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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART I: 1939. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. Febrzcary, 1939. Publications Committee, 1938-39. W. J. A. BUTTERFIEW (Chairmaur), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E.COX, B. S. EVANS, A. E.EVEREST, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, A. A. HALL, J. W.HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G. S. ROBERTSON, E.A. TYLER. 3 Editorial. THE STUDY OF CHEMICAL HISTORY. “The history of science is science ifself.”-GOETHE. “History is bzcnk.”--MR. HENRYFORD. “Mediaeval scientists,” says Dr. Sarton, “are our direct ancestors; if they had been such idiots, how could we be so clever?” There are, however, chemists who subscribe to Mr. Ford’s graceful aphorism, and maintain that, while a know-ledge of the history of chemistry doubtless embellishes the person of a chemist, it is by no means a necessary part of his professional equipment. If he is interested in origins, they say, let him cultivate that harmless and presumably amusing hobby; but if not, he can still become master of the science as it is to-day. A less pronounced form of this opinion admits that the history of chemical ideas may be of value, but regards biographical details as completely irrelevant.It denies any sort of significance to the facts that Gay-Lussac married a shop-assistant, that Dalton won a prize in a magazine competition, and that, after his successful flight in a balloon filled with hydrogen, Charles received love-letters from an anonymous admirer. As Browning says, “What porridge had John Keats ? ” Such opinions as these are superficial, limited in vision, and easy to confute. The best immediate retort-serving to show that the matter is worth discussion and not lightly to be brushed aside-is that the great pioneers of chemistry have almost always, if not invariably, been serious students of chemical history.Men like Boyle, Berzelius, van’t Hoff and Berthelot knew the work of their predecessors as a well-conned textbook, and though no one would claim their eminence to be a con- sequence of their possession of this knowledge, the fact is clear that they regarded it as of importance. To understand exactly where the importance lies, it is necessary merely to recollect that the progress of chemistry is governed by two factors, namely (a) accumulation of facts, and (b) correlation and interpretation of facts by theoretical 4 conceptions. Neither factor is sufficient of itself; the condition of advance is the co-operation of both. The two factors, however, usually develop unevenly, and it is commonly the second which lags.As F. C. S. Schiller pointed out, “every science has been held up, at some stage or other of its career, by the lack of conceptions that would give it a real grip of its subject-matter and enable it to analyse it and to deduce consequences which could be verified in fact.” Examples of this phenomenon have been numerous in the development of chemistry. For instance, it was not until the close of the eighteenth century that the true nature of combustion was revealed, though all the necessary facts had been known for hundreds of years previously. Similarly the establishment of the Daltonian atomic theory was delayed for nearly half a century before Cannizzaro excavated and applied Avogadro’s hypothesis, while about the same lapse of time occurred between Faraday’s discovery of the facts of electrolysis and Arrhenius’s explanation of them.On the other hand, Crookes’s conception of isotopes arrived several decades before the appropriate facts came to light; and it may be recalled that Ramsay related that, as he was reading Wilson’s Lije of Cavendish, he came to the passage in which it was recorded that Cavendish had never been able to make a complete analysis of air. Ramsay had marked the book “Look into this,’’ and finding the note many years afterwards began his remarkable researches which led to the discovery of argon, helium, neon, krypton and xenon. Under modern conditions, with tens of thousands of trained investigators engaged in continuous research, facts accumulate at an ever increasing rate, but grand generalisations are as sporadic and nearly as infrequent as in the past.It seems, therefore, that the main need of chemistry is conceptual inspiration; and this finds its most likely source and stimulus in a study of the history of chemistry. The great chemists of bygone days all possessed that elusive but unmistakable chemical instinct which justifies the description of its fortunate recipients as “born chemists”; and, in following their mental processes and ideas, there not seldom arise in the reader’s mind new applications of old conceptions, fresh aspects of known facts, and original hypotheses evoked by the master’s train of thought. Chemistry, indeed, is a philosophy as well as a craft, and the chemist who aspires to more than mere craftsmanship must learn chemical philosophy from its accomplished exponents. 5 Even the craftsman, however, will be a better craftsman if he knows something of the way in which his craft has developed.“The more I try to understand chemistry,” wrote Pattison Muir, “the more I am convinced that the methods, achievements, and aims of the science can be realised only by him who has followed the gradual development of chemical ideas. A just judgment can be passed on the relative importance of the methods which are used, the results which are obtained, and the problems which are being attacked by the chemists of to-day, only when a careful study has been made of the methods employed, the results gained, and the points of attack selected by the chemists of the past.” No chemist can fail to benefit from reading Black’s Experiments on Magnesia Alba, Dalton’s New System of Chemical Philosophy, Davy’s Decomposition of the Fixed Alkalies, Williamson’s EtheriJication, or Berzelius’s The‘orie des Proportions Chimiques, for example; while earlier works, such as those on alchemy, are not without disciplinary value, since many of them show only too clearly the danger of basing ambitious theories on an inadequate pedestal of ascertained fact.This very human failing continuously dogs the footsteps of science, and it behoves us to be constantly on our guard against it-especially when, as at present, the following lines of Wordsworth can be truly applied to so many chemical theories: Though rear’d upon the base of outward things, These, chiejly, are such structures as the mind Builds for itself.History teaches us caution, gives us a due sense of proportion, and shows us how errors were made in the past and therefore how best to avoid them in the future. It is, too, meet and fitting that a chemist should pay homage to “the great men to whom he owes almost everything that he knows, and but for whose efforts and devotion he would be but an ignorant child, groping his way in the dark.” A study of the history of chemistry has the further ad- vantage-emphasised by Ladenburg-of diminishing our faith in authority: “a faith which produces pernicious effects by obstructing the way for any original development of the in- dividual.” Originality and a sturdy independence of thought are such rarities that anything which encourages them, or removes obstacles from their path, should be assiduously cultivated.Young chemists in particular-as is only natural- are prone to attach an unwarranted finality to current theory (especially to its form), and to look upon the printed word as not impugnable. The necessary disillusionment is most effectively accomplished by the historical method, with its tale of countless theories out-worn or recast, of supposed facts that were not facts, and of erroneous statements uncritically accepted through ingenuous reverence for authority. If the youthful Pasteur had accepted, on Mitscherlich’s authority, that sodium ammonium racemate and sodium ammonium tartrate were crystallographic- ally identical, he might have missed one of his greatest dis- coveries.Fortunately, he had the courage to challenge the accuracy of the statement, re-investigated the matter for himself, and founded stereochemistry. Turning now to the biographical side of chemical history, it has been argued that gossip on the Boswellian model is of little import in the education of a chemist. Surely, the argument runs, no student would make slower or less satisfactory progress in chemistry. through ignorance of the facts that Davy became a baronet and that Faraday was the son of a blacksmith? Whywaste time upon such trivialities? This, however, is a reductio ad absurdurn of a very useful side of the history of chemistry. We cannot do better here than to listen to Dr.Sarton, who of all men is best qualified to pronounce judgment on this point. “Every detail in a scientist’s life,” he says, “is or may be interesting, because that life is one of the parts in a great tragedy -we might call it the basic tragedy of mankind-the struggle for knowledge. From that standpoint, it will never suffice to state a man’s discovery; one must explain how and why he made it, and why it was he who made it, what idiosyncrasies guided or handicapped him, and so forth. . . . One must examine his whole behaviour, his ways of searching, of finding, of checking and re-checking, and finally-most illuminating of all informa- tion-his ways of expressing himself.” It is true that many people are cast in such a mould that they find nothing to interest them in the characters and fortunes of their fellows. It is equally true, however, that they are in the minority. The wide popularity of biographical literature is proof that the average man and woman derive pleasure in learning something of the lives of others; and there is no reason to suppose that chemists as a class deviate in this respect from the norm. But proficiency in any branch of knowledge is largely 7 a function of the interest it excites, whence it is reasonable to conclude that familiarity with biographical detail is for most people a real aid to learning. This conclusion is certainly supported by educational experience.The wise teacher uses the peg upon which Cavendish hung his hat for forty years as a peg upon which to hang the important points of Cavendish’s chemical researches. And who would venture to deny that such biography as the epic story of Lavoisier ; Crookes’s wire to Ramsay-“Crypton is helium, 58749. Come and see it”-and Ramsay’s laconic remark “Went and saw it”; the ascetic life of Madame Curie; the tragedy of Moseley’s death at Gallipoli; and Moissan’s early struggle against poverty self-imposed in order that he might have the time to study chemistry-who would deny that such things ought to form part of the mental heritage of every chemist? And does not their intrinsic interest make it easier to remember and appreciate the work of Lavoisier on oxygen and chemical nomenclature, of Ramsay upon the Group 0 elements, of the Curies upon radium, of Moseley upon atomic numbers, and of Moissan upon fluorine and artificial diamonds? The question is purely rhetorical, for there can be but one answer to it.Yet there is more to be said for chemical biography than that it arouses and maintains interest. It drives home the important lesson that the course of chemical research is largely directed by contemporary social needs and their reaction upon the indi- vidual worker-a lesson so recently emphasised by Lancelot Hogben and others that its discussion here is superfluous. Finally, chemical biography fosters that sense of corporate fellowship which has made-and, in spite of difficulties, still makes- chemists the world over rise above the differences of race, creed, and political system in their pursuit of a common aim.-E.J. H. 8 Report of the Council: 1938-1939 (To be submitted at the Sixty-First Annual General Meeting of th Institute, to be held on Wedmesday, 1st March, 1939.) I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. This Report covers the twelve months ending 27th January, 1939. Since the publication of the Report for 1937-38,the Council has elected IOI new Fellows, of whom 91were formerly Associates, and 2 Fellows have been re-elected. 353 new Associates have been elected, of whom 107 were Registered Students. 5 Associates have been re-elected. 193 new Registered Students have been admitted, and 5 Students re-admitted.The Council records with regret the deaths of 34 Fellows, 10Associates and I Student, namely:- Fellows. Matthew Atkinson Adam. James Aloysius Audley. Thomas Baker. George Barger, F.R.S. William Barlow. John Williams Bevan. William Porter Dreaper, O.B.E. John Thomas Dunn. Edward Charles Edgar. HaroId Douglas Elkington. Arthur Josiah Hoffmeister Gauge. William Setten Gilles. John Edward Green. Ernest Goulding.Alfred John Greenaway. John Harry Hale-White, C.B.E. Alan Haythornthwaite. George Nevi11 Huntly. William Jago. Patrick Henry Kirkaldy, Hon. Tremurer, 1924-36. Arthur William Knapp. Alfred Courtenay Luck. William Bernard MacCabe. 9 William Henry Merrett.John Price Millington, M.B.E. James O’Sullivan. Sydney Gross Paine. Hugh Ramage. Trenham Howard Reeks. Louis John Eczekiol Riley. Harcourt Henry Benjamin Shepherd. Harry Silvester. Frederic Woodland Toms. Willjam Ellis Vinson. Associates. William Archibald Andrews. Juan Pedige Charles Chandrasena. Frederick Gosling. Narharwanman Hirwe. John Hodges. Donis Vernon Jones. Percival Edgar King. Thomas AndeIson Watson. Giles Hadden Welsford. Robert Wilson. Student. Robert Foreman. The Council has accepted the resignations of 3 Fellows 35 Associates and 21 Students. The names of 6 Fellows, 93 Associates and 94Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-laws. The Register at 27th January, 1939, contains the names of 2191 Fellows, 4994 Associates (in all 7185 members), and 738 Registered Students.The number of members has increased by 189 and the number of Registered Students has decreased by 26. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 11 meetings; the Committees, Sub-committees and Board of Examiners have held 60 meetings. COMMITTEES AND CHAIRMEN. Appointments .. .. The President. Benevolent Fund .. } Bernard F. Howaxd, Hon. Finance and House .. Treasurer. Legal and Parliamentary . . The President. Nominations, Examinations and Institutions .. .. .. The President. Pedler Fund .. .. . . The President. Publications and Library . . W. J. A. Butterfield. Joint Committee with the Board of Education (National Certifi- cates) .. .. . . .. The President. 10 Joint Committee with the Scot- tish Education Department(National Certificates) .. G. G. Henderson, F.R.S. Joint Committee with the Board of Education, Northern Ireland (National Certificates) . . The President. Special Committees have also been appointed in connexion with- (a)the Proposed Supplemental Charter; (b) a scheme submitted by the Chemical Council; (c) the bill promoted by the Metropolitan Water Board; and (d) to consider the desirability and practicability of preparing and maintaining a list of chemists of varying qualifications and degrees of competence, in addition to the Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute.The Institute has been represented as follows:-Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, has represented the Institute on an Advisory Council of the Ministry of Labour; on the National Committee for Chemistry (Royal Society) ; on the Harrison Memorial Committee; and on the Standing Advisory Committee for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research concerned with the testing of building materials. The President, with theHonorary Treasurer and the Registrar,- on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Committee. Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, with Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., Member of Council, and Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Vice-President,+n the Chemical Council. Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President,-on the Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of Textiles of the City and Guilds of London Institute in connexion with the Examinations of the Department of Technology.Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, and Dr. Francis H. Cam, C.B.E., Member of Council-at the Tenth Congress of Chemistry held at Rome. Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Vice-President,--on the British Management Council. Sir G. Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., Past President, and the Registrar,--on the Parliamentary Science Committee. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Member of Council, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Vice-president, and Dr. E. Vanstone,-on the Joint Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., Member of Council,-at the Congress of the Royal Sanitary Institute, held at Portsmouth. Mr.E. R. Bolton,-on the Advisory Committee on Petroleum and Petroleum Products, and on Oils, Fats and Waxes of the City and Guilds of London Institute, in connexion with Examinations conducted by the Department of Technology. Dr. Harold G. Colman,---on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Dr. C. R. Austin,-at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, at Philadelphia. Dr. J. F. Tocher,--on the Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act. 11 Mr. Harry Ward,-& the Seventeenth International Management Congress, at Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Mr. F. W. Clifford, Librarian of the Chemical Society,--at the Fourteenth International Conference of the International Federation for Documentation, at Oxford.The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Employment Committee, Ministry of Labour. The Assistant Secretary,--on the Chemical Trades’ Advisory Committee, and on the Chemical Trades’ Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes. STATUTORYAPPOINTMENT. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Member of Council,-on the Poisons Board, constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. Fellows have represented the Institute on the Council of the Chemical Division and on Committees and Sub-committees of the British Standards Institution :-Dr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemicals and Chemical Plant for Electro- plating; Plated Finishes for Fittings and Equipment; Mr.S. A. Brazier,-Tests for Rubber and Rubber Products; Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Member of Council,--on the Council of the Chemical Division; and on a Committee to co-ordinate the work of the Building, Chemical and Engineering Divisional Councils; Dr. Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Sampling of Tar Products; Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S.,-Cement and Slag Cement; Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Vice-President,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materials used in Electro-plating ; Mr. Walter C. Hancock,-High-Alumina Cements; Mr. F. W. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement; Mr. William Mamab, C.B.E.,-Steam-Jacketed Pans; Mr. William Herbert Simmons,-on a Technical Committee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, preparedby the International Commission for the Study of Fats; Dr.James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks; Portland BIast Furnace Slag Cement; Containers for Heavy Acids and Solvents; Dr. A. G. Francis and Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Members of Council, Mr. W. T.Burgess, the late Dr. J. T. Dunn, and the Assistant Secretary,-on Technical Committee C/S on Standardisation of Scientific Glassware ; Dr. A. D. Mitchell,-Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations. Fellows and Associates have participated in drafting Speci- fications for various Standards, and have assisted the British Standards Institution by contributing their observations on draft specifications. The Institute has been able to afford some assistance to the Home Office regarding Hydrogen Cyanide Fumigation, and 12 also Air Raid Precautions; and has been in communication with the Colonial Office regarding the conditions attaching to certain chemical appointments for the Overseas Dominions.3. THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The accounts for the year 1938 are attached to this Report. During the year , several necessary but non-recurring items have been charged to income and expenditure account, and there have been in addition some unavoidable increases in items of ordinary expenditure. The sum of k686 16s. 3d. for repairs and maintenance includes &437 19s. ~d.for re-wiring for the electricity supply throughout the building in conduit tubing, in the place of the wooden casing originally installed.The additional costs of printing, stationery and postage include a sum of &51 3s. 5d. for the special circularisation issued on 1st October, and E44 14s. 6d. for the questionnaire regarding re- muneration statistics, and the item for repairs and renewals of office equipment includes a new printing machine at a cost of &zoo to replace one purchased in 1922. The non-recurring items specifically mentioned account for the sum of E733 17s. od. A new edition of the handbook of the Institute The Profession of Chemistry accounts for EZI~11s. 7d., which will not recur for some years to come; and Safety Rules for use in Chemical Works, issued through the courtesy of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, cost L60.The expenses of Local Sections were increased by L12719s. II~. and the travelling expenses of Members of Council, by E158 17s. Iod. Under "income," the examination and assessment fees show a reduction of &114gs., partly due to the fact that no local fees are now charged for candidates presenting themselves at centres other than headquarters. During the coming year, there will be no new edition either of the Register or of Oficial Chemical Appointments, which each cost about &goo,so that there should be a prospect of the financial statements for 1939 eliminating, with a substantial margin, the excess of expenditure over income during 1938. The question of lowering the Entrance Fees to the Associate- ship and Fellowship of the Institute has been raised and con-sidered from time to time, and was raised again at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.The Committee was asked especially to consider the possibility of reducing the Entrance or Assessment Fees of Associates applying for the Fellowship. It was held that even if a substantial reduction in the amount of the fee were allowed, the number of Associates applying for transfer would be very little affected. Hence the Committee, having regard also to the number of transfers which would be necessary in order to recoup the Institute for the loss on reducing the fees, as compared with the possible gain from income, reported to the Council advising that no alteration be made in the amounts payable under the present Regulations.At the Annual General Meeting held on 1st March, 1938,the Hon. Treasurer stated that, on the instructions of the Council, the Finance Committee had been investigating the existing scheme for providing members of the staff of the Institute with an endowment on retirement. At that time, the Committee had not gone very far into the matter, but had already reported that the provision made for staff pensions compared very unfavourably with the arrangements made by other and similar Societies and Institutions. The Council, therefore, instructed the Committee to obtain information with a view to the more adequate pension- ing of members of the staff on retirement. The By-law relating to these matters is No.42-‘‘The Council may, with the consent of a General Meeting, make such provision as the Council may think fit for pension- ing salaried Officers and Servants, whether by agreement at the time of appointment or otherwise.” In March, 1924,at the Annual General Meeting, the Council was empowered to contribute a sum not exceeding Ez50 in each year towards the establishment, on a contributory basis, of a superannuation fund for members of the staff whose salaries were not less than EIOO per annum. A scheme was then in- stituted under which endowment policies, with profits, were effected with the Sun Life Assurance Society to provide a lump sum at the age of 60 or on retirement; but it remained within the power of an Annual General Meeting, on the recommendation of the Council, to supplement this provision under the terms of By-law 42.So far, however, the amount contributed to such purpose has never exceeded 15220 per annum. This amount the Council regards as inadequate for a staff of seventeen. In-cidentally, it may be mentioned that the staff still stands at the same strength, although the membership has increased by 14 2,800 approximately; also that four members of the staff, exclusive of the Registrar, have been in the ' h of the Institute e for over 20 years and three for about 14ye With the help of the Sun Life Assur; ciety and the advice of the Solicitors of the Institute, as( , which brings into account the existing scheme, has been Gvulved, with the approval of the Council, and in order to bring it into operation, the consent of the Annual General Meeting, this year, will be sought for authority to devote a sum not exceeding E750 per annum to the purpose.It is probable that for several years to come the amount required will not exceed fl500 per annum. This comprehensive scheme provides for assurances effected by the employees and by the Institute on behalf of the employees to provide capital for superannuation or pensions for all members of the staff,-except the present Registrar for whom the Council proposes to ask the Institute to make separate provision. Existing Endowment Assurances (with profits) which have been in operation for varying periods since 1924and will remain in operation have been brought into account in making the calculations for the necessary provision for those members of the staff who have participated in the existing scheme.The provision for pension is on the basis of years of service x ultimate salary, 80 but not exceeding-salary, up to five years before the age of 654080 for men and 60 for women at which ages the policies mature. In the event of death before the ages specified, respectively, the Assurances will provide the amount of the full value on maturity in respect of men and half-value in respect of women. The provision for each member of the staff takes into account also the case of women and junior men who on their present salaries and wages are entitled to participate in the Old Age Pensions Scheme-whereby, at appropriate ages, the amount of pension is reduced by l26 per annum and the provisions reduced accordingly. After the date of maturity, an amount equivalent to the pension will be paid for at least five years, even in the event of death before that period.Provision can be made whereby the pension (on a lower scale) may be applicable to a man and wife and the survivor of them. 15 Subject to satisfactory service, provision is made, in the exist- ing scheme and in the additional scheme, for the surrender of all policies to any member of the staff leaving the employ of the Institute on proceeding to another appointment. In the Additional Scheme the employee may insure for the remission of premiums while he is incapacitated by ill-health or accident.A Trust Deed under Seal has been prepared, which with the Schedules attached thereto confirm and regulate the conditions of the scheme. The Deed constitutes the Institute as Trustee for the scheme, under the management of the Council, when authorised by the Institute in General Meeting. While it is provided-as stated above-that the existing Assurances remain in operation, the scheme is extended to en- large to years of servicex ultimate salary (as indicated) the 80 benefits accruing on maturity or previous death, and new Assurances will be effected: one by the Institute and one by the employee. The Institute as Trustee will retain control of all policies, reserving the right of special control of the Employer’s Additional Assurances of which it may decide the disposal.In normal circumstances, however, it is intended that the proceeds of the Assurances will be devoted to providing pensions; or, in the event of death, the sums due will be handed over to the legal representatives of the employee. If the employee continue in the employ of the Institute after the date of maturity of the policies, the policy moneys will be left on deposit with the Sun Life Assurance Society. On the employee’s subsequent retirement from the service of the Institute, the employer may, in exceptional cases only and at the request of the employee, pay in cash the sum assured and any accrued interest to the employee; otherwise the policy moneys will be applied to secure a pension.If, before the date of maturity, the employee leave the employ of the Institute or be dismissed for misconduct or inefficiency, or if the employee fail to observe the regulations, the Employer’s Assurances and Additional Assurances may be assigned to the employee or surrendered to the Sun Life Assurance Society, and, at the absolute discretion of the employer, the proceeds may be paid to the employee or to his wife or next-of-kin or be retained by the employer. The employer may at any time give three months’ notice 16 to the employee to cease paying instalments under these Assur- ances and determine the Deed of Trust, in which case, at the option of the employee, the employer shall surrender all policies to the employee or to his legal representatives, or to the Sun Life Assurance Society for cash surrender value, which shall be paid to the employee.Incapacity benefits can be secured by the employee on pay- ment of an additional premium. All expenses relating to the introduction of this scheme and the Trust Deed are borne by the employer. In addition to the scheme referred to, the Council will ask for authority to make provision for the Registrar, the bulk of whose service was rendered before any scheme of superannuation came into force, whose age precludes his being included in the scheme, and who will shortly complete 47 years’ work with the Institute. The Council hopes to retain his services for some time to come, but feels that it is due to him that the Institute should decide such provision now, in order that it may come into operation on his retirement; also, that it is advisable, in the meantime, that plans for the appointment of his successor and other necessary changes in the staff may be prepared in anticipa- tion of that event.In accordance with the provision made in similar circumstances by other Institutions, the Council will recommend that, in addition to receiving the proceeds of a policy of assurance which was effected on a joint-contributory basis between rgqand 1934, and has since been augmented (in all about E2,300),the Registrar be promised a pension of ;6750 a year on his retirement. The Council, when duly authorised by the Institute in General Meeting, will look to the Finance and House Committee, at the appropriate time, to make such provision from the General Account.The premises of the Institute have been maintained in good repair. The heavy expense of re-wiring for the electricity supply is referred to above. The use of the hall and meeting rooms has been given for many meetings of other Societies and Institutions during the year. 4. THE BENEVOLENT FUND. The accounts for the Benevolent Fund are attached to this Report. They show a small balance on current account at the end of the year, in spite of the fact that about the middle of December it was anticipated that there would be a deficit of over L30. The Committee is glad to report, however, that several contributions were received and some loans repaid before the close of the year.Without taking into account the donations received in answer to the special Coronation Appeal which were transferred to Capital Account, the income for 1938 was L168 10s. 4d. more than that for 1937. The donations to Capital Account received during the year were L152 0s. IId. less than the normal donations received in 1937,but the Committee received LIZ~in legacies from Dr. J. A. Voelcker and Dr. A. C. Fryer, and has since been informed that Mr. W. S. Gilles has bequeathed a legacy of L500 to the fund. The Committee was gratified to receive 16125 IS.in loans repaid as against L145 granted during the year. The payments made during the year, including the debtor balance brought forward from 1937,amounted to E1706 4s.8d.-that is, EZI 19s.less than the disbursements in 1937. 5. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. The Council has had under consideration a scheme, submitted by the Chemical Council as a basis for discussion, the object of which was to distribute the burden of the cost of publications of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry more evenly among the members of the chemical profession. Discussions were carried on from one meeting to another, and the matter was then referred to a Special Committee, whose report was adopted at a third meeting of the Council. It was eventually found that important practical considera- tions necessitated a further review of the subject by the Chemical Council.6. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. PROPOSED SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER.-The proposed Supple- mental Charter, in which it was sought to provide, inter alia, for the addition of a third category of members, and on which a postal vote taken in 1937was adverse, has been under further consideration by the Council and subsequently referred to the legal advisers of the Institute. The views expressed by Sections of the Institute and by individual Fellows and Associates have been very carefully considered, together with the question whether it is desirable and advisable in the public interest that an extended register, 18 on the lines indicated, should be brought into existence. Feeling that the provision of such an extended register would be useful, the Council proposes at an early opportunity to submit to a Special General Meeting a Supplemental Charter in a new form, together with complementary By-laws.The revised draft is published in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and is referred to the Local Sections for con-sideration. METROPOLITANWATER BOARD.---The Council has had under consideration a Bill, proposed to be promoted by the Metro- politan Water Board, seeking powers, inter aZia, to make, and recover charges for making, examinations or experiments on water or sewage, or sewage effluents, or trade effluents submitted to them by any authority, company, body, or person authorised to supply water. Many Fellows and Associates are known to undertake practice in the analysis of water, sewage, and sewage effluents, and letters were received expressing unanimously the desire that the Council of the Institute should oppose that part of the Bill in which it was proposed that the Board should seek to trespass upon the practice which such members had hitherto enjoyed.The exercise of such powers as were sought by the Board would have an effect prejudicial not only to chemists in independent practice, but to those who are entrusted with the supervision of the plant and processes used for water and sewage purification. For this and other reasons the Council considered that part of the proposed measure was not in the public interest, and negotiations have been opened with the Board on the subject.PAssPoRTs.-The Chief Passport Officer, Foreign Office, has notified the Council that the signatures of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, in common with the members of other recognised professional bodies, will be accepted in verification of Passport applications. 7. LOCAL SECTIONS. The main activities of the Local Sections are recorded in the following schedule- ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND. Professor John Read, F.R.S. .. “Alchemy in Scotland.”* Mr. W. Godden, Member of Council . . .. . . “Canned Foods.” Dr. J. A. Lovern .. .. “Some Recent Aspects of Vitamin A Research.” Mr. T. Howard .. .. “Bacon and its By-products.” *Joint meeting with the Chemical Society. (BELFASTIRELAND AND DISTRICT).Dr. C. L. Wilson :: }Dr. S. Andrews “Symposium on Chemical Methods.” Mr. Toms and Dr. R. H. Common . . Visit of Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, for general discussion. BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS. Dr. H. W. Brownsdon . . “Some Problems of Lubrication.” Dr. Olaf Bloch .. .. “Some Scientific and Technical Applica- tions of Photography.” Dr. J. Newton Friend .. “Priestley.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter,-introduced bySir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S. (President). Exhibition of Cine Films : Manufacture of Bakelite; Nutrition; Manu-facture of Laboratory Glassware. AND SOUTH-WESTERNBRISTOL COUNTIES. Dr. P. Lewis-Dale (Member of Council) .. .. .. “The Work of a Railway Chemist.” Mr.IF. E. Needs . . .. “Atmospheric Pollution.” Mr. A. Churchman lectured for (the late) Mr. A. W. Knapp “Vitamin D and Cacao Shell.” Dr. A. D. Mitchell .. .. “Oxidation-Reduction Indicators.” Visit to works of Avon Rubber Co., Melksham. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Col. J. G. Rose .. .. “Lubricants.” Dr. P. C. Carman Professor W. Pugh .. .. .. . . “Modern Views on the Nature of Clays.” “Mercurous Perchlorate as a Volumetric Reagent .” Visit to the Royal Observatory. CARDIFF AND DISTRICT. Mr. A. G. Fishburn .. .. “Some Recent Investigations on Natural and Synthetic Drugs.” Dr. C. W. Davies (Hon. Sec., Chemical Society) .. .. “Strong Electrolytes.” Professor W. Wardlaw .. “Some Topics in Inorganic Chemistry.” EAST ANGLIA. Dr. J. W.Corran .. .. “R1[ustard.” Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton .. “Water Supplies, with Special Reference to East Anglia.” Mr. H. B. Brown .. .. “ War-time Chemical Problems.” *Mr. A. L. Bacharach (Member of Council) . . .. .. “Food and Medicine.” *Joint meeting with the Norwich Medico-Chirurgical Society. 20 EAST MIDLANDS. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe “Some Properties of Dangerous In-(Member of Council) dus trial Dusts .” *Dr. G. F. Davidson.. .. “The Molecular Structure of Cellulose.” Professor R. A. Peters, F.R.S. “Brain Biochemistry and Vitamin B.” Dr. C. AinsworthMitchell (Vice- President) .. .. . . “Forgers and Forgeries.’’ tDr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E. (Member of Council) .. “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” Dr. Janet Matthews .. ..“Inorganic Microchemical Analysis.” Professor A. J.AUmand, F.R.S. “Some Aspects of Vapour-AbsorbingCharcoals.” Visit to Loughborough College. * Joint meeting with the British Association of Chemists, Society of Dyers and Colourista and the Society of Chemical Industry, the last having made the arrangements. t Joint meeting with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society. EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND. Chief Constable W. B. R. Morren, M.V.O. ‘1 Inspector F. P. McCulloch, and “Air Raids Precautions*” Major Barclay Brown Dr. A. M. Smith .. .. “Recent Investigations in Agricultural Chemis trv.” Mr. James Sandilands * .}“Micro-Chemical Analysis.” Dr. H. B. Nisbet . . .. *Professor N. V. Sidgwick,-C.B.E., F.R.S.v .. . . “Multiple Links.” tMr. A. R. Jamieson .. .. “Chemistry in the Service of the Com- munity.” §Professor R. G. W. Norrish, F.R.S. .. .. . . } “Plastics and Polymerisation.” Dr. J. Butler .. .. *A. P. Mieras Discussion, “Chemical Research.” S. Elliot Dodds .. *W. A. Broom *. .. “Recent Advances in Biochemistry and Medicine.” *Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society. t Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Royal Scottish Society of Arts.5 Joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry and Edinburgh University Chemical Society. GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND. *Professor F. M. Rowe .. “Colour, Constitution and Properties of Insoluble Azo -Colouring Matters.” ?ProfessorJ.C. Drummond .. “Historical Studies on the Preservation of Food.” Dr. D. P. Cuthbertson .. “The Influence of Carbohydrates on the Metabolism of Protein.” $Professor G. Barger, F.R.S.. . “The Structure of the Alkaloid Calycan- (the late) I thine.” Dr. J. Bell .. .. .. “Heavy Water of Crystallization and the Elucidation of the Structure of Salt Hydrates.” Dr. A. B. Crawford .. .. “Semcarbazido Salts of Copper.” $Professor H. V. A. Briscoe (Member of Council) .. “Chemical Examination of Dusts causingSilicosis.” 21 TDr. J. A. B. Smith . . .. “Fat Metabolism in the Animal Body.” $Dr. J. A. V. Butler . . . . “Heavy Water and its use as a Chemical Reagent.” Works visits to Ioco Rubber and Waterproofing Co., Ltd., and to the Craigpark Electric Cable Co., Ltd.Talking Film Shows (2).* By invitation of the Oil and Colour Chemists Association. t By invitation of the Society of Chemical Industry. $ By invitation of the Chemical Society. 5 Jdint meetings with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chcmical Industry. HUDDERSFIELD. Dr. J. W. Whitaker .. . . “Coals and their Impurities.” Professor R. P. Linstead .. “New Theories in Colour Chemistry.” Dr. H. E. Collier .. . . “The Modern Alchemy or Medicine and Chemistry To-day.” * Professor F. M. Rowe .. “The Life and Work of Sir William Henry Perkin, F.R.S.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell (Vice- President) .. .. . . “Identifications in Criminology.” Visit to the Parkgate Iron & Steel Company, Ltd., near Rotherham.Exhibition of Films. * Jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colourists. INDIA. Meeting at a Silver Jubilee of the Indian Science Congress Association held jointly with the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Meeting of the All India Committee held in Calcutta to form five branches in India at,-Lahore, Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and Allahabad. IRELAND(DUBLIN). Dr. A. E. Werner- . . .. “Modern Developments in Protein Struc- tures.” Dr. Janet Matthews . . .. “Microanalysis.” Mr. H. D. Thornton .. . . “The Poulaphouca Scheme.” Visit of Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, for generaldiscussion. LEEDSAREA. Mr. F. N. Harrap, read by Mr. G. L. Cobs . . .. .. “Petroleum Solvents.” Mr.R. B. Pilcher, O.B.E., (Registrar and Secretary) .. “From Boyle to Priestley.” Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E. (Vice-president) .. .. “Some Infra-red Themes.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. *Dr. G. R,oche Lynch, O.B.E., (Member of Council) . . “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” Dr. L. J. Burrage (read by Mr. G. E. Knowles) . . “Some Notes on the Dyeing of Leather which had beon Tanned with Synthetic Tannins.” Dr. W. F. Higgins .. . . “Ventilation in the Mersey Tunnel.” Mr. R. R. Butler .. .. “A Study in Standardisation.” TDr. E. A. Southgate .. .. “The Discharge of Crude Sewage into the Estuary of the River Mersey.” 0 Held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry, the British Association of Chemists,the Chemical Society and the British Medical Awociation. t Jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry.22 AND SOUTH-EASTERNLONDON COUNTIES. Dr. H. Spencer Jones, F.R.S. (Astronomer Royal) .. “Our Nearest Star-The Sun.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell .. “Some Recent Advances in the Scientific (Vice -President) Examination of Documents.” Professor J. B. S. Haldane, F.R.S. .. .. .. “Air Raids and Air Raid Protection.” Visit to the Croxley Mills of Messrs. John Dickinson & Co., Ltd. Visit to Sun Engraving Co., Ltd., Watford. Visit to the Battersea Power Station. Visit to the Southend Waterworks Company. Visit to the South-Eastern Agricultural College. MALAYA. Dr. S. G. Willimott .. Professor B. A. Gator .. ..“Some Investigations into the “Mites and Medicine.” chemistry of Sponge Tissue.” Bio- Mr. H. C. Butcher Dr. A. Jackson .. .. .. .. “The Chemist and the Laundry.” “The Joys of Research.” MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Professor A. D. Ritchie ., “Can Science Tell the Whole Truth ? ’’ *Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O. “The Significance of Synthetic Oestro- genic Substances.” Dr. C. G. Douglas, F.R.S. .. “The Influence of High Environmental Temperatures on the Health and Efficiency of the Industrial Worker.” Mr. F. R. Cooper .. .. “Aspects of Personal Finance.” (October, 1937.)Dr. F. B. Thole .. . . “Chemical Research on Petroleum Pro-ducts.” t Dr. H. D. Cott.. .. .. “Camouflage in Nature and in War.” Professor John Read, F.R.S. “Humour and Humanism in Chemistry.” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter.*By invitation of the Chemical Society. Joint meeting with the Society of Dyers and Colourists, Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. UPON TYNEAND NORTH-EASTNEWCASTLE COAST. Mr. H. Orton, M.A., B.Litt. .. “Standard English.” *Professor J. Kenner, F.R.S. “Aliphatic Diazo Compounds.”Dr. W. H. J. Vernon .. .. “Some Recent Developments in Corrosion Research.” $G.roup of Students’ Papers. *Sir Henry Dale, C.B.E., F.R.S. “The Impact of Chemistry on Biological Science.” Mr. F. H. Walker .. .. “Moisture in Coal, and its Relation to some other Properties.” tDr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Mem- ber of Council) .. .. “In Quest of Colour.” *By invitation of King’s College (Bedson Lecture).t Joint meeting with the Norton Hall Scientific Society. 3 Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry. 23 NEW ZEALAND. Mr. F. H. V. Fielder Mr. G. A. Laurence Mr. H. Jephcott .. .. .. .. .. .. “The Dissipation of Natural Resources.” “The Chemist and the Community.” “A Modern Conception of Diet and Public Health.’’ Discussion . . .. . . “The Status of the Chemist in New Zealand.” Discussion .. .. .. “The Training of Laboratory Assistants.” Visit to the Wheat Research Institute. Visit to the Davis Gelatine Co.’s Works. Visit to the Christchurch Gas Co.’s Works. SOUTHWALES. thlessrs. C. S. Snodgrass and “The Production of Fischer-Tropsch Coal M.Perrin. Spirit and its Improvement by Crack-ing.”*Dr. E. G. cox .. .. “Structural Crystallography and Chem- is try. ’ ’ *Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S. “Chemical Carcinogenic Agents.” ?Professor D. M. Newitt . . “Engine Knock and its Effect on Fuel Development .” Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter. *Joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society.t Joint meeting with the Institute of Petroleum. SOUTHYORESHIRE. Mr. W.W. Stevenson . . “The Selection and Testing of Oils for Industrial Purposes.” Dr. A. R. Bowen .. .. “Present and Future Sources of Petro-leum.” Dr. A. H. Jay .. .. .. “The Application of X-Rays to the Study of Refractory Materials.” Dr. C.G. Paine *. .. “The Application of Chemistry to certain Bacteriological Problems.” Visit to Newstead Abbey. The President and Hon. Treasurer attended the Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections held at the Institute on 25th June. The report of the proceedings was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1938. The President has visited the Birmingham and Midlands Section;the Registrar has visited the Huddersfield, Leeds and Manchester Sections. The Assistant Secretary has visited the Dublin and Belfast Sections. 8. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council again records its indebtedness to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in the Overseas Dominions and in the Colonies for their help and advice in matters affecting the interests of Fellows, Associates and Students in their respective districts. 24 9.NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee (the Council in Committee) has held 11meetings. The Committee has reported on 807 applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership, and on many enquiries in connexion with the training for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship. Sub-committees and Local Interviewing Committees have interviewed many candidates for the Associateship and Fellow- ship, and the Council records its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India, and to its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, for their continued assistance in connexion with applications and enquiries from that Empire.Applications for Studentship and Membership are summarised below :-Applications for Admission to Studentship, including re-admission Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 198 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 -206 Applications for Admission to Examination for the AssociateshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 -100 Applications for election (and re-election) to the Associateship Accepted ., .. .. .. .. .. 354 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Referred for Examination .. .. .. 12 -374 Applications for Admission to Examination for the PellowshipAccepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Applications from Associates for election to the Fellow8hipAccepted .... .. .. .. .. 91 Applications from Non-Associates for election to the Fellowship Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 -14 Applications for re-election to the Fellowship Accepted ...... .. .... 2 -807 - 25 EXAMINATIONS.