of strong leaders.He asked the sections to concentrate on forming definite ideas for the advice of the coming generation of chemists who are now in preparation for their profession. DISCUSSIONAT HUDDERSFIELD.The Chairman, Dr. Hodgson, after thanking Mr. Pilcher for his address, agreed with him that the work of the Institute was largely one of patriotism. The chemist was a very valuable asset to the state. It was necessary to convince chemists of this fact, and also that they owed a duty to their profession. The general public must also realise the vital importance of the work of chemists to the welfare of the country. It was possible that if this country failed to develop its dyestuffs industry, the textile industry might eventually pass into the hands of the country possessing the strongest dyestuffs industry. Mr. Moss thought the note of optimism in the Registrar’s address was veryuseful at the present time, when a number of qualified and experienced chemists found it difficult to secure employment.Industry must absorb this temporary surplus, and in this connection the best qualification in addition to chemical knowledge was a common-sense knowledge of practical engineering. This was much more important than a theoretical knowledge of engineering, which could be left to the physicist and engineer. Mr. Lea put in a plea for a more comprehensive register of chemists, to be available at all public libraries. Mr. G. B. Jones urged the need of chemists on the com- mercial side of industry, so that customers might learn to ap- preciate the scientific outlook. Chemists who took up this work must avoid over-specialis at’ ion.Dr. Bruce said that business men must realise that research could be made to pay. Results could not be expected at once, and a good understanding between the chemist and the management was essential. A broader training would help manager, engineer, and chemist to meet on terms of equality. Mr. Foster referred to the practice of manufacturers advertis- ing for chemists with experience in their own special branch. He thought that the Institute might usefully issue a pamphlet pointing out that a chemist of sound training without the special experience was a better investment than one with the special experience but inferior training. Mr. Robson suggested that the only way for chemists to get a position in the management was to displace the non-technical man, and that was largely a question of personality.Dr. Everest said that the formation of local sections of the Institute had been an enormous step forward, in that it had brought about a more intimate relation between the individual chemist and the Institute. The universities must turn out practical men with a sound knowledge of chemical plant. Dr. Paul compared the status of the chemist in the works forty years ago with that of the chemist of to-day. There had been a vast improvement, particularly in the post-war years. Mr. Pilcher, in replying, emphasised the fact that the pro- fessionof chemistry was at least the equal of any other profession, and that it was only a question of time and patient effolt before this fact would be generally recognised.DISCUSSIONAT LEEDS. The Chairman, Mr. Mackey, in opening the discussion, referred to Mr. Pilcher’s long connection with the Institute and to the growth of the Institute during that time. He also said it was a great advantage, particularly to those about to enter the profession, to hear criticism from one, who although not himself a chemist, had an inside knowledge of the profession. He was not in favour of making the profession a closed one. Mr. F. W. Richardson said that, although the Institute of Chemistry had been in existence for a good number of years, the great bulk of manufacturing firms were still unacquainted with the import of its qualifications.Even to-day very few seemed to understand the difference between the letters F.I.C. and F.C.S., and if a member of the Society of Chemical Industry put M.S.C.I. after his name people would think that this was a still better qualification, because it had four letters instead of three. What was wanted was an attempt to educate manu- facturers and industrialists as to the value of the qualifications conferred by the Institute. He was decidedly pessimistic in regard to the position of trained chemists. It seemed to him that the chcmical profession was overstocked. Industrialists had really not learned any lessons from the war, or from the fact that Germany at one time owed her position very largely to the work of her chemists.Mr. B. A. Burrell said he was in substantial agreement with Mr. Richardson’s views. There was no doubt that the profession of analytical chemistry was much overcrowded, and one wondered what was to become of the large number of young chemists who were being turned out of the universities year by year. Seem-ingly the only positions the universities and technical schools could offer were posts as teachers or research students, neither of which were of a lucrative nature. A possible cause of the over- crowding was the great rush of ex-Service men who obtained grants of public money after the war. In many cases these men were entirely unfit for a university course, and, in his opinion, the money would have been more profitably expended by starting them in the colonies.He had had numerous applications for possible vacancies, in some cases from highly qualified men, for whom, in the present adverse trade conditions, there seemed to be no prospects. He was sorry to speak in this strain, but it was no good ignoring facts. 334 Dr. R. B. Forster said that he was glad to hear that Mr. Pilcher attached great importance to the word;“chernist.” He had always held the view that only those who were members of the profession of chemistry were entitled to be called “chemists.” They had made some progress, and he felt confident that they would ultimately succeed if they persisted. It rested with the members of the profession whether they would succeed or not. Nothing that was worth having was ever easily obtained.One of the best ways of educating the public was always to describe oneself as a “chemist” without any qualifying adjective. He would not be satisfied until all the chemists in the country were banded together in one society. It was their duty to make the profession attractive, and they could only do that by insisting on their rights. It was one of the wisest things the Institute had done when they dispensed with the A.I.C. examination where the applicant possessed a satisfactory degree, and he looked forward to the day when the student had only to apply for registration on attaining his degree. They must not despise united action; it was necessary that they should stand together on certain occasions, as the medical profession had done in the case of a recent public appointment.He did not agree with the pessimistic remarks of some of the speakers. It was true trade was bad, but although employers had a lot to learn as to the value of chemists and chemical re- search, they were much more enlightened now than they were some years ago. There were at least twenty openings for the chemist now to one in pre-war days. As evidence of the demand for chemists even at present, he mentioned that out of 31students who took their B.Sc. in colour chemistry in Leeds University last June only four were still seeking employment. Mr. F. W. Branson endorsed the remarks of Mr. Pilcher as to the utility of a knowledge of engineering, especially if preceded by a study of theoretical and practical mechanics.With regard to Mr. Richardson’s remark that manufacturers in West Yorkshire did not encourage members of the Institute of Chemistry, his experience was not confirmatory. With respect to the action taken by the British Medical Association at Man-Chester for the regulation of minimum salaries, alluded to by Dr. Forster, he thought it would not be wise on the part of the Institute to imitate this policy, as the constitution and functions of the two bodies were dissimilar. Finally, he appealed to the junior members to place a high value on positioiis which gave them ample opportunities for acquiring a wider outlook and new and varied experience. Mr. R. Gawler expressed his high appreciation of the address of Mr.Pilcher. As instancing the occasional lack of under-standing of the aims of the Institute, he drew attention to the curious mistake frequently noticed in the Press and in cheap dictionaries in the description of the Institute as the “Institute of Chemists.” It was perfectly true that one of the aims of the Institute was to defend the interests of professional chemists, and we had no reason to doubt that the Council kept the interests of their members in view. Nevertheless, as Mr. Pilcher’s address had reminded us, the real nature of the Institute was better expressed in its title “Institute of Chemistry.” The real bond uniting the members was their attachment to the science of chemistry, and the desire to advance the science to its true place in the nation was a far loftier motive than might be read into the title “Institute of Chemists,” by a member of the general public.Petty personal aims were not the main object of the Institute. Mr. G. Ward, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Pilcher for his address, said the lecturer had dwelt upon many important points which furnished food for reflection, and said that he could not quite agree with the depreciatory remarks of some of the speakers upon the practice of chemistry as a profession, and would assure the young members present that much of their future was in their own hands, and that the best way of gaining success was to deserve it. He had been connected with the Institute for many years, and had had pleasure in watching its development and growth in numbers and usefulness, DISCUSSIONAT LIVERPOOL.Prof. Bannister, who opened the discussion, thanked Mr. Pilcher, on behalf of the meeting, for the trouble he k;ad taken in coming from London to address them, and for the words of wisdom he had spoken. His opinions on matters connected with the profession were of very great value, owing to his experience during many years and his opportunities of watching the varying tendencies and the progress made. There was so much in the address that might be discussed with advantage that it was necessary to choose some particular point for comment. For example, the question of works experience for chemists was one of very great importance; he (Prof.Bannister) always impressed on students taking up 336 positions in works laboratories the need of grasping every opportunity of getting into the works. In this way much would be done for the profession, as in time to come we should have more and more trained chemists in positions of high authority. With regard to students obtaining works experience during vacations, this was also important, and there should be ample time and opportunity for University students to get in some experience during their long summer vacation. Twenty years ago it was a very difficult matter for students to get into English works, and they generally had to go to the Continent to get this experience. He was pleased to know that at the present time there was a distinct improvement in this direction, and it was much easier now for students to spend some part of their vacation in works in this country.Prof. Heilbron thought there was a very considerable danger, in our earnest desire to push forward the young students, of doing more harm than good by suggesting that the long vacation should be taken up in works experience. He found that it took a student all his time in a three-years course to get through the necessary matter, and much of his vacation must necessarily be taken up with reading if he were a really hard-working person. As, from now onwards, they would be dealing with a younger class of student than recently, he thought it essential that, during the vacation, they should have as much time as possible for both physical and mental recuperation.He felt that, in the long run, such a course would prove to be correct, for in his opinion, if a student had a thorough academic training and, during that period, ample opportunity to improve his physique by outdoor exercise, then once in a works he would very soon learn to adapt himself to the new conditions and rapidly become efficient. As regards students who remained for post-graduate work, the long vacation which they were generally supposed to have, by those unacquainted with university work, was somewhat of a delusion; for, once a student started on research work, froni three weeks to a month at the most was the normal vacation which he could enjoy, He (Prof.Heilbron) certainly deprecated the idea of putting a young student into a works during vacation time, and trusted that the Institute of Chemistry would adopt a far-sighted policy should such a question ever be seriously considered. Mr. Croad, in expressing appreciation of the excellent address, suggested that the Institute might usefully offer to scrutinise chemists’ agreements with employers. He had recently met a case in which an employer in Brazil repudiated his agreement with a British chemist, because the agreement signed in Britain had not been witnessed by the Brazilian Consul in this country. Only a lawyer could be expected to know of this formality. Mr. Monk suggested it would be useful if a list of employers willing to engage students during vacations were published.Mr. Shepherd deplored interference of the Institute between employers and their chemists. There was a tendency for the employer to take the chemist at the latter’s own valuation. The chemist must see to this himself. No third party could adjust the matter. Mr. Pilcher thanked the meeting €or the interest shown in his paper, and expressed his pleasure in being with the Section. He hoped to be with them more frequently in the future. Leeds Area,-The annual meeting of the above Section was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, on November aand. Mr. Wm. McD. Mackey (chairman) having given a brief sketch of the work of the preceding session, Mr. Grinling, Hon. Sec. to the N.E. Coast Voting District Executive Committee, explained the circumstances leading up to the formation of that Committee.It was agreed that the Committee should consist of four delegates from each Section, an Hon. Secretary and any members of the Council residing within the voting district. Messrs. Gawler and McCandlish were re-appointed auditors, and Dr. R. B. Forster was re-appointed Hon. Secretary. The Section also decided to hold a dinner in February. The Chairman then called upon Mr. Richardson to read a paper on “The Ethics of Expert Evidence.” A lengthy discussion followed, in which the Chairman, Messrs. Burrell, Foster, Grinling, E. Read, Dr. R. B. Forster, and others took part. Liverpool and North-Western.-At the annual general meeting of the Section, held on 9th November at the Washington Hotel, the Secretary submitted a report on the work of the Section during the year, which was duly received and adopted.The Chairman (Mr. H. J. Evans) delivered a short address on the working of the Section. The Secretary’s report showed that the Section had carried out an excellent programme, that the number of active members had been doubled, and that the Section was in a sound position 338 financially. Their discussions had dealt with questions of pro-fessional rather than of scientific interest, and some interesting meetings had been held jointly with other societies in the district. The Chairman commented on the various papers which had been discussed, and which had already been mentioned in the Journal.Any movement or development which helped to raise the profession as a whole and to increase the status of its members indicated progress. He was an ardent advocate for closing the profession. He divided the membership of the Institute into three classes-those who, having received their entire training at the university, were about to seek appointments; those who had passed that stage and had been engaged for some years in acquiring skill and experience, who either were seeking further knowledge and experience in order to qualify themselves as consultants or head chemists or otherwise to improve their positions economically ; and thirdly, master chemists using the term in its ancient sense to denote that they were masters of their craft, these being either in practice on their own account or in positions of high responsibility.All looked to the Institute to promote their interests, and the Institute, through its Sections, supplied the means whereby an increasing sympathy and under- standing of each other’s needs and aspirations were created. The Sections were combining the Members more closely together, and he felt that, largely through them, the position of the pro- fession, as a whole, had been greatly improved. He thanked the members for the support which they had given him during hi5 year of office. The Committee and Officers for the ensuing year were declared duly elected as follows: Dr. F. J. Brislee (Chairman), Professor E. C. C. Baly, Professor C.0. Bannister, Mr. R. B. Croad, Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, Professor I. M. Heilbron, Mr. R. C. Moore, Mr. E. H. Shepherd, Mr. F. J. Smith, Mr. James Smith, Dr. George Tate, Mr. F. C. Thurston, Mr. John Hanley, (Hon. Secretary and Treasurer), and Mr. C. R. Jones (Assistant Secretary). On 2nd December, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the members of the Liverpool Section of the Institute held a dinner at the Midland Adelphi Hotel, Dr. F. J. Brislee, Chairman of the Liverpool and North- Western Counties Section of the Institute, in the chair. The guests included the Lady Mayoress, Sir Max Muspratt, Dr. and 339 Mrs. E. F. Armstrong, Alderman and Mrs. Muirhead, the Hon. and Mrs. Hulme Lever, Mr.W. Moon (the Town Clerk), and Mrs. Moon, Dr. Longstaff (General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry), Dr. G. C. Clayton, M.P., and Mrs. Clayton, Mr. Horatio Ballantyne (Vice-president), and the Registrar of the Institute. Dr. E. F. Armstrong, in responding for the guests, remarked on the progress made by the Institute and the Society during the past few years. He had hopes of the two bodies co-operating, because he was sure that if they spoke with one voice they would be better able to bring chemistry to the position it should occupy. Dr. Brislee, in responding to the toast of the Chairman, remarked that the profession of chemistry was discovered during the war and was shown to be of national importance. In the future chemistry would have an increasing value in the economics of everyday life.They had only to look at the appalling waste of products, such as fuel, to become convinced that a great amount of expert investigation was still necessary. '-ondon and South-Eastern Counties,-At a meeting held on the zIst November, Mr. Thomas Terrell, K.C., gave a lecture upon "Chemists' Contracts of Service." In opening the subject, Mr. Terrell said that a contract might be made by any man or woman over the age of 21,and, further, that a contract made by an infant, if proved to be to his advantage, would be enforced by the Courts, either for him or against him. Contracts of service were personal, and were, therefore, dissolved by the death of either party. The individual members of a partnership, however, could make binding contracts, and any one partner bound the whole partner- ship, so that the death of a partner would not determine a contract which he had made in the course of the partnership affairs.Contracts with a corporation to be valid must be under the seal of the corporation, but limited companies usually gave considerable powers to managers or directors, who werc per-mitted to engage the services of employees of the status of a chemist without any necessity arising for such contracts to be under the seal of the company. Chemists, however, must be very careful to ascertain that the person signing such a contract was the person duly authorised under the articles of association 340 of the limited company to carry out such a function, otherwise the contract would not be enforceable.Mr. Terrell strongly emphasised the desirability of all con- tracts being in writing. If the service could not be completed within a year the agreement must by law be in writing. If only a verbal agreement were made, much unnecessary litigation might follow upon the different views the two parties might hold as to words which had been memorised. It was equally important that the contract when in writing should show ail the material conditions involved. The first important point to be included would be the amount of the remuneration and the variations, if any, therein; then it was desirable to define all the rights, if any, which the chemist would hold if he should be successful in making discoveries and inven- tions in the course of his employment.The term for which the contract