-Examinations were held in Apd and September, 1938,and in January, 1939. The entries and results are here summarised :-SUMMARYOF RESULTS Associateship EXAMINED.PASSED. General Chemistry .. .. .. 147 67 Fellowship Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. 1 Branch B. Physical Chemistry .. .. 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry . . .. 1 Branch D. Biochemistry . . .. .. 0 Branch E. Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water .. ..13 7 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry .. 2 2 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry .. 7 4 Special -1 -1 178 84 In the corresponding summary for 1937-38, the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 152, of whom 72 passed, and the total number of candidates examined for the Associateship and the Fellowship was 187, of whom 93 passed. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the authorities of the following Universities and Colleges, who have kindly provided facilities for the Examinations :-The University of Cambridge; the University of London; the University, and the College of Technology, Leeds ;the University of Sheffield; the University of Manchester; the Royal School of Mines, London ; King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ;the Royal Technical College, Glasgow ;Central Technical College, Birming- ham ; City Technical College, Liverpool; Royal Academical Institution, Belfast ; the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; to the Gas Light and Coke Company; the British Association of Research for Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Con-fectionery and Jam Trades; and to Mr.K. M. Griffin, Government Analyst, Auckland, New Zealand, and Mr. William Bacon. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners, to the Examiners in special subjects, and to the Assessors who have examined records of research, specifications for patents, etc., submitted by candidates for admission to the Fellowship. 26 EXAMINERS.-Professor w. Wardlaw has been appointed as Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, in succession to the late Professor W.H. Merrett. STUDENTS.-The Council has found it necessary to remove from the Register and names 94 Students-a larger number than usual-for non-compliance with the Regulations. REGULATIONS.-The Regulations were revised and reprinted, with some minor alterations, in May, 1938. INSTITUTIONS.-The name of the Acton Technical College has been added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship. The Committee has considered a suggestion that the Institute should grant a certificate of competency after suitable examination in microchemical analysis, but advised the Council that it was a matter rather of technique than of knowledge, and that the institution of such a special certificate would create a precedent which might be difficult to follow in connexion with other branches of laboratory work.The safety of students and workers in chemical laboratories in academic institutions has also been under consideration by the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee and by a Sub-committee, and the Council has made arrangements for the Publications Committee to deal with the matter, from time to time, in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute. AwARDs.-The Council, with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, the donors of the Meldola Medal, have awarded the Medal for 1938 to William Charles Price, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D.(Johns Hopkins). The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1938 has been awarded to Louis George Whybrow Palethorpe, a Registered Student of the Institute, studying at University College, Not tingham . 10. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. A report on the working of the Appointments Register for the twelve months ending 30th September last, was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part VI, 1938. The number of Fellows and Associates known to be without employment at the present time is 86 (less than 1-2per cent.). 27 In the same Part, an Editorial was published on the remuneration and status of chemists, in which it set forth the policy of the Council in connexion with matters affecting the employment of chemists, whether in Government or industrial, or other spheres of work.The Remuneration Statistics will be publishecl. in due course. 11. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six Parts, and the new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students was issued in August. The fourth edition of the Institute’s handbook, The Profession of Chemistry, was published in June, and the following mono- graphs have also been published during the year:- “Practical Aspects of Absorption Spectrophotometry,” by Dr. R. Alan Morton; “The Development of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs,’’ by Prof. F. M. Rowe; “Opium” (Twenty-first Streatfeild Memorial Lecture), by Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Member of Council; ‘‘Research in the Iron and Steel Industry” (Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture), by Dr.W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S. As already mentioned, the Institute was also able to supply Fellows and Associates of the Institute with copies of “Safety Rules for use in Chemical Works: Part I, Model Rules.” LIBRARY.-The thanks of the Council are accorded to authors, publishers and others, who have kindly presented books and journals to the Library of the Institute. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students have continued to enjoy the use of the Library of the Chemical Society, and of the Science Library, South Kensington. LANTERNSLIDEs-The Institute’s collection of lantern slides has been frequently drawn upon by Fellows and Associates for the illustration of lectures.12. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. Abstracts from the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry have been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS. The number of entries during 1938 showed a marked increase over those for 1937. Dr. F. D. Miles has been appointed Assessor for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland) in place of Dr. Norman Picton, who had held the appointment for several years. 28 13. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Charles Simons, Associate, has continued his research, under the direction of Prof. Frederick Challenger at the University of Leeds, on “The Formation of Volatile Compounds of Arsenic and Selenium by Micro-Organisms.” Dr. Simons has submitted a report on the progress of his work which has been transmitted to the appropriate Committee.14. THE RETIRING PRESIDENT. On the occasion of his retirement from the office of President, the Council is glad to acknowledge its indebtedness to Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., and its appreciation of his active work in the interests of the Institute and of the profession of chemistry during the past three years. On his election as President, in 1936,Sir Robert was already Chairman of the Chemical Council; during the past two years he has also held the office of Vice-chancellor of the University of London. In spite, however, of his heavy responsibilities and the demands made on his time in those and other capacities, he has throughout maintained the closest touch with all the affairs of the Institute, in which his wide administrative experience and his business ability have proved invaluable.30,Rzcssell Square, London, W.C. I. 27th January, 1939. 29 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31st December, 1938, of the Institute of Chemistry, also the Statements of Account for the year ended 31st December, 1938, with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute, Furni- ture, Library, Apparatus, etc., are not included in the Balance Sheet. Subject to that remark, we have obtained all the in- formation and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statement of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books.We certify that we have received from the Bank of England, the Westminster Bank, Ltd., the Bank of Montreal, Ltd., and the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Ltd., certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the St atemen t of Investments, The Certificates for the Registered Stocks have been seen by the Chartered Accountants. (Signed) J. Y. FINDLAY Accountants,DAVIDHENDERSON)Chartered J. HY. LANE 1Hon. Auditors, WALTERC. HANCOCKI 1938-39. 9th January, 1939. THE 1NSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Founded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. AND EXPENDITUREINCOME ACCOUNT FOR TEE YEAR ENDED 31s~DECEMBER,1938. 1937 EXPENDITURE.1938 1937 INCOME. 1938 Dr. CT € s. d. € 8. d. E s. d. € s. d. € s. d. E s. d. € s. d. T o Premises-3y Subscriptions-300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. . . 300 0 0 485 11 3 Rates and Schedule A Tax .. 509 12 5 3,536 8 0 Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 3,580 19 0 96 15 4 Insurances .. .. ,. 111 13 8 7,496 2 6 Associates .. .. .. .. 7,589 10 4 423 12 4 RepairsandMaintenance .. 686 16 3 1,608 2 4 440 5 0 Students .. .. .. .. .. 415 15 0 3) Staff-11,586 4 4 59Salaries, Wages and Gratui- 1,274 14 0 Examination and Assessment Fees .. 1,160 5 0 5,249 5 8 ties. . .. .. .. 5,274 4 6 93218 0 0 Assurances . . .. .. 223 4 0 946 15 5 Dividends and Interest .. .. .. 967 12 11 '95,497 8 6 276 13 0 Appointments Register . . .. .. 295 4 6 Office Expenses- 7) 103 11 0 9) Advertisements in Journal.. .. .. 141 17 11Gas, Water, Light, Power 99245 1 0 andFuel . . .. .. 232 19 4 57 4 2 Sale of Publications .. .. .. 44 11 7 30 5 1 Telephone .. .. .. 34 5 3 13 13 0 Fees forfeited .. .. .. .. 77099 473 8 9 Printingandstationery . . 603 7 3 9)487 4 6 Postage . . .. .. 591 4 11 10 10 0 Hire of Rooms .. .. .. .. 9946 7 2 Travelling .. .. .. 30 6 0 National Certificates- 254 19 10 Advertisements . . .. 242 12 6 25 0 0 England and Wales A/c.. . .. .. 100 0 0 57 15 0 Auditors' Honorarium . . 42 0 0 124 12 5 Miscellaneous .. .. 100 19 8 25 0 0 Scotland A/c. .. .. .. .. 25 0 0 1,877 14 11 125 0 0 39126 10 0 Income Tax: Schedule D . . .. .. 134 4 0 1 11 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. .. 33 3364 15 3 Repairs and Renewals of Office Equipment 264 7 0 '9 99641 12 7 Members of Council Travelling Expenses .. 800 10 5 148 17 8 99 Australia and New Zealand Account (p. 36) 133 10 7 10,182 7 2 -97 Excess of Expenditure over Income .. 555 11 11 37 Publications-974 1 6 Journals766 14s. ld.,PostageE3468s. lld. 1113 3 0 -Register, 649 14s. 8d., Postage $248 8s. 1Id. 898 3 7 9~908 10 5 c'Official Chemical Appointments" . . 12 15 11 99 '(Profession of Chemistry " .. .. 215 11 7 2239 14 1 39260 11 6 Lectures and Lantern Slides .. .. 303 6 9 2,543 0 10 3, Examinations-734 8 S Examiners, Assessors and Assistants .. 734 6 4 227 14 7 Apparatus and Materials . . .. .. 218 15 6 953 1 10 59 Local Sections- 451 12 1C Grants .. .. .. ,. .. 574 13 4 49 12 6 Section Secretaries' Conference .... 54 12 1 629 5 5 9910 10 6 Frankland Medal Award .. .. .. 10 10 0 9946 7 4 Library .. .. .. .. .. 32 13 9 Chemical Society Library 718 5 4 Less Tax on $550 under 553 19 4 Deed . . .. .. 151 5 0 567 0 4 599 14 1 59 13 061 15 6 Donations . . .. .. *. ..39 Proposed Supplemental Charter .. .. -125 10 1 99 99 Legal Expenses .. .. .. .. 39 16 8-Y)624 5 6 Excess of Income over Expenditure .. BERNARDF. HOWARD, €14,354 15 E €15,017 9 0 $14,354 15 8 Hon. Treasurer. €15,017 9 0 9th January, 1939. 32 33 BALANCE S€€EETa8 at 31st December 1938. Dr. Cr. 1937 1937 1938 f s. d. € s. d. € a. d. 5 8. d. € s. d. 5 s. d. 324 0 I To Sundry Creditors .. .. .. 236 16 2 348 9 S 3yBalanceatBankersinLondon .. .. 417 17 3 >Y 99 Y9 99 97n Income Tax Reserve, Schedule A .. 87 10 0 (Australia and n Y, I3 ScheduleD .. 132 5 6 645 0 t New Zealand, at sterling value) .. 812 3 1 163 18 2 219 15 6 1,230 0 4 3' -986 13 I Subscriptions paid in advance .. .. .. .. 119 14 9 261 16 1 Sundry Debtors, Rates, etc., paid in advance. . .. 209 17 8 99 ----Examination Fees paid in advance .. .. .. 221 11 0 33,252 1 4 Investments at cost (including Redemption Fund) .. 33,896 19 2 n Application Fees Income and Expenditure Account, Balance at Debit, 99 Retained pending further application- as per contra .. .. .. .. .. .. 384 6 1 Balance 1st January, 1938 .. .. 45 3 0 Add Fees retained during year .. 16 16 0 Note.-The balance sheet does not in- clude the value of the lease and premises 61 19 0 of the Institute, furniture, library,Less Fees forfeited .... .. 770 apparatus, etc. 45 3 c 64 12 0 390 6 11 In abeyance awaiting decision . . 307 8 5 362 0 5 33,251 10 11 n Investment Account .. .. .. .. ,. 34,561 5 6 9' Income and Expenditure Account 245 14 11 Balance at credit, 1st January, 1938. . 245 14 11 Lees Reserve for Schedule A Tax for 1937 Account . . .. .. 74 9 1 171 6 10 Lms Excess of Expenditure over In- come for year ended 31st December, 1938 .. .. .. .. .. 555 11 11 Balance at Debit, per contra.. .. €384 6 1-534,507 7 5 €35,721 3 3 €34,507 7 l 535,721 3 3 34 Investment Account for the year ended 31st December, 1938. 2 a. d.E s. d. Balance of Accumulated Fund, 1st January, 1938 .. .. 33,251 10 11 Funds received for Investment dur- ing year- Entrance Fees .. .. .. 996 9 0 Entrance Fees, Australia and New Zealand (25 0s. 10d. augmented) 660 Life Composition Fees .. .. 241 9 6 Life Composition Fee,' Australia and New Zealand ($21 16 10 augmented) . . .. .. 27 6 0 Compensation, re Party Wall Agree- ment .. .. .. .. 38 4 0 1,309 14 6 234,561 5 5 ;E s. d. Investments, at cost, held at 1st January, 1938 (including Re-demption Fund Policy) . . ..33,252 1 4 Investments made during year- ;E6003%LocalLoans 2534 9 6 Redemption Fund Policy Premium . . $110 8 4 644 17 10 33,896 19 2 Amount not yet invested . . .. 664 6 3 234,561 5 5 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED THEREFROM.Holding. Cost. Market Gross. Tax. Net. Value. t f % s. d. 6: s. d. E s. d. 6: s. d. E s. d. Debenture Stock 500 384 16 3 315 0 0 12 10 0Great Western Railway 2&y0 358 944 L.M.S. Railway 5% Redeemable Preference 6 11 3 18 8 9Stock .. .. .. .. .. 500 503 0 0 340 0 0 25 0 0 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preference Stock .. 2,000 1,843 15 1 980 0 0 80 0 0 21 0 0 59 0 0 455 0 03$% War Stock .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 16 8 12,707 10 0 455 0 0 5 Dominion of Canada 3+y0Loan, 1950-55 .. 1,000 973 17 0 980 0 0 32 10 0 8 10 7 23 19 5 3, 9, 33 4y0Loan, 1953-58 .. 1,000 1,090 3 0 1,080 0 0 40 0 0 10 10 0 29 10 0 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 34 2 6 95 17 63&% Stock, 1964-74 .. .. .. 4,000 3,985 5 7 3,240 0 0 130 0 0 Union of South Africa 5% Loan, 1945-76 .. 1,000 1,136 8 0 1,060 0 0 50 0 0 13 2 6 36 17 6 6 14 8 17 15 4'9 7, 39 3) 3&Y0Loan, 1953-73 .. 700 670 7 0 693 0 0 24 10 0 60 0 0 13 15 0 36 5 0 coNew Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 .. .. .. 1,000 1,141 8 0 960 0 0 CnLocal Loans, 3% increased from 24,200 to 34 6 2 96 3 10€4,800 .. .. .. .. .. 4,800 4,329 15 0 3,984 0 0 130 10 0 Port of London Authority 34% Registered 939 25 16 3Stock, 1965-75 .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,033 4 9 950 0 0 35 0 0 Southern Railway Company 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock, 1957 .. 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,100 0 0 50 0 0 13 2 6 36 17 6 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. 26 17 6 I 26 17 6 -31,821 2 6 f28,389 10 0 €1,141 17 6 174 4 7 967 12 11 --__*Redemption Fund Policy (accumulated premiums).. .. .. .. .. 2,075 16 8 Tax on War Loan and Deposit f33,896 19 2 Interest .. 132 5 6 132 5 6 €306 10 1 €835 7 5 To redism $60,000 in year 2010. t At 31st December, 1938. $Income Tax Reserve €132 6 6 SubscriptionsandFees Paid hand Retained (inCurrency) in Australia and New Zealand. Receipts. Expenditure. € a. d. f s. d. € s. d. By Balance, 1st January, 1938 .. 806 5 7 Subscriptions-9) Fellows .. .. . . 77 14 0 97 Associates .. .. .. 118 7 9 196 1 9 9) Entrance Fees .. .. .. .. 660 97 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. 63 9) Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 18 yg Life Composition Fee 27 6 0 To Bank Charges. . .. .. .... 13 93 Local Section Grant .. .. .... 20 0 0 9) Balances at Bankers, 31st December, 1938-Deposit .. .. .. 921 0 0 Current .. .. .. 94 3 10 1,015 3 10 €1,036 7 3$1,036 7 3 OF AND FEESRECEIVEDSTATEMENT SUBSCRIPTIONS LESS OUTGOINGS. € s. d. € s. d. Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 14 0 Associates .. .. .. .. .. 118 7 9 196 1 9 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. 63 Entrance Fees . . *. .. .. *. .. 660 Life Composition Fee .. .. .. .. .. 27 6 0 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 230 1 8 Less BankCharges .. .... .. .. 135 Local Section Grant . . .. .. .. 20 0 0 21 3 5 208 18 3 Less Adjustment on Exchange into Sterling . . 41 15 8 167 2 7 Less Entrance Fees taken to Investment Account .. 660 160 16 7 Less Life Composition Fee taken to Investment Account .......... 27 6 0 Amount (in Sterling) taken to Income and Expenditure Account €133 10 7 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1938. Income, 1937 Receipts. 1938 1937 Payments 1938 € s. d. % s. d. € s. d. € s. d. 134 12 6 Balance, 1st January, 1937 .. .. ------Dr. Balance, 1st January, 1938 .. 47 9 9 788 13 6 Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 828 0 2 I77 0 0 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 189 14 4 502 5 16 Annual Subscriptions . . .. .. 569 7 11 1,221 5 0 RegularPayments .. .. .. 1,206 13 4 146 17 11 Dividends and Interest. . .. .. 157 10 10 98 13 8 Printing .. .. .. .. 87 2 3 31 17 15 Income Tax recovered .. .. .. 34 11 10 5 5 0 Audit Fee .. .. .. .. 550 76 7 6 Loans repaid .. .. .. ,. 125 1 0 201 0 0 Loans granted during 1938 .... 145 0 0 47 9 5 Dr. Balance, 3 1st December, 1937 .. ---25 0 0 Donation to London Orphan School .. 25 0 0 ---Balance, 31st December, 1938 .. 871 €1,728 3 8$1,714 11 9 €1,728 3 8 €1,714 11 9 Capital. € s. d. € s. d. € a. d. E 8. d. Balance, 1st January, 1938 .. .. 338 6 7 I7 10 3 Dr. Balance, 1st January, 1937 .. ---427 lo 2 Donations .. .. .. ... 285 9 3 399 19 9 Investment .. .. .. .. 583 3 11 328 6 5 Donations (Special Coronation Appeal) ---338 6 7 Balance, 31st December, 1938 .. 165 11 11 Legacies .. .. .. .. .. 125 0 0 €755 16 7 €748 15 10 €755 16 7 €748 15 10 Statement of .Loans. € s. d.1 € s. d. 2,216 615 Loans to 31st December, 1937. . .. 2,417 6 0 1,184 2 4 Loans repaid to 31st December, 1938 .. 1,309 3 4 201 OG Loans granted during 1938 .... 145 0 0 654 0 0 Loans written off prior to 31st Dec., 1937 654 0 0 ---Loans written off during 1938 .. 97 14 0 579 3 8 Loans outstanding at 31st December, 1938 501 8 8 €2,217 6 01 E2,562 6 0 €2,417 6 0 €2,562 6 L 1937 1938 Value. cost. Va1ue.t d s. d. f s. d. E 8. d. 1,090 7 6 $1,000 Consols 4% . . .. .. .. .. 1,077 13 0 1,045 0 0 541 I7 6S500Dominionof Canada 3;% Loan, 1950-55 .. 486 18 6 490 0 0 506 5 OS500 Port of London Authority 39% Registered Stock, 1965-75 . . .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 475 0 0 738 19 4 2850, increased to $1,500 Local Loans 3% .. .. 1,351 19 8 1,245 0 0 546 5 0 $500 New Zealand 5% Loan, 1949 .. .. .. 570 14 6 480 0 0 1,218 0 0 $1,200 WTar Loan 3$7& .. .. .. . . 1,296 3 0 1,173 0 0 360 10 OE400 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3$% Stock, 1964-74 .. .. .. .. 398 10 7 324 0 0 338 6 7 Balance at 31st December, 1938: Current at Bank 165 11 11 165 11 11 $5,340 10 I1 $5,864 9 1 $5,397 11 11 39 SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER SCHOLARSHIP ACCOUNT 31st December, 1938. Receipts. € s. d. Expenditure. € s. d. To Balance, 1st January, 1938 99 Dividends and Interest .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 581 169 1 8 1 3 9, Income Tax recovered .. .. .. .. .. 25 7 6 By Bank Charge .. $9 Payments to Scholar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 250 0 2 0 99 Balance at Bankers, 31st December, 1938-Deposit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 485 0 0 Current .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 16 8 E775 16 10 €775 16 10 Securities held at 31st December, 1938-cost.Value. € a. d. E s. d. €100 Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 0 O* 80 0 0 €900 Royal Mail Steam Packet Ordinary Stock .. .. 787 10 O* ---€2,600 War Loan 3iy0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,808 6 0 2,548 0 0 €500 Port of London Authority 3+y0 Registered Stock,1965-75 . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 516 17 11 475 0 0 €500 Southern Railway Company 5% Redeemable Guaran- teed Preference Stock, 1957 .. .. .. .. 587 4 10 550 0 0 $300 New Zealand 5%, 1949 . . .. .. .. .. 570 14 6 480 0 0 €300 4% Consols . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 323 1 0 315 0 0 $500 Dominion of Canada 34% Loan, 1950-55 .. .. 486 18 6 490 0 0 €200 Local Loans 3% . . .... .. .. .. 184 18 6 166 0 0 €6,359 11 3 $5,104 0 0 The total value of the original legacy was €4,785 16s.2d. net. * Value when bequeathed. 40 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture Fund : 31st December, 1938. €200 34% War Loan. Value $196. € s. d. € 8. d. Balance .. .. 48 8 9 LectureExpenses .. 2 2 6 Dividends and Interest 7 4 10 Balance on Deposit . . 53 11 1 €55 13 7 €55 13 7 Meldola Library Fund : 31st December, 1938. €75 Government of Commonwealth of Australia 3&%Stock, 1964-74. Value €60I 15s. Od. E s. d. € s. d. Balance .. .. 1 17 0 Balance due to Institute 1 0 7 Dividends and Interest Amount due to Institute 1 16 4 BalanceonDeposit .. 3 13 4 on 1936 Account (see contra) .. .. 107 €4 13 11 €4 13 11 S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture Fund: 31st December, 1938.€240 34% Conversion Loan. Value E235 16s. Od. f. 8. d. € s. d. Balance .. .. 806 LectureExpenses .. 8 10 8 Dividends and Interest 6 4 11 Amount due to Institute Income Tax recovered 1 1 0 on1936Accountrepaid 8 3 5 AmountduefoInstitute 2 6 6 Balance on Deposit .. 18 10 €17 12 11 €17 12 11 I 41 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 20th January, 1939.The Council received from the Solicitors of the Institute a revised draft of the proposed Supplemental Charter with suggested By-laws, together with an opinion from Counsel thereon. Counsel stated that so far as the draft related to the proposed new category of members, the alterations made were in matters of form rather than substance.He regarded it as essential that the new category should have a definite name, which would (so nearly as may be) be self-explanatory of the purpose and status of the new membership, and therefore suggested “Regis-tered Non-Corporate Members.” He did not regard it as necessary that the Supplemental Charter should include a new definition of the profession; he held that the original Charter applied to the profession in all its branches. Counsel agreed that disciplinary power could not be exercised except over members of the Institute, and therefore it was necessary, if the register was to be, as it ought to be, a certification of good repute as well as of competency, that the persons whose names were entered on it should be brought within the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Council.In connexion with the same subject, a letter was received from the Committee of the Birmingham University Guild of Graduates, asking for an assurance that any modification of the existing Charter of the Institute should not inflict hardship on graduates possessing a pass degree with chemistry as a principal subject, by denying them the right of registration, and that the Council of the Institute would consult with the representative Graduate organisations on matters concerning the interests of their pro- fession. (The Council considered the matter, and determined the nature of the reply, but it was subsequently learned that there was a misunderstanding regarding the interpretation of the 42 word “registration,” and the matter was reconsidered at the meeting held on 27th January.-See p.44.) A letter was received from the Liverpool and North-Western Section transmitting a resolution to the effect that there was insufficient time before the Annual General Meeting to discuss the new draft for the Proposed Supplemental Charter, recom- mending that the final draft, as approved by the Council, should be submitted to the Sections for discussion before any decision affecting the Institute was taken, and suggesting that no Special General Meeting be called or vote taken on the Supplemental Charter before December, 1939. The Council agreed that the new draft be not submitted to the Annual General Meeting, but expressed the view that the Sections should have an opportunity of discussing it, and that a General Meeting of the Institute might be held to discuss it before December.The Council therefore directed that the provisional draft of the Proposed Supplemental Charter and By-laws be published in THEJOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(see pages 47-58.) The Council congratulated Professor Robert Robinson, Vice-President, on his name being included in the New Year’s Honours List as a Knight Bachelor. A suggestion was received from a Fellow that the Institute should represent to the Home Office that, as a general principle, members of the Institute who had qualified as anti-gas instruc- tors, by attendance at local anti-gas schools, in connexion with Air Raid Precautions, should be recognised as equally qualified with persons who had been to one of the two Home Office schools.The Council expressed the opinion that chemists who volunteered for Air Raid Precaution work did not offer their services in a professional sense. The Council was, therefore, of opinion that no action should be taken in the matter. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the late Mr. William Setten Gilles, Fellow, had left L500 to the fund. The receipts of the fund up to 16th January showed an increase of k5 3s. 6d. over those received at the corresponding date in 1938. The Report of the Publications Committee contained a recommendation that, subject to the concurrence of the Finance and House Committee, no further advertisements, after the fulfilment of the present contracts, should be accepted for the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, except those of a 43 non-commercial character.The recommendation was referred to the Finance and House Committee. A Special Committee appointed to consider the Metropolitan Water Board Bill recommended certain amendments in Section 51 of the Bill, under which it was sought to empower the Board to make, and charge for making, examinations of and experi- ments on water or sewage or sewage effluent or trade effluent, submitted to them by certain authorities, bodies or persons. The Council was informed that a Sub-committee of the Metro- politan Water Board would be prepared to meet representatives of the Institute to confer on the matter.The President reported briefly on the work of the Censors,- only three complaints had been received and dealt with during the year. The Council proceeded with the arrangements for the nomina- tion of the new Council. Ballot having been taken, Mr. W. A. S. Calder was nominated for election as President ; Mr. Bernard F. Howard was nominated for re-election as Honorary Treasurer; and the following were nominated for election as Vice-presidents: Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Dr. F. H. Carr, Professor T. P. Hilditch, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Sir Robert H. Pickard. The following nominations for election as Members of Council were received under By-law 26: Dr.G. N. Burkhardt, Dr. E. H. Farmer, Dr. F. S. Fowweather, Mr. J. R. Fraser, Mr. T. R. Hodgson, Dr. Harold Hunter, Dr. Alexander Lauder, Mr. A. J. Prince. The Council nominated the following 24 Fellows for election as General Members of Council: Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Mr. E. R. Bolton*, Dr. 0. L. Rrady, Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield,Dr. H. E.Cox, Professor W. M. Cumming, Mr. W. A. Damon, Mr. F. G. Edmed, Professor Alexander Findlay, Dr. A. G. Francis, Dr. P. F. Gordon, Dr. H. H. Hodgson, Professor R. H. Hopkins, Mr. J. R. Johnson, Mr. George King, Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Mr. B. G. McLellan, Dr. W. S. Patterson, Mr. F. M. Potter, Professor F. M. Rowe, Dr. R. E. Slade, Dr. D. F. Twiss, Dr. John Weir, Dr. B. Wylam. The following were nominated from whom four are to be elected as Censors at the Annual General Meeting: Dr.C. Ains-worth Mitchell, Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, Sir Robert H. Pickard, Sir Robert Robinson, Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe. Messrs. C. A. Adams and C. A. Bassett were appointed Scrutineers to report on the ballot. * Mr. Bolton has since died. 44 Council Meeting, 27th January, 1939.-Arising from the Minutes,-further consideration was given to the letter from the Committee of the University of Birmingham Guild of Graduates. The Committee asked for an assurance from the Council of the Institute that any modification of the existing Charter would not inflict hardship on graduates possessing a pass degree with chemistry as principal subject by denying them the right of registration.The Council decided that if the enquiry referred to registration of members of the Institute, the proposals incorporated in the draft petition for a Supple-mental Charter in no way affected or sought to alter the quali- fications which are detailed in the present Regulations for admission of chemists to the Institute; if it referred to national registration, the decision did not rest with the Institute; if it referred to registration in view of possible legislation other than that relating to national emergency, it would be found that the new draft of the Proposed Supplemental Charter was drawn on more comprehensive lines than the earlier draft,-but it did not in any way alter the position of pass and honours graduates in relation to the Regulations of the Institute.The Council received replies from Fellows accepting nomina- tion as Candidates for election as Officers, Members of Council and Censors. A letter was received from the Ministry of Health directing attention to Section 66 (2) of the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, and stating that the Minister had had under consideration the qualifications which should be held by candidates for the position of public analyst. The Minister had been advised that the regulations made on 7th March, 1900,would lapse when the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, comes into operation on 1st October, 1939. The Ministry transmitted a draft of a regulation which the Minister proposes to make under Section 66 (2) of the Act of 1938,and of paragraphs which might be inserted in a covering circular, on which the observations of the Council of the Institute were invited.1 The paragraphs dealt with the qualifications to be possessed by public analysts, stipulating that no person should be appointed public analyst who is engaged directly or indirectly in any trade or business connected with the sale of food or drugs within the area for which he is to act. The Minister would require to be satisfied that a candidate for the office of public analyst had attained a standard in analytical chemistry, therapeutics, and 45 microscopy equivalent to that required for the qualifications set out in the regulation. A personal testimonial would not be accepted as evidence of competence unless given by a person who is himself recognised as of high standing in the subjects in question and could testify from his personal knowledge to the proficiency of the candidate in the requisite subjects.When the appointment of a public analyst is submitted for approval, particulars of the appointment are to be given on a form obtain- able from the Department. No new departure is being made from the existing practice as set out in paragraphs 10-14 of memorandum 36/Foods issued by the Ministry, and the regulation of 7th March, 1900, (which now lapses) made at that time by the Local Government Board. The regulation proposed to be made by the Minister under Section 66 (2) of the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, is as follows:- “A person shall not be qualified to be hereafter appointed as a Public Analyst under the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, unless either (a) he already holds an appointment as Public Analyst, or (b)he is the holder of the Diploma of Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland and is also the holder of a certificate granted by that Institute after an examination conducted by them in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food, Drugs and Water.” The President and Council desired that their thanks be expressed to the Ministry for transmitting the proposals for their consideration, and their satisfaction at the continued recognition accorded to the membership and certificates of the Inst it ut e.Attention was directed to a Bill, in which the Colne Valley Water Company sought to obtain power to undertake bacterio- logical and other examinations of, and reports with regard to, samples of water, whether obtained within or without the limits of supply, and to make such charges therefor as the Company thought fit*.The matter was referred to the Special Committee which had been appointed to consider the Metropolitan Water Board Bill. The Council received a Report of the Nominations, Ex-aminations and Institutions Committee, embodying the Report of the Board of Examiners on the January Examinations, and * The Company subsequently undertook to withdraw the Clawe in question. 46 a recommendation regarding the award of the Meldola Medal to which reference is made in the Annual Report.The Council also received the Report of the Assessor on the award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize, which is recorded in the Annual Report, The Report of the Council for the year 1938/1939,prepared under the supervision of the Publications Committee, and the Financial Statements for the year 1938,prepared by the Finance and House Committee, duly audited, were approved for issue to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. The Council decided that the Pedler Research Scholarship held by Dr. Charles Simons should be extended for a further twelve months. Dr. Simons is continuing his studies on the capacity of bacteria and moulds to volatilise compounds of arsenic, selenium and tellurium, and the mechanism of methyl- ation by moulds.Erratum.-The list of District Members of Council men- tioned in Part VI, 1938 (page 519)should have included the new Section of East Midlands and South Yorkshire, for which the District Member of Council is Dr. George Malcolm Dyson. Local Sections.-The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section. No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland . . .. .. 58 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. .. 52 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. .. .. 435 227 Cape of Good Hope Cardiff District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 77 Dublin and District . . .. .. .. ..51 East Anglia* .. East iMidlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 209 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 191 349 71 India .. .. .. .. .. .. 223 LeedskLe . . .. .. .. .. .. 272 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and Xouth-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. 482 2698 Malaya .. .. .. Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 537 Newcastle and North-East Coast .. .. .. 169 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. 69 South Wales (Swansea) .. South Yorkshire .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 115 * Previously included in London and South-Eastern Counties Section. 47 TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY IN COUNCIL iEbs @umblsvetitton OF THE INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.SHEWETHas follows :-(1) That your Petitioners are the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland incorporated by Royal Charter dated the thirteenth day of June, 1885 (hereinafter referred to as the Institute). (2) That by the said Royal Charter (hereinafter referred to as “the Original Charter”) Her late Majesty Queen Victoria did grant and declare that the persons who were then Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland or should at any time afterwards become members thereof should form one body politic and corporate for the purposes of the Original Charter under the name of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland with perpetual succession and a Common Seal.(3) That by Clause 3 of the Original Charter the Members of the Institute are divided into two classes styled Fellows and Associates. (4) That by Clauses 4 and 5 of the Original Charter every person desiring to be admitted as Fellow or Associate is required to produce evidence of the qualifications therein prescribed in respect of age, education, training, passing of examinations, or practical work. (5) That by Clause 12 of the Original Charter and the relative By-Laws every person admitted as a Fellow or Associate of the Institute obtains from the Council a Certifi- cate of Fellowship or of Associateship upon payment of an 48 entrance fee being such sum not exceeding ten guineas as is determined from time to time by the Institute in General Meeting and every Member of the Institute is required once in every year to renew his certificate on payment of an annual subscription being such sum not exceeding in the case of a Fellow five guineas and in the case of an Associate four guineas as in each case is determined from time to time by the Institute in General Meeting.(6) That by Clause 16 of the Original Charter the Council is given disciplinary powers over the Members of the Institute and any Member who after having been given an opportunity of being heard is found guilty of any of the matters set forth therein may be excluded or suspended from membership of the Institute. (7) That by Clause 18 of the Original Charter the Institute is authorised and enjoined to make By-Laws for (among other purposes therein set out) regulating the terms and conditions on which certificates shall be granted to Members of the Institute and by By-Law 53 the Council is required to prepare and publish regulations for determining among other things the nature of the certificates to be granted to candidates who are successful at the examinations held by the Institute.(8) That the Institute throughout its existence of over 60 years and for more than 53 years from the grant of the Original Charter has carried out the objects of the Original Charter and has provided the Government and the public with means of recognising those who have been properly trained and are competent to practise chemistry as a profes- sion and has taken steps to secure that all persons who are admitted Members of the Institute are of good repute and possess such knowledge and skill as, in the opinion of the Council, should be possessed by those practising the said profession.(9) That the Institute has placed no restriction on candi-dates for Membership except that of requiring appropriate preparation for and proof of their competency to practise the 49 profession of Chemistry and that they are of good repute and that all competent and reputable persons of British nationality practising that profession are eligible for member- ship. (10) That at the time the said Charter was granted the number of Members of the Institute was 430 and that the number at the present time exceeds 7,200, most of whom are practising within the British Commonwealth of Nations.(11) That the Institute is the only professional organisa- tion in Great Britain or Ireland incorporated by Royal Charter with power to grant certificates of membership or competency to persons engaged in the profession of Chem- istry-other than Pharmacy. (12) That Government Departments Corporations Public Companies, Industrial Concerns and others requiring the assistance of persons of integrity competent to practise chemistry regard membership of the Institute as reliable evidence both of integrity and competence. (13) That since the date of the Grant of the Original Charter it has become increasingly necessary in the public interest to maintain a high standard of integrity and com- petency among those practising the profession of Chemistry in all or any of its branches.(14) That it has been represented to your Petitioners that there are many persons who by reason of their age and character and their training at the Universities, Colleges or other educational institutions and by their holding degrees, diplomas or certificates obtained thereat are eligible for election as Associates of the Institute and competent to practise the profession of Chemistry in any of its branches yet do not desire to associate themselves with the objects and activities of the Institute as a whole or to secure the privileges of membership thereof but would nevertheless welcome the opportunity of being able to obtain from the Institute that recognition of competency and integrity which membership of the Institute confers. 50 (15) That your Petitioners consider that such persons on producing to the Council of the Institute the requisite evidence of qualification and competency and declaring that they are willing to conform to the standard of professional conduct demanded by the Institute should on payment of an appropriate registration fee but without becoming full corporate members of the Institute be entitled to have their names entered on a Register to be kept by the Institute of persons competent to practise the Profession of Chemistry in any of its branches.(16) That your Petitioners further consider that it is essential in the public interest that persons who obtain the recognition of the Institute in respect of competency should also be subject to the disciplinary control of the Council in the matters of their public reputation and professional conduct. (17) That your Petitioners are advised that such disci- plinary control can only be exercised over Members of the Institute. (18) That for these and other reasons your Petitioners desire and have ascertained that it is desired on behalf of the Universities, Colleges and other educational institutions engaged in the teaching and training of students in Chemistry that the powers granted to the Institute by the Original Charter should be enlarged and extended by the addition of a third class of Members to be styled Registered Non- Corporate Members who will pay an appropriate annual registration fee and be entitled on admission as such Mem- bers to have their names entered on a register of Non-Corporate Members to be kept by the Registrar as a certification to all whom it may concern that the persons whose names are entered thereon are persons of good repute and are competent to exercise the profession of Chemistry in any of its branches.(19) That your Petitioners are fully aware of the many advantages which have resulted from the Original Charter and being desirous of maintaining and confirming the Status of the Profession of Chemistry desire that Your Majesty may be graciously pleased to command that as from a certain date to be fixed by Your Majesty an extension of power may be granted to the Institute in the manner desired by the grant of a Supplemental Charter and by the Institute being empowered to frame new By-Laws designed to bring these powers into effect such By-Laws to be subject to confirma- tion by the Lords of Your Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council.And your Petitioners as in duty bound will ever pray, etc. The Common Seal of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was hereunto affixed by Order of the Council in the presence of 52 @emgeflp sint!~,by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME GREETING : @k~ereasa humble Petition has been presented to Us by THE INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,hereinafter referred to as the Institute, setting forth among other things to the effect following :-(1) That the Institute was incorporated by Royal Charter dated the thirteenth day of June, 1885. (2) That by the said Royal Charter (hereinafter referred to as "the Original Charter") Her late Majesty Queen Victoria did grant and declare that the persons who were then Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland or should at any time afterwards become Members thereof should form one body politic and corporate for the purposes of the Original Charter under the name of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland with Perpetual succession and a Common Seal.(3) That by Clause 3 of the Original Charter the Mem- bers of the Institute are divided into two classes styled Fellows and Associates. (4)That by Clause 4and 5 of the Original Charter every person desiring to be admitted as Fellow or Associate is required to produce evidence of the qualifications therein prescribed in respect of age, education, training, passing of examinations or practical work and otherwise. (5) That by Clause 12 of the Original Charter and the relative By-Laws every person admitted a Fellow or Associate of the Institute obtains from the Council a Certificate of Fellowship or of Association upon payment 53 of an entrance fee being such sum not exceeding ten guineas as is determined from time to time by the Institute in General Meeting and every Member of the Institute is required once in every year to renew his certificate on payment of an annual subscription being such sum not exceeding in the case of a Fellow five guineas and in the case of an Associate four guineas as in each case is deter- mined from time to time by the Institute in General Meeting.(6) That by Clause 16 of the Original Charter the Council is given disciplinary power over the Members of the Institute and any Member who after having been given an opportunity of being heard is found guilty of any offence therein set forth may be excluded or suspended from membership of the Institute.(7) That by Clause 12 of the Original Charter the Institute may make By-Laws for (among other purposes therein set out) regulating the terms and conditions on which certificates shall be granted to Members of the Institute and by By-Law 53 the Council is required to prepare and publish regulations for determining among other things the nature of the certificate if any to be granted to candidates who are successful at the examina- tions held by the Institute. (8) That the Institute is the only Professional organisa- tion in Great Britain and Ireland incorporated by Royal Charter with power to grant certificates of membership or competency to persons engaged in the Profession of Chemistry-other than Pharmacy.(9) That it has been represented to the Petitioners that there are many persons who by reason of their age and character, their training at the Universities, Colleges or other educational institutions and by their holding degrees, diplomas or certificates obtained thereat are eligible for election as Associates of the Institute and competent to practise the Profession of Chemistry in any of its branches yet do not desire to associate themselves with the objects and activities of the Institute as a whole 54 or to secure the privileges of Membership thereof but would nevertheless welcome the opportunity of being able to obtain from the Institute that recognition of competency and integrity which membership of the Institute confers.(10) That the Petitioners consider that such persons on producing to the Council of the Institute the requisite evidence of age and character, qualification and com-petency and declaring that they are willing to conform to the standard of professional conduct demanded by the Institute should on payment of an appropriate registration fee but without becoming full corporate members of the Institute be entitled to have their names entered on a Register to be kept by the Institute of persons competent to practise the Profession of Chemistry in any of its branches. (11) That the Petitioners further consider that it is essential in the public interest that persons who obtain the recognition of the Institute in respect of competency should be subject to the disciplinary control of the Council in matters of professional conduct.