was intended to subsist should be clearly indicated, together with the period of notice required for its determination, and definite arrangements should be made as to the powers or restrictions governing the future employment of the chemist in his profession. Where two or more chemists agreed to enter into joint operations, the document should make it quite clear whether the contract was one of partnership or of service. In the former case, as partners, they would be jointly liable for the debts of the partnership; and in the latter case, as servants, they would not be so liable. With regard to the term of contract, he pointed out that whilst it was true that the Court would not compcl one man to work for another, it could indirectly enforce a contract of service by restraining a chemist or other servant from entering into other employment. He had dealt with cases of this nature in regard to the contracts of actors. Again, the Court could not compel an employer to provide work for an employee, but it could enforce the payment of the salary agreed upon in the contract of service.If the terms of the service were not clearly defined, it would be presumed that the service was from year to year; but this presumption was frequently rebutted by other considerations. The Court, however, would take all the circumstances of the case into account.The allied question, that of the notice required to terminate the service, would be similarly treated. If the contract were silent on the point, the Court would take into consideration the fact that adequate time and opportuni%y must 341 be allowed for the chemist to find other employment, or for the employer to find another suitable chemist, as the case might be. Mr. Terrell emphasised, however, the necessity of incorpo- rating these matters in the contract, since the law does not make contracts-men should look after their own affairs. With regard to the restrictions upon the employment of a chemist, subsequent to the termination of a contract, Mr. Terrell again laid stress on the importance of clear definition in the document.A chemist, in view of the confidential nature of his work, must frequently expect some such restriction, but the law of the matter could be summed up in a very few words: the anticipated restraint must not extend further than is necessary to protect the reasonable rights of the employer in the particular circumstances in question. A covenant which had as its sole object the restriction of trade Wac, against public interest, and therefore void. In illustration of this point, Mr. Terrell quoted a case which, he said, was not entirely apt, but explained the law very clearly. An employee engaged by a firm of manu-facturers of salt was restrained from manufacturing more than a definite output per week, with n view to maintaining a firm market price for salt.This contract was held to be void on the ground that it was contrary to public intelests. The fact that the terms of such a covenant were very wide would not of itself render the covenant invalid. This was illlistrated by the well-known Maxim Nordenfeldt case, wherein a manufacturer of explosives was restrained by the Court from making explosives in any part of the world for a period of zj yeais. The iestraint in this case was not unreasonable in view of the particular industry concerned. In such matters the chemist would have to be guided by common sense, and he should not set his hand to an agreement if he conscientiously felt it was one which imposed undue restrictions. It was quite impossible in most cases to foretell what views the Court would hold as to the reasonableness of any particular restraint.A similar question was involved in the requirement that an employee must not disclose his employers’ secrets. This did not require much discussion, since there were no degrees of secrecy; the restriction was absolute. If a chemist were employed for the definite purpose of making inventions-for example, for the purpose of working out the details of a process conceived by his employer-it clearly followed that his invention had been paid for, and he had no property in 342 it, unless he and his employer had previously agreed that he should take some share. If, however, he were in general employment and made some valuable discovery, outside the grdinary run of his duties, there being no provision in the contract as to the chemist’s rights, the Court would have to decide what share, if any, of the profits should be allotted to him.This further illustrated his point that it was most desirable to make adequate documentary provision for such cases. In his experience, litigation over disputes of this nature was most unprofitable, both for the employer and the employee, and very frequently the result of discoveries had been of more benefit to the legal pro- fession than to the discoverers or their employers. In conclusion, Mr. Terrell remarked that such contracts must be made with common sense, and with a proper sense of propor-tion on both sides. The Chairman, Mr. E.R. Bolton, having intimated that Mr. Terrell had kindly agreed to answer questions, Mr. E. M. Hawkins asked what was the position if a contract included a clause that, in the event of a breach of certain clauses of the agreement, a sum should be paid by way of penalty. In reply, Mr. Terrell stated that the Court would not enforce the payment of a penalty, as such, even if the sum had been stated to be in the nature of liquidated or pre-ascertained damages. The Court would take all the circumstances of the case into consideration, and if, for example, it had been agreed that the same sum was to be paid for the breach of one of many covenants, which obviously could not involve equal damage in their breach, this would be taken as an indication that the sum was, in fact, a penalty, and the covenant would be void.The reasonableness of the sum involved again would be a criterion. Clearly the Court would not enforce the payment of E~ooofor damages, which, in all the circumstances of the case, could not exceed a few pounds; but, nevertheless, there wa i no restriction upon the power of two grown men to agree between themselves that in the event of a breach of a certain covenant the extent of the damage should be pre- ascertained at a definite sum. Mr. Collett asked what was the position of married women’s contracts; in particular, what would be the effect of marriage upon the contract of a single woman. Mr. Terrell pointed out that, in the present state of the law, women were equally com- petent with men to make a contract, to enforce it, and to have it enforced against them.The position was different in the law 343 of torts,* as opposed to contracts, where a husband had the “privilege ” of paying the damages arising from his wife’s wrong- doing. In reply to the same speaker, Mr. Terrell also said that if a chemist had contracted to devote his whole time to his employer’s business and to give the whole property of his inventions to his employer, he had no property rights whatsoever in any invention which he might make in his spare time, even in his own laboratory. If he had not intended to give his whole time and the whole rights of his*inventive faculties to his employer, he should not have contracted to do so.Mr. Barrs asked what condition governed the employment of a chemist who, for example, had been employed three years under a written contract of service, and, thereafter, without any written document, had continued in the same service for a period of, say, five years. Mr. Terrell said that the same conditions would rule as in the frequent instances of the lease of house property. The employment would be governed by the terms of the original contract, subject to any verbal amendments which had been made subsequently to the first three years; but he would remark that a written contract could not, during its currency, be varied by verbal amendments. A Student, with the permission of the Chairman, asked whether it was in order for a firm who had entered into a written contract with an employee, to discharge him before the completion of the term of the contract owing to slackness of business.Mr. Terrell said that his reply must depend upon the particular circumstances of the case; in the case of a qualified professional man the firm must pay him whether they provided work or not. Miss Chatt asked whether during the term of a contract, the hours of work could be extended, say, from seven to eight hours per diem, without any increase in remuneration. Mr. Terrell said that if the contract did not specify the hours, but required whole-time service, no remedy was available, but that, if the hours were specified, it was a breach of contract. The Chairman, in closing the discussion, said that from the questions raised it might appear that they werc all proposing to make contracts with the sole object of breaking them, whereas he felt sure that in fact they were all agreed that the proper * A tort is a civil wrong, i.e.the breach of a duty imposed by law (as distinct from one self-imposed by contract), by which breach some personbecomes-entitled_to:sue,,for damages. 344 attitude to take was to make a complete and satisfactory con- tract with the full determination to keep its provisions, and thereafter to lock it up and forget all about it, hoping that the document would never be in dispute. During the war and since, chemists’ relations with employers had been constantly improv- ing, and the soundest contract into which they could enter was based upon their employers’ view that they were, in fact, in- dispensable. He said that the meeting was indebted to Mr.Marlow for having secured the presence of Mr. Terrell, a Bencher of Grays Inn. He called upon Mr. Marlow, who proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Terrell for his kindness in providing such an interesting lecture and replying to so many and varied questions. The President of the Institute, in seconding the motion, re- called the many occasions on which he had met Mr. Terrell, pointing out that if he had not been a very successful barrister he would probably have been equally eminent as a chemist. He regarded Mr. Terrell’s visit as a compliment to the Institute as well as to the Section.The motion was received with accla- mation Manchester.