(12) That the Petitioners are advised that such disci- plinary control can only be exercised over Members of the Institute. (13) That for these and other reasons the Petitioners consider and have ascertained that it is desired on behalf of the Universities, Colleges and other educational institu- tions engaged in the teaching and training of Students in Chemistry that the powers granted to the Institute by the Original Charter should be enlarged and extended by the addition of a third class of Members to be styled Registered Non-Corporate Members and who will pay an appropriate annual registration fee and be entitled on admission to be entered on a register of non-corporate members to be kept by the Institute as a certification to all whom it may concern that the persons whose names are entered therein are persons of good repute and are competent to exercise the Profession of Chemistry in all or any of its branches.55 (14) That the Petitioners being fully aware of the many advantages which have resulted from the Original Charter and being desirous of maintaining and confirming the Status of the Profession of Chemistry desire that We may be graciously pleased to command that as from a certain date to be fixed by Us an extension of power may be granted to the Institute in the manner desired by the grant of a Supplemental Charter and by the Institute being empowered to frame additional By-Laws designed to bring these powers into effect such By-Laws to be subject to confirmation by the Lords of Our Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council.NOW THEREFORE WE, having taken the said Petition into Our Royal consideration and being satisfied that the intention of the Petitioners are laudable and deserving of encouragement, by virtue of Our Prerogative Royal and Our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion by these presents for Us and Our Royal Successors Do appoint in the manner following, that is to say :-(1) There shall be added to the two classes of members of the Institute styled Fellows and Associates a further class to be styled “Registered Non-Corporate Members.” (2) Subject to such conditions as the By-Laws of the Institute may prescribe the Council of the Institute may admit as a registered Non-Corporate Member of the Institute any person who produces evidence satisfactory to the Council of the Institute of his integrity and of having had such training at a University, College or other educational institution and obtained thereat by examination such degree, diploma or certificate as satisfies the Council that he is eligible for election as an Associate of the Institute and is competent to practise the Profession of Chemistry in any of its branches.(3) The Institute shall keep a Register of Non-Corporate Members and every person admitted as a Registered Non- Corporate Member shall be entitled to have his name included in such Register so long as he remains such a Member and has paid and continues to pay such fee or fees as shall be prescribed by the By-Laws of the Institute. 56 (4) A Registered Non-Corporate Member shall have no interest in or claim against the funds or property of the Institute nor shall he have the right to attend or to vote at any General Meeting of the Institute or to receive any publication issued by the Institute or any other privilege facility or service accorded to or rendered by the Institute to its Fellows, Associates or Registered Students.(5) A Registered Non-Corporate Member shall not be entitled to use any words, letters or initials after his name indicating or implying that he is a Member of the Institute nor shall he describe himself in relation to the Institute otherwise than as a Registered Non-Corporate Member.(6) The Institute shall with all reasonable expedition by resolution of a General Meeting confirmed at a subse- quent General Meeting held not less than seven and not more than 28 days after the former meeting vary the By-Laws of the Institute by making additional By-Laws for all or any of the following purposes, namely :-For determining and regulating the terms and condi- tions (other than but not inconsistent with those specially mentioned in this Our Supplementary Charter) for and the mode of admission of Registered Non- Corporate Members of the Institute. For appointing the fees to be paid by Registered Non-Corporate Members of the Institute and the time or periods at which such fees shall be payable.And generally such addtional By-Laws as from time to time seem to the Institute to be required for the better execution of this Our Supplementary Charter. All such By-Laws made by the Institute shall not have effect until they have been submitted to and allowed by the Lords of Our Council. INWITNESS whereof WE have caused these Our Letters to be made patent. WITNESSOurselves at Westminster the.. .... day of.. .... in the.. ...................... year of Our reign. BY WBRANT UNDER THE KINU’SSIGNMANUAL. 57 AMENDMENT OF THE BY-LAWS BY ADDING THERETO THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL BY-LAWS : CHAPTERVIA. ADMISSIONOF REGISTERED NON-CORPORATEMEMBERS.(48a) Subject to the provisions of the Supplemental Charter and to such conditions and regulations as the Council may from time to time prescribe with regard to age, character, education, training, examination, degree, diploma, certificate or otherwise the Council may admit as a Registered Non-Corporate Member any British Subject who produces evidence of qualifications which satisfy the Council that he is eligible for election as an Associate of the Institute, is competent to practise the Profession of Chemistry and proposed for admission in such manner as the Council may from time to time prescribe. (48b) (i) The admission of any Registered Non-Corporate Member shall be decided by resolution of the Council at a Meeting convened for that purpose.(ii) For an applicant to be admitted at least nine Members must vote and not less than two-thirds of the Members present and voting at such Meeting must give an affirmative vote. (iii) No applicant shall be admitted or his name entered on the Register of Eon-Corporate Members until he has paid his entrance fee (if any) and his fist annual registration fee. (4%) Every person on applying for admission as a Registered Non-Corporate Member shall in the presence of a witness make and subscribe his name to the following declaration :-‘‘I (A.B.) of .......................... do solemnly and sincerely declare that if I am admitted a Registered Non-Corporate Member of the Institute of Chemistry I will observe and abide by the provisions of the Original Charter and the Supplemental Charter and the By-Laws thereof and will conduct myself honourably in my practice of the Profession of Chemistry.” 58 (48d) No person who has been a Fellow or Associate of the Institute and has for any reason ceased to be a Fellow or Associate shall be admitted as a Registered Non-Corporate Member unless in his case there are such special circum- stances as in the opinion of the Council justify them in dealing with it as an exceptional case.CHAPTER XA. REGISTRATIONFEES. (66a) (i) Every person admitted as a Registered Non- Corporate Member of the Institute shall pay to the Institute such entrance fee (if any) and annual registration fee as shall on the recommendation of the Council be determined from time to time by a General Meeting provided that such fees shall not exceed respectively one-half of the entrance fee or one-third of the annual subscription payable by Associates.(ii) The annual registration fee payable by a Registered Non-Corporate Member shall be payable on admission in respect of the year during which he is admitted, and if he is admitted after the first day of August the fee payable for the year next following the year of his admission shall be half of the fee and if he is admitted in December the admission shall take effect as from 1st January of the next succeeding year and the fee paid by him shall be credited in respect of that year.(66b) A Registered Non-Corporate Member shall on pay- ment of his first registration fee be entitled to receive from the Registrar a receipt therefor as evidence that his name has been entered on the Register and shall on payment of each annual registration fee thereafter be entitled to receive from the Registrar a receipt therefor as evidence that his registra- tion has been renewed for the period mentioned on the receipt. 59 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on zIst October, 1938,in the Royal Academical Institution, Dr. R. H. Common, Chairman of the Section, gave a lecture on ‘&TheChemistry of the Egg,” of which he has provided the following summary:- The avian egg and the development of the chick have always attracted the attention of philosophers and scientists, the emergence of the living chick from the inert and apparently lifeless mass of the egg being among the most striking and evident of living phenomena.At the same time it is only within a comparatively recent period that the egg and its development have been successfully studied by chemical methods, although many shrewd observations were made by earlier workers from Hippocrates to Harvey. The starting point for such studies is the chemistry of the infertile or unincubated egg. The true ovum is the yolk, which is surrounded by a series of egg membranes, including the shell, the shell membranes and the white.The shell exhibits an inner mammillary layer of spherulitic calcite crystals and an outer spongy layer of interlocked calcite crystals. The exact form of calcite present appears to be unsettled. The spherulitic masses of the mammillary layer contain a small amount of keratinous material as well as calcium phosphate, these constituents apparently being present in smaller amounts in the spongy layer. The shell pores run straight through the shell and the exact mode of their formation is not known; there are about 8,000 of them in an average egg, their diameter ranging from 0.038 mm. to 0.054 mm. The whole shell is well adapted to avoid the two extremes, desiccation and 60 asphyxiation of the embryo.The shell also functions as a reserve of calcium for the developing chick. The cuticle of the shell is composed of keratin, and the shell pigment, to which the red fluorescence of very fresh eggs is due, is a porphyrin. Two shell membranes are usually distinguished. They are built up of keratin fibres. The air space between the outer and inner shell membranes, which is usually at the blunt end, only appears after the egg has been laid and is due initially to con- traction of the egg contents on cooling. The white is an egg membrane whose nutritive and water storage functions are as important as its protective functions. It is essentially a dilute solution of proteins, with small amounts of a number of extractives.1100parts of egg white protein contain approximately 75 parts ovoalbumin, 15 parts ovomucoid, 7 parts ovomucin and 3 parts conalbumin. An ovoglobulin is also recognised by many workers, especially in America, Conalbumin is believed to be identical with the serum albumin of the fowl. Ovomucin has a special significance in connexion with the different discrete portions of the white, for the chief difference between the outer fluid white and the inner dense white lies in the much greater mucin content of the inner white. The progressive increase in fluid white at the expense of firm white during storage or incubation is still the subject of much research; physicochemical factors as well as enzyme action play a part, while the recent demonstration by Conrad and Phillips that chalaza formation is associated with a segregation of mucin fibres due to the mechanical effects of rotation in the oviduct is sugges- tive in this connexion. The greenish-yellow pigment of egg white, ovoflavin, is identical with lactoflavin (Karrer).Lacto-flavin is part of the vitamin B, complex. The yolk is marked off from the white by its smaller water content (about 50 per cent. as against about 88 per cent. for the white),by the fact that it contains all but the merest traces of the fatty material of the egg and by its greater chemical complexity. The yolk proteins represent about 40 per cent. of the total yolk solids, the chief protein being the phosphoprotein, ovovitellin. The fact that vitellins have been found in all animal ova examined, while caseinogens are the characteristic proteins of milk, suggests that phosphoproteins have a special significance for the young organism.The other chief protein, ovolivetin, is a pseudoglobulin; only very minute traces of nucleoprotein of the order of I mg. can be found in the unincubated egg. The fatty materials constitute about 60 per cent. of the total yolk solids. The most remarkable fact is the high content of phospholipid, and “ovolecithin,” discovered by Gobley about ninety years ago, makes up about a third of the fatty materials. Ovolecithin is possibly of great significance since fat is the chief respiratory substrate during the later stages of incubation. The fatty acids have been the subject of a good deal of work, but much remains to be done.There is about a quarter of a gram of sterol in an egg, located in the yolk. The chief pigments of the yolk are xanthophylls, only very small amounts of carotene being present. Since the xanthophylls present have no vitamin A activity, yolk colour is only an indirect guide to the richness of the egg in vitamin A; and this is because it indicates that the hens have probably had access to plenty of green leafy material, and have therefore presumably stored vitamin A. Small amounts of ovoflavin are also present, as well as unidentified pigments. All the inorganic elements known to be essential to life are present in the egg, as well as others whose status in this regard is uncertain.The phosphorus is mainly in organic combination as lecithin and vitellin; most of the sulphur is present as a protein constituent. Just as in milk, potassium exceeds sodium in amount, and the excess of total cations over total anions in the white indicates the presence of alkali albuminates. Calcium and iron are mainly in the yolk, magnesium mainly in the white. Fluorine, copper, boron, manganese, iodine and lead all appear to be normal egg constituents, while several other elements are usually found in traces when a search is made for them. The iron and iodine content can be increased by feeding these elements, but it seems that neither copper, arsenic nor mercury contents can be increased in this way. The gases of the air space and the small amount of nitrogen gas associated with the yolk have an interest in incubation studies.The study of the egg and of avian development puts life and growth within reach of chemical investigation as well as of the histologist’s microscope. The egg is the starting material for such studies, and thus has a special significance. The chemistry of the egg is also of considerable economic importance and it may therefore be expected to receive much attention from chemists of very varied interests. At a meeting, held in the Royal Academical Institution, on 9th January, Mr. A. H. 0. Johnson read a paper on:- “Absorption of Gases.” Mr. Johnson introduced his subject with a brief historical survey covering the century prior to the exposition of the two- film theory in 1923.The more recent work was discussed in connexion with the numerous variables involved in the theoretical treatment of absorption phenomena. He showed how the theoretical treatment could be applied to practical cases of absorption. The equipment used in industrial practice was outlined together with the advantages and disadvantages of each particular type. East Ang1ia.-On 17th January, Mr. H. M. Mason (Chief Chemist of Messrs. J. Mackintosh gi Sons of Halifax) addressed the Section on “Tasting Tests.” Experts on the staffs of leading food manufacturers agree that the ability of the public to recognise quality in foodstuffs and luxuries is of a very high order. Methods of measuring public tastes and preferences are therefore of great importance to the manufacturers, because their use in advance of production often prevents the serious losses which occur when a product fails to attract public favour.Tasting has been studied by research workers in many branches of science. Psychology, physiology, chemistry, agri- culture, to mention only a few, are all concerned in the phenomena of tasting and a vast amount of information is recorded in the journals of the scientific societies. The palatabilitv of a foodstuff depends on several properties. Taste proper (sweetness, sourness, bitterness and saltiness), combined with odour, make up its flavour. Such properties as tenderness in meat, crispness in biscuits, smoothness in chocolate, which may be included in the ugly but apt expression “mouth feel,” also contribute in no small measure to the pleasure which is experienced when food is eaten.All these properties have to be taken into account when tasting tests are made on foodstuffs. The operation of tasting requires a subject and an object, and the result of a test is an opinion expressed by the subject on himself or on the object. The methods suitable for obtaining 63 opinions depend on whether they are predominantly subjective or objective in character. For subjective tests a large number of tasters without expert skill give the best results, but objective tests can usually be performed successfully by one or more ex- perienced tasters, according to the difficulty of the test.Subjective tests done by large groups of untrained tasters are difficult to perform because of the unreliability of human beings when the attempt is made to use them as scientific instruments. Individuals vary to a remarkable extent in their ability to taste and smell, and it is not an exaggeration to say that 25 per cent. of the general public are quite useless as members of a tasting panel. Indefinite results in subjective tests may also be due to faulty planning of the investigation. Asking inexperienced tasters to report on differences which cannot be detected with certainty by experts, submitting samples which do not properly represent the point of the investigation, and lack of precision in the instructions to the tasters are examples of mistakes which can easily be made by the unwary investigator. When the tasting test is in the form of a simple preference between two samples the interpretation of the results is compli- cated by the fact that choices may either be definite preferences or guesses.By repeating the test once or three times and checking the opinions recorded by each taster, it is possible to estimate the proportion of guesses in the voting. The number of confirmed choices and guesses are equally significant and both must be considered when the figures are interpreted. Simple preference tests are very useful during the improve- ment of existing products and they are frequently employed in the development of new products.Tasting tests on the grand scale are dignified by the name “consumer preference research.” In these tests thousands of opinions are sometimes collected from all sorts and conditions of people, but over elaboration is apt to make the task of the tasters too difficult and complicate the interpretation of the results. An American investigator likened- these tests to “Searching in a dark room for a black cat which isn’t there.” Mr. Mason thought that more reliable information could be obtained by means of simple tests performed by less unwieldy panels composed of tasters of known ability. 64 The lecture was illustrated by examples of typical tasting tests. Objective tests incliided the estimation of the sweetness of commercial sugars, judgment of the strength of flavour of chewing gum, and of the quality of fats.These tests were done by one or two experienced tasters, and it was shown that definite and accurate results could be obtained without any difficulty. Several examples of subjective tests by panels were also described to demonstrate the methods used in the interpretation of results and also in the selection of tasting panels. Examples of two methods of judging the popularity of chocolate and confectionery assortments were also shown. One was used in the improvement of a product already on the market, and the other for selecting the most suitable specimens for inclusion in a new assortment. In the discussion, reference was made to the fact that women were generally more reliable than men as tasters of confectionery.East Midlands.-A meeting of the Section was held at Loughborough College on and February-Dr. L. Hunter in the Chair-when Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave a lecture on “Oil from the Earth.” The lecturer, who illustrated his talk with numerous lantern slides, described the growth of the Petroleum Industry in the last quarter of a century. Twenty-five years ago the products consisted of three, namely, petrol, kerosene, and burning oil. To-day there were ranges of each of the following gasolenes, solvents for paints, kerosenes, fuels for Diesel motors, lubricating oils, paraffin waxes, and bitumens. He showed how the industry was rapidly turning into a chemical one by describing the synthesis of iso-octane and of compounds with a molecular weight of 10,000resembling rubber made from the gaseous products of the petroleum.Dr. Dunstan then told of the general methods used in the industry from the original boring of the well, its caping, the leading away in pipes of the oil, the separation of the gases and the working up into the various grades of the remaining oil. Dealing with the latter he showed many types of stills used to separate or “cut” the various fractions, mentioning the progress made in improving the stills, so that each type of product was completely separated from its neighbour. 65 He dealt with the cracking of oils whereby the petrol yield was increased from 25 per cent. to 50 per cent.with an increase of gases as well, the latter being used to synthesise compounds which were the most perfect petrols known. The lecture terminated with the showing of a talkie film of the same title as the lecture in which the industry was graphically surveyed, starting with the methods of prospecting for oil and the boring, continuing through the refining to the distribution by tanlter. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held in Glasgow on 20th January, one of the Section’s series of Refresher Lectures was delivered by Mr. E. J. Schorn, of the Pharmacy Department of the Royal Technical College. The subject of the lecture was ‘‘Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Chemistry.” In the absence of Professor W. M.Cumming, the Chair was taken by Mr. J. W.Hawley, Vice-chairman of the Section. At the outset Mr. Hawley made sympathetic reference to the loss sustained by science in the sudden death of Professor George Barger, holder of the Chair of Chemistry at Glasgow University. Professor Barger was a Fellow of the Institute and a member of the Glasgow Section, who would have been greatly interested in the subject of the lecture, since his name was intimately con- nected with much of the work to be reviewed. The lecturer said that all the advances in the subject could not be adequately reviewed in a single lecture and that he would therefore confine his remarks to two sections,-improvements in the methods of analytical control of drugs and advances in knowledge of the chemical nature of substances used in pharmacy and medicine.He stated that the introduction of the 1932 edition of the British Pharmacopoeia marked a great advance on the others and that in it was seen much of the evidence of improve-ment in analytical control. Thus, definitions and descriptions were outstanding by reason of their great precision and meticulous attention to detail, while many analytical processes outlined made use of the most modern technique. He surveyed the great extension of volumetric methods in the use of many of the newer reagents and a multitude of indicators, many of which were of very recent adoption. Discussing examples of analytical control he described the changes that had taken place in the method of determination, of strychnine in presence of quinine, of the enzymatic activity of preparations containing trypsin and mentioned the spectro-photometric method for the determination of Vitamin A.Turning to the chemical nature of substances used in medicine and pharmacy, a distinction was drawn between endogenous substances such as adrenalin, ascorbic acid and re-natured insulin, and exogenous substances, to which class belong the majority of drugs both natural and synthetic. The lecturer suggested that it was unlikely that increased activity could be produced in members of the first class by any present known methods of chemical manipulation. Two syntheses were shown at this point, that of 1-ascorbic acid by Reichstein and Griissner as illustrating the use of a biological agent and the Julian and Pikl synthesis of phyostigmine as an indication of its structure.Miotine and prostigmin were discussed as examples of the development of synthetic drugs based on the natural model, but when this method was applied to synthetic derivatives based on the quinine model it was shown that these were not quite so successful, and that the newer antimalarials, plasmoquin and atebrin, have little resemblance to the natural quinine in structure. The stages of the malarial cycle in man on which it is suggested that these drugs act was interestingly shown by means of a lantern slide. The development of antiseptics was traced, beginning with the earlier known azo dyestuffs having this quality, mention being made of the relatively unsuccessful prontosil and the more successful soluble adaptations.In this connexion the study of the effects of different sections of a complex molecule were clearly outlined by means of charts and the synthetic coccicides of the sulphanilamide group were dealt with at some length. The a-aminopyridyl derivative of this group was given special treat- ment because of the great success it had recently had in the treatment of pneumococcal infections. Illustrating the advance in the knowledge of the constituents of crude drugs the lecturer gave a summary of the work of Jacob, Stoll and their respective co-workers in the study of the ergot alkaloids and thecardiac glycosides, emphasising particularly the polypeptide and poly- glycosidal nature of these substances.It was suggested that the employment of enzymes in such investigations was a big advance towards more refined methods, the purely chemical methods of investigation and isolation being somewhat incom- plete by comparison, It is now considered possible that the 67 substances previously regarded as the active constituents of crude drugs may be found to be only fragments of the real active agents. The last section of the lecture dealt with a summary of the present knowledge of the constituents of aloe. Mr. Schorn pointed out the extreme complexity of this product and the difficulty of obtaining consistent and uniformly pure extracts, and suggested that much of the confusion arose from this very fact. He gave some details of his own work on this subject and discussed three structural formulae proposed for barbaloin by Leger, by Rosenthaler and by Simonsen, comparing these with his own findings which, he said, were as yet very incomplete.In summing up the lecturer appealed for a development of the biological side in the training of the chemist. He stressed the fact that, although the work of the chemist will always be of the utmost importance in the preparation of new drugs and in the maintenance of established ones in a pure or standardised state, nevertheless the modern trend in pharmacy and medicine was along distinctly biological lines. An interesting discussion followed the lecture and was con-tributed to by Professor J.P. Todd, Dr. I. V. Hopper, Miss Andross, Dr. A. B. Crawford and others. Professor Todd drew attention to the fact that, while some of the substitutes for quinine were much more efficacious than the natural product, on the other hand, preparations of ergot modified from the chemists’ work were distinctly less successful than the old B.P. preparations. Various views as to the mode of action of the sulphanilamides were put forward. Dr. Crawford suggested that they acted with the “host” in the body; Mr. Schorn’s opinion was that they formed an anti-toxin-like body with the blood, while Professor Todd put forward the suggestion that the substance broke down the carbohydrate coating of the bacterium and so made it more vulnerable to body attack.Other speakers emphasised the necessity of abstaining from sulphur-containing foods, such as eggs, during and after treatment, by these sulphanilamide derivatices . On 3rd February, a joint meeting of the Glasgow Chemical Societies was held, when a lecture entitled ‘(Peat.” was delivered by Dr. W. G. Ogg, Director of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, The following is a summary- 68 Dr. Ogg referred to the very large deposits of peat existing in the world, observing that the estimated area in the Highlands of Scotland alone is about 13 per cent. of the land. Peat is composed almost entirely of plant residues, but the nature of the processes involved in its formation is still obscure.It is probable, however, that the conditions which favour its formation are absence of air (through water logging), humidity and low summer temperature, presence of acidity and a shortage of nutrients necessary for the organisms which would normally bring about decomposition. Peats are divided into two main groups, the lowmoor or fen type and the moorland or moss. The former consists mainly of reeds, sedges and certain grasses and shrubs. The term "fen " is commonly applied to lowmoor peat when it is neutral or alkaline. The moorland peat consists largely of Sphagnum moss, coarse grasses, heather and heaths. This latter type is usually strongly acid and has a low mineral content; it is the type commonly found in Scotland. Coming as it does from plant remains, the composition of peat is mainly organic, although it usually contains a small amount of mineral matter also.The composition of the organic matter is undoubtedly complex, and much of the early work of analysis dealt with the so-called humic acids obtained by an alkaline extraction. The lecturer discussed the varied results obtained by Odh, and then those by Shreiner and Shorey, of Washington. The last two workers isolated a very large number of products, but it seems doubtful if all of them are actually present in a free state in the humus. Such researches served their purpose, but since they dealt only with the alkaline extract, they did not account for all the organic content of the peat, and thus the work of Waksman and his co-workers on the proxi- mate analysis should prove of considerable value.Dr. Ogg traced the possible processes in the formation of cellulose and hemi-celluloses, of lignins and protein, pointing out that the moorland peats have a high concentration of the former, but much less protein, while in the lowmoor variety the reverse obtains. The increase in protein content is probably mainly due to the synthesis of cell substance by micro-organisms, these being in much greater abundance in lowmoor peat than in the moorland or moss type. In the latter case the proteins may actually 69 diminish in concentration as a result of their preferential decom- position by the bacteria. The continuous liberation of nitrogen in an available form without its being consumed by bacteria and fungi enables the Sphagnum plants to continue their growth in a poor medium such as is provided by the highmoor peat.Proximate analysis is useful in differentiating in a general way between the different peat types, but beyond this the information obtained has very definite limitations meantime. The mineral content of peat is small, but, in general, it is found that the lowmoor types are richer in mineral matter, especially in calcium, than the moorland variety, and this has a very important bearing on the natural fertility of peat land, so that the lowmoor types have been developed more extensively than the moorland for agricultural purposes. Examination of peat gives some idea of the changes in the vegetation of the bog which have taken place in the past.Similarly, a microscopic examination of the pollen dust collected by the peat during its formation records the changes in the forest vegetation of that region. These changes indicate climatic changes, and since some peat deposits began to form in early post-glacial times, it is possible to obtain data regarding the climate from that period up to the present time. The lecture closed with a description of the uses to which peat has been applied, both in the home and in industry, par- ticularly in horticulture and agriculture. In the last connexion, a film showing the Carnworth Reclama- tion Scheme was exhibited, and comment made regarding the valuable information obtained from this scheme both as regards cost and usefulness.The lecture was followed by an interesting discussion, in which Dr. McGregor, of H.M. Geological Survey, Professor McArthur, of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Agricultural College, and others participated. Huddersfie1d.-At a meeting held on 24th January, in Fields Cafe, Huddersfield, under the chairmanship of Mr. W. D. Scouller, the proceedings opened with a brief discussion on the Supplemental Charter in which it was agreed that, since the final draft would not be available in time for discussion at the Annual General Meeting, it would be preferable to adjourn the discussion until after the draft had been circulated to members. 70 The chairman then introduced Dr.A. G. Quarrell who gave a lecture on “X-Rays, Electrons and the Structure of Metals.” of which the following is a summary:-Dr. Quarrell opened with a brief exposition of the mechanism of diffraction by crystal lattice and shewed that the resultant effect was due to the sum of the effects of the three atomic line gratings respectively vertical to and parellel with the direction of the incident ray. In the case of X-rays the pattern obtained was the resultant of all three line gratings owing to the great penetrative power of this form of radiation. Electrons, on the other hand, had very little penetrative power and the effect of the line grating parallel to the incident beam was reduced to negligible proportions and the resultant pattern was character- istic of the surface layer of a thickness of a very few atoms.In other words, the fundamental difference between X-rays and electrons was that the patterns obtained by the former were three dimensional and of the latter two dimensional. On account of these differences it would be seen that each form of radiation had its own particular sphere of usefulness in the determination of structure, X-ray being suitable for materials in bulk and electrons for exceedingly thin films or surface layers. The lecturer described the direct and “ back reflection ” methods of obtaining X-ray pictures and gave a number of examples of their application, of which an interesting case was the determination of the variation in structure of iron with rise in temperature.It had been conclusively shown that only two distinct crystal forms of iron exist in the range 0-1500° C. whereas formerly four forms were thought to exist. Another application mentioned was the determination of strain which caused lattice distortion and breaking down into smaller crystals; on the release of strain recrystallisation occurs. These effects could be readily followed by means of X-ray diffraction pictures. The application of the X-ray method to the determination of composition of alloys was also indicated but it was einphasised that, in this case, the results must be confined by the more usual metallurgical methods. Proceeding to electron diffraction methods the lecturer described the latest type of electron camera and indicated the desiderata for best possible results, the most important being the maintenance of a very high vacuum and means of assuring that 71 the necessary high potential be maintained as nearly constant as possible.A number of interesting examples of the application of the electron camera were given. For instance, the changes taking place when a sheet of aluminium foil is heated can readily be followed, these being firstly crystallisation followed by oxidation. Oxidation of a single crystal of aluminium resulted in the forma- tion of a polycrystalline oxide. It had been similarly shown that in gold foil the metal was in the form of a cubic crystals arranged with cube faces parallel to the foil. Electron diffraction evidence had also shown that Beilby’s conception of the surface layer on polished metal as an amorphous layer was correct. Patterns had also been obtained from surfaces by using a beam of electrons at grazing incidence, these patterns being in fact transmission patterns produced by the needle-like projec- tions from the surface.In the subsequent discussion the lecturer gave an example of a case where an investigation, although not designed for that purpose, had thrown some light on the problem of corrosion of metals. It had been shown by the electron camera that in the oxidation of zinc the first oxide film formed at comparatively low tem- peratures was crystallographically pseudomorphic with the metal, i.e., the hexagonal bases of the oxide crystals were reduced to the size of the hexagonal crystals of the metal, the extra bulk being obtained by an increase in height of the crystals.The result was a layer of very closely packed crystals of oxide which it was suggested would offer considerable resistance to pene- tration by other molecules and would explain the resistance to further corrosion after the formation of the pseudomorphic layer. Increase in temperature caused disintegration of this layer with a reversion to its normal crystal form and the underlying metal then became open to attack. Thereupon a new layer of the pseudomorphic oxide would be formed and the rate of corrosion of zinc would in effect be determined by the rate of breakdown of the pseudomorphic oxide.Liverpool and North-Western.-Mr. R. R. Butler, Chairman of the Section, presided at a meeting of the Section 72 held at Reece’s Restaurant, on 12th January, when Major- General C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., formerly G.O.C. the Special Brigade, R.E. and Director of the British Gas Services in France, gave a lecture entitled bb Chemical Warfare and the Civil Population.’’ After referring to the experiences of 1914-18, General Foulltes said that since that time, bombing technique had improved, and the range, speed and carrying capacity of aircraft had been increased, but these advantages had probably been more than offset by the greater accuracy of modern anti-aircraft fire and the efficiency of fighter planes.On 17th September, 1938, the Spanish Ambassador, at the League Assembly in Geneva, had stated that Insurgent warplanes had dropped 24,000 bombs on civil populations in Spain, with the result that 7,000 non-combatants had been killed and 11,000 wounded-less than one casualty for each bomb dropped. Much private property had been destroyed, but the bombing had no appreciable influence on the conduct of the war, while the moral effect produced was the opposite to that intended. These raids had shown a lack of military judgment and an inexcusable misdirection of effort. Similarly, in China, it was reported that during the period July 1937 to June 1938, 2,472 raids were carried out on Chinese cities by 16,710 Japanese planes, and as a result of 33,192 bombs dropped, 16,532 non-combatants were killed and 21,752 were wounded,-little more than one casualty per bomb.The raiders were sometimes escorted by fighter aeroplanes (which have insufficient endurance to undertake long-distance expeditions) and were directed against communities poorly equipped to resist attack. Air raids on civil populations had not succeeded anywhere in provoking a revolution or in forcing a decision, although in the field the bomber is of undoubted value in attacking troops in the open or in retreat, and in dis- turbing lines of communication. Recent fighting on the Ebro front in Spain had illustrated the relative invulnerability of men who sit tight in a well dug trench, while it had been estimated that only one in every 3,000 bombs aimed at bridges or ferries made a direct hit.It was probable that if raids were carried out against this country, the attack would be directed against objects of real military importance,-at any rate at first. No attempt was 73 likely to be made to force a decision by long range bombing unless there was a definite disparity in armaments; where one side is predominant it would strive to maintain its superiority by annihilating the enemy’s aerodromes ,factories and organisa- tions, and as many as possible of the key establishments on which his fighting strength and ability to wage war depends. When the defending air force was crippled, munitions works destroyed and supplies cut off, attention might then be turned to the civil population, in an endeavour to provoke internal discord and exert pressure on the Government to stop the war.In such circumstances, gas might be used. The principal risks to be guarded against were incendiary bombs, anti-aircraft shell fragments, gas, poisonous smokes, high explosives and bomb fragments. Small incendiary bombs were most likely to set alight the topmost floors of buildings ;so that all unnecessary inflammable material should be removed from attics, lofts, lumber rooms, etc. Four or five inches of concrete on the roof would keep out the two pound bombs, which might be used in considerable numbers; but larger bombs of this type would be more difficult to deal with. A nine-inch reinforced concrete roof might resist a zjlb.incendiary bomb. Incendiary bombs, although improved since 1918 ,had not proved very effective. Nevertheless, it was right that atten- tion should be given to fire fighting in A.R.P. services. In all business premises and private houses equipment maintained in peace time should be reviewed and supplemented in view of the increased fire risk in an air raid, and special steps taken to ensure that an outbreak of fire be dealt with immediately it occurred. Anti-aircraft shell fragments were the cause of many casualties during the raids on London, chiefly owing to the foolhardiness of spectators in the streets. Shells now fired from anti-aircraft guns break into smaller fragments than shrapnel, and should not be so dangerous as those formerly employed.Perhaps exaggerated importance was given to the dangers of gas, and a great deal of effort is expended in the instruction of the public in precautions devoted to defence against it. General Foulkes repeated a passage from his book,-Gas! The Stoyy of the Special Byigade-“While fully admitting the grave danger to cities of attacks from the air, I do not believe that gas in bombs or in the form of spray would inflict anything like the loss of life as H.E. 74 I cannot go into detail here, but I might point out that the conditions in a town are very different from those on the battlefield; houses, for instance, can be made tolerably safe places of refuge against gas, whereas they increase the effect of H.E.owing to the danger of falling masonry and outbreaks of fire.” General Foulkes continued-“ Expert opinion is now unani- mous in believing that gas isvery unlikely to be used, not because of its supposed inhumanity, but because it would not be as effective weight for weight, as high explosives.” The conditions were very different in the battlefield: men had necessarily to occupy gas-contaminated ground for days at a time; guns had to be served, and ration and working parties were compelled to expose themselves. Decontamination of scores of square miles of scarred surface was impossible; the air in a bombarded area remained dangerous for days; contaminated mud was carried into sleeping quarters with disastrous results, and men’s boots and equipment came into contact with the contaminated ground when semi-open conditions of warfare prevailed. Gas would probably still find its uses: it had been used in Abyssinia, and by the Japanese, but not by the latter against the Chinese cities; nor, so far, had it been used in Spain.Gas without incendiary bombs and high explosive bombs would have little physical effect on an organised community sheltered or partly sheltered in buildings. If all windows, doors and other openings were closed and steps taken to exclude draughts, there would not be much to fear from a gas cloud so long as the glass remained intact; but as all the exposed glass (unless the panes were re-inforced or laminated) , within a quarter of a mile of an explosion of a large high-explosive bomb, might be shattered, gas would enter the building through the windows, especially through those of the lower floors.Even so, the effect of gas would be less serious than if an equivalent quantity of high explosives were used, and the casualties less severe in nature and fewer in number than estimated in some of the forecasts published in recent years. If people were protected with masks approved by the Government, there should be no casualties except in the immediate neighbourhood of the explosion of a bomb, where the concentration of gas would be very high. A volatile gas, such as phosgene, released from a bomb, would quickly settle down and, unless the resulting cloud could be steadily reinforced by other bombs falling in the same neighbourhood, would drift away with a speed varying with the temperature of the prevailing currents of air.When diluted to the extent of one part in a thousand or one part in ten thousand of air, it would be more affected by wind and draughts than by its own density. It would still be dangerous, in proportion to the duration of exposure to it. When a gas cloud meets rising ground, it flows past on either side, except in a high wind, when it surmounts it; in a wood or city there would be a certain amount of penetration, and if the gas were released within such an obstacle, it would be less affected by wind currents and would disperse more slowly. For drift gas to take effect against the occupants of factories, schools or private houses, it would be necessary for a series of bombs to be dropped accurately along an exact line to windward of the target.Any that fell over this line would be wasted. In the case of a direct hit, a concentration of gas would be set up sufficiently high to compensate for its lack of duration, but a high explosive bomb would do far more damage in the same circumstances. Theoretically, gas would penetrate almost any material. It was easy to protect underground shelters sufficiently for all practical purposes, and that precaution should not be neglected. Efficient respirators, fitted individually, tested in a gas chamber, and in good condition provide a second line of defence. Poisonous smokes, such as arsenical particulate clouds, are still less likely to be used than cloud gas, although buildings and masks give rather less protection against them. They are more troublesome to release from aerial bombs, because the constituent when solid has to be heated in order to liberate it in the form of smoke, and the apparatus is liable to be broken as the result of a fall.These smokes are not ordinarily lethal, but they have been used because the extraordinary discomfort to which they give rise is calculated to compel a person to remove his mask and to expose himself to more harmful substances released at the same time. The danger of persistent gases, such as mustard gas and Lewisite, develops when the vapour rises, and its presence is not immediately recognised.Mustard gas, when liberated from a spray at a great height, vaporises during its fall and is blown away. Probably little of it reaches the ground; the result- ing contamination is slight and disappears by weathering. The drop formation of the spray can be maintained if it is released only a few hundred feet from the ground, but it would be hazar- dous for aeroplanes to fly so low over a town, though the attempt 76 might be made when attacking a small target of sufficient im- portance. Asphalt and bituminous road surfaces absorb mustard gas rapidly and retain it tenaciously, so that their subsequent decontamination presents grcat difficulty. There would be little risk, however, in walking along roads which had been contaminated in this way and none at all in frosty weather; but it would be a different matter if any of the liquid was lying on the surface.The properties of Lewisite are somewhat similar to those of mustard gas, but, unlike the latter, it is destroyed by water and its effect is less insidious, because it has a stronger smell, and its presence is more easily recognised. High explosive bombs are the chief danger in air raids. To give adequate protection against direct hits from medium (500 lbs.) and heavy (I ton) projectiles fitted with delayed action fuses, it would be necessary to construct shelters 50 or more feet below the ground or to provide them with reinforced concrete roofs 10 or 15 feet in thickness. Such measures could not generally be considered reasonable or practicable, and the risk from direct hits would have to be accepted.The risk was not too great. In an area within 15 miles of Charing Cross containing a population of eight and a half millions, the odds against a bomb falling within 50 feet of any particular spot were about two and a half millions to one. Two-thirds of the bombs dropped on London during the last war caused no casualties at all. It is calculated from air photographs that 90 per cent. of the London area is open space. The blast and fragmentation from bombs constitute the most frequent and serious risks of an air raid, and since these effects are produced in the case of bombs which explode on contact, more or less in a horizontal direction from the point of impact, any shelter below ground gives substantial protection.The Governmcn t could not pro\Tide money for the construction of completely bomb-proof shelters, when so much is needed for our active defence. A proper balance must be struck. Due regard must be paid to the need for maintaining a mighty navy and a modern army, to expenditure on bombers to destroy the enemy’s aerodromes and on the industries on which they depend, to the provision of fighter planes, anti-aircraft guns and balloon barrages, as well as of shelters, evacuation and all other defensive measures known as Air Raid Precautions. Fighter squadrons can cover a much wider area than anti-aircraft guns and balloon barrages, 77 and if they do not often bring raiders down, they can compel them to fly so high that they can only select area targets, even in day- light.Passive defence is not the most important thing. Prepara-tions must be made for minimising the effects of air attacks, but to reduce the cost to reasonable proportions it is necessary to discriminate between the areas in which the money available is to be spent, and not to attempt complete protection against all Air Raid risks. If certain areas are selected, the destruction of which would dislocate the national activities, every effort should be concen- trated on their defence; but other areas cannot be neglected altogether. Money spent should bear definite relation to their danger of attack. The main effort should be concentrated on the defence of areas which contain ports and dockyards, arsenals, aerodromes, food and oil depots, munitions works, and objectives of military importance.These should be classified as special areas. Careful consideration should also be given to the selection of areas to which school children are taken for safety, and the Government should provide schemes for evacuation, for the pro- vision of shelters, and for fire and first-aid services, and differentiate strongly between urban areas and those less precariously situated. The expenditure incurred should bear a proper relation to the estimated risk. Probably four-fifths of the area of London is devoid of "worth-while " targets, and in the outer suburbs there is hardly any risk at all.General Foulkes proceeded to deal with the organisation of Air Raid Precaution Schemes by business firms and factory managers. He said there was a tendency to over-elaboration. Schemes should be as simple as possible, otherwise they would not work smoothly in practice. The knowledge that precautions have been planned had a beneficial and psychological effect, and tended to avert panic,-the most fruitful source of disaster. The best method of avoiding casualties was to move from the danger area. Voluntary migration of well-to-do families from vulnerable areas should be encouraged, as well as dispersion to branch estab- lishments of those members of business staffs whose presence at headquarters can be dispensed with for a while.In certain circumstances, a further delayed dispersion to their own homes in the immediate neighbourhood of their place of employment can be arranged by concerns engaged on war work, when the depletion of staffs is impossible and continuous production is essential. 78 Managements must decide on their policy and on the amount of money they are able or prepared to spend on passive defence. Trenches are good shelters where open ground is available, but excessive protection on the roof is actually disadvantageous. Other forms of shelters are known and available, but in many cases there will be no alternative but to remain in existing premises. The safest shelters are below ground, in basements with ceilings capable of supporting debris, but old buildings in dangerous areas with abnormal fire risks, where the strength of the basement ceilings are inadequate, should not be trusted.Anystructural alterations should be carried out at once, although sand bags cannot be laid in peace time, and such detailed arrangements as the draughtproofing of doors can be carried out so quickly that they need not be undertaken until the emergency is imminent. Vigilance must be exercised to prevent and check fire. Compe-tent men must be selected for this duty and trained in its per- formance. First aid sections must form part of each organisa- tion. Internal draughts can be prevented by switching off fans, putting out fires, and closing windows and doors, so as to reduce the danger from poisonous gas.The risk of explosions may be obviated by cutting off the supply of coal gas. Each estab- lishment should have a controller, in touch with the events outside, who should study the details of the scheme and keep it up-to-date. Lighting regulations will necessitate the blacking out of skylights and the provision of blinds or curtains. A member of the staff should learn to identify a few of the probable war gases, and the employees should be encouraged to have their gas masks tested. The Chief Constables of Liverpool, Birkenhead and Wallasey, senior police officers of the City, representatives of local A.R.P. organisations, the Chief Warden and other wardens of Liverpool and a number of Gas Detection Officers were present.A vigorous discussion was opened by the Chairman who asked whether the dangers from low flying aircraft and the jettisoning of bomb loads had not been minimised. Did not open reservoirs constitute a danger so far as bacterial infection and contamination with arsenicals was involved, in view of the failure of sand filters to deal adequately with such substances? In reply, General Foulkes said that he considered that while a low-flying attack might be attempted in the case of special areas, the danger to the aircraft taking part was against its general use. The volume of water contained in reservoirs meant 79 that the degree of contamination would be very small indeed, and it would be possible to cut off the supply from a particular source in the event of an observed hit.Mr. E. Gabriel Jones enquired with regard to a protective paint now available offering protection against incendiary bombs. General Foulkes’ reply that paint would not prevent fire but act as a deterrent, was supplemented by Dr. Higgins, who stated that the material in question was in the nature of a paste, probably mainly calcium sulphate and, from actual experiment he had found that wood coated with it charred, but no flame resulted under the blowpipe flame. On the question of the likelihood of an early attack on Liverpool, General Foulkes expressed the opinion that from its geographical situation such an attack would be hazardous to the enemy and he considered that the main risk lay in warehouses being fired.Major Paris asked for General Foulkes’ opinion as to the danger to docks and the advisability of using the Mersey Tunnel as an air raid shelter, it having been stated that it would safely accommodate 80,000 people. The lecturer’s reply was to the effect that it is impossible to protect docks by passive defence. The risk of a hit must be faced. He was definitely averse to concentrating 80,000 people anywhere, and in addition the Tunnel was readily accessible to only a limited number of people and the importance of seconds in reaching shelter had been shown in actual warfare. Mr. W. R. Powers, Mr. A. E. Griffiths and Mr. H. Pritchard also took part in the discussion. London and South-Eastern Counties. -Cont inuing the policy of lectures upon subjects outside the border of, but cognate with, the domain of chemistry, the first lecture of the Session was delivered by Professor E.J. Salisbury, F.R.S., Quain Professor of Botany in the University of London. Dr. E. B. Hughes presided over the meeting, held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on 18th January. The subject of the lecture was- ‘‘ The Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor Salisbury emphasised the usefulness of contacts with other subjects; even the study of place names had its value 80 to the plant ecologist,-how much more that of chemistry! The capacity of plants as great manufacturing chemists was influenced largely by the climate and especially the intensity of light reaching them.Thus, in a wood, one sees foxgloves growing as marginal plants only, but they may occur in the interior when a wood is felled, showing that light intensity and not the soil conditions was the limiting factor. Photo-periodism as indicated by the influence of the length of day in different zones of the earth upon the nature of the plant was explained and illustrated by examples, e.g., the plants in N. Europe are mostly long day species, but even in the same latitude the north and south sides of a wood may present photo-periodic differences. The faculty of some annuals to survive inclement climatic con- ditions by a process of intermittent germination was explained. Thus, of the seed of a kind of rock rose, Helianthemum breweri, some germinate in early autumn, some in late autumn, others in late spring.In a severe winter only the last survive. The influence of like conditions of soil, temperature and humidity was instanced by maps showing the distribution of similar plants in Central Europe and E. Anglia, and the specificity of certain soils in limited areas was illustrated by reference to the peculiar flora of the sugar limestone of Teesdale and of the mica schists of Scottish mountains. The humid conditions existing around our western shores and in Ireland were of importance for the maintenance of the west European species encountered in these areas, species which require an oceanic climate. In contrast, the peculiarity of the Breckland area of East Anglia, where a low average annual rainfall of 21 inches (under 12 inches in 1921) obtains in combination with a non-retentive soil, was evident by the flora which in this area includes a number of species characteristic of Central Europe, e.g., Veronica spicata, the grape hyacinth, etc.etc. Further to the east, in the Norwich area, where 24 to 28 inches of rain per annum is associated with retentive boulder clay and the large water surfaces of the Broads, oceanic species are met with. The water retaining capacity of the organic matter of soils, together with the volume of air entrapped within, play an important r61e in effecting the development of the root systems. The capacity of the plant to take in water and dissolved salts is profoundly influenced by the capacity of the roots to respire.The chemical nature of soils showed effects in many ways, 81 and examples of elemental and ionic influences were given. Thus, a type of musk orchid normal to sand dunes might be found in wet soils if the calcium content was high. Maize grown in a soil deficient in lime was poor and improved as the lime was augmented up to 10tons per acre, but growth was even more remarkable if I part per 1000 of copper sulphate was introduced. One to two parts per million of soluble aluminium salts proved toxic to plants, but this effect could be nullified by the introduction of small quantities of phosphorus. Likewise manganese influenced the power of the plant to utilize ammonia.The $H of soils was of great importance, but plants could survive and adapt their conditions to a wide range of untoward soil re- actions in the absence of competition. The lecturer stressed the fact that we can grow many plants in gardens, in the absence of competing species, under conditions they would not tolerate in nature. In the presence of competition a slight depression of one species leads to the better growth of its neighbours and, as plants in their growth obey the compound interest law, an initial slight difference soon leads to a marked disparity and often the survival of somz and the elirninrttion of others. In summing up his address, Professor Salisbury stated that the higher a plant can grow, the more sunlight it can utilise at the expense of neighbouring plants it has overshadowed.In the words of the Bible, “Vnto him that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance, and from him that hath not, shall be taken away even that which he hath.” The lecture, amply illustrated by slides, was followed by a discussion. Manchester and District.-The Annual Dinner and Dance took place on 8th December, 1938, under the Chairmanship of Dr. G. D. Elsdon. There was a large attendance of members and friends, The chief guest was Alderman Shepherd who proposed the toast of “The Institute.” On 15th December, Professor John Read, F.R.S., addressed the Section on (‘Humour and Humanism in Chemistry,” of which the following is a brief abstract.Professor Read suggested that one of the chief defects in the average science course or text-book is the neglect of the human element. He deprecated this omission, which he held responsible 82 for many of the misconceptions of men of science by their colleagues of arts and letters, “who from attending a limited number of strictly formal and impersonal lectures on science have often deduced that the man of science is of necessity cold, formal and aloof; narrow in outlook; insensible to the finer human emotions ; incapable of expressing himself in the common tongue; devoid of humour and humanism; and a stranger to the humanities.” Prof. Read proceeded to refute these views in a picturesque way by taking his audience “with imagined wing” on a swift flight through chemical space and time, beginning at Thebes in 1550 B.C.and ending at Cambridge in 1909 A.D. As early examples of unconscious humour he referred to the Papyrus Ebers (1550B.c.) and the Formula of the Crab (4th century A.D.). Alchemical theory, said Prof. Read, was born of a primitive mode of thinking, based upon a distinction of opposites. Thus, the sulphur-mercury theory, which supplemented the Aristotelian theory of the four elements, was linked with the primitive idea of a sun-god and a moon-god, or a masculine (fixed) and feminine (volatile) principle. Norton, the 15th century alchemist of Bristol, wrote of “the faire White Woman married to the Ruddy Man;” and the intriguing emblem of the Hermetic Androgyne embodying this idea might be exploited with great profit as a jacket-design for a modern work on the electronic theory of valency. The proton and electron were lineal descendants of Osiris and Isis, the sun- god and moon-goddess of ancient Egypt.Indeed, of chemical theory it might be said, “the more it changes, the more it is the same thing.” Even the primitive idea leading, in 1865, to the conception of the famous benzene ring, upon which was based the whole of the modern coal-tar chemical industries, could be traced back to ancient Egypt in the 16th century B.C. In discussing the birth of modern chemistry, the lecturer dealt particularly with the humanistic traits displayed by Black, Dalton and Davy. Joseph Black was one of a little band of 18th century investigators who opened the way for Lavoisier and scientific chemistry, based upon the Atomic Theory of Dalton.As professor of chemistry in Edinburgh, Black estab- lished a great reputation among the general public as an experi- mental lecturer: “while he scorned the quackery of a showman, the simplicity, neatness and elegance with which his experiments were performed were truly admirable.” 83 John Dalton, the founder of the Atomic Theory, became a schoolmaster at a very tender age, and had so little authority over his pupils that they challenged him to fight in a neighbouring churchyard and broke the school windows after he had locked them in to do their tasks. Dalton wrote poems, which, however, “did not soar beyond a respectable mediocrity.’’ Although a confirmed bachelor, Dalton “greatly enjoyed the society of women of superior talents and mental culture.” In a letter to his brother, dated in 1796, he wrote: “I never met with a character so finished as Hannah’s.. . . She supports conversa- tion, whether serious, argumentative, or jocular, with uncommon address. In short, the tout ensemble is the most complete I ever beheld. Next to Hannah, her sister Ann takes it in my eye before all others. She is a perfect model of personal beauty . . . . but in strength of mind and vigour of understanding must yield to her elder sister.” Dalton concluded, “I dwell with pleasure upon the character of these two amiable creatures ”; and added with the shrewd caution of the old-time Quaker, “but would not have thee communicate my sentiments to others.” Humphry Davy was not only a chemist, but also a poet, philosopher, and man of the world.He was the intimate friend of men like Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Sir Walter Scott. According to Coleridge-who attended Davy’s lectures at the Royal Institution to increase his stock of metaphors-if Davy had not been the first chemist of his age, he would have been the first poet. Lockhart said that Scott and Davy “delighted in each other, and the modesty of their mutual admiration was a memorable spectacle.” Lady Davy was a relation of Scott “of a Scotch calculation,” as Sir Walter observed in his Journal, in which he makes a shrewd estimate of her personality. The rapid sketch of this period in the history of chemistry was rounded off by the relation of several hilarious stories, cent ng in Humphry Davy and his contemporaries, and dealing w r( the physical, chemical and physiological properties of laughing gas and sulphuretted hydrogen.Prof. Read, continuing, said that Davy’s greatest discovery was not sodium, or potassium, or even Lady Davy-but Michael Faraday. Faraday obtained his grounding in physical science largely from the books he bound during his apprentice- ship to a bookbinder in Blandford Street, London: these included the EncycZopedia Britannica and Mrs. Jane Marcet’s able and 84 delightful Conversations in Chemistry, conducted between an imaginary Mrs.B and her two pupils, Emily and Caroline. Faraday owed his appointment at the Royal Institution to the apparently trivial circumstance that in the early part of 1813,Mr. u’. Payne, a laboratory attendant at the Royal Institution, “had a dispute with Mr. Newman, the instrument maker, and so far forgot himself as to strike that gentleman.” This was one of the most momentous blows in the history of science; for Mr. Payne was dismissed, and Michael Faraday was engaged in his stead on rst March, 1813,at a salary of twenty- five shillings a week. Of the Continental chemists of the 19th century, Prof. Read dealt especially with Liebig, Dumas, and Pasteur, the last of whom he characterised as one of the most human and humane of all men of science.Finally, he gave some of his own “gentle and joyous’’ ex-periences in university chemical laboratories at Zurich and Cambridge. His experiments with that phenomenally odori-ferous substance, methyl ethyl selenide, interrupted the even tenor of the Darwin centenary celebrations at Cambridge in 1909, and gave rise to direful incidents which would adorn the imaginative pages of H. G. IVells. The victims, however, had they been conversant with the history of chemistry, might have derived some consolation from the reflection that “the more it changes, the more it is the same thing.” For Leo Africanus wrote, about 1550, that “chemists are a most stupid set of men, who contaminate themselves with sulphur and other horrible stinks”; and Chaucer had conveyed the same idea some ZOO years earlier still, when he wrote : “For a1 the world they stinken as a gote.” In concluding, Prof.Read claimed that the study of chemistry, if approached befittingly, might reasonably take rank beside the so-called “humanities,” as a broadly educative, cultural, and humanising influence. The specialised outlook which is becoming increasingly bound up with the trend of contemporary chemical research could be alleviated most effectively by the cultivation of an interest in the broader humanistic aspects of science. Newcastle upon Tyne and North East Coast.-At a Joint Meeting of the Newcastle and North-East Section of the Institute with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical 85 Industry held at King’s College, Newcastle, on 4th January, Prof.H. L. Riley presided and made sympathetic reference to the death of Dr. J. T. Dunn, a past member of the Council of the Institute and a past president of the Society of Chemical Industry, who had served as chairman of the Newcastle Sections of both these Bodies. In the absence of Professor W. E. S. Turner, Dr. A. J. Holland and Dr. E. Preston, of the Department of Glass Tech- nology in Sheffield University, read a communication on bb The Crystallisation of Glass.” The authors said that the usefulness of glass depended on the fact that it did not readily crystallise and that the manu- facturing processes were so regulated that the molten material was cooIed sufficiently rapidly to prevent crystallisation.By this means the resulting product was a clear, transparent material. Were crystallisation to occur, the material would cease to be a super-cooled liquid and would become an opaque solid, formed of a mixture of several crystalline compounds. Defects in manufacturing processes sometimes resulted in this so-called devitrificat ion. Many examples which had occurred in works practice in connexion with the manufacture of bottles, sheet glass, and optical glass were shown. At a meeting of the Section held on 17th January, Professor J. L. Morison, Professor of History, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, gave a lecture entitled ‘(The Rights and Wrongs of Modern Nationalism.” Dr. W. M. Madgin presided.The following is a brief summary of the lecture. There are many roots of the present tragic anarchy in the world to-day. The lecturer selected for examination one of them -pathological nationalism. Nationalism is the inspiring force which constitutes a nation, and a nation is the largest individualised, coherent, self-controll- ing psychological unit known in politics. Constituted out of geographical, racial, cultural and political elements, a true nation, conscious of nationality, must have its major claims conceded when all that opposes it are merely imperialistic ambitions. But, as nationality is impulsive and irrational there are rational 86 considerations of equal validity to which it must yield, and ex- perience has proved, in part within the British Commonwealth, that connexions, other than merely national, may afford a happier and freer existence than the purely nationalist bond.In history, true nationality was achieved, not always by moral or democratic means, in countries like France, Spain, Holland and England. But the history of self-conscious nationality begins effectively in the nineteenth century when countries such as Greece, Italy and Germany forced their escape either from alien control or from 'hampering circumstances. They obtained freedom, unity, and political self-determination. Of this movement, Mazzini was the prophet and seer; Bismarck and Cavour the men of political authority. But the use of the new nationalism, partly because it had to fight its way, had certain pathological elements in it.Modern history is the record of the evils which emerge from these diseased elements. It may be well to remove from the discussion such cases of normal, tranquil, national growth as are to be found among the white peoples of the British Commonwealth. Even Ireland has now become related to Britain on natural and unsensational lines. With the expiry of the older British authoritarianism the accepted rule in the Commonwealth is to let the new colonial nations go what way they please. But two startling and unfortunate consequences of modern nationality at present trouble the world. (I) Nationality swollen into imperialism becomes incarnate in the dictatorship of individuals.Connected therewith have been the extravagances of the new militarism and the new pro- tectionism. The result has been world confusion and the decline of international law and justice. (2) Through over-emphasis at Versailles on self-determina- tion, small peoples have been encouraged beyond the limits of their strength and political capacity; minorities too small for recognition have been depressed or ill-treated, and the only possible safeguard, a World League, impartial, powerful and intelligent, has for the moment been found too difficult a thing to bring into, and keep in, existence. So at present we have imperialistic nationalism, using its strength without scruple, often through occasions furnished by 87 the imperfections of the little powers.What hope is there of escaping from our tragic anarchy? It is for statesmen to frame the details, but plain men, especially of our stock, will perhaps agree that some kind of world revival (Professor Morison called it religious) of the great moral-social laws, which govern society as the natural laws govern the rest of the material universe, must be prayed and worked for; obedience to these inexorable laws of mind, spirit and social existence, bringing tranquillity and power, breeding a new sense of international justice, and inspiring as the chief political hope of humanity-a reformed, strengthened and wiser League of Nations. The lecture was followed by an animated discussion. South Wales.-Local members of the Section attended a meeting of the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held on 19th January, when Professor W.Pugh, of the University of Cape Town, who was in Great Britain on vacation, delivered a lecture entitled (‘Gallium and Germanium.” Professor Pugh outlined the early history of gallium, scandium and germanium, pointing out the importance of these elements as the three, eka-aluminium, eka-boron and eka-silicon, predicted by Mendelkeff, the discovery of which led to a general acceptance of Mendeleeff’s Periodic Law. He then gave an account of the modes of occurrence of gallium and germanium and of the methods of obtaining them from the ores, and finally described the chemistry of gallium and germanium and their compounds, giving interesting details from both his published and un-published researches.On 3rd February members of the Section participated in a joint meeting arranged by the Chemical Society with the Uni- versity College of Swansea Chemical Society, held at the University College, Swansea,-Professor J. E. Coates in the Chair. A lecture was delivered by Professor W. F. K. Wynne- Jones on ‘(Reactions Involving Proton Transfer,” of which a report will be published later. South Yorkshire.-On 30th November a meeting was held at Chesterfield Technical College, with Dr. Gregory (Chairman of 88 the Section) in the Chair. Dr. C. G. Paine, of the Jessop Hospital, Sheffield, read a paper entitled The Application of Chemistry to certain Bacteriological Problems,” illustrating the paper by a film entitled “White Cells in Action,” which he had prepared himself.A brief rirsum6 of the paper follows: The analysis of protein material by biological methods yields results that differ fundamentally from those of chemical methods. The biological principles involved depend upon changes that take place in the blood of animals after receiving injections of protein materials; substances, such as these, that are capable of inducing these changes in the blood of animals, are termed antigens, whereas the substances elaborated in the blood of animals injected with such antigens are termed antibodies. The admixture of blood serum containing such antibodies with a solution or suspension of the corresponding antigenic protein material results in the formation of a precipitate, and such a reaction is specific for the total chemical structure of the antigenic material.On the other hand, if a blood serum con- taining antibodies specific for a certain antigenic complex is allowed to react with another protein containing certain antigenic fractions in common with the original protein used to provoke the formation of the antibodies employed, then again a positive antigen-antibody reaction will be obtained, although the nature of the precipitate will differ. Schematically, these changes may be represented as below:- Antigenic structure of protein No. I used for animal injection. . .. .. .. .. ABCD Antibodies induced in blood serum of animal .. abcd No. I antigen-antibody reaction .. .. .. Positive Nature of precipitate formed .. .. abcd Antigenic structure of protein No. z .. .. ABC Antibody used in antigen-antibody reaction . . abcd Antigen-antibody reaction .. .. .. Positive Nature of precipitate formed .. .* -{:I? To obtain relatively pure reagents, resort is had to another form of reaction known as absorption. This may be exemplified in the following way:- 89 Original serum employed contains antibodies. . abcd This is mixed with excess of a particulate protein of antigenic structure .. .. .. .. .. .. ABC The resultant combination{ :F is removed by centrifuging together with the excess of the particulate protein ABC. Resi-dual antibodies left in supernatant serum,-d.This will give positive reaction with proteins that contain the antigenic fraction D, e.g.:-Residual Antigen. antibody. A/a reaction. ABCD d Positive ABC d Negative DXY d Positive D d Positive By means of these two reactions-direct antigen-antibody reaction and antigen-antibody reaction after absorption-the antigenic structure of certain bacteria has been investigated. These bacteria include staphylococci, pneumococci and strepto- cocci. The analysis revealed that these all contain a certain common antigenic fraction, shown to be a nucleoprotein sub- stance that is soluble and extractable in alkaline solution of approximately $H 11.0. The analysis was then directed towards the elucidation of the structure of the group of bacteria known as the streptococci and more particularly to the sub-genus haemolytic streptococci.The latter were shown all to contain a second nucleoprotein substance, which was extractable at pH 6.5. Of the haemolytic streptococci, certain are capable of causing human infection, others capable only of causing animal infections, and again others are incapable of infecting, but exist only as relatively harmless commensals. These differences in infective capacities are paralleled by differences in antigenic structure ;the human infective group has a complex conjugated carbohydrate substance joined to its native protein material, and this can be shown to differ antigenically from the carbohydrate substances derived from the animal infective and the non-infective groups of haemolytic streptococci. Thus these carbohydrate substances are responsible for group specificity. Finally, amongst the human infective group of haemolytic streptococci a series of differing types may be recognised.These 90 differences in type correspond with differences in another protein fraction which is acid-soluble, as can be shown by antigen- antibody reactions with absorbed sera. Examples were given illustrating the practical value of this method of antigenic analysis. The first showed how the source of an infection could be tracked down: first by finding which of the possible contacts harboured haemolytic streptococci, then by determining which of these were carriers of the human in- fective group, and finally by determining which of these last were carriers of the same type of this group as were present in the infected individual.The second example given was illustrated in the film, “White Cells in Action,’’ which followed the paper. The first part of the film dealt with the technique and appa- ratus used in making preparations of living human white blood cells suitable for microscopy. The microscopical part which followed showed these cells exhibiting normal amoeboid move- ment; this was followed by a section demonstrating how the white cells engulf living streptococci, and how, when the number of bacteria is excessive, the white cells are killed and form pus. The last section of the film provided the second illustration of the practical application of antigenic analysis of haemolytic streptococci.In this section, white cells had been exposed to a solution of the acid-soluble protein responsible for the specificity of one of the human types. After a brief period of increased motility, due to irritation, the white cells became increasingly more sluggish, until finally they died, exhibiting all the features that were seen previously in the formation of pus. An interesting discussion followed, and Dr. Paine was con- gratulated on his lucid treatment of the subject and on the demonstration by means of the film. The Annual Dinner-Dance of the Section was held at the Grand Hotel, Sheffield, on 16th December, when a party of 60 members and guests spent a most enjoyable evening.The toast of “The Institute of Chemistry” was proposed in his inimitable manner by Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S. (Gluckstein Memorial Lecturer, I@), and was acknowledged by the Chair- man of the Section (Dr. Edwin Gregory). In a few well-chosen words, Mr. B. W. Methley gave the toast of “The Ladies,” to which Mrs. Gregory replied, 91 January Examinations, 1939. Abstract of the Report of the Examiners. The following papers and exercises were set:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 9th JANUARY, 1939, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the modern views of the structure of matter, illustrating your answer by special reference to (a) hydrogen; (b) helium; (c) chlorine; (d) sodium.2. How would you proceed to determine the solubility in water of salts which (a) possess a fair solubility, (b) are very sparingly soluble? 3. Write an account of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, clearly stating the reasons which justify the use of 0, and H,O, as their molecular formulae. 4. Give an account of EITHER (a) induced radioactivity OR (6) methods of determining atomic weights with special reference to the newer physical methods. 5. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of any FOUR of the following:-Chromyl chloride; ammonium persulate; silicon ester (ethyl ortho- silicate); potassium iodate ; hydrazine sulphate; titanous chloride solution. 6.Critically examine any theories which have been advanced to explain the mechanism of catalytic reactions. 7. Describe concisely the contributions to chemistry made by (a) Graham; (b) hrhenius; (c) Berzelius. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Examine the following equilibria, stating the experimental evi- dence which proves their existence. N, + 3H, +2NH, + 2 x 12,000 cals. C + CO, +2CO -39,000 cals. KI + I, $ KI,. Discuss any practical applications of these reactions. 2. Give an account of any TWO of the following:- (a)The cobaltammines; (b) reactions in liquid ammonia; (c) reactions in liquid sulphur dioxide; (d) the polythionic acids and their salts.3. Write an essay on EITHER (a) the utility of the phase rule 08 (b) short-lived free radicals, 4. Discuss the likenesses and differences (a)between the compounds of magnesium and those of calcium, strontium and barium; (b) between the compounds of magnesium and those of zinc, cadmium and mercury. 5. Write an account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) orders of reactions; (b) the use of X-ray methods in norgan c chemistry; (c) the oxy-acids of phosphorus. 6. Discuss the theory of adsorption indicators and describe some of their uses in analytical chemistry. 7. Describe some applications of electro-chemical methods in the manufacture of inorganic compounds. TUESDAY, 10th JANUARY, 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisel?/ and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. By means of equations and SHORT notes describe how you would prepare from acetic acid, and the usual laboratory reagents, the following cornpounds :-(a) Methane; (b) ethyl acetate; (c) acetyl chloride; (d) acetic anhy- dride; (e)acetamide; (f)acetonitrile; (9)ethylamine; (h)ethyl alcohol; (i)acetone; (j)isopropyl alcohol. 2. Write an account of the tartaric acids with particular reference to their stereoisomerism. 3. Outline the more important reactions of aromatic diazo-compounds and discuss their bearing on the structure of these compounds. 4. Discuss the evidence on which the usually accepted structure of ONE of the following compounds is based:- (a) indole; (b) aceto-acetic ester; (c) oleic acid.5. “Adipic acid (-CH,-CH,.COOH), is the first member of the series of the methylene dicarboxylic acids which can be distilled un-changed.” Discuss tho significance of this statement. 6. By means of the following esamples-chloracetyl chloride, chlorotoluene, benzyl chloride, the chloronitrobenzenes, and any others you may care to use-illustrate the varying degrees of reactivity of chlorine in organic compounds. What views have been put forward to account for this variation in behaviour ? 7. Outline the methods by which FOUR of the following compounds are usually prepared :-(a) anthranilic acid ; (6) quinol (hydroquinorle); (c) salicylic acid ; (d)acetylacetone ; (e)quinoline; (f) diacetyl.8. Give one example of the use in organic chemistry of each of the following reagents :-(a) thoria; (b) nickel; (c) selenium dioxide; (d) metallic zinc (other than for reduction) ; (e) aluminium ethoxide; (f)sulphur dioxide. 2 to 3.30 pm. Translation from French and German Technical Literature. PRACTICAL WORK: 1ST WEEK. WEDNESDAY, 11th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify as completely as time allows the TWO components of mixt,ure (A): (p-nitroacetanilide and cinnamic acid, OR p-dichlorobonzene and p -nitrophenol.) THURSDAY, 12th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the quality of the compound (B). (Aniline containing 4 per cent. of nitrobenzene.) 2. Identify the compound (C).(n-Rutyl formate.) FRIDAY, 13th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (D) contains a mixture of silver and lead nitrates. Determine gravimetrically the weight of each metal in one litre of the solution, expressing your results as grams of silver and grams of lead per litre. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. 2. Determine the solubility of the given substance (E) in 100 grams of water at the temperature of the water supply. At least two determina- tions must be made. ( (E) = Ammonium chloride OR potassium chloride.) SATURDAY, 14th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (I?) and (G). ((F)= Potassium tetra- thionate; ((2) = Titania.) 2. Determine the percentage of pure sodium hydrosulphite (Na,S,O,) in the sample of impure hydrosulphite (H).3. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday . PRACTICALWORK FOR CANDIDATES PRESENTING THEMSELVES IN THE 2ND WEEK. TC'ESDAY, 17th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify as completely as time allows the TWO components of mix-ture (J). (p-Chloroacetanilide and a-naphthol OR p-bromoacetanilide and j3-naphthol.) WEDNESDAY, 18th JAWUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the quality of the compound (K). (cycZoHexano1 2. Identify the compound (L). (Ethyl oxalate.) containing 10 per cent. of phenol.) THURSDAY, 19th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine gravimetrically the percentage of silver and t'he percentage of copper in the alloy (Al). This exercise may Ee completed to-morrow.2. Determine the partition coefficient of the monobasic organic acid (N) between water and chloroform at 25". ((pi) = Eenzoic acid.) FRIDAY, 20th JANUARY, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (0)and (P). ( (0)= Boric anhydride; (1') = potassium diuranate.) 2. Estimate the percentage of pure ammonium persulphate in the sample of impure salt (Q). 3. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday. The examination was held at the Institute in the periods Monday, the 9th January-Saturday the 14th January, and Tuesday the 17th January-Friday the 20th January, certain candidates taking their theory papers at other centres. Forty-three candidates presented themselves, of whom 22 passed.Eight candidates failed in part only of the examination, and 4 candidates passed in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed to satisfy the Examiners. INORGANICPHYSICALAND CHEMISTRY. The work submitted by the candidates in theoretical inorganic and physical chemistry calls for little comment. The quality of the answers was rather above the average received in recent examinations, the principal weakness, in the first paper, being the answers to question 3 and, in the second paper, the answers to question 6. In the practical chemistry some excellent results were returned for the gravimetric exercises and in the other qualitative and quantitative problems the work done was satisfactory. The least satisfactory part of the practical work proved to be the determination of the partition coefficient of the organic acid.Many candidates did not realise that it was associated in one of the solvents. ORGANICCHEMISTRY. In this paper many of the answers lacked precision and definiteness. Those to question I, which dealt with some characteristic reactions of acetic acid and its derivatives, fre- quently showed a lamentable weakness, e.g. in the preparation of methane and of ethyl acetate. A few candidates stated that acetic anhydride was prepared by heating the acid with phosphorus pentoxide and several confused acetonitrile with pyruvic nitrile (acetyl cyanide). Question 8, dealing with the use of inorganic reagents and catalysts usually obtained answers of very mediocre quality- few candidates seemed to know that thoria is used in the pre- paration of ketones from carboxylic acids, or that selenium dioxide is a useful oxidising agent for the preparation of diketonic com- pounds.The questions of a more stereotyped character received, in general, better treatment, although knowledge of the structure of diazo-compounds was occasionally weak. In the majority of cases the practical exercises were carried out in an efficient manner; on the other hand, it is evident that some of the candidates had not received adequate training in this important branch. TRANSLATIONS. For the most part these were quite well done. PASS LIST. Bamford, Harold Firth, B.A. (Cantab.), The University, Cambridge, and College of Technology, Manchester.Buckley, Clarence Fairbank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Burrow, Kenneth, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Clemen ts, Francis Sidney, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Derry, Ronald Lewis, Universj ty Co lege, Nottingham. Emery, Douglas John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Fiegenheim, Kenneth George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic,London. Field, Wilfred John Charles, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Friend, David, B.Sc. (Lond.), Northern Polytechnic, London. Haddock, Louis, B.Sc. (Lond.), The University and College of Technology,Leeds. Jordan, Henry Lawrence, Central Technical College, Birmingham.Lockyer, Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Lyon, Charles John, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. MacMahon, Leonard Cecil, Municipal Technical College, Hull. Pyle, Percival Robert Charles, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Smith, William Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal College, Portsmouth. Southern Thomas Alan Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Spencer, John George, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Stagg, Harold Edgar, Medway Technical College, Gillingham. Stone, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Tromans, Benjamin, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Wordsworth. Charles Harcourt, B.Sc.(Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. 96 Notes. This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGScontains a copy of a photograph (by Lafayette, Ltd., Manchester) of Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, 1936-39, of which an enlarged copy will be added to the portraits of Past Presidents in the Council Room of the Institute. Mr. William Alexander Skeen Calder, M.I.Chem.E., who has been nominated for election as President in succession to Sir Robert Pickard, received his professional training at the Royal College of Science, the Royal School of Mines and King’s College, London. Throughout his career he has been engaged in chemical industry. He was for seven years with Messrs. F. W. Hills & Co., sulphuric acid manufacturers, Deptford, and from 1899 Chemist and eventually General Manager and Director with Messrs.Chance & Hunt, Ltd. He was manager of H.M. Factory, Oldbury, during the war. He has also been Director of Cwmbran Chemical Co., Ltd., and the Cardiff Alkali Co., Ltd. He was elected a Fellow in 1917. He was for several years Chairman of the Birmingham and Midlands Section ; served on the Council, 1935-35, and at the last Annual General Meeting was elected a Vice-president and a Censor. He has represented the Institute on many occasions during the past few years, and is one of its representatives on the Chemical Council, and the British Management Council. He is a Past President of the Society of Chemical Industry, and of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, and has been a Member of the Council of the Chemical Society.National Service.-Chemists are included in the Schedule of Reserved Occupations (Provisional) presented by the Minister of Labour to Parliament in January. The occupation of “Chemist (Analytical, Research, etc.)” is an occupation in respect of which, in the general national interests, restrictions will be placed in peace time on the acceptance of volunteers for certain forms of enlistment or enrolment for service in time of war. 97 Enrolment on the Central Register has no effect on offers of or acceptance for any alternative form of national service. The position with regard to such offers of acceptance is regulated by the Schedule of Reserved Occupations which is subject to periodic revision. Chemists, being included in the Provisional Schedule of Reserved Occupations in the Central Register, should not ordinarily accept service, otherwise than in their professional capacity, which will be whole-time in war, but not in peace.Nothing in the Schedule, at present, restricts- acceptance for service which is whole-time in peace (e.g. service in the Regular Armed Forces, the Regular Police Forces or the Regular Fire Brigades) ; re-engagement for the same service of a person already engaged in a service; acceptance for whole-time service in war in the volun- teer’s trade or professional capacity; acceptance for A.R.P. service at the volunteer’s place of employment ; acceptance for service which will be only part-time in war, subject to the clear understanding that in the case of persons covered by the Schedule work in the occupa- tion listed in the Schedule will have first claim on them in war- t ime ; acceptance of women for nursing and first aid services. The following notes are abstracted, with the permission of the author, and the Institute of Brewing, from an article by Sir Gilbert Morgan on ‘‘Presentation of Original Communi-cations,” contributed to the Institute of Brewing, Vol XLV (January9 I939)* This subject falls under two headings (i) the reading of scientific papers before learned societies, and (ii) the compilation of communications suitable for publication in scientific or tech-nological journals.The aims in the two cases are by no means the same, and each is worthy of more attention than it generally receives at the hands of modern authors. 98 There must always be a lag between the state of knowledge of the investigator and that of readers of his original communica- tions who have themselves neither the facilities nor the time to conduct similar researches; but every effort should be made to render this gap as small as possible. At the outset of the development of modern science, towards the latter half of the eighteenth century, research was mainly conducted by scientific amateurs who sometimes, like Henry Cavendish, were men of considerable means. The way in which they communicated their results to the outer world was governed largely by their personal characteristics.Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen and the founder of pneumatic chemistry was a most voluminous writer, not only on science but also on theology. Cavendish’s writings were more concise, and after the lapse of years have been read again with great advantage. In his dissertations on the atomic theory, John Dalton declared that it was his wish to make this matter clear “to the meanest intelli- gence.” He was a born teacher who spared no pains to clarify and explain his subject. This association between teaching and research is not always clearly apparent in the scientific writings of certain modern investigators who sometimes adopt an obscure style more in keeping with the dubious claims of alchemy than with what should be the clearly defined deductions of chemistry A cogent example of this obscurity is to be found in recent references to “bios” which are couched in such a way as to be reminiscent of “phlogiston,” a hypothetical principle formerly regarded as being operative in all processes of combustion, rusting and decay, whether induced by inorganic or organic means.The actual position is, however, that one modification of bios has been identified with a comparatively simple homocyclic compound and two or more other forms of bios are being hunted down in extracts of egg yolk, yeast or other vegetable sources in which, however, these highly active principles are present only to a minute extent. It is largely due to scarcity that these products have so far eluded identification.The problem involved is clear, although the present state of knowledge is scanty and incomplete. To-day the volume of published research is greater than at any time in the world’s history and the task of presenting a complete and definite picture of the trend of progress in particular branches of science taxes the financial resources of many learned societies almost to the breaking point. Conciseness should be the chief 99 virtue of the scientific contributor. Yet too often his paper is mainly a copy of his laboratory notes. If he succeeds in his object only after many unsuccessful trials, each of these attempts finds full description, whereas those reading the paper are chiefly interested in his successful essay.The author’s fruitless efforts, if mentioned at all, should be dismissed in the fewest possible words. This course is the only justifiable one for, if the successful procedure had been adopted in the first place, the others would never have had even a transitory existence. Several factors determine the large extension of original publications in this country. One is the great increase in the number of research scholarships, and another is the modem practice in British Universities of granting some three degrees (M.Sc., Ph.D., and D.Sc.) on the result of original investigation carried out either independently or under the guidance of a teacher. Certain public bodies such as the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland and several other munificent organisa- tions, endow research by scholarships to deserving students, and by grants in aid to their professors; but so far it has not been generally realised that in subsidising research, these benefactors should also facilitate publication by allocating a certain proportion of available funds to this end.If a subsidised research is worth doing, it is worthy of publication, but if it is not published, it had better not have been done at all. Inasmuch as most contemporaneous research is subsidised research, it should follow that those who pay the piper have the right to call the tune. In other words, the beneficiaries should appreciate this analogy by exerting to the utmost their expository powers.During the last year or two the Chemical Council, representing some 10,500 British chemists, has assisted financially their two main publishing bodies,-the Chemical Society and the Sociefy of Chemical Industry, on condition that “Every paper should be prefaced by a short summary setting forth briefly, and in simple language, the objects of the investigation, the results obtained, and their bearing on chemical knowledge in general. The summary should be such as to enable any chemist to obtain a clear idea of what the investigator has achieved and should normally be from 50 to 250 words in length.” 100 Authors are now being asked to furnish short introductions to their papers, arranged to answer the three following questions:- (I) With what object in view was the investigation under- taken? (2) What observations were made during the research? (This description should be concise, and so far as possible, in non-technical language.) (3) What conclusions are drawn from these experiments, especially as regard the linking up of the paper with other relevant publications ? In the Journal of the Chemical Society, the Transactions of the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Journal of the Institute of Brewing, these introductory summaries .will be published, at the head of each communication, in heavier type, and with paragraphs corresponding with the three foregoing questions.The Home Secretary has notified the Institute that, in pursuance of the powers conferred upon him by Section I of the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act, 1937, he has now made Regulations governing the fumigation of buildings with hydrogen cyanide. The following paragraph is abstracted from the covering letter :-“In view of the extremely dangerous nature of hydrogen cyanide as shown by the fatalities which have occurred in recent years in connection with the fumigation of buildings with this gas, the Secretary of State desires me to impress upon you the importance of ensuring strict compliance with all the requirements of the Regulations.” [Statutory Rules and Orders, 1938, No. 1578. Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation). H.M.Stationery Office. Price 2d. net.] London Scientific Film Society.-This Society, which has been approved under the Regulations of the London County Council, and is a non-profit making body, arranges programmes of films, approved by the Films Committee of the Association of Scientific Workers, on Sunday afternoons, at the Academy Cinema, Oxford Street, London, W.I. On the 5th March the following films will be exhibited:- “Mouvements Vibratoires ” ; “ Rain and its Causes ” ; “How the Dial Works ” ; “Pest Control ” ; “ Sea Food ” ; ‘‘ The Amoeba ” ; “Springs ” ; “Cathode Ray Oscillograph.” 101 Laboratory Precautions.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part IV, 1938, under Proceedings of the Council, 24th June, it was stated that Professor Forsyth J.Wilson had suggested that the Council should consider the question of the safety of students and workers in chemistry laboratories of academic institutions and that the matter had been referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee.This reference was noticed by Mr. A. J. Holden, Fellow, a member of the staff of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, who very kindly offered to co-operate and informed the Council that he had received the permission of the A.B.C.M. to place at the disposal of the Institute any information which they had received. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee appointed a Sub-Committee consisting of Professor W. Wardlaw and Mr. Holden, with the Assistant Secretary, to meet and report upon the suggestion.This Committee has now reported that the preparation of a comprehensive pamphlet setting forth a code of safety rules for use in laboratories would be of doubtful utility. It is felt that in most well-organised industrial laboratories the precautions to be generally adopted are fully understood and that any such code would only be useful to those members of the Institute who are in isolated positions. The pamphlet , entitled “Safeguards in the Laboratory,” compiled by the Science Masters’ Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers, is already in the hands of teachers in schools and, in the universities and large technical colleges, the necessary precautions are, on the whole, already adopted.In both cases the important factor of supervision is present. It would appear, therefore, that it would be useful to prepare for issue, as supplements or separate leaflets attached to the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, statements confined to particular and unusual sources of accidents which might not be widely known. Mr. Holden has extracted from the Safety Circulars issued by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers many references to accidents in laboratories, as distinct from works, of which the following is an example:- Explosive Hazards in the Use of Perchloric Acid-Attention has previously been drawn (Quarterly Safety Summary, 1935,6 (23),42,and 1936, 7 (27),51) to explosion hazards in the use of 102 perchloric acid.A further accident due to this cause is now reported from the United States. Samples of vegetable oil were being digested in a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids for the determinations of phos-phorus by a precedure similar to that used for determining sulphur in rubber. Digestion had proceeded smoothly in thirty previous analyses, but in this particular case the reaction mixture exploded with great violence, and the operator was seriously injured by flying pieces of glass. Previous workers with perchloric acid have given general warnings of the possibility of violent reactions if prescribed procedures are not closely followed; but they have not always been able to point out the exact conditions under which it is dangerous. As a minimum precaution, any new procedure involving concentrated perchloric acid should be considered hazardous until the contrary is definitely established.However, the apparent unpredictability of explosions with perchloric acid makes it difficult to say when the safety of a method has been established. The accident here is a case in point; thirty analyses had been made without difficulty before the explosion occurred. For this reason it is felt that any analysis with perchloric acid, however familiar, should be accepted as potentially dangerous and be conducted with adequate protective measures. Only in this way can the possibility be obviated of this excellent and versatile reagent resulting in serious injury to an operator.It is now a strict regulation in this laboratory that all work with perchloric acid must be carried out under a hood and behind a metal screen, and that the operator must wear goggles. There is no difficulty in building the screen so that objects behind it can be manipulated through a narrow slot by means of long tongs. Ind. Eng. Chem. (News Edition), 1937, 15 (9),214. Chemical Trade J., 1937, 100 (2611),497. It is proposed to publish attached to the next number of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSparticulars of unusual laboratory accidents which have occurred during the last few years. Fellows and Associates are requested to send to the Registrar particulars of any unusual accident, the publication of which may be con- sidered useful to members of the profession. 103 New Year's Honours.-Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Waynflete Professor of Chemistry at Oxford University, Vice- President of the Institute,-Knight Bachelor.Professor H. B. Dunnicliff, Principal of the Government College, Lahore ; Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, Punj ab University, and Special Chemical Adviser to the Central Board of Revenue, Government of India; Fellow of the Institute,- C.I.E. Gerald Snowden Butler, B.A., I.S.O., Superintendent at the Cordite Factory, Indian Ordnance Dept., Aruvankadu; Fellow of the Institute,-C.I.E. Ganes Chandra Mitter, MSc., Chief Assayer, H.M. Mint, Bombay; Fellow of the Institute,-O.B.E. Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society has been awarded to Professor Isidor Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., Fellow of the Institute, for his contributions to the science of chemistry in the field of natural products, especially vitamin A and related natural pigments, the antirachitic vitamin D and its precursors, and the constituents of fish liver oils and of natural resins of the triterpene group.104 Obituary. MATTHEW ATEINSON ADAM died at Bournemouth, on 16th January, in his 69th year. Born in Glasgow, he received his early education under his father, William Adam, M.A., who was one of the leading educational authorities in Glasgow in his timo. From 1885 to 1893 he attended the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, taking day and evening classes under Professor A.H. Sexton. In 1890 he proceeded to Glasgow University, and from 1893 to 1896 worked on the staff of Lord Kelvin, in his Electrical Standardising and Testing Laboratories. In his spare time during this period he was engaged in research in his father’s laboratory, principally on the fixation of nitrogen by the formation of nitrides of boron, magnesium, lithium and tungsten, and the subsequent decomposition of these to form ammonia. Having graduated in science in 1896, he became associated with Mr.-later Sir-Dugald Clerk, first M assistant in the laboratory, and later (in 1910) as partner in the firm of Marks & Clerk, Chartered Patent Agents, with whom he acquired a highreputation in chemical and engineering matters in England, America and on the Continent.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. GEORGEBARCERdied suddenly from heart failure, at Aeschi, Switzer- land, on 5th January, at the age of GO. Born at Blanchester in 1878, he was educated in Holland and continued his studies at University College, London, and King’s College, Cambridge, where he gained first-class honours in both Parts I and 11, taking botany and chemistry, in the Natural Science Tripos. In 1901 he was appointed demonstrator in the University of Brussels, where he remained for two years and, in 1903, went as assistant to the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories. He was elected a Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge, in 1904 and continued as such until 1910. In 1909 he was appointed head of the chemical department at Goldsmith’s College, London, and four years later became professor of chemistry at the Royal Holloway College.In 1914 he accepted the post of chemist in the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology of the Medical Research Committee and throughout the War was engaged in duties in that connexion. In 1919 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in the same year became professor of chemistry in relation to medicine, in Edinburgh University. He held this post continuously for eighteen years, and resigned only last year, when he was elected to the Regius Professorship of Chemistry at Glasgow University. Professor Barger contributed many papers to scientific journals on chemical and biochemical subjects.Among his works were “The Simpler Natural Bases,” 1914; “Some Applications of Organic Chemistry to Biology and Medicine,” 1930; “Ergot and Ergotism,” 1931; and ‘‘Organic Chemistry for Medical Students ” (second edition), 1936. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in November, 1938. 105 WILLIAMBARLOWdied at Manchester, on 24th July, at the age of 65 years. He was educated at the British School, Droylsden, and later attended the Manchester Technical School. In 1891, he won the Oliver Heywood Scholarship, tenable at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, where he studied from 1892-94; was Silver Medallist in 1893, and gained the Associateship of the College. After studying bleaching and dyeing under Professor Knecht, in Manchester, he was appointed, in 1895, assistant chemist in the works of Messrs.Levinstein, Ltd., Blackley. Later, he was technical chemist to the National Boiler Insurance Company, next chemist, and subsequently manager, with Messrs. J. Robertson & Sons, Preserve Manufacturers, Ltd., Droylsden, and from 1916 until his death, chemist and manager with Messrs. Baker & Co. (Manchester) 1928, Ltd., Chemical Manufacturers, Crabtree Lane, Clayton. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894, and a Fellow in 1899. JOHN DUNN died on 3rd January at Newcastle upon Tyne, THOMAS at 80 years of age. He received his general education at Bruce’s School, Newcastle upon Tyne, and after three years’ experience in a commercial office, entered the Durham College of Science in 1873.He was awarded a Mather Scholar- ship in 1875, and two years later graduated B.Sc. in chemistry. He continued at the College for five years as demonstrator in chemistry and physics, taking M.Sc. in 1881, and proceeding to D.Sc. in 1888. In 1884 he was appointed science master, later becoming headmaster, at the Gateshead Boys’ High School. After spending a year as head of the Plymouth Technical School, he became principal and head of the chemistry department of the Northern Polytechnic Institute, London, in 1895, which position he held until 1901, when he joined the firm of J. & H. S. Pattinson, analytical and consulting chemists, in which, at the time of his death he had been a partner for over thirty years. He was public analyst for Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, Sunderland, South Shields, Tynemouth and Berwick-on-Tweed, and in partnership with Mr.H. C. L. Bloxam, was an officialgas examiner and oRcial agricultural analyst. He was a man of many interests. He was a Past President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, and also of the Society of Chemical Industry; an early member of the Newcastle Chemical Society, which was subsequently merged in the Society of Chemical Industry; a Vice- President of the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society; local repre-sentative of the Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music, London; a member of the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club and the Newcastle Rotary Club, of which he was a Past President; a well-known member of the Council of the Liberal Club; a Freeman of the City, and a member of the House Carpenters Company.He served on the Council of Armstrong College, and presided over the North-Eastern Permanent Benefit Society; he was a Justice of the Peace for the Borough of Gateshead, and one of the active woikers for the Newcastle Shelter for Stray Cats and Dogs at Spital Tongues and for some time, Chairman of the Drama Club at Sunderland. Jointly with V. A. Mundella he was author of a text-book on General Elementary Science. He was author of Pulverised and Colloidal Fuel, and contributed many papers to the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1901. He served on the Council of the Institute from 1918-21, and was an examiner for the Fellowship in Mineral Chemistry from 1921-25, and in Industrial Chemistry from 1927-32. He was also for several yearsChairman of the Local Section of the Institute. 106 HUBERT HENRY HAZELdied on 29th January, in his 49th year.He received his early education at Cambridge County School.In 1910 he entered Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and studied chemistry under Professor Sir William Pope, F.R.S. He graduated B.A., with honours, in Parts I and 11of the Natural Sciences Tripos, and proceeded to the M.A. degree in 1921. In 1915 he was appointed works chemist at the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, where he had charge of the manufacture of nitro- glycerine and cordite.In 1920 he was appointed chemist-in-charge of the main laboratory, in succession to Dr. J. Reilly, now Professor of Chemistry at University College, Cork. He became senior chemist in 1934, and in April, 1938, was appointed acting manager and deputy superintendent in succession to Dr. R. S. G. Knight,, who had been secondod for special work. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917, and a Fellow in 1936. JOHN died, at Tenby, on Christmas Eve, his twenty-fourth HODGES birthday. He was the only child of Mr. T. Hodges of Tenby, who lost his life in the Great War, and was educated at Greenhill School, Tenby, where he matriculated in 1930. Two years later, he proceeded to Uni- versity College, Swansea, to study chemistry under Professor J.E. Coates and Dr. L. E. Hinkel. In 1935 he graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in chemistry and, in 1938, was awarded the Ph.D. In 1937 he was granted a Rockefeller Research Scholarship of the value of 5300 a year,tenable at the Victoria University, Manchester, and he continued his research there under the direction of Professor I. M. Heilbron. In June las this Scholarship was extended for a further period, to enable him to continue his researches under Professor Heilbron at the Imperial College of Science, London. He was registered as a Student of the Institute in 1934, and elected an Associate in July last. ARTHURWILLIAMKNAPP died on 6th January at Birmingham, in his 59th year. Educated at King Edward’s Grammar School, Aston, and Birmingham University, he studied chemistry under Professor P.F. Frankland, C.B.E., F.K.S., and graduated BSc. (Lond.) and (Birm.), in 1901 and h1.S~. (Birm.) in 1928. After leaving the University, he entered the laboratory of Mr. J. Kear Colwell, F.I.C., public analyst for the Metropolitan Boroughs of Finsbury, Holborn and St. Pancras. He spent three years as assistant to Mr. Robert Barklie, F.I.C., public analyst for Belfast, and was for a short time in the research department of Messrs. Lever Bros., Ltd. From 1906 to 1911 he was assistant to Mr. J. F. Liverseege, F.I.C., City Analyst, Birmingham. In 191 1, he obtained the post of research chemist at Messrs. Cadbury Bros., Ltd., Bournville, and was appointed chief chemist in 1923, a post he held until his death. He was elected an Associate in 1903 and a Follow in 1906.He served as a member of the Council from 1926 to 1929. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. J. R. Johnson, Member of Council, and Mr. Garfield Thomas, Hon. Secretary of the Birmingham and Midlands Section. HENRYBENJAMINSHEPHERD,HARCOURT who died at Bexhill-on-Sea on 5th January, 1939, in his eighty-sixth year, after some years of ill-health, was one of the Original Fellows of the Institute. He was the son of the late Benjamin Parkman Shepherd of Bristol, and was educated at the Bristol Grammar School and in the School of Chemistry conducted 107 by the late Thomas Coomber, which was later taken over by the Society of Merchant Venturers and has since been affiliated to the University of Bristol.From there he proceeded to the Royal College of Science, London, where he worked under Frankland and Valentin, and later- in 1873-became assistant in the private laboratory of the late Dr. Augustus Voelcker, where among his laboratory companions were Bernard Dyer, the late F. J. Lloyd, the late Alfred Smetham, and the late J. A. Voelcker. On the recommendation of Dr. Voelcker he became, in 1875, chemist in the laboratory of the then newly-established Ohlendorff’s Dissolved Peruvian Guano Works in London (afterwards reconstituted as the Anglo- Continental Guano Company, Limited), of which later he became the chemical manager, a position he held until his retirement sixteen years ago.He was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1874, and was an original Member of the Society of Chemical Industry, and for many years a Member of the Society of Public Analysts. He was well known in early days among the comparatively few chemists who were then interested in the development of agriculturalchemistry, in the technical aspects of which he continued to take a keen interest up to the end of his sixteen years of retirement, which were spent at Bexhill. During the War he rendered valuable service in connection with the manufacture of sulphuric acid for high explosives. 111-health prevented his attendance at the Jubilee Celebrations of the Institute at which, as an Original Fellow, he was one of the recipients of the Frankland hlemorial Medal.At his funeral, which took place on 9th January, the Institute of Chemistry was represented by ilk. J. A. Dewhirst. ROBERT CHRISTIE SMITH died at Thornton, Lancashire, on 18th January, at the age of 44 years. Born at Glasgow and educated at Stirling High School, he gained the Higher Leaving Certificate of the Scottish Education Department in 1912 and proceeded to Glasgow Uni- versity to study chemistry under Professor G. G. Henderson. In 1915 his university career was interrupted by the war, during which he served with the Special Brigade, Royal Engineers. He returned to the University in 1919, and graduated M.A. and BSc., later proceeding to D.Sc. For three years, from 1920 to 1923, he was demonstrator in the Physical Chemistry Department at the University, under Dr.R. Wright, later becoming assistant lecturer. In 1928 he became associated with I.C.I. (Alkali), Ltd., and held the post of works manager at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. EDWARDJOHNWAY died at Hampstead on 6th February, in his 75th year. He was educated at the Aske’s Hatcham School, where he gained a scholarship given by the Haberdashers’ Company. He subse-quently worked under R. Bannister, Fellow, Vice-Principal of Somerset House Laboratory, and later with Messrs. Wigner and Harland,Public Analysts in Lombard Street, being mainly engaged in work connected with food, dnigs, waters, metals and organic chemistry. Later, he obtained the post of chemist and amalgamator to the Transvaal Gold Exploration & Land Co., Ltd., Pilgrim’s Rest, Transvaal, South Africa, where he was engaged on work in connexion with gold extraction.He was for some years a consulting engineer in Johannesburg, and later consulting engineer and director of the Ariston Gold Mines, Ltd., Prestea, Gold Coast Colony. He was a Past Member of Council and Telford Medallist of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 108 On his return to England in 1931, he became actively associated with the affairs of the Institute, and represented the rnembers in the Oversoas Dominions, India and elsewhere abroad, on the Council of the Institute from 1931 to 1935. He was elected a Fellow in 1888. ROBERTWILSON died at Dornock, Dumfriesshire, as the result of a road accident, on 16th January, in his thirty-ninth year.He was educated at Saltcoats Public School, and attended evening classes at Ardrossan Academy in order to study for the Scottish Universities Entrance Board Examination, which he passed in 1919. In the meantime, from 1915-19, he was employed as assistant chemist at Nobels Explosives Co., Ltd., Stevenston, Ayrshire. He proceeded to the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and graduated B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry in 1922. After two years' research at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, he obtained a post as shift chemist to the Orgreave by-product plant-a branch of the United Steel Cos., Ltd., at Rothervale, near Sheffield. In 1928, he was appointed assistant manager at the Dean and Chapter Coke Oven Plant, Ferryhill, Durham.Three years later, he became an oper- ating engineer with the 'IVoodall Duckham Vertical Retort and Oven Construction Co. (1920), Ltd., and last year, was appointed senior coke oven operator with the JT700dall Duckham Co. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928. The Council deeply regrets to record the deaths of PROFESSOR ARTHUR Past-President, MR.E. R. BOLTON,SMITHELLS, Past Vice-President, and MR. E. J. WAY, Past Member of Council, to whom further reference will be made in JOURNAL Part 11.AND PI~OCEEDINGS, 109 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-id Bacterial Metabolism.” Marjory Stephenson. Pp.xiv+392. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. net. Introduction ; respiration ; polysaccharides ; fermentation of hexoses : decomposition of proteins ; metabolism of nucleic acid ; nutrition and growth; nitrogen fixation ; autotrophic bacteria; bacterial photosyn-thesis; enzyme variation and adaption; appendix; bibliography and author index; index. ‘I Benzole and Allied Products, Standard Specifications for.” and Edition. Pp. x+z06. (London: The National Benzole Association (N.R.A., Ltd.).) 7s. 6d. net. Standard specifications; methods of testing; apparatus schedules. Second Edition, prepared by the Specifications Committee, consisting of Representatives of the National Benzole Association, The Association of Tar Distillers and Co-opted Members.‘’ Organic Chemistry, Practical.” Frederick George Mann and B. C. Saunders. Foreword by Sir William J. Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S. and Edition. Pp. xiv+418. (London: Lorigmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 8s. 6d. net. Methods and Manipulation; preparations; reactions and ident’ification of organic compounds ; quantitative analysis ; simple enzyme reactions ; appendix-preparation of reagents-first aid, treatment of fires, etc.- tables; index. Ohio, the Athenaeum of : “Studies of the Institutum Divi Thomae.” Volume 11, No. I. Pp. viiiS.156. (Cinsinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.) Supreme intelligence and science. A note on the effect of tissue eitracts upon the respiration of yeast; fractions from yeast which stimulate the respiration of yeast animal tissues; growth-promoting substances from injured tissue in wityo; a note on a solid from yeast which affects cellular metabolism; the effect of a steam distillate of yeast on the growth of embryonic tissue in vitro ; local anaesthetics ; the relation of chemical structure to physiological action in the amino-ester; the relation of pigment production to the size of seeds; cell enlargement in the hypocotyl of Helianthus nnnuus ; effect of respiratory and growth-stimulating factors from yeast and malt combings on bacterial growth; relative consistency of weights and counts in determining micro-organism populations by photo-electric ncphelometers; intercellular wound hormones from ultra-violet injured cells.110 “Plant Growth-Substances : their Chemistry and Appli-cations, with Special Reference to Synthetics.” Hugh Nicol. Pp. xii+108. (London: Leonard Hill, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. net. A chapter for the layman; also for the layman; how to use the com-mercial growth-substances; synthesie of growth subgtances; results of scientific work on effects of the synthetic growth-substances; growth- substances from natural sources; somo constituents of urine; occurrence of growth-substances (other than the auxins), and bodies related thereto, in urine; chemistry in relation to growth; classification and nomen-clature of growth-substances ; identification of growth-substances, and some substances related to them.“Weeds, Weeds, Weeds.” Sir Charles V. Boys, LL.D., F.R.S. and and Enlarged Edition. Pp. 115. (London: Wightman & Co., Ltd.) as. net. Selective .poisoning; wetting agents; choice of poisons; the plantain; hawk-weeds; dandelion; daisies; clover; moEs; yarrow; nettles; poison for nettles; dead-nettles; black horehound ; bugle; weeds on gravelpaths and drives; atlacide; thistles; the sow thistle; knap-weeds; rag- wort; colt’s-foot; bind-weed; docks; horse radish; ground elder; mallow; campanula; horse-tail; hedge weeds; the one and only tree weed-ivy ; the host of smothering weeds; aphides or green fly on rambler roses; the waste vegetation pit; B.D.H. soil testing outfit; conclusion and last word.Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., has very kindly presented the Institute with a specially bound volume, comprising the numbers of the “Central” which contain the accounts of the life and work of his father, Henry Edward Armstrong, F.R.S. Rubber Technology.’’-Proceedings of the Rubber Tech- nology Conference held under the auspices of the Institution of the Rubber Industry (May, 1938). Edited by T. R. Dawson and J. R. Scott. Pp. xxxviii+1138. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) 42s. net. Address of the Hon. President, Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., Pres. R.S. Proceedings :-Plantation Subjects; Latex; Chemistry; General Tech- nology; Synthetic rubber-like Materials; Compounding Materials; Durability ; Physics; Applications; Indexes.The British Standards Institution has lately published and sent to the Library of the Institute copies of the following:- No. 282-1938. Lead Chromes for Paints. NO. 389-1938. Zinc Chromes for Paints. No. 388-1938. Aluminium (Powder and Paste) for Paints. No. 390-1938. Oil Pastes for Paints. 111 No. 823-x938. Density-Composition Tables for Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Chloride and of Calcium Chloride for use in conjunction with British Standard Density Hydrometers. No. 824-1938. Density-Composition Tables for Aqueous Solutions of Caustic Soda for use in con- junction with British Standard Density Hydrometers. Slip C.E.(C), 9954. (Corrigendum.) Sampling of Coal. (B.s.763-1 9374 Professor F.M. Rowe had kindly forwarded a bound copy of his Perkin Centenary Lecture, reprinted from the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1938, 54, 551. The Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1937-38 has lately been received (H.M. Stationery Office,-Cmd. 5g27-3/-net) and will be noticed in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute for 1938, recently received, contains a summary of the work of the scientific departments on plant and animal products, mineral resources, etc. (Imperial Institute, London, S.W.7). Gratis,-postage Id. World Power Con€er ence.-Transactions of the Vienna Sectional Meeting, 1938, in seven volumes, will shortly be obtainable from Messrs.Percy Lund Humphries & Co., Ltd., 12, Bedford Square, London, W.C.1, from whom further par- ticulars can be obtained. The pre-publication price for the complete set is RM. 125. The Statistical Year-Book of the World Power Con- ference is obtainable from the office of the British National Committee, 36, Kingsway, London, W.C.2,-price 20s. net; 15s. Gd. post free, through members of the British National Committee or through an organisation represented on the British National Committee,-such as the Institute. Messrs. Macmillan & Co., Ltd., are offering Max Planck’s Introduction to Theoretical Physics, originally published at lz 15s. 6d., at 30s. net, and Dictionary of Applied Physics, edited by Sir Richard Glazebrook, originally offered at ;55 5s.od., at E4 4s. od. net. 112 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th and 27th January, I939,3 new Fellows were elected, g Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 52 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, 12 Students were admitted, and I Student was re- registered. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 10Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellows. Bhatnagar, Shanti Swarupa, O.B.E., M.Sc. (Punjab), D.Sc. (Lond.), University Chemical Laboratories, Lahore, India. Gulland, Professor John Masson, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Edin.), Ph.D. (St. Andrews), University College, Nottingham. Squire, Edward Samuel, 20, Cefn Parc, Skewen, Glarn. Associates elected to the Fellowship.Ault, Robert Geoffrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 79, Kenilworth Square,Dublin. Ellingham, Harold Johann Thomas, Ph.D. (Lond.), A.'R.C.S., A.M.I.Chem.E., Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Gates, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Neville Road, Bromborough, Cheshire. Miskin, Frederick Fenby, 6, Meliden Road, Penarth, Glam. Pidgeon, Daniel George, B.Sc. (Lond. ), A.M .I.Chem.E. ,c/o Anglo -Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, South Iran. Read, Frederick Edward, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., 20, Lulworth Close, Rayners Lane, South Harrow, Middx. Riddell, George Low, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Patra House, 10, Robin Hood Court, Shoe Lane, London, E.C.4. Stant, Harry, 41, Queen's Gate, Northwich, Cheshire. Young, Leslie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 56, Holmside Avenue, Gillingham, Kent.New Associates. Bamford, Harold Firth, B.A. (Cantab.), 125, Wilderspool Causeway, Warrington.Boulton, John, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.M.C.T., 2, St. Peters Close, Brain- tree, Essex. Buckley, Clarence Fairbank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Keswick Gardens, Ilford, Essex. Burrow, Kenneth, 459, Alcester Road South, Birmingham, 14. Chadwick, Thomas Geoffrey, A.Met. (Sheff.), Oaklyn, Coronation Road, Stocksbridge, Nr. Shefield. 113 Chawner, Clarence Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hall Gate, 10, Bulwell Lane, Old Basford, Nottingham. Clamp, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, St. Asaph Road, London, S.E.4. Clements, Francis Sidney, 40, Fairland Road, London, E.15. Deeble, Bernard, B.Sc.(Leeds), 30, Joffre Avenue, Castleford, Yorks. Derry, Ronald Lewis, 15, Beech Avenue, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. Edwards, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 51, Harrow View, Harrow, Middx. Emery, Douglas John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 96, Kings Avenue, Woodford Green, Essex. Fiegenheim, Kenneth George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Kilravock Street, London, ~7.10. Field, Wilfred John Charles, 35, Loudon Avenue, Radford, Coventry. Finniston, Harold Montaguo, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 138, Fergus Drive, Kelvinside, Glasgow, N.W. Friend, David, B.Sc. (Lond.), 129, Etchingham Park Road, London, N.3. Gibson, Peter Robert Scaife, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Chiswick Village, London, w.4. Goodfellow, Alfred John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 117, Roslyn Road, London, N.15. Haddock, Louis, B.Sc.(Lond.), 48,Hardshaw Street, St. Helens, Lanes. Hale, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Birm.), 54, Westwood Road, Sutton Coldfield. Jackson, Harry Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Edgfield Avenue, Higher Blackley, Manchester, 9. Jarratt, John Richard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 113, Western Boulevard, Notting- ham. Jones, Miss Winifred Osman, B.Sc. (Bris.), St. Dunstans, Calne, Wilts. Jordan, Henry Lawrence, 35, Blackwell Road, Coventry. Kidney, Allan James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 12, Alleyn Park, London, S.E.21. Lyon, Charles John, 22, Florence Park, Redland, Bristol, 6. Learmonth, Eric Mitchell, M.Sc. (Lond.), Holly Bank House, York. MacMahon, Leonard Cecil, 206, Grovehill Road, Beverley, E. Yorks. Miles, Gordon Daw, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cranford, Langley Road, Watford.Morton, Ronald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Douglas Gardens, Lowes Barn, Durham City. Newton, Guy Hugo, B.Sc. (Bris.), 168a, Station noad, Harrow, Middx. Northway, Marcel William, B.Sc. (Wales), 205, Hayling Avenue, Copnor, Portsmouth. Oliver, Harold, E.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Compton Lane, Buxton. Parsons, Denys Alexander Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Percy Street, London, W.l. Permie, Archie Munro, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 28, Xorth Street, Elgin, Morayshire. Pyle, Percival Robert Charles, Maple Leaf Villa, Cam, Glos. Savage, Roland Isaac, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 27, Pollards Hill North, London, S.W.16. Sergeant, George Alfred, M.Sc. (Reading), 37, Addington Road, Reading, Berks. Shapiro, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Earlham Grove, London, E.7.Smith, William Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, St. Edward's Road, Southsea. Southern, Thomas Alan Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Park View, Eagley Bank, Bolton. Spencer, John George, 131, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry. Stagg, Harold Edgar, 58, Park Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent. Stone, Ronald George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Camden Gardens, Sutton, Surrey."romans, Benjamin, 68, Petford Street, Old Hill, Staffs. Wallace, Richard Aubrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86, The Mall, Swindon, Wilts. 114 Waring, Herbert Omer, B.Sc. (Lond.), Nor View, Queen’s Road, Chorley, Lanes. Wilkinson, John Bernard, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 8, Beech Road, Bebington, Wirral, Cheshire. Wilkinson, Rowland, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Mane.), Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Drainage Board Works, Minworth, Kr.Birmingham. Wilson, Cecil Leeburn, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Ph.D. (Glas.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, Jewry Street, London, E.C.3. Wordsworth, Charles Harcourt, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o J. K. Colwell, Esq., F.I.C., Finsbury Town Hall, London, E.C. 1. Young, Donald Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.), Green Woods, Essendon Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. Re-elected Associate. Redpath, Gilbert, M.Sc. (Leeds), 50, Waincliffe Mount, Dewsbury Road, Leeds, 11. New Students. Clay, Herbert Frank, c/o Mr. F. Else, Water Lane, Cromford, Matlock. Hellyer, Donald Arthur, 24, Park Way, Seven Kings, Essex. Higbed, Arthur John William, 46, Burlington Gardens, London, W.3. James, Frederick Ernest, 99, Lincoln Road, London, E.7.Mansell, William James, 67, Milford Road, Sothall, Middx. Moorey, Arthur Stanley, 27, St. Martin’s Avenue, Luton. Perry, John William, 1, Alpine Crescent, Carlton, Notts. Rowan, Robert, 66, Northfield Avenue, Ayr. Sillars, David Rosc, 3, Cochran Street, Paisley, Scotland. Smith, Herbert Cecil, 27, Lower Wortley Road, Leeds, 12. Stouart, Walter Osborne, 7, North St. David Street, Edinburgh, 2. Strong, Thomas George, 17, Gilmore Place, Edinburgh. Re-registered Student. Drayton, Clarence Ivor, 9, Croal Street, Georgetown, British Guiana. DEATHS. Fellows. Matthew Atkinson Adam, B.Sc. (Glas.). George Barger, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Lond.), LL.D. (Mich.),H0n.M.D. (Heid.), Hon.D.Sc. (Liv.), F.R.S. Edward Richards Bolton, F.K .C., M.I.Chem.E., Past Vice-President.John Thomas Dunn, J.P., D.Sc. (Dun.)., Past Member of Council. John Edward Green, A.R.S.M. Hubert Henry Hayel, M.A., (Cantab.)Arthur William Knapp, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Birm.), M.I.Chem.E., Past Member of the Council. Harcourt Henry Benjamin Shepherd. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., D.Sc. (Leeds & Mane.), F.R.S., Past President. Edward Jchn JVay, Past Member of Council. Associates. John Hodps, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales). Robert Christie Smith, M.A., D.Sc., (Glas.). Robert Wilson, B.Sc. (Glas.). CHANGE OF NAME. John Emmanuel Lawrence, RSc. (Lond.), Associate, to Richard John Frederickson,-by Deed Poll. Lewis Marks, A.C.G.I., Associate, to Lawrence Lewis Way-by Deed Poll. 115 Coming Events. February 21 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING “Modern Oil Milling.” SOCIETY: Mr. L.H. Downs, in the Lecture Room (Room 51), MunicipalTechnical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 23 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS (Liverpool Section) : SectionOF Meeting, Central Hotel, Widnes, at 7.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS(Notts. and Derby Section) :OF Outing to Messrs. Taylors, Loughborough. CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Some Scientific and Technical Applications of Photography.” Dr. 0. F. Bloch, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 6.30 p.m. ROYALImTITuTIoN: “Photochemistry.” Dr. C. G. Goodeve, at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 5.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “A Kew Method of Testing the Durability of Bitu- minous Road Binders.” Mossrs.D. W. Parkes and H. C. Bennett, in the Chamber of Commerce Buildings, New Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Some Aspects of the Preservation of Fish as Food.” Dr. G. A. Reay, in the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. LITERARY SOCIETY (Chemical MANCHESTER AND PEILOSOPHICAL Section): “Starch : Its Extraction, Modifications and Applica- tions.” Rlr. J. M. Faulds, at 36 George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 25 ROYALINSTITUTION: “Crystals of Organic Substances.” Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., Pres. R.S., at 21, Albemarle Street, London, 147.1, at 3 p.m.27 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “The Molecular Structure of Starch.” Professor E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham, at 5 p.m. 28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section): “The Organisation of a Laboratory in a Commercial Firm.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(T,oerls Area Section) AND LFEDS UNI- :VERSITY CHENICAL SOCTETP Film : “Tho Production arid Utilisation of Cod-Liver Oil,” with Comments by Mr. K. Mc-Lennan; “The Manufacture of Fine Chemicals.” Mr. L. Anderson, at Leeds. 116 March 1 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY: ANNUAL GENERAL MEET- LONDON,ING, AT 30, USSE SELL SQUARE, W.C.l, AT 8 P.M. AND ENGINEERINQ : Ladies’ Evening, HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY at Powolny’s, King Edward Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m.INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midland Section) :OF CHEMISTRY Dr. M. L. Oliphant. 2 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at the College of Technology, Manchester, at 7 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Discussion on “Microtechnique in Organic Chemistry.” To be opened by Professor I. M. Hoilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTION: “Photochemistry.” Dr. C. G. Goodeve, at the Royal Institution, 21, Albemarle Street, at 5.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Bristol Section) : Chairman’s Address-“ Air Pollution and some of Its Problems.” To be held in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m.3 INSTITUTION OFOF CHEMICALENGINEERS,INSTITUTEFUELAND SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group and Manchester Section) : Symposium on Gas Purification, in Manchester, at 2 p.m. (two sessions). ROYALINSTITUTION: “Liquid Films.” Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., Pres. R.S., at the Royal Institution, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 9.0 p.m. SOCIETYOF PUBLIC Annual General Meeting, at the ANALYSTS: Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 5 p.m. “Biological Standardisation.” Sir Henry Dale, F.R.S., at G p.m. 4 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (London Section): Dinner and Dance, Piccadilly Hotel, London, W.1. ROYALINSTITUTION: “Crystals of Organic Substances.” Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., Pres. R.S., at 21, Albemarle Street, at 3’p.m. 6 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Modern Foundry Technique.” Mr. R. L. Hunter, in the Scottish Dyes Recreation Hall, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “The Chemistry of Commercial Anthraquinonoid Dyes.” Professor F. M. Rowe, at Leeds . SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group and London Section): “Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition.” Rlr. W. Godden, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 7 HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETYAND ENGINEERING : “Chemistry for Technical Students.” Mr.L. Balmforth, at the Builders’ Exchange, Metropole, West Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. : “The Chemistry of the Solid State.” Pro-ROYALINSTITUTION fessor w. L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., at 21, Albemarle Street, at 5.15 p.m. 117 March SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials 7 Group): “Examination of Road Wear.” Mr. Harris Booth, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. GRAHAMCLUB:“New Chemists for Old.” Mr. H. W. Cremer, at the Royal Station Hotel, York, at 8 p.m. 8 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): Visit to the British Launderers’ Research Association, Hondon. INSTITUTEOF METALS: Annual Dinner, at Grosvenor House, Park Lane, London, W.l.OF CHEMICAL (Newcastle-upon-Tyne Section) :SOCIETY INDUSTRY Chairman’s Address :-“ Chemistry of Solid Carbon.” Professor H. L. Riley. SOCIETYOF CHEMJCAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : Bitumen Plastics-(i) Raw Materials: “The Story of Gilsonite”: Mr. F. R. Jones; (ii) “Development in Bitumen Plastics”: Mr. W. H. Cambden, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, IV.1, at 7.30 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (East Midlands Section) ‘~NDSOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Nottingham Section) : Patents and the Chemist.” Dr. Percy May, at St. James’ Restaurant, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. Informal Dinner at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “Some Aspects of Chemical Dermatitis.” Dr. H. E. Cox. INSTITUTEPETROLEUMOF (Northern Branch) : Annual General Meeting.OF CHEMJSTRY10 INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Sec-tion): “Coming of Age” Supper and Dance, in “The Rhul,” 123, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, at 7.30 for 7.45 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :ASSOCIATION “Swelling and Permeability of Oil Films.” Dr. A. V. Blom, at the Reynolds’ Hall, College of Technology, Sackville Street, Manchester. 13 INSTITUTEOF BREWING (London Section) : “Various Aspects of Malting Barley Breeding.” Dr. H. Hunter, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. OF CHEMISTS14 BRITISH ASSOCIATION (London Section) : “Heredity, Chemistry & Politics.” Professor J. B. S. Haldane, F.R.S., at the Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, London, W.C.l., at 8 p.m.(Fellows & Associates of the Institute invited).INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section) : Annual General Meeting. INSTITUTION :OF CHEMICALENGINEERS “Problems of Com-pressors and Compressed Gases in Industry.” Mr. R. L. Quertier, in the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 6 p.m. “The Chemistry of the Solid State.” Pro-ROYAL INSTITUTION: fessor W.L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 5.15 p.m. INSTITUTION : Annual Dinner. OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 118 March 16 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Liverpool Section) : Dinner and Social Evening, St. George’s Restaurant, Lime Street, at 6.45 for 7 p.m.16 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING (Midland Counties Section) : “Starch.” Mossrs. Julian Baker and H. F. E. Hulton, at the White Horse Hotel, Congreve Street, Birmingham, at G.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol and South- Western Counties Section): Annual Meeting. “Micro-Chemistry.” Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, in the Chemical Department, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. CoastOF CHEMISTRY Section): “Synthetic Liquid Fuels.” Mr. R. A. A. Taylor. 