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Grand Hotel on 30th October, when the financial statement of the Section, for the year ended 30th September, was adopted. The Chairman directed attention to the arrangement, which will come into fcrce in the New Year, whereby new Associates will receive their membership certificates from the Chairmen of the Local Sections; they wdd thus be brought directly into touch with the members of the Sections and enabled at once to take an interest in the work of the Institute. The Section decided to suggest to the Council that a notice should appear in the Journal inviting members who have nDt yet joined Local Sections to communicate with the Hon.Secretaries within their respective districts ; also that, in order to secure adequate representation of the various branches of chemistry (pure and applied) the balloting list for election of the Council should contain information with regard to the branch of work in which each candidate is engaged. At the conclusion of business, Mr. J. H. Lester dealt with the proposal of the Textile Institute to apply for a Royal Charter. The principal objects were to formulate a standard qualification 345 for textile technologists and to secure their adequate recognition. Candidates for the Fellowship or Associateship were required to possess a good general knowledge of textile technology and the sciences upon which it is based, with a specialised knowledge of one branch. A.T.I.involved a fundamental qualification, similar to B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), followed by two years’ experience in textile work, in research, trading, or in industry, and an examination by a Textile Board. F.T.I. would be granted on conditions analogous to those required for F.I.C. Mr. Lester did not anticipate that the position of the Institute of Chemistry would be affected in any way by granting a charter to the Textile Institute, but he felt sure that any objection to the proposal which might be raised by the Institute of Chemistry would receiye careful attention and consideration. Mr. William Thomson, in expressing approval of the proposal, said that he hoped it would encourage research in the staple industry of Lancashire.Mr. G. D. Elsdon and Mr. F. Scholefield, while in sympathy with the objects of the Textile Institute, deprecated the multi- plicity of diplomas, and suggested that the textile technologists might obtain qualifications from existing ins ti tutions. Mr. Lester, in reply, remarked that the object was to enable the textile manufacturer to obtain the services of men who were competent to advise him in his business. Newcastle-on-Tyne and North East Coast.-The annual general meeting of the Section was held at the Chemical Industry Club, Newcastle-on-Tyne, on zznd November, 1922,Dr. P. E. Bowles in the chair. The Committee’s report and the Treasurer’s statement were received and adopted, and the Committee for the ensuing session was elected.Mr. C. J. H. Stock was re- appointed Hon. Secretary. Dates of meetings for the session were provisionally fixed, as follows : Wednesdays, 6th December, 1922,7th February, 7th March, 4th April, and 2nd May, 1923. New Local Sections having been formed, in the voting district, at Huddersfield and Leeds, the meeting approved a proposal to hold, as occasion arose, joint conferences of repre-sentatives of the three Sections, and empowered the Committee to appoint representatives for that purpose. Votes of thanks were accorded the Chairman, the Hon. Treasurer and the Hon. Secretary for their services during the past year. 346 South Wales,-The annual general meeting of the Section was held on zand November at Thomas’ Caf6, Swansea, Mr.F. J. Bloomer in the chair. The Chairman presented the annual report and financial statement, together with the balance sheet. Messrs. L. E. Hinkel and E. E. Ayling were re-elected Hon. Sec. and Hon. Assistant Sec. respectively. The two vacancies occurring on the Committee were filled by the re-election of Messrs. J. W. Adye and F. J. Bloomer. For the programme for the ensuing session it was decided to hold monthly meetings until June, the meetings to be held usually on either the third Wednesday or third Friday in each month. The meeting was followed by an informal dinner and smoking concert, at which the District Member of Council, Mr. G. Rudd Thompson, made a short speech. At a meeting of the Committee held subsequently, Mr.F. J. Bloomer was elected Chairman, and Mr. L. E. Hinkel, Treasurer. The fixtures for the present session include :-13th December: “A Recent Visit to Germany,” by Mr. Edward Anderson; 19th January, 1923 : “Experiences of a Public Analyst,” by Mr. G. Rudd Thompson; zrst February: a paper, by Dr. J. E. Coates; 16th March: “Modern Research in Coal,” by C. A. Seyler. Meetings will also be held on 18th April, 11th May (when the Section will be addressed by the Registrar of the Institute), and on 20th June. 347 Personal. The Davy Medal of the Royal Society has been awarded to Professor JOCELYN FIELDTHORPEfor his researches in synthetic organic chemistry. The Hughes Medal of the Society has been awarded to Dr.FRANCISWILLIAMASTONfor his discovery of the isotopes of a large number of the elemints by the method of positive rays. Dr. ASTON has also been awarded a Nobel Prize for chemistry, 1921, which was presented to him by H.M. the King of Sweden on 11th December. Prof. ARTHUR SMITHELLS has retired from the Chair of Chemistry in the University of Leeds, which he has occupied since 1885. Dr. R. C. FARMERhas rejoined the Research Department of the War Office, as Deputy Director of Explosives Research. Mr. W. R. COOPER has been appointed editor of Science Abstmcts. Dr. G. C. CLAYTONhas been :elected Member of Parliament for the Widnes Division of Lancashire. Mr. C. S. GARLANDhas been elected Member of Parliament for South Islington. 348 Notes.Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B.-The memorial to Sir William Ramsay in Westminster Abbey was unveiled, on 3rd November, by H.R.H. the Duke of York, in the unavoidable absence of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, who had met with an accident. The ceremony was attended by a large congregation, including many representatives of the chemical and other scientific societies and ins tit ut ions. Lieut.-Colonel Edward Frank Harrison, C.M.G.-The memorial to Col. Edward Harrison and twenty-nine other Fellows of the Chemical Society was unveiled at the Burlington House, on 16th November, by the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres. Addresses to Students.-The Registrar delivered an address, mainly dealing with the subject of “making a start in life,” before the chemical societies at Bradford Technical College (on the 24th October), at Liverpool University (on 9th November), and at King’s College, London (on 21st November).Popular Lectures.-In furtherance of the idea of popularis-ing chemistry in its practical applications, Mr. Thomas McLachlan lectured recently to the senior students of Chatham County Secondary School on “Chemistry and its relations to Industry.” On 29th November, at Broad Plain Hall, Bristol, before a large audience of members of the Co-Partners’ Club and their friends, Mr. Edgar Lewir,, chemist to Messrs. G. Thoma and Bros., Ltd., gave an illustrated lecture on “ Soap and Glycerine Manu- facture,” and showed a collection of slides illustrating primitive and modern methods of seed-crushing, modern methods of soap manufacture, and glycerine recovery.The chemical operations were illustrated by ingeniously devised diagrams, which showed much originality. The lecture concluded with a number of experiments conducted before the lantern, showing the thickness 349 of the walls of a soap bubble and the tension of soap films in various geometrical figures and spirals. During an interval the audience inspected an exhibit of soap-making materials arranged in sequence frcm the nuts to the finished soap and glycerine. “Chemist” (New Zealand).-The following is an abstract from a press cutting received from an Hon. Corresponding Secretary in New Zealand: “In the New Zealand Pharmacy Act, 1908, any person commits an offence ‘who, not being a registered chemist within the meaning of this Act, uses the word chemist or druggist with or without any other words or holds himself out to the public as being the successor of or as having been connected with or in the employment of anyregistered chemist within the meaning of this Act or exhibits any name, title or sign holding out or implying that he is a registered chemist.’ In a case heard in June last, in which a man was prosecuted by the Pharmacy Board for using the word ‘chemist,’ he not being a registered chemist within the meaning of the Act, the defendant admitted that he was the proprietor of several shops in Wellington, having in charge of each shop a duly enrolled manager.The wcrd ‘chemist’ was used on the shop and the name of the manager was on the door, but not the defendant’s name. By section 32 of the Act anyone could carry on such a business under the immediate supervision of an enrolled manager. The Act was intended to prevent an un- qualified man using the word. The magistrate decided that the defendant had not made such a use of the word ‘chemist ’ as to warrant his conviction, and the information was dismissed with 21s. costs.” British Engineering Standards Association.-Dr. James Watson, Chairman of, and the representative of the InatitUte on, the Sub-committee dealing with Sand-lime Bricks, reports that the specification for such bricks has now been agreed upon, and will be published shortly.Dr. Watson is also Chairman of the Committee on the Standardisation of Clay, Glass and Silica Ware, and a member of the Committee on Slag Cement, the specification for which material is nearing completion. 350 Obituary. ALEXANDERCRUM BROWN, an Original Fellow of the Institute, died at Edinburgh on 28th October, 1922, in his 85th year. The son of the Rev. Dr. John Brown, of Biggar and Edinburgh, he was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and at Mill Hill, and received his pro- fessional training at the University of Edinburgh before proceeding to Germany, where he worked under Bunsen and Kolbe at Heidelberg and Marburg. At Edinburgh he graduated in Arts in 1858, and in Medicine in 1861, obtaining the degree of M.D.on a Thesis on the theory of chemical combination. He also took the degrees of B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1860 and D.Sc. in 1862. In the following year he commenced his career asan extra- academical lecturer on chemistry at Edinburgh, where, in 1869, he succeeded Prof.