17 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section): “Some Modern Ideas on Coal.” Dr. F. Heathcoat, at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea, at 7 p.m.LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY (Chemistry Soction): “The Structure of hletals.” Professor W. L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., at the Technical College, Leicester, at 7.30 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTION: “New Researches in Steel Metallurgy.”Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., at 2 1, Albemarle Street, London, W. 1, at 9 p.m. SOCIETY,SOCIETY (Manchester20 CHEMICAL OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Section) AND THE INSTITUTIONOF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: “The Mechanism of Polymerisation Reactions.” Dr. H. W. Melville, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. ASSOCIATIONCOKE OVEN MANAGERS’ : “Coke Research.” Professor H. L. Riley. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section) : “The Design and Construction of Chemical Plant from the Operator’s Viewpoint.” Messrs.G. 13. Jones and W. Welch, at Leeds. OF CHEMISTRY INDUSTRY21 INSTITUTE AND SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Some Modern Developments in Fire Extinguishing.” Mr. A. M. Cameron, in the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING (Scottish Section): Report on the Work of the Research Laboratories at Birmingham. Dr. L. R. Bishop, at the Caledonian Hotel, Edinburgh. “The Chemistry of the Solid State.” Pro-ROYALINSTITUTION: fessor w. L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.1, at 5.15 p.m. FOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMY22 SOCIETY AND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “Georgo Ernst Stahl (1660-1734).” Dr. L. J. M. Colby. 23 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : Annual General Meeting.119 March OF23 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): “Rivers, their Uses and Abuses.” Mr. E. Halliwell, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m.Annual General Meeting. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section): “The Work of tshe Industrial Research Laboratory, City of Birmingham Gas Department.” Dr. C. &I.Walter, in the Chamber of Commerce Buildings, New Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL24 MANCHESTER SOCIETY (Chemical Ssction): Annual General Meeting. “Synthetic Oil from Coal.” Dr. W. A. Macfarlane, at 36 George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS: “Agriculture in India.” Sir John Russell, O.B.E., F.R.S., at John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2.OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Plastics Group and Liverpool Section): “In the Trail of Plastics.” Mr. H. V. Potter, at Liverpool. 28 GRAHAMCLUB: “From the Ponderable to the Imponderable.” Dr. S. J. Gregg, at the Royal Station Hotel, York, at 8 p.m. “The Chemistry of the Solid State.” Pro-ROYAL INSTITUTION: fessor 11’. L. Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S., at 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 5.15 p.m. 29 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Rutherford Memorial Lecture. Sir HenryTizard, K.C.B., F.R.S., in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution, at 5 p.m. Admission. by ticket only. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Birmingham and Midlands Section) : Annual General Meeting. 30 CHEMICALSOCIETY:The Ninety-Eighth Annual General Meeting, at 2.30 p.m. April INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) : AnnualOF General Meeting.Details will be announced at a later date. 3 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRYAND SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Chemistry in the Service of Man.” Professor A. Findlay, in the Scottish Dyes Recreation Hall, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section) : Members’ Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 4 BRITISEXASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS(Kotts. and Dorby Section) : Annual Meeting, at St. James’ Restaurant, Derby. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Croup): “Asbestos Cement and other Asbestos BnildingI\laterials.” Mr.R. F,. Forbostor, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 5 SOCIETY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Detergents, Manufacture and Use.’’ Mr. H. S. Priestly. 120 April 6 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS (Liverpool Section) : AnnualOF Section Meeting, Exchange Hotel, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): Visit to Forest Products Research Laboratory, at Princes Risborough, Bucks. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group) : “Nutrition.“ At the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, at 8 p.m.13 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) :Annual General Meeting, at 7.45 p.m. “Some Uses for X-rays in Organic Chemistry.” Dr. S. H. Piper, at University College, Shake- speare Street, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North- Western Section) : “Chemistry in the Museum Service.” Dr. D. A. Allan (Director of the City of Liverpool Museums). 17 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) :OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Annual General Meeting. 18 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS: “The Training of the Chemical Engineer for Industrial Administration.” Blr. E. S. Byng, in the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 6 p.m.20 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 20-2 1 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : Conference on Safety in Chemical Works, at the ImperialCollege of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, s.w.7. 21 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) :Annual General Meeting. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section and Plastics Group): “The Polymerisation of Un-saturated Hydrocarbons.’’ Dr. H. M. Stanley, in the Chamber of Commerce Buildings, New Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section): Visit to Belfast Gas Works. OF28 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Wales Section) : Twenty-firstAnnual General Meeting, at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea, at 6.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting. 121 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Wednesday, 1st March, 1939, at 8 p.m. EIection of Council.-It has been suggested that some Fellows and Associates may have overlooked the balloting list for the election of Members of Council at the next Annual General Meeting. It was issued with Professor Rowe’s lecture towards the end of January. All votes should be received at the office not later than 8 o’clock on 28th February. In accordance with By-law 29 (z), the Balloting List of any member who is -in arrear with his annual subscription must be disallowed.Examinations, 1939.-The entries for the April Examina- tions were completed on 7th February. Other Examinations for the Associateship, in 1939, will be arranged as follows- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 11th to 16th Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. If the number of candidates should render it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. From candidates for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or from those desiring special examinations, applica- tions should be received before 9th June for the September Examination.Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. Remuneration Statistics.-It is hoped that a summary of the statistics which are being collected regarding the remunera- tion of chemists may be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11. 122 Returns may still be sent in by members in Great Britain and Ireland pending the receipt of cards from the Overseas Dominions and abroad. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The 123 Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and ins tit utions.Boots' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots' Booklovers Library expire on 1st March. The subscription rates have been raised from 5s. to 6s. 6d., for ClassB, and from 15s. to 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scieiitific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33)is available in the Library of the Institute.A bi-monthly List of Additions is also issued. 124 Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17--19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of The Profession of Chemistry ” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.The Principal of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute announces the provision of a short course of lectures and dis- cussions on certain aspects of Chemical Engineering, com-mencing on 1st March, dealing with the following subjects:- “Heat Transfer,” “Filtration and the Filter Press,” “Leaching,” “Electrolysis,” “Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry,” ‘‘Hydrolysis” and “Adsorption.” The fee for the course is 10s. Particulars may be obtained from the Principal, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, Jewry Street, Aldgate, E.C.3.. 125 Third Conference on Industrial Physics.-The third Conference on Industrial Physics is being arranged by the Institute of Physics to take place in Leccls from 23rd to 25th March next I under the Presidency of Professor R.Whiddington. The subject of the Conference is to be “Physics in the Textile Industries.’ An Exhibition of instruments, apparatus and books cognate to this subject is being arranged and will be held in the Physics Laboratories of the University of Leeds. A section of the Exhi- bition] intended to be of special interest to non-technical physi- cists, will be devoted to popular applications of physics in the textile industries. The programme will include an address by the President of the Institute of Physics, Dr. C. C. Paterson, on “Colour and Colour Rendering,” and an address by Dr. C. G. Darwin, Director of the National Physical Laboratory. In addition, lectures and discussions on the following subjects are being arranged : “The Physics for Humidity,” “Industrial Humidity Control and Measurement,” “The Contribution of Physics to the Development of Industrial Process Control,” “Automatic Regulators for the Textile Industries.” It is intended that the lectures and discussions shall be informal in character; they will deal particularly with applications of the subject to industrial problems.Visits to local works and research laboratories will be included in the programme and a Conference dinner is being arranged. There will be no Conference fee and memberships is open to all interested. Further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary] The Institute of Physics, I Lowther Gardens, Exhi- bition Road, London, S.W.7. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY,FUND, INSTITUTE SQUARE,30, RUSSELL LONDON,W.C.I. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcoms members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions, except when numbers are restricted, as in the case of works visits. Membors travelling abroad, if they desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute, are advised to notify the Registrar. Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : Birmingham andMidlands: Bristol and South-Western Counties : Cape of Good Hope: Cardiff and District : East Angli a : East Midlands : Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Glasgow and West of Scotland : Hudclersfield : India : Ireland (Belfast) : ,, (Dublin): Leeds Area: Liverpool and North- Western : London and South-Eastern Counties : Malaya : Manchester and District: Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : New Zealand: South Wales: South Yorkshire : Hon.Secretaries. R, Craven, B.Sc., A.K.C.S., F.I.C., 2, Richmontihill Gardens, Aberdeen. Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. F. P. Hornby, B.Sc., F.I.C., 64, Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Prof. William Pugh, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, F.I.C.,81, Heol-y-dori,Rhiwbina, Cardiff.Dr. J. W. Corran, F.I.C., 1, Church Avenue, Eaton, Norwich. C. W. North, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bourne End, 582, Xottingham Road, Chaddesden, Derby. G. Elliot Dodcts, A.H.-W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., Chemistry Department, Royd Technical College, Glasgow. Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holmo Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Rudclersfield. K. B. Sen, M.Sc., F.I.C., Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta, India. C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. W. A. Wightman, M.A., A.I.C., The Uni- versity, Leeds, 2. Dr. F. J. Smith, F.I.C., City Technical College, Byrom Street, Lilyerpool, 3.D. M. Freeland, F.I.C., c/o l’lacfarlane Lang & Co. Ltd., Syon Lane, Isleworth. Dr. Stanley G. W’illimott, A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, S.S. Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., I RG, Barlow Moor Road, West Diclsbury, Mmchester. Dr. E. E. Aj-nslov. F.I.C., 45, Crosvenor Road, Jesmond, Newcastlo upon Tyne, 2. Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.l, New Zealand. (pro tern.) E. E. Ayling, M.Sc., F.I.C., Uni-versity College, Singlet,on Park, Swansea. W. W. Stevenson, A.I.C., United Steel Companies Ltd., Central Research Dept., Stocksbridge, Sheffield.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9396300001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1939

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER,1888. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 11: 1939. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. April, 1939. Publications Commit tee, 1939-40. W. J . A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), W. A. S. CALDER (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, H. E. COX, G. M. DYSON, A. FINDLAY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, H.HUNTER, 3.R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. J. NOLAN, F. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. Officers and Members of Council, 1939-40.PRESIDENT: WILLIAM ALEXANDER SKEEN CALDER, M.I.CHEM.E. VICE-PRESIDENTS : HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc. SIR ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. HON. TREASURER: BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: WILLIAM MELVILLE AMES, M.A., B.Sc.: Edinburgh and East of ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH, M.A. : London. [Scotlapd. MARK BOGOD, A.R.C.S. : London and South-Eastern Counties. OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A., D.Sc.: London. RAYMOND RENARD BUTLER, M.Sc. :Liverpool and North- Wes! Coast. WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD. M.A. : London. HENRY EDWARD COX, PH.D., D.Sc.: London..WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Glasgow.WILLIAM AETHELBERT DAMON. B.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. GEORGE MALCOLM DYSON, B.A., PH.D., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: East [Midlands and South Yorksh'ire. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc,, A.R.C.S.: Portsmouth. ERNEST HAROLD FARMER, D.Sc., D.I.C. : London. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc.: Aberdeen. ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, D.Sc. : London. WILLIAM GODDEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : Aberdeen and North of Scotland. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D., A.H.-W.C. : Coatbridge.ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER HALL. KSc., PH.D. :Newcastle upon Tyne [and North-East Coast. JOHN WILLIAM HAWLEY, B.Sc., A.M.I.CHEM.E. : Glasgow and West of HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., PH.D. : Huddersfield. [Scotland.THOMAS REGINALD HODGSON, M.A.:Manchester. WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, B.Sc., PH.D. : ATorthern Ireland. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKINS, D.Sc. : Birmingham.HAROLD HUNTER, D.Sc., A.INsT.P., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: Cheadle. JOSEPH ROBERT JOHNSON, M.I.M.M. : Birmingham.GEORGE KING, M.Sc. :Birmingham.LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, M.Sc. : &!anch,ester and District. EDGAR LEWIS, M.I.CHEM.E. : BristoJ and South- Western Counties. BASIL GORDON McLELLAN, A.R.T.C., M.I.CHEM.E. : York. HENRY WEBSTER MOSS, A.R.C.Sc.1. : Yorlcshire. THOMAS JOSEPH NOLAN, B.A., D.Sc. : DubEin. DERIC WILLIAM PARICES, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. : Birmingham and WILLIAM STEWART PATTERSON, PH.D. : Sunderland. (MidZands.FRANCIS MARTIN POTTER, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London.ALFRED JOHN PRINCE, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Billingham.FREDERICK MAURICE ROWE, D.Sc.: Leeds. ROLAND EDGAR SLADE, M.C., D.Sc. : London. HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.B.E., D.Sc.: The Overseas [Dominions and elsewhere Abroad. DOUGLAS FRANK TWISS, D.Sc : Birmingham.SIDNEY BEVAN WATKINS, M.Sc. :Wales and the County of Monmouth. JOHN WEIR, M.A., PH.D. :Stevenston. BIRKETT WYLAM, PH.D.: Edinburgh. DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1939: 21s~APRIL. 1939: 17~~NOVEMBER. 1~9 MAY.~ 1~THDECEMBER. JUNE. 1940: 19~~16~~ JANUARY. 21ST JULY. 26~~JANUARY. 20TH OCTOBER. 16~~FEBRUARY. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: 1sT MARCH, 1940. CENSORS : 1939-40. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. SIR ROBERT H. PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR GILBERT T. MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. JOCELYN F. THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1939-40. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0.L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR, W. A. DAMON, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, BERNARD F. HOWARD*, G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, EDGAR LEWIS, SIR ROBERT H. PICKARD, AND R. E. SLADE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITH H. V. A BRISCOE, F. H. CARR, H. E. COX, BERNARD F. HOWARD, L. H. LAMPITT, J. H. LESTER, G. ROCHE LYNCH, B. G. McLELLAN, C. A. MITCHELL, H. W. MOSS, H. A. TEMPANY, AND B. WYLAM. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*; H. V. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAN); AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE.PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD*, H. E. COX, G. M. DYSON, A. FINDLAY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, H. HUNTER, J. R. JOHNSON, E. LEWIS, C. A. MITCHELL, T. J. NOLAN, F. M. ROWE, AND S. B. WATKINS. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, BERNARD F. HOWARD (HoN. TREASURER)*,THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H. G. COLMAN,E. M. HAWKINS, C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON, AND J. C. WHITE. 131 APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. E. COX, H.W.CREMER, C. J.T. CRONSHAW, F. G. EDMED, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. G. FRANCIS, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEY- MAN, G. ROCHE LYNCH, C.A. MITCHELL*, J. R. NICHOLLS, W. S. PATTERSON, R. E. SLADE, H. A. TEMPANY, S. B. WATKINS, AND J. WEIR. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H.V. A. BRISCOE, H. BURTON,F. H. CARR*, E. H. FARMER, J.J. FOX, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT, H. McCOMBIE, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, E. I<. RIDEAL, SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, JOCELYN F. THORPE, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW. SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH W. M. AMES, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, H. E. COX, A. E. EVEREST, H. HUNTER, D. W. PARKES, W. S. PATTERSON, AND SIR ROBERT H. PICKARD. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMlMITTEE WITH THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES): THE PRESIDENT, WITH H.V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, AND SIR ROBERT H. PICKARD. THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THE PRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, W. M. CUMMING, A. FINDLAY, P. F. GORDON, J. W. HAWLEY, G. G. HENDERSON*, F. D. MILES, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, J. WEIR, AND F. J. WILSON. THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND : THE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, TV. H. GIBSON, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, SIR GILBERT T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, AND G. S. ROBERTSON. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL: W. A. S. CALDER (PRESIDENT),F. G. EDMED, AND JOCELYN F. THORPE. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: H.V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, J. J. FOX, AND ERNEST VANSTONE. 132 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1939-40. Chairman : THE PICESIDENT. Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee : To be appointed. Examiners for the Associateship : JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Branch B. PHYSICALCHEMISTRY:RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH, Sc.D. (CANTAB),F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:JOSEPH KENYON, D.SC.(LOND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY: HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),D.Sc.(LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E .--CHEMISTRY (including 3licroscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, D.SC. (BIRM.). THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND MICROSCOPY: CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AGRICULTURALCHEMISTRY: ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. (BIRM.). Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (General Chemical Technology) : ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as re-quired. HON. AUDITORS, 1939-40 : CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT, B.Sc. (LoND.), AND JOHN GAIUS ASHWELL GRIFFITHS, B.A., PH.D. (CANTAB.). AUDITORS, 1939-40 : DAVID HENDERSON, in association with MESSRS.J. Y. FINLAY & CO., Chartered Accountants.SOLICTORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.I. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.I.C. 133 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 17th February,1939.-The President having mentioned the deaths of Professor Arthur Smithells, Past President, and Mr. E. R. Bolton, Past Vice-president, the Council stood for a minute in silence. The President, on behalf of the Council, thanked for their services the Officers and Members who would retire at the Annual General Meeting. Arising from the Minutes,-it was reported that the Colne Valley Water Company had undertaken to withdraw the clause in the Bill at present before Parliament, in which power was sought inter alia to undertake bacteriological and other examina- tions of, and reports with regard to, samples of water, whether obtained within or without the limits of supply, and to make such charges therefor as the Company thought fit.With regard to the Metropolitan Water Board Bill, it was reported that representatives of the Institute had met a Com- mittee of the Board on 30th January. At that time it was understood that the Thames Conservancy and the Lee Conser- vancy had come to an agreement with the Board regarding the examination of water, sewage and effluents and, in the circum- stances, it was felt that the Institute could not ask for the total withdrawal of the section under which the Board sought powers to undertake water analysis for fees.At the interview, therefore, it was represented that the In- stitute could not object to the Board having power to make examinations of water, in order to obtain information for the purpose of ensuring the provision of pure water within the area comprised in the limits of the supply of the Board, by agreement with any authority, company, body or person whose area was contiguous or might contribute to the catchment areas of the Board. As a result, the Board, in a letter dated 9th February, submitted proposals which were referred to the Special Com-mittee appointed to deal with this matter; but, in the meantime, the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists intimated that it did not consider that the representations of the Institute had gone far enough.The Society had instructed its Parliamentary Agents to petition against Section 51 of the Bill, and the Special Committee, which met on the same day as the Council, recommended that the action of the Society of Public Analysts, in their petition against the Bill, so far as it related to Section 51 of the Bill, be supported by the Council of the Institute. The recommendation was accepted and the Society of Public Analysts and the Society of Chemical Industry were informed accordingly. The Bill, which has since passed the second reading in the House of Lords, will be watched and objection raised at the appropriate time. Among the correspondence received and considered was a letter from the Home Office, transmitting a copy of the regulations governing the fumigation of buildings with hydrogen cyanide, and of the information communicated to firms using hydrocyanic acid in the fumigation of buildings.The South Wales Section transmitted a resolution supporting the view expressed by the Liverpool and North-Westem Section Committee, that no vote on the Proposed Supplemental Charter should be taken before December, 1939, and deprecating the expense incurred in the matter. The Committee of the Section also urged the Council to proceed immediately with the compila- tion of the “national and supplementary registers of chemists.” Mr.A. E. Findley, having mentioned that the Liverpool and North-Western Section had arranged to consider the matter in May, the Council directed that the South Wales Section be informed accordingly. With regard to the latter part of the letter, the President made a statement on national service, adding that he hoped to be able to say something further on the subject at the Annual General Meeting. (See p. 159.) At the same time, the Council agreed that Sir Robert Pickard should continue to represent the Institute on the Advisory Council of the Ministry of Labour. The Third Annual Report of the Chemical Council was submitted (see p. 215). Reports of the Standing Committees were received.The Report of the Finance and House Committee contained the terms in which the motions regarding superannuation and pensions for the staff should be expressed on the notice convening the Annual General Meeting. 135 In the same report, the Committee concurred in the recom- mendation of the Publications Committee that, after the ful- filment of the present contracts, no further advertisements be accepted in THEJOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, except such as are of a non-commercial character. The Report of the Publications Committee referred to the same matter, and also to the advisability of packing notices, voting papers, etc., with THE JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,so that they are easily seen by Fellows and Associates when they receive them. In accordance with the Report of the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Committee, Professor Norrish was appointed Examiner in Branch B: Physical Chemistry, in place of Professor Eric Rideal, and Dr.Ernest Vanstone was appointed Examiner in Branch F: Agricultural Chemistry, in place of Professor N. M. Comber. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Professor Rideal and Professor Comber, who had both completed four years’ term of office as Examiners. The same Committee placed on record its appreciation of the special services of Mr. J. R. Nicholls as a member, during the past three years, of the Sub-committees appointed to inter- view candidates. The Council confirmed the appointment of the other Ex- aminers, and reappointed the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries and the Executive Officers for the ensuing year.The President, having expressed his thanks to the Officers and Members of Council who had worked with him during his period of office, Mr. Calder returned thanks on behalf of the Members, and expressed their appreciation of the services of the President. Council Meeting, 10th March, 1939.-The new Presi-dent (Mr. W. A. S. Calder) welcomed the new Members of Council who were in attendance for the first time,-Mr. Mark Bogod, Mr. R. R. Butler, Dr. E. H. Farmer, Mr. T. R. Hodgson, Dr. Harold Hunter, Mr. J. H. Lester, Mr. H. Webster Moss, and Mr. A. J. Prince, and also those who had served on the Council before and had been re-elected.Arising from the Minutes,-a letter was submitted from the University of Birmingham Guild of Graduates thanking the Council for the consideration given to the letter received from the Guild regarding the registration of chemists. 136 Information was received that it was unlikely that the Metropolitan Water Board Bill would come before the House of Commons until after Easter; that the matter was being watched by the Parliamentary Agents of the Society of Public Analysts and by the Parliamentary Science Committee ;and that arrange- ments would be made for witnesses to give evidence before the Parliamentary Committees when necessary. In compliance with an invitation from the British Standards Institution to appoint a delegate to attend a Conference on the Standardisation of Letter Symbols for Mathematical Equations, etc., the Council resolved to ask Dr.A. D. Mitchell to represent the Institute in the matter. It was reported that, at the Annual General Meeting held on 1st March, motions submitted under Special Business, relating to superannuation and pensions had been carried by large majorities, subject to assurances, given by the President to Mr. Jephcott, that the scheme of superannuation which the Council had in mind came within the terms of the resolution submitted to the meeting and within the By-laws, and also that the details of the scheme would be reviewed before actual adoption by the Council. The Committees for 1939-40 were appointed, with their Chairmen, and the dates of future Council Meetings were fixed.Lecture.-Professor F. G. Donnan,C.B.E., F.R.S., has kindly consented, with the concurrence of the Managers of the Royal Institution, to redeliver the Ludwig Mond Memorial Lecture, which he gave at the Institution on 15th March, before the Institute, at the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on Friday, 12th May, at 8 p.m. Tickets are being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 137 Sixty-First Annual General Meeting, WEDNESDAY, 1st MARCH, 1930. The Sixty-First Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Wednesday, the 1st day of March, 1939, at 8.0 p.m.,-Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, occupying the Chair.PRESENTATIONCERTIFICATESTO NEW MEMBERS.OF Before the business of the Annual Meeting, the President presented certificates to a number of new Asswiates. PRESENTATIONTHE MELDOLA MEDAL.OF The PRESIDENT:“The next pleasant function is to present the Meldola Medal. The Meldola Medal is given annually by the Society of Maccabaeans in commemoration of the late Professor Meldola, who held office as President of the Institute from 1912to 1915. “The Medal is awarded by the Council of the Institute to the British chemist, under the age of thirty years, among those whose names are brought to the notice of the Institute each year, whose work shows, in the opinion of the Council, the most promise. “As is usual, the names of many candidates whose work showed great merit were considered, but the Council decided unanimously to award the Medal to Dr.Walter Charles Price, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Demonstrator in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory at Cambridge. “I would, at this stage, ask Dr. Price to come forward to receive the award.” (Applause.) Addressing Dr. Price, the President continued: ‘‘By using and developing the technique for obtaining absorption spectra in the vacuum ultra-violet, Dr. Price, you have devised a valuable method of investigating the electronic structures of polyatomic molecules. “You have published several papers in the proceedings of the Royal Society dealing with the structure of halogen acids, carbon dioxide, carbon disulphide, sulphur dioxide and have shown courage in tackling formaldehyde ! 138 “Your work establishes that the electrons are literally removed individually by short wave-length radiation and that every stage of the photo-ionisation may be followed by means of absorption 3pectra. The analysis of the spectra fixes the nature and behaviour of the electrons in their original location in the molecule.“Such knowledge must eventually contribute to the explana- tion of chemical behaviour in terms of the electronic structure of molecules. “On the practical side, you have made the field of study of the far ultra-violet spectra of molecules your own and you are producing most valuable information which dovetails into the theoretical work of such authorities as Mulliken.“Now, Dr. Price, we realise that you started your career, in Swansea, as a physicist. You made great strides there, and you then went to America to work in the famous Johns Hopkins Laboratories and since you returned you have been developing into a chemist. (Laughter.) I think I may say that you are developing into a very ‘Compleat Physical Chymist.’ “The Council is awarding the Meldola Medal to you as one who has worked, and is still working, on some of the questions affecting the very foundations of our science.” The President added that he had very much pleasure in presenting Dr. Price with the Meldola Medal, and in addition, with a memento which the Institute was able to give Dr.Price- a book of his own choosing. Professor Meldola had received the Davy Medal of the Royal Society, and his widow, on her death, left the Medal to the Institute; with the consent of the Trustees the gold medal was realised at a considerable premium, and the interest on that money was used for the purchase of a book. After what he had said of Dr. Price, he was sure that those present would be relieved to know that he had chosen a volume which was an advanced treatise on organic chemistry! (Laughter and applause.) Dr. PRICE:“I thank you, Sir, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of MaccabEans for conferring this honour upon me, and also for this very pleasing memento. As so often happens in chemistry, when a new physical method is devised it opens up a new field of chemical research and it has been my good fortune to use this physical method in order to study problems in chemistry.“I am sure that it is my only ambition to try and live up to 139 the high standards of academic achievement which have been set by the previous recipients of this Medal, and if I do that, then my one ambition will certainly be fulfilled. “I would like just to take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to Professor R. G. W. Norrish of Cambridge for the kind interest which he has always taken in my work and for his encouragement, and my thanks are also due to that great American spectroscopist, Professor R. W. Wood, in whose laboratory I worked for several years, and to Professor R.S. Mulliken of Chicago for his help and inspiration in correlating the results of my work on spectra and the structure of molecules which I have been tackling. I‘ If I have achieved anything of value or interest it is largely due to those great and important men.” NOTICE OF MEETING. The Notice convening the Sixty-First Annual General Meeting was taken as read. MINUTES. The Minutes of the previous Annual Meeting, which were circulated in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,were taken as read, and were signed. ANNUALACCOUNTS. The PRESIDENT:I formally present the Accounts, and should explain to you that the Treasurer is, unfortunately unable to be present. He has sent me a letter, a portion of which I propose to read now:- ‘I had fully intended to be out of the doctor’s clutches in time to attend the Annual General Meeting on 1st March, and it is a great disappointment to me to be forbidden to do so. .. . Although I am well on the way to complete recovery, he has ordered me to get away as soon as I am strong enough and to postpone any serious work until my return, probably in the middle of March. . . . I should be most grateful if you would very kindly express my humble apologies to all present.’ ‘I With your permission I propose to write and say how sorry everybody here is at the cause of his absence, and to wish him a rapid convalescence and to express the hope that he will soon return to his duties, which, as most of you know, he carries out with very great ardour and with very great skill. 140 “I do not think there is much to say in moving that the Accounts be adopted.You will have noticed that there is a deficiency on the Income and Expenditure Account, which is fdy explained in the Report of the Council. Certain non- recurrent expenses have been paid for this year out of income. “I formally move that the Annual Accounts and Report of the Auditors be received and adopted, and the thanks of the Institute be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Messrs. J. H. Lane and W. C. Hancock, for their services.” Mr. LEWISEYNON: ‘‘I have much pleasure in seconding the motion.’’ The PRESIDENT:“Are there any questions arising out of the accounts? “As there are no questions, I put to the meeting the motion that the Accounts be received and adopted.” The motion was carried unanimously.REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The PRESIDENT:“Now, I propose to adopt a somewhat unusual course in presenting the Report of the Council. “1 am going to make certain comments on the Report of the Council and possibly amplify it to a certain degree, and I have no doubt the Registrar, in due course, will dignify what I have to say by the term of a Presidential Address. “I shall then move the reception of the Report except that part which deals with superannuation and pensions of the Staff. “After that, I propose to move the two special resolutions and if these are adopted, I am then going to move that the remaining part of the Report of the Council be received and the whole of it adopted.I think that will be a convenient course for us to adopt this evening.” The President then delivered his address (see p. 154). The PRESIDENT:“I move that the Report of the Council, except those portions which relate to superannuation and pensions, be received. I would ask somebody to second that.” Prof. W. H. ROBERTS(Liverpool): ‘‘I have very great pleasure in seconding the President’s motion, and at the same time I would like to thank, on your behalf, the President for his Address. (Applause.) I did not know that such dry stuff as a Report of the Council could be made so interesting. As usual, he has 141 found things to laugh at and also things which have set us thinking very deeply, and I hope that his Address will be published in the near future, in order that we may understand it even better than we have been able to do in the somewhat rapid reading of it.“On your behalf, I would like to extend to the President our very hearty thanks for his Address to us this evening.” (Applause.) The PRESIDENT:“A motion that this portion of the Report be received is before the meeting. If anybody wishes to raise any questions-other than those relating to superannuation- now is the opportunity. “As there would appear to be no questions, I put it to you that this General Meeting receives that part of the Report of the Council.’’ The part of the Report in question was received unanimously. The PRESIDENT:“I will now ask the Staff to retire.” The members of the Staffiresent then retired.The PRESIDENT:“I am now going to move, in the unavoidable absence of the Honorary Treasurer, Mr. Howard, two resolutions which are on the Agenda, and I am going to take them separately. “The first is:--‘That the resolution relating to a Superannua- tion Fund for members of the Staff, passed at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute held on the 3rd March, 1924,be rescinded and that, in accordance with By-law 42, the consent of this meeting be given to the proposal of the Council of the Institute to appropriate from the General Funds of the Institute a sum not exceeding E750 in each year, towards the maintenance on a joint contributory basis of a superannuation and pensions scheme for members of the Staff of the Institute.’ “The By-law 42, which I will now read, states:- ‘The Council may, with the consent of a General Meeting, make such provision as the Council may think fit for pensioning salaried Officers and Servants, whether by agreement at the time of appointment or otherwise.’ “Now, I do not think it is necessary, in support of that resolution, to say anything in favour of some form of a superannuation and pension scheme.The Institute has already had one in operation since 1924. The Treasurer, who has himself large business interests, some fifteen or sixteen months ago called the attention of the 142 then Council to the fact that the provision made for superannua- tion of the Staff was not, in his opinion, as satisfactory as it ought to be, and he brought forward a scheme which is outlined in the Report.“That scheme is, roughly, that the existing members of the Staff throw into a new scheme the policies which they jointly hold with the Institute, and that a new scheme be instituted. The scheme, stripped of all details for the purpose of argument, aims at providing that on retirement of the staff there should be available money to provide pensions equal to -X x the salary 80 received in the year prior to the last five years of service before reaching the retiring age, ‘X’ being the number of years of service: that gives the fraction. This is a system which obtains in many existing superannuation schemes.“The scheme is contributory,-roughly, the employee contributes 5 per cent. and the employer-the Institute-Io per cent. It will cost the Institute more than that for present members of the Staff, because it is felt by the Council that a new scheme should make up for what now appears to be a payment not sufficiently large in years gone by. “There are one or two members of the Institute who have written to me and said that this, and the scheme for the Registrar, which I am not now dealing with, seem unduly generous, that the sum is greater than is paid in industry, and that, in cases, it is greater than is paid in some institutions. “Actually, the staff scheme that I am now talking about is less than any teacher in a grant-aided school would receive.The provision I am going to talk about in the case of the Registrar is almost the same-is the same-as a teacher in a grant-aided school who had served for, say, 40 years, would receive. It is on the same basis that I am receiving a pension from the Govern- ment, having contributed since about 1924. “That is one answer to the statement made, or the opinion expressed, that what is proposed is too generous. But the Staff are not being treated quite as generously as teachers, because teachers get, in addition to half salary after 40 years’ service, a gratuity that is not proposed for the Staff. We have a relatively high proportion of women on the Staff and the scheme as you will see makes provision for their retirement at a rather earlier age and it has been thought fit by the Council to amend certain of the provisions in what I call the ‘teacher’ scheme to 143 the advantage of the employees but not at greater expense to the Institute.“The Council feels that it is good business to provide for the superannuation of the Staff. “Now, as to the amount; the By-law which I have just read, and on which was based the resolution passed on the 3rd March, 1924,allowed the sum, to be spent by the Council on super- annuation scheme, of E250. Of that, the maximum, I think, which has been spent in the past, is less than l230 per annum. “The new scheme, at the moment, practically doubles that- I think the amount is about L458, anyway, it is between E4oo and E5oo.“The reason why E750 is put into the resolution is to avoid the possible necessity of coming to the Annual General Meeting every year, for fluctuations. As far as we can see at the moment, with the existing Staff, other than the Registrar, the cost of the scheme outlined in the Report will be under E500,and it is not expected that that will be exceeded for some years to come. With that explanation, I move that resolution ‘AJ which is on the agenda paper, be accepted, and I would ask Dr. Everest if he will second that.” Dr. EVEREST:“I have great pleasure in seconding this motion. I feel that I can add little to what you, Sir, have said, excepting that I do sincerely hope that we shall not have those who are not quite so willing as myself to encourage this scheme bringing up excuses in connection with it.We have, here, an institution served by a Staff second to none, that is giving of its best to us, and I feel with you, Sir, that the least we can do is to bring forward a scheme that will come somewhere near to what is now in being in so many other organisations. As you have put it, this scheme does not, at the moment, bring to our Staff even what is already provided in the teaching profession. I have, therefore, coming from industry, to urge those who are in the industrial side of our work to support very strongly those who are in the academic side, in the bringing into force of a scheme which we can be proud of, and which those who feel that they are not quite so well off can point to as something which they themselves can hope to attain to in future.“I have, therefore, very much pleasure, Sir, in seconding that motion.” The PRESIDENT:“The resolution is before the meeting.” Mr. JEPHCOTT: “I wish, first, to make it clear that in any 144 criticism I have of this scheme, it is not criticism on the policy of the scheme. I am whole-heartedly in favour of the scheme, and I consider the proposals with regard to the amounts of pensions perfectly reasonable. “I do, however, criticise the finances of the scheme, and here, I regret that I am speaking in the absence of the Treasurer. “The President has already told you that the cost of this scheme to the Institute will amount to 10 per cent. of salaries, plus some further sum which he did not mention.In addition to that, there will be contributions of approximately 5 per cent. from the Staff. On the figures which I have been able to deduce from the Report-and here I was misled by the sum of k750 mentioned-the sum to be contributed appeared to amount to 18 or 19per cent. on the part of the Institute and some 5 per cent. from the Staff, making a total of over 20 per cent. “I have had occasion during the past few years to be asso- ciated, and very closely associated, with schemes similar to this, for the benefit of several staffs amounting to between 700 and 800. Yesterday I took the trouble to check again the total cost, including the contributions of staff of several schemes, and I found they amounted to 12 per cent.of the total salary. “I think there is evidence that the scheme has not been quite as well designed or quite as economically designed as it could have been, and I think consideration should be given to that point, because here the Council is taking the responsibility for the investment of the monies, not only contributed by the Council-or rather by the members of the Institute-but also of the Staff themselves, and I think it is a responsibility of the Institute to see that the maximum value possible is obtained for these expenditures. “I think that the difficulty which has arisen-and here I have to make an assumption-is that it has been done by means of endowment insurance, which is not the best method, and it involves, amongst other things, exceedingly heavy insurance for junior members of Staff.I suspect that any junior member of Staff under this scheme would find that he was carrying five times his annual salary, or thereabouts, by way of life assurance. I do not think there is any one of us here who can afford to carry five times his annual salary in insurance, nor do I think it is justified. The object of this scheme is to provide for super- annuation, not heavy life insurance, during the period of service with the Institute. 145 “With great respect, I doubt whether the motion, as drawn, would entitle you to embark upon the scheme which is con- templated. There is no reference to life insurance in that motion. Since, I think, investigation will show that a very substantial part of the cost goes to payment of life insurance premiums, I cannot altogether feel assured that it would not be dtra vim if carried out.In making this criticism I should like to say, again, that it is not my wish or intention to question the desirability of such a scheme. I think it is most desirable to have a scheme. I think that the benefits which would accrue to the Staff by way of superannuation are very proper benefits and, subject to reconsideration of the financial aspect of it, I am entirely in favour of the scheme.” The PRESIDENT:“I have, first of all, to thank Mr. Jephcott for giving us the benefit of what is, obviously, expert advice. I am glad to realise that he does not question the wish of the Council in asking the General Meeting to provide a sum of money for a scheme; he has made that quite clear.