-later Lord-Playfair in the chair in the University, which he held until his retirement in 1908. Among his numerous investigations, he was associated with Mr.-later Sir-Thomas R. Fraser in a series of early researches on the connection between chemical constitution and physiological action, thus initiating a new field which has since been developed by other workers; and he is credited with the discovery of the function of the semi-circular canals of the ear, for which discovery he was awarded the Keith Medal of the RoyalBociety of Edinburgh.He was for twenty-six years one of the Secretaries of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of which he was subsequently a Vice-president for six years. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1879, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from all of the four Scottish Universities. He was President of the Chemical Society in 1892-93, and a Vice-President of the Institute for four periods. HORACE CHESHIRE died at Hastings on 8th November in his FABIAN 69th year. Born at Camden Town, London, he was educated at the Polytechnic, Regent Street, and received some early training in science under his father. Prof. Frank Cheshire, before taking a course in the Royal College of Chemistry under Frankland, Purdie, and Valentine.About 1880 he commenced EL consulting practice at St. Leonards, and held appoint- ments as public analyst for Hast,ings, St. Leonards, and also for Rye until that place ceased to be a borough. The two former appointments he still held at the time of his death. He was for some years lecturer and demon- strator on chemistry to the Horticultural College, Swanley. He took the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1901, and was elected a Fellow of the Institute in-2902. 351 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers, or purchased, to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] *“ Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data.” Vol. IV., 1913-16, Part 2.Published under the auspices of the Inter- national Research Council and of the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry. Pp. xxxv. and 627-1377. (Paris: Gauthier-Villars et Cie ; Cambridge University Press; Chicago : University of Chicago Press.) 95fr. ~OC. *“ Applied Chemistry, A Dictionary of .” Sir Edward Thorpe. Vol. IV.: L-Oxydisilin. Pp. viii. and 740. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) E3 net. “Atomic Form : With special reference to the configuration of the carbon atom.” A. E. Price. Pp. viii. and 140. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 5s. “Bio-chemistry, a Laboratory Handbook of.” P. C. Raiment and G. L. Peskett. Pp. 102. (London:LEdward Arnold & CO.) 5s. The proteins; carbohydrates; fats; enzymes; blood; urine. *“ Biochemistry, Monographs on : Oxidation and Reductions in the Animal Body.” H.D. Dakin. 2nd edition. Pp. ix. and 176. (London: Longmans, Green and Co.) 6s. Nature of the oxidising and reducing agents of the body; methods of investigation ; normal saturated fatty acids; unsaturated acids ; fatty acids with branched chains ; dibasic acids ; a-amino acids; a-hydroxy acids, and a-ketonic acids; phenylalinine ; tyrosine; tryptophan and other related substances; the oxidation and reduction of amino acids by micro-organisms; carbohydrates; purine derivatives; hydrocarbons,phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, amines and indole derivatives. “Biological Chemistry, Laboratory Manual of ,” with Supplement. 0. Folin. 3rd edition. Pp. 301 (interleaved).(New York and London: D. Appleton & Co.) 12s. 6d. Catalysis; fat; ca,rbohydrates; proteins; urine; blood; milk; bone; bile. *“Bleaching Powder and its Action in Bleaching.” R. L. Taylor. Pp. 78. (Manchester: John Heywood, Ltd.) 4s. 6d. A collection of tho author’s papers on the subject, published in the Journal of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. with such alterations as appeared necessary 352 “Cellulose, Researches on.” Vol. IV., 1910-1921. C. F. Cross and C. Dor& Pp. vi. and 253. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 15s. “Chemical Analysis, Standard Methods of.” W. W. Scott. A Manual of analytical methods and general reference book for the analytical chemist and for the advanced student.3rd edition. Vols. I and 2. Pp. xviii. and 714; xvii. and 715-1567. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 52s. 6d. per set. Vol. I., Part I. : Quantitative determination of the elements; Part 11. : Qualitative tests of substances; Part 111.: Tables and useful data. Vol. 11.: Special subjects. Chemical Analysis, A Text-book of quantitative chemical analysis.” 4th edition. A. C. Cumming and S. A. Kay. Pp. xv. and 432. (London: Gurney & Jackson.) 15s. *“ Chemical Reactions and their Equations.” I. W. D. Hackh. A guide and reference book for students of chemistry. Pp. viii. and 138. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 6s. “Chemistry in the Service of the Community.” A. R. Tankard. Pp. 20. (London: Benn Bros.) IS. “Colorimetric Analysis.” F.D. Snell. Pp. viii. and 150. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co.) 10s. 6d. *“Dyes, The Manufacture of.” The late J. C. Cain; prepared for publication by J. F. Thorpe. Pp. ix. and 274. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Nitroso-colours ; nitro-colours; stilbene colours; pyrazolone colours; azo-colours (monoazo) ; azo-colours (diazo) ; azo-colours (trisazo) ; azo-colours (tetrakisazo); diphenylmethane colours ; triphenylmethane colours;diphenylnaphthylmethane colours ; xanthone colours ; acridine colours ; quinoline colours ;thiobenzenyl colours ; ozazine and thiazine colours ; azine colours; sulphur colours ; anthraquinone and allied colours; indigoid colours. *“ Explosives Supply, Technical Records of,” 1915-18.No. 9 : Head Transmission. Pp. iv. and 48. Ministry of Mu-nitions and Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 5s. “Fuel Research Board, Report of .” 1920-21 ;2nd section :Low temperature carbonisation. Pp. 73 and 8 plates. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 2s. 353 *“Gasworks Chemistry, Modern.” G. Weyman. Pp. ix. and 184. (London: Benn Bros. Ltd.) 25s. Coal ;carbonisntion;coke; maintenance of heats; refractory and insulat- ing materials; tar; ammonia; oxide purification; town gas; water gas; steam raising and water supply; lubricants. “Inorganic Chemistry, Textbook of .,’ Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. TX., Part I: Elements of Group VIII. and) edition.Pp. 392. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd. 18s. *“ Mineral Industry-its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1921.” Pp. xviii. and 895. (London and New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.) fs2 10s. “Petroleum, Handbook on.” J. H. Thomson and Sir B. Redwood. 4th edition, revised and added to by Maj. A. Cooper-Key. Pp. xix. and 338. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. For inspectors under the Petroleum Acts and for those engaged in the storage, transport, distribution and industrial use of petroleum and its products and calcium carbide, with suggestions on the construction and use of mineral oil lamps. “Physiology and Bio-chemistry in Modern Medicine.” J. J. R. Macleod. 4th edition. Pp. xxxii. and 992. (London: H. Kimpton.42s. The physico-chemical basis of physiological processes ;the blood and the lymph ;circulation of the blood ; respiration ;digestion;the excretion of urine; metabolism; the endocrine organs or ductless glands ;the central nervous system and the control of muscular activity. “Sale of Food and Drugs Acts; extract from Annual Report of Ministry of Health, 1921-22, and abstract of reports of Public Analysts, 1921.” (London: H.M. Stationery Office. IS. 6d. “Sale of Food and Drugs Acts: Report on administration, 1921.’’ Scottish Board of Health. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 3s. “Second Year College Chemistry.” Wm. H. Chapin. Pp. xi. and 311. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. Kinetic Theory; the gas laws; laws governing change of state; molecular weights and atomic weights; valence; osmotic pressure; theory of ionazation ; indicators; homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria; electrochemistry.354 (‘A Manual of Laboratory Exercises” based upon the above. Pp. vii. and 115. 7s. 6d. net. (‘Synthetic Colouring Matters.” Dyestuffs derived from Pyri- dine, Quinoline, Acridine and Xanthene. J. T. Hewitt. Pp. xi. and 405. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 14s. Pyridine and quinoline, their homologues and derivatives ;the cyanine group ; acridine and its derivatives; pyrone ring; fluorine and fluorini compounds ; pyronines and rosamines ; fluorescein and analogous com- pounds; rhodamines. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).An informal meeting of the Association, followed by a smoking concert, was held at the Institute on 9th October. The following contributed to the programme :-Messrs. Dickson, Garlick, King, Marlow, Sidley, Smith, Spen-Steuart , Turley, and Whitehead; and Mrs. Marlow. On z3rd November Mr. G. Rudd Thompson gave a very interesting account of some of his experiences of over twenty- five years as a public analyst and consulting chemise. Members of the Association have been guests of the London Section at the lectures given by Dr. Brady and by Mr. Terrell. The series of works visits has been continued, and arrange- ments will shortly be made for further opportunities of social intercourse. The Association will be addressed by its President, Sir Herbert Jackson, on zrst January, 1923.355 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of Council held on 27th October and 24th November, 7 Associate; were elected to the Fellowship, 120 new Associates were elected, and 76 new Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 4 Fellows and zAssociates by death. Associates elected to Fellowship. Andrews, John, R.Sc. (Lond.), 4,Casimir Road, Harold’s Cross, Dublin. Baillie, William Learmonth, Directorate of Chemical Inspection, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, S.E. 18. Clements, John Arthur, The Quintas, Spital, Chesterfield. Clifford, Joseph, A.R.C.Sc.T., The Government Analytical Laboratory, Cairo, Egypt. Palmer, Charles Wilfred, B.Sc.Tcch. (Vict.), 27, Derby Road, Spondon,Derbyshire.Parker, Albert, D.Sc.(Birm.), DepartmentIof Coal Gas and Fuel, The University, Leeds. Taylor, Miss Millicent, D.Sc. (Rris.), The University, Bristol New Associates (by Examination). Baguley, Noel Gregory, 23, The Park, Newark-on-Trent. Cole, Frederic, Prospect Place, Howden-le-Wear, Co. Dnrham. French, Herbert, 9, Shandon Place, North Merchiston, Edinburgh. Raynes, John Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 201, Denman Street, Nottingharn. Wild, Francis Eric, B.Sc. (Birm.), 29, Balsa11 Heath Roacl, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Young, Edward Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 130, Trinity Street, Gainsborough. New Associates. Ackroyd, Herbert, RSc. (Leeds), 91, New Cross Street, West Bowling, Bradford, Yorks. Adams, Cecil George, B.Sc. (Bris.), 26, St. Paul Street, Chippenham, Wilts.Archbold, Miss Helen Kemp, B.Sc. (Lond.), Newton Bank, Newton-o- Willows, S.O., Yorks. Ashford, Bertram Owen, B.Sc (Lond.), 12, Westholm, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, N.W. 11. Atherton, William, B.Sc. (Manc.), 15, Oak Drive, Denton, nr. Manchester. Bakes, William Edgar, M.Sc. (Leeds), Billingc, Longfleet Road, Poole, Dorset. Barr, Joseph Robert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 117, Prescot Road, St. Helens, Lancs. Barton, Cyril Henry, B.A. (Cantab.), 70, Croham Road, S. Croydon,Surrey.Blundell, Henry Alison, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), The Grange, Leagrave, Beclford- shire. Buckley, Thomas Alfred, B.Sc. (Sheff .), Uplands, Ruswarp Lane, Whitby. Butler, Francis Herbert Culverhouso, B.A. (Cantab.), South End, St. Cross, Winchester, Hants.Carpenter, John Arthur, M.A. (Oxon), c/o The Burmah Oil Co., Syriam, Rangoon.Carpenter, Victor Alexander, B.Sc. (Sheff.), Ivy House, Belton, oia Doncaster. 356 Chattorjee, Prof. Kshetra Pada, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Muir Central College, Allahabad, Upper Punjab, India. Chatterji, Prof. Nitya Gopal, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Government Technical Chemist, Cawnpore, Up.P.. India. Clark, Edward Stanley John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Cauldwell Avenue, Ipswich. Comley, Mervyn Arthur, H.Sc. (Birm.), Lyndale, Warwick Road. Coventry. Corby, Frederick James, B.Sc. (Birm.), 102, Birmingham Road, Walsall, Staffs. Corrigan, James Frederick, B.Sc. (Vict.), 15, Seedley Road, Pendleton, Manchester. Cropper, Frank, B.Sc. (Vict.), 42, Acres Lane, Stalybridge, Cheshire. Curran, Hugh Alphonsus, A.R.C.Sc.I., 17, Calgary Crescent, Folkestone, Kent. Dance, Edward, B.Sc.(Leeds), Castle Inn, Sandal, Wakefield. Davies, William Lewis, B.Sc. (Wales), Glynmarch, Llansawel, Llandilo, Carm. Dowden, Harry Clifford, B.Sc. (Liv.), 204, Stanley Road, Bootle, Lancs. Dutton, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, West Park Exchange, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Eaton, Richard Victor, B. Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Lakeside, Seldom, Poole, Dorset. Egan, James Patrick, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Clydemount, Hyde Road, Gorton, Manchester. Ellison, Harold, 21, Bury Avenue, Whalley Range, Manchester. Elsby, Edmund Arthur, B.Sc. (Liv.), 19, The Village, Lower Bebington, Cheshire. Everett, Frank Cook, A.R.C.S (Lond.), 43,Bannockburn Road, Plumstead, London, S.E.18. Finn, Douglas Hart, B.Sc. (Birm.), 2, Eaton Street, Hanley, Stoke-on- Trent. Frew, John, Box 4131, Johannesburg, South Africa. Garton, Frank Leslie, B.A. (Oxon), 51, Stratford Street, Oxford. GOSS, Frank Robert, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 4, Abbotsford Road, Goodmayes, Ilford, Essex. Graham, Frank Nelson, B.Sc. (Liv.), c/o Estates Offices, Caroni Estate, Trinidad, British W est Indies. Gray, Leonard Thomas Miller, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Italian HOUSC,Meadow Green, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. Green, Henry Frank, M.A. (Cantab.), 27, Pickwick Road, Dulwich Village, London, S.E. 21. Griffln, Kenneth Massy, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, New Zealand. Hall, John, B.Sc. (Leeds), 17, Frank Place, North Shields. Hannah, James Dickson, B.Sc.Tech.(Manc.), 10, Blair Road, Alexandra Park, Manchester. Hannen, John Troubridge, B.A. (Cantab.), A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Penlee, Shcen Road, Richmond, Surrey. Harris, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), 181, Algernon Road, London, S.E. 13. Harrison, Alan Cobden, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., c/o The Burma Corpora- tion, Ltd., Namtie, Northern Shan States, Burma. Hay, John Robert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 33, Amberley Road, Weston-super-Marc.. Hewitt, Leslie Frank, B.Sc. (Lond ), 8, Maze Road, Kew, Surrey. Hewitt, Thomas, M.B.E., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 6, Severn Street, Hull, Yorks. Hills, Oswald. Marchant. B.Sc. (Liv.), 47, Halkyn Road, Chester. Hinchy, Victor Matthew, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Grammar School, Galway, Ireland.Hind, George Edward Lockhart, B.Sc. (Leeds), Fern Cottage, Brunscombe, nr. Stroud, Glos. 357 Hodds, George William, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Ommaney Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14. Hoggett, Frank Noel, B.Sc. (Leeds), 15, Beech Grove Terrace, Leeds. Holden, Ronald Temple, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Braeside, Henley-on-Thames. Howard, Thomas, M.Sc. (Mane.), 16, St. John’s Street, Deansgate, Man- Chester. Huntingfield, Donald Bennett, B.Sc. (Lond.), 72, Park Lane, Teddington, Middlesex. Irwin, Joseph Henry, B.Sc. (Liv.), 14, Derby Lane, Stoncycroft, Liverpool. James, Benjamin Crowther, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 14, Cardigan Road, Brid- lington.Jeffery, John George Slade, A.R.C.S., 63, Upper Brockley Road, Brockley, London, S.E. 4.Jinks, James Richard Ashworth, B.Sc. (Mane.), Top Lock House, Marplc, Cheshire. Johnston, Miss Dorothy May Kerr, A.R.C.Sc.I., 25, Percy Place, Dublin. Jones, Frederick Rupert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 77, Temple Road, Birkenhead. Kennedy, Arthur Herbert, M.Sc. (Liv.), 25, Madelaine Street, Liverpool S. Kersey, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Wales), Cromer House, Fore Street, Topsham, Devon. Linnell, Wilfred Herbert, B.Sc. (Dun.), 12, Highbury, Monksoaton, Whitley Bay. Litchfield, Stuart Leslie, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 168, Boundaries Road, Balham, London, S.W. 12. Llewellyn, Herbert Mervyn, B.Sc. (Wales), 8, Northfield, Bridgwater, Somerset. Long, Hubert Kildare, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Flat 2, Chiltern Manor, Wargrave, Berks. Martin, Frank Ashcroft, B.Sc. (Edin.), St.Aidan, Kirkbrae, Liberton, Edinburgh. Mitchell, Regnald Gordon, 7, Courtfield Gardens, West Ealing, London, W. 13. Monro, Alexander Donald, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Victoria University College, Wellington, New Zealand. Morley, Arthur Milnes, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 158, Oldham Road, Miles Platting, Manchester. Morten, Denis, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Huntwyk, Denham, Bucks. Moss, John Ewart, M.Sc. (Birm.), 298, Franklin Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham.MOSS,William Henry, B.Sc. (Mane.), Heatherlea, Brinscall, nr. Chorley, Lanes. MeGregor, James Hutchison, A.R.T.C., Cedar Cottage, Middleton Street, Alexandria, Dumbartonshire. McKenzie, William, A.R.T.C., Mayfield, Dalratho Road, Grangemouth. Orme, Fred, M.Met., 20, Nether Green Road, Ranmoor, Sheffield.Palmer, Neil, A.C.G.F.C., The Grasshopper, Westerham, Kent. Paul, Hector Gilbert, B.Sc. (Edin.), Beechwood, South Bridge Street, Bathgate. Pearson, Edward Feakes, A.R.C.Sc.I., Stapenhill, 32, Iona Road, Glasnevin, Dublin. Pearson, Ernest Leigh, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 24, The Strand, Holywell N. Wales. Pickering, Ernest Thomas, B.Sc. (Birm.), 51, Ivor Road, Sparkhill, Bir- mingham. Potter, Arthur Leslie, B.Sc. (Edin.), 16, Temple Road, South Croydon, Surrey.Price, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Wales), Albion Villa, Mountain Ash, Glam. Quarendon, Ronald, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 15, Tantallon Road, Balham, London, S.W. 12. 358 Reavell, Eric Arthur, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 28, Oakwood Avenue, Beckenham, Kent. Robertson, Gilbert Bruce, B.Sc.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., 20, Lockhart Street, Stonehouse, Lanarkshire. Rowe, James Walker, B.A. (Cantab.), 14, Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens, Surrey.Sarkar, Pulir Vihari, M,Sc. (Calcutta),92, Upper Circular Road, Calcutta, India. Sayce, Leonard Alfred, B.Sc. (Durham), 5, Toward Terrace, Sunderland. Scarlett, Eric Yorke, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 26, Plymouth Grove West, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchuster. Sen, Kumud Bihari, M.Sc. (Calcutta), Research Dept., Bird & Co., Calcutta, India. Slobodiiisky, Samuel, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 42, Brondesbury Park, London, N.W. 6. Smith, George Henderson, A.R.T.C., Crindledyke Cottage, Newmains, Lanarkshire. Snape, James Herbert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 69, Cowley Road, Walton, Liverpool. Sporing, Percy Archibald, B.Sc.(Lond.), 78, Warren Street, Fitzroy Square, London, W. 1. Squance, William Alfred, B.Sc. (Bris.), Hill, Shebbear, Highampton,N. Devon. Stafford, Fred Raymond, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 76, Bennett’s Lane, Bolton, Lanes. Stead, George Harvard, B.Sc. (Liv.), 7, Grove Road, Wrexham, Wales. Steward, Cyril Oswald Main, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 68, Finborough Road, Redcliffe Gardens, London, S.W. 10. Tattersall, Cecil Oven, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Glan-y-don, Penmaenmawr, N. Wales. Taylor, Harold, B.Sc. (Manc.), 233, Bacup Road, Cloughfold, n. Man-Chester. Taylor, Robert Arthur Acton, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Avalon Terrace, Sydenham, London, S.E. 26. Thatcher, Alfred Ronald, 94, Brecknock Road, London, N. 7. Thorpe, George Sykes, B. Sc. (Lceds), Carnatic House, Perambur Barracks, Madras, India.Timmis, Geoffrey Millward, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 50, Claremont Road, Moss Side, Manches ter . Todd, William Millan, A.R.T.C., Ferndene, Blinkbonny Road, Falkirk, Scotland. Tookey, Miss Phyllis Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), Combe Lodge, Duncombt! Hill, Honor Oak Park, London, S.E. 23. Veale, Joseph Mary, A.R.C.Sc.I., 103, Haddington Road, Dublin. Ward, James Bertram, B.Sc. (Birm.), 40, Newstead Road, Lee, London, S.E. 12. Watts, Hedley George, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon), 23, Glenmore Road, Salisbury. Wellacott, William Leslie Baber, B.A. (Oxon), The Vicarage, Totnes, S. Devon. Wightman, Wilfred Alan, B.A. ( Oxon), The University, Leeds. Wilson, Robert Ballantyne, B.Sc. (Edin.), Hotel de la Ferne, Saventhem, Belgium.Wokes, Frank, B.Sc.