“I should say, in answer to his remarks, that I am not defending the scheme now. I do not think it is necessary, at this juncture. The issue before the meeting is, whether the Institute should devote a sum,-as it is stated in the resolution not exceeding L75o,-towards the maintenance on a joint contributory basis of a superannuation and pension scheme. “I may say that the Treasurer, in putting the scheme before the Council, drew up what he thought were the requirements of the scheme; at that stage we took legal opinion as to what should be done. We then asked three insurance companies to quote and one of them, which appeared to be the best, we took and referred to two independent actuaries. We were assured that the scheme was as economical, from the point of view of getting good terms, as it was possible to get.“Now, I should like to say, in answer to Mr. Jephcott, he is urging a different principle in spending the money, and I hope that he will take an early opportunity of discussing these details, which he has put before us now, with the Treasurer. He, as he himself has said, does not oppose the purpose of the resolution. In any case, the actual details of the scheme for superannuation and pensions I think you will be content to leave to the Council. (Applause.) “What I am now urging is that the meeting will agree to the resolution as set out on the Agenda. If, legally, the scheme 146 which the Council has in mind cannot come within the terms of the resolution, well then, the scheme must be altered so that it does, and I will promise, on behalf of the Treasurer, that before it is discussed and passed by the Council, the Council shall have, if he is willing, the benefit of discussing it with Mr.Jephcott.” Dr. J. G. A. GRIFFITHS:“1 would like a definite assurance that the proposed sum of l750 covers the contribution of the Institute towards the pension of a future Registrar and Secretary.” The PRESIDENT: “Yes. I think it must do. I do not think I can give an assurance binding an Annual General Meeting, but that is the present intention of the Council which goes out of office to-day, and it is covered by the resolution.” (The following summary of the discussion which ensued has been prepared by the Publications Committee.) Dr.J. H. OLIVER and Dr. J. G. A. GRIFFITHSenquired what were the rates of pay of the 17 members of the staff whose salaries aggregated something over l5,ooo last year, and in reply the PRESIDENT EIOO a year. gave the scales of all employees who received over Dr. J. W. DORLINGenquired why it was considered necessary to empower the Council to contribute as much as E750 in a year to the superannuation fund, and the PRESIDENTsaid that while that sum was in excess of present requirements, it was named in order to avoid the Council having to come to an Annual General Meeting after every alteration to the staff. Mr.EDWARDHINKS thought the superannuation scheme unduly expensive, and enquired if it was necessary for the Institute to contribute to the fund as much as 10per cent. of the salaries paid. The PRESIDENTexplained that in this respect the scheme followed the precedent of Schools, Universities and Research Associations. Mr. C. L. CLAREMONTpointed out that the present scheme allowed of pensions passing to widows of male members of the staff, and the PRESIDENT said that he had already undertaken, on behalf of the Treasurer, that the scheme set out in the Report should be reconsidered in detail. Dr. R. E. SLADEasked if the Institute’s payments to the superannuation scheme would be shown each year in the Income and Expenditure Account, and the PRESIDENT said they would be.147 It was moved by Mr. E. Q. LAWS,and duly seconded:- “That the whole matter be referred back to the new Council with a request that it bring up a scheme at a subsequent General Meeting.” After discussion, during which Professor BRISCOE, Dr. J. J. Fox and Professor W. H. ROBERTS spoke in support of the original motion, on a show of hands, the amendment proposed by Mr. Laws was lost by an overwhelming majority. The resolution was then put, and carried by 107 votes to 3, while the PRESIDENTannounced that he had 94 proxies, which he was entitled to use in favour of the resolution, and 5 proxies which he was bound to use against it. The PRESIDENTthen read the second motion :-“That on attaining, this month, the age of 65 years, Mr.Pilcher, Registrar and Secretary, receive the Super-annuation Fund accumulated by equal contributions of the Institute and himself since 1924,now amounting to approxi- mately L2,300,and that he be promised a pension of ;6750 a year on his eventual retirement.” and continued-“ Much that I said in favour of the first resolution could be quite readily said in favour of the second resolution, but I feel, personally, that it should be said with very much more emphasis. “Mr. Pilcher joined the Institute as a boy; he has grown up with the Institute and the Institute has grown up with him. (Applause.) “I do not think that Mr. Pilcher wishes to retire, and, person- ally (and I think in this respect I have the retiring CouncG unanimously with me) it is against our wish that he should retire yet.He is doing a most excellent service to the Institute and he has a unique experience and knowledge of chemists, partic- ularly in industry. “The fund which is called a superannuation fund here, was contributed since 1924at the rate of 5 per cent. of his salary by him, and 5 per cent. by the Institute. It was valued in December last at k2,300. It is slightly less to-day, the investments in that Fund are now L2,258-‘8’ is the essential figure here. It is essential for this purpose-that again, taking myself as an example, if I had 40 years’ service in the teaching profession and a salary the same as Mr.Pilcher’s, I should receive a pension of 148 ;6750 a year and I should have received a gratuity of L2,250-i.e., LS less than the value of the Fund which is proposed in lieu of a gratuity to Mr. Pilcher. “I have taken steps to find out what the position would be in an academic position coming under the university scheme and I hope that I shall not be assailed because I use the examples of a teacher in a grant-aided school or of persons in the academic world or the Research Association world; they happen to be the only spheres of which I have any personal knowledge. It is not too much to ask that Mr. Pilcher be treated exactly the same as persons in the callings I have mentioned. “I would stress the fact that in Mr. Pilcher’s case, anybody who has been on the Council, anybody who, as I have, has had many dealings with Mr.Pilcher, will realise the exceptional capacity of the man, and, I think, the whole-hearted service which he has given not only to the Institute but to the profession of chemistry. (Applause.) It is with that in mind that I am moving this resolution. I very, very cordially ask for your support.” Dr. EVEREST:“I have even more pleasure in seconding this resolution than the first, great pleasure as it was to second the first resolution. “I think, gentlemen, that any of you who have had exper- ience of the Institute for any number of years will have come to the conclusion that nothing the Institute can do, within its means, is too great to do for Mr.Pilcher. “Those of us who have had experience of working on the Council will know, even more than the younger members, that Mr. Pilcher is an exceptional man and has done exceptional service to the Institute and it would be a tremendous blot on the Institute if we did not treat him as generously as it is now proposed to do. It gives me very great pleasure to urge your acceptance of this resolution.” The discussion on the resolution was opened by Mr. D. D. MOIR, who opposed it. He was followed by Mr. J. H. COOKEand Dr. BERNARD DYER, both of whom strongly supported it. Mr. D. H. F. CLAYSONand Mr. H. A. WILLIAMSdemurred, and Mr. MCLACHLAN, Mr. JEPHCOTT, Professor ROBERTSand Mr. CLAREMONTall spoke in support of it, 149 Another member stated that he represented a small number of proxies, the signatories of which took the view that the sum of {z,3oo accumulated in the existing superannuation fund, should be converted into an annuity, and that the proposed pension of {750 per annum be reduced by the amount of that annuity. The PRESIDENTthen put the resolution to the meeting and, after a show of hands announced, amid prolonged applause, that it was carried overwhelmingly. Following the passing of the resolution, the members of Staff, who had previously withdrawn, re-entered the room, and Mr.Pilcher’s entry was greeted by long and enthusiastic applause to which he bowed in acknowledgment. The PRESIDENT:“The two resolutions before the meeting having been carried by overwhelming majorities, the whole Report of the Council may now be received and adopted.” The Meeting signifying approval, the President continued :-‘‘I will now ask the Registrar to read the Report of the Scrutineers.” The REGISTRAR: “May I be allowed, in the first place, to thank you, Sir, the Honorary Treasurer, the Council, and also the members here present for their very great kindness in having passed these two resolutions; and may I also thank them on behalf of the Staff.The members of the Staff, I can assure everyone here to-night, are not only loyal and enthusiastic and thoroughly straight and trustworthy, but are all working together as good friends, and always in harmony. Any man who has a staff like that ought to be proud, and ought to be very glad indeed when they are recognised in the way in which they have been recognised to-night.” (Applause.) The ASSISTANT “May I associate myself with SECRETARY: what my chief has said?” (Applause.) REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS.The PRESIDENT:“The Secretary will now read the Report of the Scrutineers on the election of the Officers (President, Vice-presidents, and Hon. Treasurer), General Members of Council, and Censors, for the year ending 1st March, 1940.’) The SECRETARYread the following Report of the Scrutineers: ELECTIONOF OFFICERS,MEMBERS OF COUNCILAND CENSORS. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1053. The following were elected:--- President: MT.A. S. Calder. Vice-presidents: H. V. A. Briscoe, F. H. Cam, T. P. Hilditch, G. Roche Lynch, C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Sir Robert H. Pickard. Hon. Treasurer: Bernard F. Howard. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1051. The following were elected :-L. H. Lampitt, A. Findlay, D. F. Twiss, F. G. Edmed, A. L. Bacharrtch, B. G. McLellan, A. G. Francis, George King, H. H. Hodgson, W. M. Cumming, H. E. Cox, F. M. Rowe, John Weir, J. R. Johnson, W. A. Damon, W. J. A. Butterfield, R. E. Slade, 0. L. Brady, R. H. Hopkins, B. Wylam, W. S. Patterson, H.Hunter, F, M. Potter, (E. R. Bolton*,) A. J.Prince, P. F. Gordon, E. H. Farmer, T. R. Hodgson. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 975.The following were elected:- Sir G. T. Morgan, Sir R. H. Pickard, Sir Robert Robinson, and J. F. Thorpe. The PRESIDENT:“It is my duty, now, to declare, on the Report of the Scrutineers, that the first 27 names on their list be elected General Members of the Council, and that the President, Vice-presidents, Treasurer and Censors be elected as read out by the Secretary.” (Applause.) “I now ask you to pass, with acclamation, a vote of thanks to the Scrutineers, Messrs. Adams and Bassett, who put in two hard days’ work in counting these votes.” (Applause.) ELECTION AUDITORS.OF The PRESIDENT:“The next item on the Agenda is to elect the Auditors and to fix their remuneration, if any. I therefore move from the Chair that Mr. David Henderson, in association with Messrs. J.Y. Findlay & Co., Chartered Accountants, be re-appointed at a fee of 40 guineas, as before. ‘‘Is that accepted? ’’ The Meeting having signified its acceptance, the PRESIDENT said:-“The next thing is that we wish to elect two honorary auditors, and I would like to nominate, on behalf of the retiring Council, Mr. Claremont, if he will serve, and I will ask somebody to move, from the body of the hall, a second name.” Insubmitting the Report, the Secretary mentioned that Mr. Bolton had died since the Balloting Papers were issued, but, notwithstnnding the fact that knowledge of his death had spread quickly, sufficient votes had been recorded for his name to be included in the list of successful candidates.The candidate with the next highest number of votes was for this reason reported as elected. 151 Mr. C. E. BARRS:“I would like to move Mr. J. H. Lane, if he will serve again.” (Applause.) Mr. LANE: “The position is that I have served for six years and, in such a large Society as this, I think that it is quite a healthy thing that the office of honorary auditor should change hands. Another thing is that the duties fall just at the busiest season of the year, and I should be obliged if the Meeting would choose somebody else this year.” A MEMBER:“I would like to propose Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths.” The PRESIDENT:“I have been given the names of Mr. Clare- mont and Dr. Griffiths, and I will put these two resolutions to- gether if that is agreed.” Mr.Claremont and Dr. Griffiths were unanimously elected. The PRESIDENT:“I thank you for having elected these two members, and I thank the gentlemen, on your behalf, for agreeing to serve.” TO THE RETIRINGPRESIDENT,VOTEOF THANKS VICE-PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. The PRESIDENT:“It is now my duty to call on Mr. Jephcott.” Mr. JEPHCOTT: “I think it is the wish of this Meeting that we record our very hearty thanks to Sir Robert Pickard and to the other Members of the Council for their work. When I read the Reports I am astonished that so many very busy people should succeed in giving so much time to the work of the Institute; I may say I always inspect the lists of attendances at Councils and Committees, and when you come to add them up there is an extraordinary number of attendances which must take up a very large portion of their time. “We always appreciate, I am sure, the services they render, but particularly do we do so this evening, and I wish to pay tribute to the Chairman for the exceedingly able manner in which he has handled the business oi this Meeting. “I propose a hearty vote of thanks to the President and Members of the Council for their work during the past year.” (Applause.) Mr.HINKS: “It is with the greatest of pleasure that I second this vote of thanks. It is late, so this must be an omnibus vote of thanks to the President and the retiring Vice-presidents and Members of Council. I hope I may be forgiven by the Vice- Presidents and the other Members of the Council if I refer, just 152 one moment , with special emphasis to our retiring President.I would thank him for his labours, and, as Mr. Jephcott has said, his excellent conduct of affairs this evening. He lives, or is supposed to live, a long way away, and he spends a great deal of time travelling between there and here, and I should like to thank him for giving the Institute the very great privilege of having been represented, during the past few years, at Con- ferences and functions, by so distinguished and respected a chemist. (Applause.) I have very great pleasure in seconding this vote of thanks.” The vote of thanks was accorded with enthusiasm. The PRESIDENT:“Thank you very much, Mr.Jephcott, and you, Mr. Hinks, and all the members present for the way in which you have received that vote of thanks. “1 have two duties left to me, as President. The first is -to descend from the sublime-not to the ridiculous-unless I happen to be at Croydon on the 17th May-I have been asked to state that on that day the London Section is going to hold a golf match at the Addington Palace Golf course, inclusive fee, lunch and tea, 6s., and as many members of the Section, and others who will join them, will be welcomed. “My last duty is to state that I now retire from the Presi- dential Chair. I have occupied it with great pleasure to myself- pleasure because it has been an honour, an honour that I never expected to receive, and the pleasure has been increased by the way in which I have been supported universally by the Council and on most occasions (laughter) by the general body of members. (Laughter and applause.) “Thank you, very much, for what has been said, and do not let me give you the impression that I mind criticism-I rather flourish on it.(Laughter.) “As part of my last duty, I hand over the Chair to my successor, and I do that with every confidence. I have known Mr. Calder for many years, and I have often worked with him. This is not the first time that he has succeeded me in a presidential chair, and any chemical institution which has the good luck to be guided by him will not fail to prosper. In him you have a President whose experience in managing men and affairs is only equalled by his knowledge of the industry.I have very much pleasure, now, and have every confidence, in asking Mr. Calder to take the Chair. (Applause.) 153 Mr. W. A. S. CALDER:“I thank you from the bottom of my heart for the confidence you have shown in me. “You, Sir Robert, have occupied the President’s Chair in such a way that it has made it extraordinarily difficult for your successor. On one or two occasions I have differed from you- always with the fear at the back of my mind that I was wrong- and invariably my worst fears have been confirmed! (Laughter.) “I accept this honour with great gratitude and I accept the responsibility. “Neither the ship of State nor the ship of the Institute is likely, during the next few years, to be sailing, by and large, under a blue sky.Those of our friends who sail the seas tell us that the greatest danger is occasionally run by casting anchor, and the only path of safety is to go out and face whatever sea we have to face. “With your support I will do my utmost to uphold the honour and the dignity of the Institute. “The business of this Annual General Meeting is now concluded.” 154 Address of the Retiring President: SIR ROBERT H. PICKARD, F.R.S. For the third time, I rise to submit the Report of Council, briefly referring to each section of it, with some reflections on the progress made by the Institute during the past few years and dealing specially with a few matters of general interest, before I move that it be received and adopted.The Report shows that the Roll of the Institute has increased, but we have again to regret the loss by death of many valuable members of the profession, whose names will long be remembered among us. Even since the Report was prepared by the Council-you will notice that it is dated 27th January-we have suffered the loss of a Past President, Professor Smithells, a Past Vice-President, Mr. Bolton, and a Past Member of Council, Mr. Way. Professor Smithells, who was President from 1927 to 1930, was a well-beloved and successful teacher, a distinguished figure and much esteemed among chemists. Mr. Edward Richards Bolton was a leader in independent practice, with a proper sense of the standing of his profession, and Mr. Edward John Way, for many years, and until his retirement about nine years ago, held a high position among consulting chemists and mining engineers in South Africa.Of those who are mentioned in the Report, I would like to refer especially to Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, who held office as Honorary Treasurer of the Institute for twelve years from 1924-1936,and as such regularly submitted the Annual Accounts at our Annual General Meeting. Apart from those occasions, however, there were few opportunities for him to become known to the general body of members; but with the Officers and Members of Council with whom he came into more frequent contact there was a bond of real friendship, and his colleagues one and all can testify to his devotion to the Institute.It is always rather an invidious task for the President to comment on particular individual losses, but I would remind 155 you of such a loyal Fellow as Dr. John Thomas Dunn, of Newcastle upon Tyne, and Mr. Harold Douglas Elkington, a Past Vice- President, who was very helpful to us in considering matters relating to patents; Mr. Alfred John Greenaway, for many years associated with the Editorial Department of the Journal of the Chemical Society; and we should remember with gratitude Mr. William Setten Gilles, formerly associated with the silk and rayon industries, who has bequeathed l500 to our Benevolent Fund. It will be remarked that although by election and re-election there was a gross increase of 370 members, the names of no less than 137 members were removed owing to resignation or non- payment of subscriptions, in addition to the names (44) of those who had died. There are always some who give up chemistry and turn to other professions or callings; but I am sorry to say that there are others who get the full service of the Institute for a few years after their election, and although they continue in chemistry cease to pay their subscriptions.It is the usual practice in professional and scientific institutions, except where the members are supplied with a valuable weekly or monthly journal, to continue giving full service until the member is in arrear for at least twelve months; but with a larger membership we now find it expensive to allow too much latitude in that direction, and it is not fair to loyal members who pay their subscriptions regularly to neglect to enforce the by-laws against those who ignore repeated applications for their dues.At the same time, the Council has no desire to inflict hardship on any member who is out of work or receiving help from the Benevolent Fund. However, you will be interested, I think, to see what progress we have made during the past three years, bearing in mind the reference which I have made to the enforcement of the By-law during the last year:- 1936. 1937. 1938. 1939. Fellows .. . . 2051 2096 2131 2191 Associates .. *' 4462 4683 4865 4994 6513 6779 6996 7185 Removals and resignations 50 55 83 I39 Net increase for the year 228 266 217 189 156 The net increases during the periods since 1930 are as follows: Annual average increase.1930-33 '. .. 340 113 1933-36 .. 459 I53 1936-39 *- .. 672 224 The Council would like to see all well qualified Associates seeking the Fellowship with the resulting increase in status, privileges and responsibilities, which such promotion implies. It is recognised that the prospective Fellow employed in industry is a specialist, and the general questions at an examination for the Fellowship are set on a wide basis and do not call for a knowledge of other branches of either theoretical or practical chemistry, which are themselves a full time study. The Report shows that the Council and its Committees have had much to do, and we are grateful to those who have represented us in many ways which are recorded in the Report.I am sure we all very much regret the absence of our Honorary Treasurer, Mr. Bernard F. Howard, through illness. You will be glad to know, however, that he is making very good progress, and with your permission I will send him our wishes for his speedy restoration to good health, and express our thanks to him for the care and attention which he gives to our affairs. Since his appointment as successor to Mr. Kirkaldy, he has made the question of provision for staff superannuation and pensions one of the chief objects which he has desired to see placed on a proper footing.You will recollect that at the last Annual General Meeting he informed the members that the Council intended to proceed with this matter, and to-day you willhave definite propositions submitted for your approval. I would now like to read to you part of a letter which I have received from the Honorary Treasurer. After asking me to express his humble apologies for his absence from the meeting, he says:-"Last year I promised to lay before the 1939 meeting a scheme for dealing adequately with the provision of pensions for our Staff. My regret at being unable personally to move these two resolutions on the agenda is largely mitigated by the knowledge that, since you have so kindly undertaken to move them, the matter will now be in far more capable hands.“I sincerely trust that these proposals as set forth will meet with the approval of the Members, since they represent a great amount of thought and study, not only on the part of the Finance Committee, but also of the Council as a whole.” Our finances are in a sound position, although for once we have spent more than our income. That is unusual, and has been fully explained in the Report. The assets of the Institute are worth approximately ~30,000,saved by the systematic investment of entrance. fees and life compositions. During the past three years, we have increased our holdings, although the market values have, for the present, depreciated slightly. This sum cannot be regarded as an excessive reserve for an Institution of this character, nor does it provide in dividends much more than the amount which would have been received from life Fellows if they had not compounded. The lease of our premises has yet 73 years to run, and we have a sinking fund to realise (in the year 2010) a sum of L~O,OOO, which will be a substantial help at that time if it is found necessary to seek a home elsewhere. The Benevolent Fund, which is financed quite separately from the Institute, has been used during the year to help by grants and loans members and relatives of deceased members.A pleasing feature of the operation of the Fund is that although the loans are made to members financially embarrassed, only about 31 per cent. of the amounts have been written off since the fund was established, the bulk of the money ahving been returned by those whose circumstances have improved.In matters referred to under the heading, “Legal and Parlia- mentary,” I come to the Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter. You all know that in its original form the proposal did not commend itself to 1443 out of the 2829 who voted when the matter went to a postal vote. A revised version has been issued in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS for your consideration. The aim which the Council had in view in issuing this revised version was mainly to give further opportunity to the Fellows and Associates, both individually and through meetings of the Sections, to discuss the matter again. I feel sure that the new Council will be glad to take into consideration very carefully any expression of opinion that may be sent in before deciding to submit the matter again formally to a General Meeting. I do not propose to discuss the subject to-day, beyond express- ing the view that the proposals originally submitted represented an attempt to take a step which it was believed would be in the best interests of the Institute, of the profession as a whole and of the State.I have been disappointed in the matter, but I still hope that the Institute, as the representative professional body in chemistry, will adopt a scheme for the registration of those chemists whose qualifications are the same as those required for admission to the Institute, but who may not wish to become fully associated with its work.It may be that those who had directly concerned themselves with the difficult subject of registration for many years did not appreciate as fully as they might have done that the general body of Fellows and Associates was not fully alive to all the aspects of the matter; but, above all, I do ask you to believe that the proposal involved no hidden motive such as a few members seem to have suspected. As to the remainder of that part of the Report,-it will be seen that the Council has continued its endeavours to uphold the interests of the profession in various matters of public importance. Here I would digress for a moment-The Institute has no politics, but it is incorporated by Royal Charter, and enjoys the Patronage of our Sovereign. It must be ever ready to render assistance to the State, and you Will be glad to know that a very good response was received to the circulars issued early in October last in answer to a call for Fellows and Associates who were willing for their names to be classified for ready reference in the event of an emergency.I think we should all sympathise with the views expressedin the statement recently issued under the names of a group of eminent public men, including leaders in science, as an appeal to men of goodwill in other countries to preserve our civilisation and, in a spirit of co-operation, to set about finding a lasting solution to the difficult international problems with which the world is faced to-day.Many of the signatories to that statement are also interested 159 in the new Division of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science,-a Division formed for the study of the relations between science and the community and to encourage the appli- cation of science to promote the well-being of society. I observe that the Division proposed to deal, in the first instance, with problems relating to health, industry and agriculture, but I think it arose from wider considerations, including indeed, the pre- vention of war, the preservation of civilisation, and, generally, the promotion of the higher human ideals, having special regard to the influence of science in all these matters. As we advance in knowledge, so must it be increasingly difficult for succeeding generations to acquire the ability to control efficiently the power that knowledge gives.Any attempt to overcome, even partially, the inevitable lag in this respect between one generation and the next, implies the necessity for revising the methods and extending the period of education; and in that connexion, for insisting above all on clear and right thinking-not only in relation to the applications of natural science but to the whole business of life. It is to education, in its widest sense, that we must look for a change in the human mind and outlook. However, it is an unfortunate necessity that we must be pre- pared to defend ourselves and I will now recount, so far as is known, what steps have been taken to utilise the services of chemists in the deplorable event of a war.(i) In the Provisional List of Reserved Occupations, all chemists as well as skilled laboratory assistants are reserved, over the age of 21. (ii) The Minister of Labour, acting with the Lord Privy Seal, has appointed a Committee (of which I am a member) to form a Central Register of Professional Men (including chemists). (iii) This Central Register will include those who have previ- ously sent in their names and who, in addition, undertake to accept suitable war-time occupations if and when it is offered to them. (iv) Steps are also being undertaken to keep intact the essential members of teams of research or special scientific workers. Thus it would appear to be the desire of the authorities that in the event of an emergency the chemist (as an individual) 160 should at first stay “put” in his job.Transference of chemists to different jobs is unlikely on a large scale. The Central Regis- ter will be available for consultation by government departments and employers requiring to expand their operations under war conditions. It seems unlikely, for example, that university laboratories will be asked to undertake again on a small preparative scale the making of synthetic drugs or testing for the Ministry of Munitions or that the Institute laboratory will be occupied by work on optical glass. Such and similar uses of chemists and their laboratories as we saw in 1914-1918will not be required.The imports of synthetic chemicals are known and their manu- facture, in most cases, has been investigated; optical glass, for example, is now manufactured in this country and there are many more qualified chemists in this country than there were 25 years ago. But war brings usually unexpected demands on all classes, and at least chemists may be content that an organised effort is now being made, and one which should direct their skill and willingness to serve the country into channels the most advan- tageous. The Institute will play its part in this effort, and in a short time will ask its members to volunteer on new forms which will allow of a more efficient classification, and thus enable a rapid survey of the available talent required in any sphere of service.The Local Sections are to be congratulated, as usual, on their activity, and we must acknowledge the indebtedness of the Institute to their committees and honorary officers for their services, as well as to the lecturers who have read many interesting and valuable papers before the Sections. I attended the Conference of the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections in June, and feel that I can congratulate the Local Sections on the enthusiasm shown by their representatives on that occasion. We at headquarters regard it as one of the important events of the year, and it is a very great pleasure to the President, the Treasurer and the executive officers to meet the representatives of the Sections in friendly discussion on matters concerning the Institute and the profession. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee has given a good account of its work, which constitutes the principal business of the Institute, in regulating the admission of 161 Members, and here I think you would be interested to note that the entries for Examinations during the past three years have also increased, although I am sorry to say the percentage of successes has not been maintained.Entries. Passed. Percentage. 1930-33 *. -* 338 I99 58.8 1933-36 * *. 407 212 52.0 1936-39 -. *. 558 262 46.9 These statistics, however, do not cover the oral examinations which are regularly conducted by special sub-committees throughout the year.The Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute have a distinctive character, and still attract many candidates, and I may mention incidentally that the number of entries for April is 106. The Appointments Register has continued to be of valuable service, and I think, on the whole, I may say that we are fortunate that, in times like the present, less than 1-2per cent. of our members are known to be without employment, and only a small proportion of these have been unemployed for any long period of time. Recently, all Fellows and Associates were asked to make an anonymous return of their remuneration, and over 5,000 have made returns. When the figures have been collated, I hope that they will show an improvement on past records of a similar character.The special publications of the Institute during the year-the lectures given by Dr. R. Alan Morton, Professor F. M. Rowe, Mr. J. R. Nicholls, and Dr. W. H. Hatfield-have all been greatly appreciated, and the Institute was glad to have the co-operation of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers in being permitted to supply the Fellows and Associates with “Safety Rules for Use in Chemical Works,” to which I advise all those who are engaged in industry to give due and careful attention. The Council has also given consideration to the question of accidents occurring in laboratories, and it is proposed, from time to time, to publish, in connexion with the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS~particulars of any unusual accidents which may occur.The Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry, in which the Institute co-operates with the Board of Education, 162 have been satisfactorily continued, and although at one time I had some doubts about the advisability of the Institute under- taking this type of work, I have no doubt that this system of internal examinations has had a marked beneficial effect upon the curriculum and training in chemistry and allied subjects in many of the smaller technical schools. As to the last paragraph of the Report,-I can only express my thanks to the Council for its kind expression of appreciation and voice the hope that it will be the endeavour of any other Fellow of the Institute who is called upon to give service in its affairs readily to consent to spare time and energy for the benefit of his profession.The office of President carries many responsibilities. Myperiod of office has been eventful; it has not been without its pleasures or without disappointments, but I would like to say that I am convinced that the profession of chemistry and the Institute have attained to-day an even higher position than ever before among the professions and professional organisations of the country. I recall that I had the honour of representing the Institute at the Coronation of Their Majesties the King and Queen, and I have served and am serving on several important committees concerned with public affairs. As Chairman of the Chemical Council, I have endeavoured to promote the welfare of the science and profession of chemistry, and I still have hopes that that Council will find means whereby the publishing Societies may be placed on a more satisfactory financial basis, and means whereby the four thousand Fellows and Associates of the Institute, who are not members of the Societies, will be able to participate in that endeavour.It will be seen from the Third Annual Report of the Chemical Council, which has lately been published, that a scheme (prepared as a basis for discussion) has been under consideration, the object of which was to distribute the burden of the cost of the publica- tions of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry more equitably over the membership of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies, and, frankly, it was specially designed to induce every Fellow and Associate of the Institute-qualified chemists earning their living by chemistry-to make a direct contribution to one or both of the publishing Societies.Although the scheme did not meet with the approval of the 163 Council of the Institute, it was felt nevertheless that something might yet be done to evolve a method whereby the finances of the publishing societies could be placed on a sounder basis and their publications continued to the advantage of all who are interested in the science and profession of chemistry. We may anticipate that in the near future the Chemical Council will encourage those Societies in an endeavour to secure further support from the profession as a whole.The Chemical Council will receive altogether in the course of the first seven years of its existence, a sum of upwards of fT52,000, mainly contributed by chemists and chemical industry. Of this sum about E25,ooo will form an endowment fund, the interest from which can be used for current purposes, and about ,G27,000, contributed by members of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and Allied Associations, is also applicable to current expenses. It is hoped that with this backing further progress may be made towards attaining the purpose for which the Council was founded. On relinquishing office I would like to express my thanks to the Officers and Members of Council who have worked with me during the past three years, and on this occasion I may perhaps mention especially those who are now retiring from the Council, at least for a time,-particularly the Vice-Presidents,-Dr.Everest, Dr. Fox, Sir Robert Robinson and Professor Thorpe,- and I would add that both they and the other Members of Council who, through the operation of the By-laws, are not eligible for re-election, have been almost without exception very regular in attendance and keenly interested in our business. Throughout my term of office, I have enjoyed the traditional, good and ready help of the Registrar and his staff. It is with great pleasure that I testify to their loyalty and efficient service rendered to the Institute at all times.I retire from the Presidential Chair with every confidence in the continued vigorous growth of the Institute under the guidance of my successor. Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Chemical Society and the Aberdeen Section of the Institute was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 17th February,-Dr. A. B. Stewart in the Chair,-when a lecture was given by Professor James Kendall, F.R.S., entitled ‘‘ Ions and Isotopes.” Professor Kendall stated that for a long time it was a matter of dispute between chemists and physicists whether the mobility of an ion (the speed with which it migrates through the solution towards the electrode under the influence of the electric current) is dependent upon its voZume or upon its mass.No decision was possible until the existence of isotopes (ions of the same element, with identical volumes but different masses) was established. An apparatus was devised in which a short section of a solution containing a mixture of isotopic ions was run for a considerable distance along a series of tubes, with the idea that if mass were the significant factor affecting mobility the faster species would, at the end of the run, all be in front of the section and the slower species all at the rear, and a quantitative separation of natural isotopes, hitherto unattainable, would thus be achieved.The results were entirely negative, and it therefore appears that volume is the significant factor in ionic mobility. By means of similar experiments with synthetic mixtures containing two distinct ions of slightly different mobilities, however, it was found that many important separations, most difficult to make by standard methods such as fractional crystallisation, could be very readily effected. Mixtures of the rare earth elements, for example, from which the two components were obtainable in a pure state only after many hundreds of fractional crystallisations, were separable within a few days. It was shown that the method could also be successfully used in the separation of radium from barium residues.It might also be applicable in resolving mixtures of naturally-occurring alkaloids. 165 Another method by which the separation of isotopes was attempted was that of fractional electrolysis, and in I923 a slight fractionation of mercury was achieved thereby. In the expecta- tion that more conclusive results would be obtained with a lighter element than mercury, a systematic study of this method was begun in Edinburgh in 1930. A large amount of work had already been done on lithium, when the discovery of the isotopic character of hydrogen directed attention to that element, which obviously offered still greater chances of success. Spectro-graphic evidence that the proportion of “heavy hydrogen” in the first fractions of the electrolysis of water was less than in ordinary hydrogen had been obtained, when investigators in America announced the isolation of pure “heavy hydrogen ” from the final fractions of the electrolysis.This must be regarded as one of the most important discoveries in chemistry in recent years. It is disappointing to have been anticipated, but there is some consolation available in being the first to employ the method by which the separation was made. The meeting was followed by an informal dinner at the Palace Hotel, Aberdeen, where Professor Kendall was the guest of honour. Several members and their guests contributed to a musical programme, and the members were entertained with song and story. Belfast and District.-On 14th February, Professor W.R. Fearon, at Trinity College, Dublin, gave a lecture before the Section, on bb The Use of Diffusion Methods in Chemical Analysis.” In 1933, Conway and Byrne described a very simple apparatus for the micro-estimation of ammonia and other volatile sub- stances by direct diffusion. This apparatus is a unit consisting of a glass container within which is a circular wall of glass rising from the floor, and about half the height of the outer wall. In the standard pattern, now marketed by Messrs. Gallenkamp, the circular outer wall has a diameter of 67 mm. and a height of 16 mm. The internal diameter of the inner chamber is 33 mm., and the thickness of the glass throughout is 6 mm. The unit is sealed by a square glass plate, the under surface of which is ground. The volatile material to be estimated is, as a rule, placed in the outer compartment, and the absorbent is in the inner chamber, where it is titrated subsequently without removal from the unit.The apparatus has been successfully employed by its inventors for the micro-estimation of ammonia, urea, chloride, bromide and carbonate in biological liquids, and is obviously capable of a wide range of application. With practice, a high degree of accuracy is obtained. Thus, ammonia in concentrations of 20-1007 can be estimated with a variation coefficient of only 0.5 per cent. The urea content of 0-2 ml. of blood (usually between 40 and 807) can be estimated with a standard deviation of 0.6 mg. per IOO ml.An important advantage of the method is the ease with which a large number of estimations can be carried out at the same time, using a battery of 10,20, or 50 units. Diflusion Methods of Qualitative Analysis.-Given a suitable reagent, any volatile element or compound can be identified by the diffusion technique, which may be applied in three different ways :-(I) Spot tests, by means of reagent papers suspended above the material to be analysed. (2) Simple diffusion, using a Petri dish and a watch-glass containing the reagent. (3) Diffusion in the hermetically sealed Conway unit. The first type of method is obvious and familiar. It has the disadvantage, however, that its use is limited to reagents that do not react with the substance of the reagent paper; and, furthermore, it is not suitable for quantitative work.The second type of method requires no special apparatus, and is convenient for rough tests at room temperature. For accurate work, the sealed unit is essential, especially where the diffusion is being carried out at higher temperatures in an incubat or. While the quantitative scope and limitations of the method are being studied by Professor Conway, and are treated in detail in his forthcoming book, the applications of the diffusion tech- nique to qualitative analysis are capable of considerable extension. 167 EXAMPLES OF INORGANIC ANALYSIS BY DIFFUSION Reagent (0.1 = 1 per cent.) Reactant Colour Change Tolidine Chlorine Yellow Bromine Iodine - Fluorescein Chlorine Red Bromine Iodine - Rosaniline in 5 per cent.sulphuric acid Bromine Violet - Starch Iodine Blue Starch + iodine Hydrocyanic acid Decolorised Phloroglucinol Nitrous acid Yellow Separation of the Halogens.-Iodide and bromide may be detected in presence of chloride by means of the method of selective oxidation by a sulphuric dichromate mixture (Conway and Flood, 1936). Iodine is first liberated by the action of 20 per cent. potassium dichromate in N/IO H,SO,, which does not oxidise the bromide. Bromine is then liberated by addition of sulphuric acid to raise the concentration to 10N*H,SO,. EXAMPLES OF ORQANIC ANALYSIS BY DIFFUSION Reagent Reactant Colour Change 0.1 per cent.Primary and Blue chromate in Secondary alcohols. nitric acid Formaldehyde Formic acid Nessler Aldehydes Orange-greyprecipitate Nessler Ketones Pale yellow precipitate 5 per cent. quinone Primary aminea Violet in dilute acetic acid Detection of Alcohok-The nitro-chromic reagent (Fearon and Mitchell, 1932) gives a blue colour with all compounds containing one or more :CH(0H) groups, including all sugars, 168 glycerol, lactic acid, tartaric acid and formic acid. Using it as a diffusion reagent, Webb (1936) has been able to detect alcohol in concentrations as low as 0.025 per cent. in biological fluids. The reaction is negative with ketones and aldehydes higher than formaldehyde. Craven (1933), who has employed the reaction for the detection of alcohol in acetone, reports positive results with acetaldehyde, but these appear to be due to traces of alcohol forming in the aldehyde as a result of a Cannizzaro reaction. Pure acetaldehyde vapour generated from metaldehyde gives no reaction in the diffusion unit.The method should be of service for the detection of alcohol in blood. Detection of Aldehydes in Ether.-The diffusion unit may be used to detect aldehyde in ether by means of the potassium mercuric iodide reagent (B.P., 1932), or the silver hydroxide reagent (Werner, 1933). Either method is more sensitive than the Schiff test, although reagents of the mercuric or Nessler type are liable to develop a turbidity when shaken with ether contaminated by alcohol.This possible source of error may be avoided by the use of a reagent made by mixing I part of Nessler’s solution with 17 parts of saturated sodium chloride (Van Deripe, et al., 1936). In the diffusion unit, the Nessler reagent reacts very rapidly with aldehyde, and the interfering effect of alcohols is generally negligible. Ether after purification by Werner’s silver method (Fearon, 1934) gives no reaction with the aldehyde reagents. Detection of Acetone in Blood and in Urine.-Nessler’s reagent provides a highly delicate method for the detection of acetone in biological fluids and tissue preparations and, when used in the diffusion unit, is unaffected by the non-volatile compounds, aceto-acetic acid and P-hydroxybutyric acid, that accompany acetone in ketogenic metabolism.When testing for acetone in urine, the sample, if alkaline, should be acidified slightly to prevent the escape of ammonia, which would affect the reagent. REFERENCES. 