(Liv.), Grassendale Pharmacy, Grassendale, Liverpool. New Students. Allen, James Joseph, The Cottage, London Road, Kegworth, nr. Derby. Andrews, Donald Finch, Registrar’s House, Milton Road, Portsmouth. Balmain, William Andrew, The Bungalow, Station Road, Wembley Park. Beese, Dennis Clifford, Kenden, Vicarage Road, Egham, Surrey. 359 Bessey, Gexge Edward, 415, Yardley Road, South Yardley, Birmingham. Blakey, William, jnr., Roseneath, Coniscliff e Road, Darlington. Booth, Arthur Walter Paul, 34, Hurst Grove, Bedford. Brook, Leslie Wadsworth, 55, Blackmoorfoot Road, Huddersfield. Browne, Thomas Ethelred Wilby, 26, York Street, Norwich. Chadwick, John Allen, 18, Feversham Crescent, York. Claydon, Robert Tansley, 116, Queen’s Road, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Cooke, Reginald Ernest, 29, Lanercost Road, Tulse Hill, London, S.m7.2. Coucill, Joe Harrop, 217, Margaret Street, Ashton-under-Lyne. Curtin-Cosbie, Arthur James, 7, Whitehall Terrace, Clontarf, Dublin. Dale, Herbert Edward, 139, Musters Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Dolton, Robert Hugh, 82, Wormholt Road, Shepherds Bush, London, W. 12. Eade, Harold Maurice, 1, Waldegrave Park, Strawberry Hill, Middlesex. Gardam, George Euan, 10, Cosbycote Avenue, Herne Hill, London, S.E. 24. Glanville, Arthur Evenson, Ben Inagh, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Harrison, Guy Warwick, 375, Baker Street, Alvaston, Derby. Hawkins, Ernest Stephen, 41, Canterbury Road, Whitstable. Hensman, John Cyril, 7, Red Lion Square, Stamford, Lines.Hindley, William Norman. 20, Norwood Crescent, Southport. Hobson, Ralph Percival, Clonmel, Manor Road, Cheam, Surrey. Howarth, Ernest, 7, Melbourne Grove, Horwich, Lanes. Hunter, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Canon House, Berkeley, Glos. Jasperson, Arthur, 18, Lambton Road, St. Michael’s, Liverpool. Johnson, Christopher Hollis, 6, Gordon Square, London, W.C. 1. Keeley, Eric Cecil, Olive House, Loose, Maidstone. Ladhams, Donald Ernest, Brook Villa, The Crescent, Shirley Warren, Southampton. Maddocks, Charles Bernard, 102, Moor Street, Burton-on-Trent. Maule, Aidan Bernard, Palace Hill, Cockermouth. May, Cecil John, 19, Tyndale Place, Islington, London, N. 1. Mayne, John Gordon, 17, Laburnum Road, Fairfield, Liverpool.Merry, James Strickland, 22, Norwood Grove, Liverpool. Meyer, Miss Marion Mountford, 5, Exeter Road, Bootle, Liverpool. Molloy, Maurice Dermot, Shenstone Vicarage, Lichfield, Staffs. Moore, William Norman, 73, Rawcliffe Road, Walton, Liverpool. Morton, Burnard Leigh, 49, Aberdare Gardens, S. Hampstead, London, N.W. 6. Murray, Miss Martha Elizabeth, Killyman Street, Moy, Co. Tyrone,Ireland. Naylor, Clement Albert, 46, Harefield Road, Sheffield. Northcott, Cyril George, Penmill, Bishops Road, Whitchurch, nr. Cardiff. Oliver, Cyril Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Hayes Road, Maidstone, Kent. Pakes, Reginald Charles, 97, Hammersmith Road, West Kensington,London, W. 14. Panton, Miss Doris Pashby, Hull Lodge, South Cliff, Bridlington. Pass, Alfred, Graincourt, Springfield Road, Blackheath, Staffs.Payne, Reginald William, 35, Fredrick Street, Loughborough. Pullen, Gilbert George Sargeant, 22, Kent House Road, Sydenham,London, S.E. 26. Reid, George, 3, South Orr Street, Paisley. Rodwell, Francis Charles, 94, Guilford Street, London, W.C. 1. Rogans, Edward Stanley Fairfield, 33, Rawson Road, Seaforth, Liverpool. Shoppee, Charles William, 38, Womersley Road, Crouch End, London, N. 8. Silk, Arthur James, 108, Gosbrook Road , Caversham, Reading. Southern, Herbert Kenneth, 9, Queen’s Road, Hale, Cheshire. Speight, Thomas, 13, Ilighfield Grove, Rock Ferry, Rirkenhead. Stevenson, Harold William, 64, Market Place, Chippenham, Wilts. Tier, Geoffrey Leonard, 11, Taswel! Road, Southsea, €$ants.360 Tolley, Bernard Charles, 107, Tierney Road, London, S.W. 2. Walker, Nathaniel, 62, Lee Road, Horwich, Lancs. Walker, Oswald James, 24, Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh. Walls, Harold Norman, 18, York Avenue, Great Crosby, Liverpool. Walsh, Patrick Michael, 32, Russell Avenue, Drumcondra, Dublin. Walton, Edward Tunna Sylvester, 4,Alpha Drive, Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Walton. Frank Percy, 121, Culverley Road, Catford, London, S.E. 6. Ward, Roland, Gledstone Cottage, Bishopston, Renfrewshire. Ware, William James Kirkby, 7 1, Salusbury Road, Kilburn, London, N.W. 6. Waspe, Rupert Cecil, Lime Tree Place, Stowmarket, Suffolk. Watson, William Andrew, 8, Spence Street, Edinburgh. Whitlock, Leslie George, 22, Montpelier Road, East Finchley, London, N.2. Widdowson, Ronald Rumsey, 223, Radford Road, Nottingham. Wilson, Jack Marston, 24, Newquay Road, Catford, London, S.E. 6. Wilson, John, 144, Cemetery Road, Doncaster, Yorks. Wiltshire, John Laurence, 36, Fordil Road, Catford, London, S.E. 6. Wokes, Arthur, Grassendale Pharmacy, Liverpool. Woodhead, Donald Whitley, 10, Melrose Terrace, Elland, Yorks. Wynne, John Francis Geoffrey, 78, Shrewsbury Street, Old Trafford, Manchester. DEATHS. Fellows, Alexander Crum Brown, M.A., M.D. (Edin ), D.Sc. (Lond. ), LL.D. (Aberd. and St. Andrews).Horace Fabian Cheshire, B.Sc. (Lond.). William Kellner, Ph.D. (Gottingen).Henry Heron Smith. Associates. Frederick Thomas Harry. Leslie Horace Howlett, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.).Change of Name. Bernard Goldstein, Registered Student-to Goulston. ADDRESS REQUIRED. Fellows. H. J. Alford, F. S. Bayley, F. J. Bolt, H. E. Bowles, A. C. Carter, P. 31. Davies, C. J. Head, G. W.MacDonald, G. T. Moody, G. F. Morrell, J. C. Quinn, Harry Stanley, D. A. Sutherland, H. G. Weall, George Whewell. Associates. N. Asherson, Mrs. A. P. Barker, E. M. Beynon, Edward Bloom, I. V. Brown, Joseph Burton, C. W. Carpenter, W. Davison, T. H. Gant, H. Gollop, J. D. Hamer, G. F. Hanna, H. W. Hewis, F. T. Ingham, A. Lamble, G. R. W. Lawson, J. S. Lewis, W. E. Lloyd, J. H. Macdonald, A. Morton, J. M. McEntegart, J. F. Neilson, Miss V. Newcomb, H. F. Oxley, A. J. Pelling, George Reeves, Eric Robinson, G. Robinson, Miss N. Rosenblum, M. J.Scott, J. B. Solomon, Miss E. B. Stirling, A. E. Thomas, H. Thompson,Cnarles Walker, S. A. Welch, D. Worcester. Students. M.F. Carroll, W.G. Dalton, W. S. Davey, V. E. Fry, K. Wallis. General Notices. District Members of Council.-The following have been returned unopposed, for election as District Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting to be held on 1st March, 1923 :-(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Robert Dexter Littlefield. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : Alfred Vincent Elsden, B.Sc. (v) Manchester and District : William Marshall. (vi) North-East C0a.t and Yorkshire : William McDonnell Mackey. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Thomas William Drinkwater, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S.(ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire : GeorgeRudd Thompson. (ix) Ireland: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, A.R.C.S.I., B.Sc., Ph.D. No District Member of Council has been nominated for (i) Birmingham and Midlands, (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast, (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland, or (xi) The Overseas Dominions, the Empire of India, and Abroad. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council :-By-Law 26. (1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. 362 (2) Any nomination made under this By-Law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form :-“We the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-Law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-Law 24 (2) No Ferson who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice President or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The names of the Vice-presidents and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, and who are ineligible for re-election as such, are as follows : Vice-presidents : Horatio Ballantyne, and Ernest Mostyn Hawkins. General Members of Council : Walter Ernest Adeney, Allin Cottrell, Lewis Eynon, Francis Arthur Freeth, Charles Alexander Hill, Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, Samuel Ernest hlelling, Gordon Wickham Monier-Williams.The Annual General Meeting will be held on Thursday, 1st March, 1923. Nomination Papers must be received at the Office of the Institute before 4 p.m. on Thursday, 18th January. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to January, 1923, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.363 Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that they have been registered for not less than six months and that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. The charge for the Appointments Register is 6s. 6d. (for six months) on the first entry, and 5s. for renewals. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10A.M. and 2 P.M.) except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.N. to 9 P.M.on week days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.) The Register of the Institute is in course of revision for publication in 1923. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition, further particulars of which are given on p. 325. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually for chemical research work of outstanding importance, carried out by a British chemist under 30 years of age and completed during the year in respect of which the award is made. The award is primarily for analytical chemistry, but need not be restricted to that branch.The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1922 will be decided in January, 1923. 364 Admission of Fellows and Associates.-The Council have decided that after 1st January, 1923,candidates who are elected to the Fellowship without passing through the grade of Associateship, or to the Associateship, shall be required, as a condition precedent to their admission to the Institute, to attend before the Council, or before the Committee of a Local Section, to make the Declaration required by the By-Laws, and to receive their certificates from the President, or the Chairman of the Local Section as the case may be, who will welcome them into the Institute.The ceremony will take place at the Council Meeting or Local Section meeting next succeeding the meeting at which the new member has been elected. The Council have also decided, subject to the concurrence of the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries, that in the case of a newly-elected Fellow or Associate resident in the Overseas Dominions or elsewhere abroad, where an Honorary Corre-sponding Secretary has been appointed by the Institute, the new member shall be required, at a convenient time, to hand his Declaration to the Honorary Corresponding Secretary, from whom he will receive his certificate of membership. Where there is no Honorary Corresponding Secretary the Council may dispense with this requirement, but will welcome the new member when he is in this country.The Council hope by this means to bring the new Fellows and Associates immediately into direct touch with the Institute and its Sections, and encourage them to take an active interest in the work of the Institute for the good of the profession. Journal, Part I., 1922.-The stock of copies of the JournaZ Part I., 1922, containing the article on the title “chemist,” is almost exhausted. The Registrar has received several copies in answer to the announcement which appeared in Part IT.,and will be glad to receive further copies from any members who may be in the possession of two, or who do not keep the Journal for binding. Exami nations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held during the weeks commencing 9th and 16th April.The list of candidates will close on Monday, 19th February, Intending candidates can obtain full particulars from the Registrar. 365 Benevolent Fund.-The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee, with financial statement for 1922, corrected to the time of going to press, is published, as a separate pamphlet, simultaneously with this Part of the Journal. North-East I reland.-At the annual general meeting, to be held on rst March, 1923, the Council will submit for con- sideration a proposal that North-East Ireland be approved as a voting district for the election of a Member of Council in ac- cordance with By-Law 30 (I). Metallurgists.-The Council have had under careful consideration the standard of ti aining in organic chemistry which should be required of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute who have pursued courses leading to the degree of B.Met.or an analogous degree or diploma. The Council are aware of the view that the practice of metallurgical chemistry does not necessitate an advanced knowledge of organic chemistry, but having regard to the fact that all candidates who are examined for the Associateship are required to pass an examination in general chemistry, including organic chemistry, and that the qualification of Associateship of the Institute must be regarded as the hall-mark of a well trained chemist, they have confirmed their decision that metal- lurgists as such should not be admitted to the Institute unless they have complied with the conditions which the Council deem necessary in order that such candidates may be regarded as chemists as well as metallurgists.The Council will require every such candidate to produce evidence that he has taken courses and passed examinations in organic chemistry (theoretical and practical) up to the standard of a pass degree in chemistry in a recognised university, and, in addition, will require proof of the attainment of a high standard in the metallurgical degree or diploma examination, before considering any such candidate as eligible for admission to the Associateship.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9224600319

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

366 Index. Accounts (1921), 16 Admiralty, 66 Admission of Members, 249, 364 Advisory Committee (Board of Education), 14, 81, 99, 124, 186, 299 Agreements of Chemists, 9, 296 Agricultural Chemistry, 13 Agricultural Colleges, 283, 32 1 Agriculture, Ministry of, 286 Alcohol, Duty Free, 9 Annual General Meeting, 82 Apparatus, Evolution of, 296 Apparatus, Exhibition of, 56 Applications for Membership, 10 Appointments Overseas, 13 Appointments Register, 12, 76, 171, 243, 270, 316 362, Assets and Liabilities, 18 Associates, Entrance Fee, 90, 182 Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, 23 Auditors, 15, 80, 89 Belfast and District Section, 116,187, 254, 294, 326, 365 Benevolent Fund, 4,6, 19, 26, 81, 86, 99, 324, 365 Birkbeck College, 216 Birmingham Municipal Technical School, 290 Blindness, 5 Board of Education, 14, 67, 81, 99, 124, 186, 299, 324 Board of Examiners, 113 Board of Trade, 26 Books and their Contents, 61, 142, 235, 271, 309, 351 Bradford Tech.College, 290 Brewing Research, 200 Bricks, Sand-Lime, 24 Bristql and South-Western Section, 118, 187, 294, 327, Bristol University, 58 British Engineering Standards, 4,5,24, 349 British Industries Fair, 26 British Photographic Research Association, 7 Building Fund, 5, 6 Burnham-Committee, 12, 252, 287 Canadianhtitute, 202 Cape Town University, 12 Cardiff Tech. College, 12 Cement, 186, 250 Censors, 21, 80 Chemical Engineering Standards, 4 Chemical Engineers’ Institution,175, 249 Chemical Society, 9 Chemicals, Exhibition of, 56 Chemicals, Fine, 22, 105, 134 Chemist, The Title, 9, 36, 101,120,196, 197,349 Chemist and Engineer, 296 Chemistry, Profession of, 9 Committees, 80 Conference, 78 Conjoint Board of Scientific Socie- ties, 4 Contracts (appointments),9,296,339“Costing,” 128 Council, District Members, 79, 109, 313, 361 Council, Members of, 21,79, 313,361 Council, Report of, 3 Dangerous Drugs Act, 9 Deaths, 3, 74, 169, 242, 278, 360 Department of Scientific and In-dustrial Research, 304 Dinner, 253, 287 Directories, Entries in, 78 District Members of Council, 79,109, 313 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 45, 327 Engineer and Chemist, 296 Engineering Standards, 4, 5, 24,186, 250, 349 Entrance Fees, 90, 182, 183 Examinations,ll, 25,27,258,291,364 Examiners, Board of, 113 Exhibition, 56 F.I.C.unauthorised use of, 26, 182 Federal Council for Pure and Ap- plied Chemistry, 4 Fellowship applications, 11,25 Finance and House Committee, 4,5, 80 367 Fees, Professional, 12 Finance, 5 Pinslmry Tech. Collegc, 18(i I’ritnklnnd Medal, 58 (:its Nsaminers, 184, 1!)D Gas Otlicials, 185 Gas Ikferees, 12, 199 Gedcles Report, 66 General Meeting, 82 (ieneral Purposes Committee, 4, 7, Glasgow, Royal Tech. College, 12 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 45, 120, 294, 327 Glassware, British Laboratory, 5, 13, 11, 22, 105 Government Chemists, 126 Government Laboratory, 68 Grants Committee.Ministry of Labour, 5 Harrison, Col. E: F. Headmasters, Incorporated Asso-ciation of, 5 Health, Ministry of, 4, 5, 12, 24 68, 286, 323 Health, Scottish Board of, 4 Home Office, 12 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 4, 13 House Committee (see Finance and House), 7 Huddersfield Section, 48, 124, 254, 290, 204, 328 Income ‘Fax, 250, 322 India Oftice, 12 Indian Science Congress, 58 Institute of Brewing, 200 Tnst>ituteof Chemistry (Its objects, etc.), 216, 254 328 Institute of Physics, 25 Institution of Chemical Engineers, 175, 249 1natit utions, 12 Inventors, Royal Commission, 4 Tn terviewing Committees, 10 Ireland, North-East, 365 Irish Section, 50, 128 Kingston, Ont., Queen’s IJnirer-sity, 12 Labour, Ministry of, 5 Leeds Area Section, 128, 290, 295, 328,337 Leeds Central Tech.School, 290 Leeds University, 12 Lectures and Library Committpe, 4, 8, 81, 107, 108, 114, 215, 201, 256, 348 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 4, 9, 44, 80, 110 Library, 4, 9, 20, 146, 363 Life C’oniposition, 183 I,ivt:rpool mid Nortli-Wcstci-nComi-Lies Section, 25, 51, 128. 185. 254, 295, 328, 337 Local Sections and Committees, 8. 9, 10, 45. 108, 172, 326 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties Section, 51,129, 185,196, 296, 339 Maccabaeans Society, 7, 22, 82, 104, 183 Manchester and District Section, 130,296,344 Manchester College of Technology, 12 Meldola Medal, 7, 22, 82, 104,!185, 280, 365 Memorial (War), 348 Middlesex County Council, 24, 183 Milk, 286, 323 Mines Department, 12 Ministry of Health, 4,5, 12, 24, 68, 286,323 Ninistry of Labour, 5 National Certificates, 14, 124, 186, 299 Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast Section.56, 132, 197, 206, 345 New Zealand University, 13 Nobels Explosives Co., 12 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 4, 10, 8Q, 110 Northern Polytechnic Institute, 22 Notes, 58, 144, 198, 256, 290,348 Notices, 75, 170, 243, 279, 313, 361 Nottingham, University College, 191 Obituary, 59, 149, 213,!269, 311,350 Office, 18G Officers of ths Institute, 79 Official Chemical Appointments, 13, 244 Otago, N.Z., 12 Padua University, 181 Paisley Tech.College, 12 Pasteur Centenary, 114, 256 Pensions (Board of Education), 324 Personal, 58, 255, 347 Pharmacy Acts Amendment, 9 Physics, Institute of, 25 Porcelain, Laboratory, 22, 105 President, 79, 130, 287 368 President’s address, 96 Pretoria Univ. of Stellenbosch, 12 Priestley, 7 Profession of Chemistry, The, 9 Publications Corninittee ( 1921-22),2, 13; (1922-23), 80, 248, 253, 282 Public Analysts, 24, 183, 196 Public Appointments Committee, 4, 12, 81, 183 Publicity, 250 Reagents, 22, 105, 134 Register, 4, 69, 166, 238, 274, 355, 363 Regulations, 11 Remuneration, 1 18 Report of the Council, 3, 86 Research, 304 Roll of Institute, 3 Russia, 257, 290 Salmon, 187 Sand-Lime Bricks, 24 Scientific and Industrial Research, 304 Scientific Instruments, Journal, 202 Scottish Board of Health, 4 Sheffield University, 12 Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle, 201 South Africa, University, 12 South Wales Section, 57, 346 Special Purposes Committee, 4, 13, 81 Standards, Engineering, 4, 5.180, 250, 349 Students’ Association (London),135, 214, 280, 354 Students, Registered, 113, 253, 287 Swansea, University College, 12 Technical Schools (Teachers), 252, 287, 325 Terrell, T., 339 Textile Institute, 296, 344 Treasurer, 79, 84, 185 University College, London, 226 Value of Scientific Training, 18s Vice-presidents, 21, 70 \Var Memorials, 349 IVar Office, 12, 66 “What the manufacturer expectsof his Chemists,” 129, 151, 253, 283

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9224600366

出版商:RSC    

年代:1922

数据来源: RSC