1. Agulhon, H. (1912), Ann. Chim. analyt., 17, 50. 2. Conway, E. J., and A. Byrne (1933), Biochem. J., 27, 419. 3. Conway, E. J. (1935), Biochem. J., 29, 2221. 4. Conway, E. J., and J. C. Flood (1936),Biochem. J., 30, 716. 5. Craven, E. C. (1933),J. SOC. Chem. Ind., 52, 239 T. 6. Fearon, W. R. (1934),Irish J. Med. Sci., No. 100, 177. 7. Fearon, W. R., and D. M. Mitchell (1932),Analyst, 57, 372. 8. Webb, D. A. (1936), Proc. Roy. Dublin SOC.,9. Werner, E. A. (1933),Amlyat, 58, 335. 23, 281.169 Bristol and South Western Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held in the University Chemical Lecture Theatre, Bristol, on 16th February,-Professor Hirst presiding-Dr. T. J. Drakeley, of the Northern Polytechnic, London, gave a lecture on ‘‘ Recent Advances in Rubber Technology.” Dr. Drakeley said that during the last decade it had been realised that soil fertility had diminished considerably as a result of the practice of clean weeding which had long been used on most rubber plantations. It was now recognised that improve- ments in soil fertility of land, seriously damaged by clean weeding, was a long process and involved manuring with artificial fertilisers and the growing of a suitable cover crop. Often the establishment of a cover crop was almost impossible and in many instances, the natural undergrowth of weeds had been encouraged.A marked increase in the yield of latex was only to be expected after about four years. Numerous opinions had been expressed on the function of rubber latex in the plant. It had been regarded merely as an excretory product, as a means to protect the tree against insect bites or injury, as a reserve store for water, etc. But it had recently been shown that the latex of the Guayule plant acted as a reserve food-stuff. The amount in the plant diminished during stimulated growth, and varied throughout the year according to the demands of the plant. Although much still remained to be done, the application of such findings might open great possibilities in the future, especially if the principle was applicable to the Hevea tree from which almost the whole of our supplies came.Latex-prepared either by evaporation in the presence of a stabiliser, by centrifugal concentration in the presence of ammonia or by creaming in the presence of creaming agents- was now sent to this country in a concentrated form. The latex was employed in the manufacture of furniture, cushions, foot- wear and flooring. Raw rubber in the form of smoked sheet or pale crepe was first masticated to render it sufficiently plastic for the incorpora- tion of the necessary compounding ingredients. Mastication had recently been shown to be a process which only took place satisfactorily in the presence of oxygen. The amount of oxygen absorbed was small and the masticated rubber on standing recovered most of its original properties.Freshly masticated rubber swelled to an unlimited extent in a solvent, but when it had been mixed with a substance such as carbon black and allowed to stand, the degree of swelling was remarkably small and could be compared with that of a vulcanised product. Although both raw and vulcanised rubbers had iodine values almost twice that of linseed oil, they were unexpectedly and extraordinarily stable; yet deterioration of rubber was a problem of vast technical importance. It was principally a process of oxidation, but many products, chiefly aldehyde amine condensa- tion products, were found to retard the deterioration. The utilisation of these compounds was rapidly advancing and research on this problem might lead to a better understanding of the structure of rubber. To effect vulcanisation in the old days, rubber and sulphur were heated together for about 2 to 24 hours, but to-day accel- erators of vulcanisations such as mercaptobenzthiazole, diphenyl- guanidine, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate, tetraethylthiuramdi-sulphide, aldehydeamines, nitrosodimethylanilhe, and many others were available, and even in small amounts (I per cent.) they might reduce the time of vulcanisation to a few minutes.It was difficult to find an explanation why such a variety of compounds were able to accelerate vulcanisation. The lecturer concluded by stating that in the rubber industry highly important technological advancements had been made, but of the nature of the chemical reactions involved very little was known.Sound chemical theories were sadly lacking, and a vast but difficult field of research remained to be explored. Cape.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held at the Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, on 25th November, 1938, when lectures were given by Professor W. F. Barker and Dr. W. S. Rapson. Before his lecture, Professor Barker conveyed greetings on behalf of the Council of the South African Chemical Institute, and expressed the hope that a way would soon be found for securing the co-operation of chemists at the Cape in the work which the South African Chemical Institute was endeavouring to do in the interests of the profession of chemistry in South Africa.He said that it was a source of weakness to chemists in South Africa generally, that a way could not be found of uniting the chemists of the Western Province with a body of which most 171 chemists in the rest of the country were members. He found nothing in any way incompatible in his loyalties to the old Institute and to the South African Chemical Institute, to which he was proud to belong. Professor Barker gave a talk on “Chemical Problems in the Leather Industries,” referring in particular to aspects of the subject of special interest in South Africa. After showing the value of the hide and skin production to the country and the losses which were taking place due to im- proper care and treatment, the nature and functions of curing processes were dealt with.A brief description of experimental curing work in progress at the Tanning, Hides and Skins Research Department at Rhodes University College was then given, after which the lecturer proceeded to discuss the problem of soaking back-cured hides and skins. He dealt in particular with the danger of serious bacterial damage due to the elevated temperatures prevalent during the summer months in South Africa. Brief reference was made to experimental work in which the relative efficiency of various disinfectants towards the harmful bacteria found on hides and skins had been measured by controlled soaking at constant temperature.The develop- ment with time of the bacterial count, total nitrogen and am- monia content of the soak liquors was explained and curves obtained with typical bactericides at different concentrations were shown. Zinc chloride and mercuric chloride at low con- centrations and the alkaline extracts of certain coal-tar fractions were mentioned as being particularly effective and economical to use under large-scale conditions. The lecturer next proceeded to give an outline of the nature of the tanning process, confining himself more particularly to the vegetable-tanning process. He referred first to the liming process and showed how a lack of control of this, particularly under summer conditions in South Africa, could lead to poor results.The curve showing the swelling of collagen with fiH was discussed, and the dangers of disrupting the fibre structure during liming were explained. Numerous slides were shown of fresh, cured, and processed hide sections and also of finished leathers of varying quality, the various desirable characteriestics being outlined. The necessity for securing even and gradual penetra- tion of the tan was explained, and the importance of buffer 172 content and the size distribution of the tan particles in the various liquors was made clear. Professor Barker here made brief reference to the application of conductimetric analysis to the problem of determining the strong and weak acid content, buffer and neutral salt content of tanning liquors and leather extracts.The lecture concluded with a brief description of some of the comparative work being carried out on South African Sole Leather. Chemical examination and a careful photomicrographic assessment were used in conjunction with actual wear tests as conducted on the Thuau machine. The result of these investiga- tions showed that much South African Sole Leather stood up very well to these tests in comparison with the general standard of overseas production. The results were, however, being used to secure a more uniform and better quality of production from the South African Tanning Industry which, along with the Union’s Hide and Skin Advisory Board, was providing the funds by means of which the research programme was being carried forward.Dr. Rapson dealt with “Synthetic Rubber.” He discussed the development of the synthetic rubber industry. After a brief consideration of the chemical constitu- tion of natural rubber, as envisaged at the end of last century, the work of the German, British and Russian workers during the period 1900-1920 was described. Due emphasis was given to the influence of economic conditions on the commercial development of the processes which were worked out for syn- thesising rubber analogues. Developments during the period from 1920 up to the present were accordingly considered under two headings. The modes of manufacture and utilisation of “neoprene” and of “thiokol” in America and Great Britain were first described and then those of the “buna” and “mixed polymer” rubbers as made in Germany and Russia.In conclusion, the general trends of the industry were dis- cussed and a description given of some of the more recent work on the constitution of ‘‘rubber-like ” materials. Cardiff and District.-An ordinary meeting of the section was held on 3rd February, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff,-Mr, S. B. Watkins occupying the Chair. 173 Professor F. Challenger gave an address on “Methylation-A Widespread Biological Phenomenon.” The lecturer gave a very interesting account of methylation by vegetable and animal organisms. Methylated compounds of arsenic, sulphur, selenium and tellurium were discussed in particular, and the specific action of certain moulds in the genera- tion of such bodies was dealt with at length. He described actual experiments which led to the identification of these compounds, and slides were shown which gave analyses of the results obtained. During the lecture a number of hand-specimens were passed round the audience. The copies of the summary, kindly provided by the lecturer, were much appreciated by those present.A discussion followed in which many members took part. On 28th February a meeting of the Section was held in the University College, Cardiff ,-Mr. S. B. Watkins presiding. Dr. L. H. Lampitt delivered a lecture on *‘The Organisation of a Laboratory in a Commercial Firm.” The lecturer gave an entertaining account of work of a wide and varied scope, and the remarks on the organisation involved were much appreciated by an eager audience.Dublin.-A meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, on the aznd February,-Mr. J. Andrews in the Chair. Mr. B. G. Fagan delivered an address entitled 6b What is Vinegar ? ” of which he has kindly provided the following summary. Mr. Fagan said that the title of his paper suggested that he should deal with vinegar in general, of which there were a number of varieties; but just as cider vinegar was the predominating product of the U.S.A., and wine vinegar of France, so the type known as malt vinegar and imitations thereof were the chief products of Great Britain and Ireland. It was with the latter types of vinegar, therefore, that they were chiefly concerned.Few of the articles coming under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts presented more difficulty than vinegar, both to the magistrate and to the Public Analyst, mainly because there did not exist a legal definition of what vinegar should be. 174 The first attempt to remedy this was made by the Local Government Board in 1911,when that Body issued a statement suggesting standards for vinegar. The Board had no power to set up a legal standard, and the same applied to its successor in Eire,-the Local Government Department. The British Parlia- ment had a vinegar Bill before it in 1926: this did not become law. Neither that body nor the Oireachtas had passed any legislation concerning the sale of vinegar.A considerable amount of legis- lation was enacted between the years 1673 and 1861, which was, however, concerned with revenue. The lecturer mentioned that vinegar was made in France long before it was manufactured in Great Britain or Ireland, the word vinegar being derived from the French words “vin ” and “aigre” meaning sour wine. The early product made in Eng- land from ale was called ‘‘alegar.” The vinegar industry appeared to have been established in England in the early part of the seventeenth century, and Mr. Fagan gave an account of the processes involved in the manu- facture of vinegar, indicating that it was an industry involving skill and scientific control. He pointed out that the non-fermented or artificial product was made by diluting a concentrated form of acetic acid, with the required amount of water, and adding caramel to give colour.Having traced the history of legislation concerning the sale of vinegar, and having given details of the agreed definitions for vinegar formulated by the Malt Vinegar Brewers’ Association jointly with the Society of Public Analysts in 1935,Mr. Fagan contrasted the position in Great Britain with that in Eire, which, at the moment, was not so satisfactory as it might be. Mr. Fagan concluded by stating his opinion that the matter was one, amongst others, in connection with Food and Drugs legislation, which the proper authority in Eire should take up at the earliest opportunity. East Ang1ia.-Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton presided at a meet-ing of the Section held at the Central Public Library, Ipswich, on 14th February, when Mr.E. G. Couzens, Plastics Development Manager of B.X. Plastics, Ltd., Manningtree, gave a lecture on “A Survey of the Plastics in Industry.” Mr. Couzens gave a chronological description of the develop- ment of plastics, with special reference to celluloid and 175 phenolformaldehyde, as types of thermo-plastic and thermo- setting plastics, their manufacturing processes being described in some detail. A short account of cellulose acetate plastic and the injection process was then given and was followed by a survey of synthetic resins based on the vinyl radical, such as polymerised styrol and methyl methacrylate. The lecture concluded with a brief description of the structural chemistry of these three types, with special reference to the cellulose micelle and the effect of interlocking primary valencies on the physical properties of resins.The lecture was illustrated with many slides and samples of practically every known industrial plastic. On 17th March, at the Great White Horse Hotel, Ipswich, the President attended a Dinner and Dance given by the East Anglian Section,-Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton in the Chair. Among the guests were Dr. J. W. Hunter, Medical Officer of Health, Ipswich, and Mrs. Hunter; Dr. E. B. Hughes, Chairman of the London and South Eastern Counties Section, and Mrs. Hughes; the Registrar of the Institute and Mrs. Pilcher. After the loyal toasts had been honoured, Dr.Hunter proposed “The Institute,’’ to which the President replied; and Mr. Foster Sproxton proposed “The Guests,” to which the Registrar replied. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing. East Midlands.-Ameeting of the Section was held at the St. James’s Restaurant, Derby, on 9th March, jointly with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry,- Dr. L. Hunter in the Chair. Dr. Percy May gave a lecture on :-“ Patents and the Chemist.” The following summary of the lecture has been prepared from notes supplied by the lecturer :-Early disapproval of the grant of monopolies resulted in the passing, in 1623, of the Statute of Monopolies which forbade the grant of monopolies, except to the true and first inventor of a manner of new manufacture,-the relevant Section being- “Provided also that any declaration before mentioned shall not extend to any letters patent and grants of privilege for the 176 term of fourteen years or under, hereafter to be made, of the sole working and making of any manner of new manufacture within this realm, to the true and first inventor and inventors of such manufactures, which others at the time of making such letters patent and grants shall not use, so also they be not contrary to the law, nor mischievous to the State, by raising prices of commodities at home, or hurt of trade, or generally inconvenient .” Dr. May explained and amplified this section, pointing out that it forbids monopolies to all except the true and first inventors, and that, far from being a restraint on science and industry, patents should be regarded as an encouragement to research and invention.One of the objections to the granting of patents was in the case of patents for substances for use in medicine. These, however, were hedged with safeguards to protect the public interest, there being also provisions preventing the abuse of monopoly rights in all patents. The phrase “manner of new manufacture” in the original Statute was then examined and the difference between dis- coveries and inventions explained, the latter being generally patentable, while the former were not. Border-line cases which frequently occur in chemistry were illustrated. After this preliminary review, Dr.May described the primary requirements for the grant of a valid patent, these being:- (I) The applicant must be the true and first inventor. (2) The applicant must make a proper disclosure of the invention. (3) The applicant must clearly specify the limits of the monopoly claimed. (4) The invention must be a manufacture, new, useful and not obvious to those skilled in the art. (5) It must not be for an illegal purpose. (6) There must have been no valid patent granted previously for it. (7) The patentee must not abuse his monopoly rights after the patent is sealed. Elaborating these points, Dr. May said that “the true and first inventor” had the usual meaning attached to these words, except in the case of inventions made abroad, when it applied to the person who introduced the invention into this country, it being immaterial how he acquired the invention.Patents were frequently applied for in this country by a Patent Agent as communications from abroad, and the latter then described himself as the true and first inventor. Arising out of the fifth point, an example would be a food preservative contrary to the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act. Dealing with chemical inventions, Dr. May said that about one-third of the applications for patents were for inventions which might be described as “chemical.” He then pointed out the error in describing a process too narrowly, whereby an infringer by making small variations could go outside the scope of the claims.Alternatively, to make the claims too wide led to the inclusion of things not really useful which might readily invalidate the patent. Dr. May compared and contrasted the patent law position in other countries showing similarities in Germany, Holland, etc., and differences in France, Belgium, Italy and U.S.A. The method of making patent applications was then described, the advantages of the Provisional Specification being shown and how it gave cover while the details necessary for the Complete Specification were being worked out. The requirements of the latter were discussed, emphasis being laid on how the latter could be marred by the bad drafting of the former, it being desirable to obtain the expert advice of a Patent Agent at as early a stage as possible.Examples of cause of invalidation of patents were given, including the case of prior use. It was emphasised that a patent did not necessarily give the inventor the right to manufacture the substance patented, but gives him the right of preventing others from manufacturing, as a patent might be the development of an earlier patent granted to somebody else. The rights of joint patentees were discussed, particularly in the case of employer and employee. Prior to the lecture the Sir Edward Frankland Prize and Medal was presented to Louis George Whybrow Palethorpe. In making the presentation, Dr. L. Hunter referred briefly to the work of Sir Edward Frankland and the objects of the annual competition for the award.Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 16th December, 1938,-Dr. W. G. Hiscock, Chairman of the Section, presided. 178 The Secretary’s Report and the Accounts were read and approved. The Secretary reported that the Section had held eight meetings and that the Committee had met twice. Dr. W. G. Hiscock was elected Chairman, and Mr. W. M. Ames, District Council Member, Vice-chairman for the ensuing year. Dr. A. Lauder and Messrs. R. J. Loveluck, Wm. Mitchell, W. B. Peutherer and Dr. A. M. Smith were elected to fill com- mittee vacancies. Thanks were accorded to Dr. A. M. Smith (retiring Chairman), W.M. Ames (District Member of Council), and G. Elliot Dodds (Secretary) for their services to the Section. On the same evening, a meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical In- dustry, at which Mr. W. A. Broom lectured on ‘‘ Some Recent Advances in Biochemistry and Medicine.” In his introduction the lecturer stated that non-specific therapy is now giving way to specific therapy, and showed how research into the cause of disease and the physiological action of drugs has caused a revolution in the treatment of disease in the last decade. The specific treatment of disease was carried out by one of two methods, chemotherapy and replacement therapy, and Mr. Broom dealt principally with the latter.The functions of the more important glands in the body were discussed, and the uses and properties of adrenaline and thyroid extract were outlined. Pernicious anzmia is a hormone deficiency disease and the use of extract of liver or hog’s stomach in treatment for this disease was outlined by the lecturer, who then gave a detailed account of the preparation, properties and methods of using insulin in the treatment of diabetes. Particular stress was laid on the advantages of protamine insulin, with zinc, over ordinary insulin and on the importance of further research, presently being undertaken, to discover a method of using insulin orally. A discussion followed, in which Messrs. W. 0. Kermack, W. Mitchell, H.H. Campbell, R. Bruce, A. M. Smith, A. M. Cameron, and G. Elliot Dodds participated. The Section met, jointly with the local Fellows of the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry 179 on 27th January, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh. Dr. J. A. V. Butler, local representative of the Chemical Society, presided. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., spoke on the subject “ Carcinogenic Chemical Compounds.” An account of this lecture will be found on pp. 483, 484, JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute, Part VI, 1938. In the discussion which followed, Messrs. J. A. V. Butler, Scot, G. F. Marrian, Peutherer, A. Mackie, W. 0. Kermack, G. Steedman, A. M. Cameron and a number of medical repre- sentatives took part.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-By invitation of the Chemical Society, members of the Glasgow Section attended a lecture on ‘‘The Hydrogen Bond ” delivered by Dr. J. Monteath Robertson, on 17th February, in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. The meeting was presided over by Professor T. S. Patterson. Dr. Robertson first drew attention to the abnormal data obtained in molecular weight determinations carried out on hydroxylic compounds such as phenols, alcohols and acids. Hydrogen is common to all these substances, and the reason suggested for the unexpected results is that the compounds are associated with hydrogen forming an intermolecular bond or bridge. This idea was formulated by Huggins, Latimer and Rodebush in 1920 as the “Hydrogen Bond.” Work by Sidgwick and his collaborators on ortho-substituted phenols had a bearing on this subject.Theoretical difficulties then arose, since the new idea implied a maximum co-valency of hydrogen as 2, which, though necessary on chemical considerations was physically untenable. To over- come the impasse, investigators in 1930 put forward the “Resonance” theory, in which the hydrogen atom might belong alternatively to each of the structures involved, with consequent lowering of the potential energy, and more stability. How far can we then determine the forces acting in such a situation? The lecturer pointed out that the X-ray method of investiga-tion of this problem cannot give a complete result-the exact position of the hydrogen atom cannot be determined.In the 180 case of solids X-ray work is able to find out the distance between the atom planes, using the formula: nA = 2d sin 9 the intensities of the reflected beams giving the position of the atoms. A comparison between the hydrocarbons and compounds containing the associating OH group showed strongly directed bonds in the latter case, and a decrease in the minimum approach distances. This evidence was well brought forward by excellent diagrammatic slides, which showed the differences between hydrocarbons and hydroxylic compounds, The final part of the lecture was concerned with the mechanism involved. It is necessary to invoke special resonance forces, and to study the results spectroscopically.Normally when hydrogen was replaced by deuterium the minimum potential energy was decreased, but with the shorter types of hydrogen linkage this effect was reversed and an expansion took place. The work of Ubbelohde and Robertson was briefly described and the relation- ship between experimental evidence and theoretical requirements was stressed, the conclusion being reached that, in the shorter type of hydrogen bond (c. 2-5 A), special resonance forces are necessary. Members of the Section visited the works of Messrs. Kelvin, Bottomley and Baird, on 24th February. They were shown the manufacture of various types of compass, both nautical and aeronautical. Other instruments shown were rods for taking soundings of sea depths, shadowless lamps for surgical operations and mercury vapour lamps.Professor Cumming expressed the thanks of the members to the directors for their courtesy in granting permission for the visit and to the staff for their patience in explaining the various points of interest. On and March members of the Section were present-by invitation-at a meeting of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Dr. J. V. Hopper, Chairman of the latter, gave an address on ‘‘The Correlation of Science with Social and Economic Problems ” Dr. Hopper drew attention to the extent to which science was being applied in the preparations for war both in this country and 181 in those abroad. This wilful misapplication of scientific achieve- ment had brought about unjustifiable condemnation of science by many ill-informed critics.These critics seemed to forget that science not only added to the comforts of life, but also to its complexity, and that only when it was used for wrong ends was it no longer concerned with man’s welfare, but with war and the destruction of mankind. Attention was drawn to the formation, by the International Council of Scientific Unions, of a Committee on Science and its Social Relations, out of which it was hoped that some guidance might be gained as to how science could assist with the removal of difficulties in International relationships. Mention was also made of the formation of a Division within the British Association to study similar problems.The view was expressed that while it was acknowledged that industry required the best scientific brains, too often was the administrative side closed to scientists. The plea was then made that administrative posts should be more widely open to scientific workers who showed their capacity for such work, so that in times of national emergency the whole resources of science could be readily available. Further, workers in scientific fields should not feel that their usefulness to the community only became apparent in war time; they should know that their value was also appreciated in peace time. The lecturer suggested that while Universities and Colleges probably produced excellent experimentalists, it might be wise if they could also produce others who could form a link between science and the public, and be capable of taking their place on the administrative side.Such an individual would not only be competent to discuss affairs in his own limited sphere, but might also do so in allied fields, including those of social relationships and ethical standards. Dr. Hopper touched on the publication of original papers and abstracts and the question of expense involved, pointing out that here again there was need for co-operation and a large measure of goodwill among the chemical organisations, in order to ensure the best use of the funds available. Quotations were given from statements by prominent scientists, such as Professors Laski, Bartlett, Le Gros Clark, Sir Daniel Hall and Dr.Joseph Needham, directed towards the question of the social relations of science and, in each case, they made much of the fact that “the man of science is also a citizen.” 182 The lecturer concluded with a plea for the scientist to take a more prominent part in civic affairs and in the general world of affairs, so that he might become better known and more publicity be given to his profession. Dr. Hopper maintained that if there was a lack of proper recognition of the scientist by the com- munity, this was often due to his own narrowness of outlook. A discussion followed. On 10th March the Section held a most successful social function, in the form of a “Coming of Age” Supper and Dance, in the “Rhul,” Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow.The supper was presided over by the Chairman of the Section, Professor W. M. Cumming, who was supported by Mr. J. Macleod, the first Chairman of the Section; Mr. T. Cockburn, the City Analyst, one of the original Joint Secretaries, Professor F. J. Wilson and Dr. P. F. Gordon, past Chairmen; Professor T. S. Patterson, representing the Chemical Society; Dr. I. Vance Hopper, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry; and Mr. R. T. Thomson, the oldest Fellow in the Section. Professor Cumming described how the Section was first called together in February, 1918. In that year, the Council of the Institute had decided to allow certain Honours graduates in chemistry to become Associates without passing the examina- tions of the Institute.This move had caused heated discussion among existing members throughout the country, who saw in it a possible infringement of the privileges which they themselves had gained only by passing the examinations of the Institute. They also feared that the new members might become so numerous that they could virtually control the policy of the Institute. It was with a view to restraining the Council’s action that a meeting of members resident in Scotland was called for 23rd February, 1918, out of which emerged the present Local Section. The membership at that time was about roo, but this had now grown to over 350. The Section had always been an active one and had done its part in helping to guide the Institute’s general policy.It was also responsible for the inauguration, in 1923, and the continuance for several years, of an extensive series of scientific articles in the daily Press. The Chairman then made reference to the coincidence that at the present time the Council was again attempting to extend the scope of the Institute, but it was now asking for theconsent of 183 members to an application for a Supplemental Charter. He said that if such a Charter were obtained, the Institute would become the main registering body for analytical and works’ chemists and that such a register would be of inestimable value to Government in the event of war, when the services of chemists would be of paramount importance.A telegram of congratulation and good wishes from the President and the Registrar was read. Messages were received from them and from the Chairman of the Aberdeen Section and the Chairman of the Edinburgh Section, expressing regret that they were unable to be present. During two intervals in the dancing, Mr. J. M. Haddow gave most enjoyable and interesting displays of conjuring. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 13th February in the Chemistry Theatre of the University of Leeds,- Dr. H. Burtin in the Chair. Dr. E. B. Maxted, of the University of Bristol, gave a lecture on 66 The Poisoning of Catalysts,” of which he has kindly supplied the following summary:- The lecture dealt principally with recent developments in the quantitative side of catalyst poisoning.Two factors are of primary importance in determining toxicity, namely , adsorbed life and molecular coverage. In discussing the latter factor, instances were given of the variation of the toxicity with the molecular size of the inhibitant with special reference to the so-called anchor effect, by virtue of which a residual and normally non-toxic chain or other stru’cture may-by its attachment to the catalytic surface by a poisonous element and the consequent retention of the molecule as a whole in a preferential position for adsorption-act as if it were itself toxic. The adsorbed life of an inhibitant is intimately connected with its distribution between the adsorbed phase, on the one hand, and the free liquid or gas phase, on the other.This partition has been followed in a number of cases under varying conditions; and by combining the distribution graphs with those expressing, in the ordinary way, the variation of the activity of a catalyst with the total poison content of a given system, it is possible to obtain true poisoning graphs in which the activity of the catalyst is plotted against the concentration of the poison actually adsorbed 184 on the catalytic surface, the adsorbed life factor being thus eliminated. Some implications of the above results were considered. From the form of the true toxicity graphs, evidence can be derived for the existence of more than one range of catalysing or adsorbing elements, the lattice elements being apparently mutually equiva- lent within each range. On the basis of the increase in the toxicity with the molecular size, it is, further, possible to employ catalyst poisohs of known dimensions as measuring rods for the determination of the distance apart of catalytically active surface elements with special reference to the identity or otherwise of this distance with that separating the normal lattice elements of the catalyst. The subject has of course a fundamental bearing on the existence of so-called active points.The results obtained show that the distance between, for instance, catalytically active points in a platinum surface is the normal lattice distance between the surface elements. Consequently it seems probable that all the surface elements of a metal such as platinum are capable of acting catalytically .A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University on 28th February. Professor F. Challenger presided at the first part of the proceedings, when Mr. K. MacLennan, of the British Cod Liver Oil Producers (Hull) Ltd., showed three films entitled "The Harvest of the Seven Seas ''i "Animal Nutrition- Pigs "; and '' Animal Nutrition-Poultry." The first of these illustrated the processing of cod liver oil, from the initial rendering of the livers on board the North Sea trawlers to the final bottling of the high-grade tasteless product, while the others dealt with comparative experiments on the rearing of pigs and poultry with and without cod liver oil in a controlled diet.Mr. MacLennan supplemented the films with a lecture-commentary, of which the following is a summary. Until some four or five years ago British production of a grade of cod liver oil suitable for food or medicinal purposes was negligible. Livers were brought ashore from distant fishings in a high state of putrefaction and yielded oil fit only for such purposes as leather dressing and other industrial uses. 185 The world-wide realisation of the nutritional value of cod liver oil and the circumstances created by the Ottawa agreements made it possible to take steps to conserve the high potential nutrient and vitamin values of this product. The change has been brought by what seems on the face of it, to be a simple expedient.The modern practice is to steam render the oil from the livers as soon as the fish are caught. The resulting oil, given reasonable care, keeps perfectly and is a very different product indeed from the old type of cod liver oil with which we were all familiar in our childhood. The best modern cod liver oil made in this way has an attractive oyster-like flavour and is entirely free from any fishiness, harsh taste or objectionable character of any sort. To-day, the production of high grade cod liver oil in this country is greater than in any other and, in fact, approximates to half of the world’s total production. The port of Hull has pioneered the work and, in the course of its development, has accumulated much reliable statistical and other evidence, from which the following data are presented.Total United Kingdom production of cod liver oil estimated for the year 31st May, 1938, to 31st May, 1939:- Tons Hull .. .. .. .. 10,000 Grimsby . . .. .. .. 4,000 Aberdeen and Fleetwood .. 2,000 Most of this production is of the modern type, or could easily be made into the modern type should this be considered desirable. In terms of vitamin values this means that there are 400,000 extra International Units of Vitamin A and 40,000 extra Inter- national Units of Vitamin D available per head of the population per annum from cod liver oil. Taking margins of uncertainty into account it is reasonable to assume that the new supply of Vitamins A and D equals in vitamin value all the dairy produce, milk, butter and cheese consumed in this country in the course of a year. The actual vitamin concentration per gramme of oil varies within wide limits-from 5,000 to 500 International Units of Vitamin A and from 500 to 50 International Units of Vitamin D -but even low vitamin value oils, when taken in the minimum amounts necessary for satisfactory nutrition, will provide many times the vitamin values required and will rapidly build up satisfactory reserves in the liver.186 Cod liver oil is a fat of the “metabolic” type. That is to say, it is of the same general nature as those fats in the animal body which are intimately associated with active living processes. This similarity is best seen in the high molecular weight and the high degree of unsaturation which characterises both cod liver oil and the metabolic fats of the body.These fats, from their constitution, are outstandingly different from the comparatively inert storage or depot fats which are generally of lower molecular weight and much more completely saturated. All critical laboratory and field work with experimental animals, rats, chickens, pigs, etc., clearly indicates that more cod liver oil is required to produce satisfactory animals than is required to prevent or cure symptoms of Vitamin A or D deficiency. Usually the amount of oil necessary carries from 10 to 50 times the vitamin values required.The general run of findings is that the minimum amount of cod liver oil to give full well-being on well balanced diets that are low in oil content is of the order of I per cent. With regard to other liver oils, the halibut, the sea perches, the whale and the shark family provide additional supplies either of Vitamin A or Vitamin D or both. From the quantita- tive point of view the amount of Vitamin A available or utilised from whale liver presents the possibilities of a substantial contribu- tion to human and animal needs, and the same is true of synthetic Vitamin D, provided that certain of the doubts as to its actual efficiency in practice can be removed. The other sources are some- what uncertain. The amount of halibut oil available from the world’s fisheries shows every symptom of decline with the progres- sive exhaustion of these fisheries.Halibut fishing to-day hardly figures at all in British fisheries and most of the other world fisheries are rapidly declining in the totals of fish landed. The position as regards the fishes of the sea perch family is almost equally obscure, but again present evidence would indicate a position comparable with that of halibut. A difficulty which has not yet been effectively overcome with most alternative sources of supply is the technical one of pro-ducing a really good quality oil from these livers. Fresh cod livers, in prime condition, contain the astonishing figure of 80 per cent. of oil while even “dry” livers seldom contain less than 40 per cent.This means, in practice, that effective steps can be taken by simple steam rendering to produce the oil as soon as the fish are caught, after which the oil keeps well. 187 Other fish and animal livers of interest as potential sources of supply have very much smaller percentages of oil, varying from about 3 per cent. to about 15 per cent. At these figures for oil content no oil separates or can be recovered by simple steam rendering. The livers must be taken ashore and subjected, often after prolonged storage, to complicated digestion and solvent processes before the oil can be obtained. Fish and other livers are notoriously difficult to preserve and the oil produced from them finally by this method is of very inferior quality as a food oil and is, in fact, more of the type of oil that used to be produced from cod livers before the industry developed its present methods, by which both the food and the vitamin values of the original oil are conserved in as nearly as possible the same condition as they exist in the liver of the living fish.After a short interval the chair was taken by Dr. H. Burton, and Mr. L. Anderson, a former student of the University and now a director of Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., lectured on “The Manufacture of Fine Chemicals.” The lecturer paid a tribute to the prescience of the late Pro-fessor J. B. Cohen in directing the attention of men like Dakin, Dudley and Raistrick to biochemistry, and pointed out that a surprisingly large proportion of the discoveries made in this field during the last 20 years had been due to British chemists.The fundamental progress made had resulted in developments in the fine chemical industry in this country which were still imperfectly realised. At the outbreak of the last war we had no fine chemical industry, but the position was very hfferent to-day. At a rough estimate the industry represented I(T~o,ooo,ooo of capital, and some ~300,000were spent annually on research. There were now no chemicals of an essential nature which were not either being made here or which could not be quickly made available should necessity arise. The British chemist need feel no sense of inferiority in comparison with his colleagues on the continent or in any other part of the world.It was a good thing for the young chemist to realise this and it would be a good thing if it were better known in other branches of science and to the layman. Mr. Anderson then proceeded to illustrate by lantern slides and specimens the various processes carried out in Messrs. Boots’ new factory at Beeston. The manufacture of potassium per- manganate was originally undertaken to provide supplies of the necessary oxidant in the production of saccharin, but the plant was now supplying the requirements of the whole country. Details were given of the manufacture of chloroform (from acetone), magnesium carbonate, bismuth salts, saccharin, aspirin, salvarsan and sulphanilarnide. The precautions neces- sary to eliminate fire risk in the recrystallisation of aspirin and the necessity of avoiding contact with all heavy metals except silver in the salvarsan process were of special interest.The process for the extraction of insulin was dealt with at some length. The pancreas, frozen immediately on removal from the carcase, is minced and extracted with alcohol. The solution is made alkaline to precipitate proteins and then acidified. The alcohol is then distilled off at a low temperature in vacuo out of contact with metal; lipoids and fat can be skimmed off the resulting aqueous solution, from which crude insulin is precipitated with salt. The starting-point for vitamin D preparations is distillers’ yeast, from which is obtained crystalline ergosterol, which is irradiated in alcohol-ether solution in an atmosphere of nitrogen. As a further example of up-to-date pharmacy, a slide was shown of a Russell viper being induced to deliver a supply of venom as a specific for blood-clotting.The adaptability of the Beeston building for the preparation of the ordinary pharmaceutical products and the special facilities for sterilising, filling, and packing were amply illustrated, and it was interesting to see incidentally that the problem of A.R.P. had been tackled in a thoroughgoing manner. Among other points raised in the ensuing discussion was the possibility of the presence of alkaloids in liver extract. A case of alkaloidal poisoning occurring locally had been traced to belladonna in the liver extract which was being administered for pernicious anaemia.No such instance had come within the lecturer’s experience, and the only suggestion was that the beast providing the liver might have chanced to feed on some belladonna- producing herb. On 6th March, Dr. H. Burton again presided at a meeting of the Section held at the University of Leeds. It was announced that Professor F. M. Rowe had been elected Chairman of the Section for the session 1939-40. 189 Professor Rowe then gave a lecture on “The Chemistry of Commercial Anthraquinoid Dyestuffs.” On 12th March, 1838, was born William Henry Perkin, who was destined to discover the first dye of commercial value made by chemical methods and to found the synthetic dyestuffs industry. He left school at 158 to study chemistry at the Royal College of Chemistry under Professor A.W. Hofmann, and when 17 had completed not only the whole course of theoretical and practical instruction, but also his first research, which involved the first preparations of anthraquinone and halogenoanthracenes, and was thus of the greatest importance to his subsequent career and to the dyestuffs industry. Fully occupied as he was during the day at the Royal College of Chemistry, this did not satisfy his craving for research, so when only 16 he fitted up a room in his home as a laboratory in which he worked in the evenings and during vacations. It was in this laboratory at his home that Perkin prepared and investigated the first azo compound, a-aminoazonaphthalene, and followed this in the Easter vacation of 1856, at the age of 18, by oxidising crude aniline with bichromate, so obtaining the first artificial dye, Mauve.The maximum yield of Mauve by Perkin’s method was less than 5 per cent. of the theoretical. In spite of his complete ignorance of dyes and their application to textiles, and in the face of Hofmann’s annoyance and discouragement ,Perkin left the Royal College of Chemistry in order to manufacture Mauve in this minute yield, because he recognised its commercial possibilities. As all other sources failed to produce capital, he persuaded his father to risk his life-savings in building a factory, pioneered the manufacture of Mauve from crude benzene through the stages of nitrobenzene and aniline, discovered methods by which this novel basic dye could be successfully applied to textiles, and persuaded dyers and printers to use Mauve in spite of their conservatism- all this between the ages of 18 and 21.The success of Mauve led to the discovery of other dyes from aniline and to the manufacture of dyes by other firms. Perkin met this competition by himself discovering and manufacturing a number of useful azine and triphenylmethane dyes, as well as devising processes for the manufacture of lakes for use in wall- papers, printing inks, etc. Perkin’s final technical achievement in developing the 190 synthetic dyestuffs industry followed the proof by Graebe and Liebermann in 1868 that Alizarin is a derivative of anthracene and their discovery of the first method for producing a natural vegetable colouring matter chemically, although their method of obtaining artificial Alizarin was only of theoretical interest as it involved the use of dibromoant hraquinone.Perkin immediately experimented with the materials that he had kept from his first research, succeeded in sulphonating anthraquinone with boiling sulphuric acid, and, after fusing the water-soluble product with caustic alkali, isolated a yellow substance which dyed mordanted cloth like Madder. Experts were favourably impressed by these patterns, so Perkin patented the process on 26th June, 1869, but Caro, Graebe and Liebermann had patented the identical process on the preceding day.An amicable arrangement was negotiated, however, by which Perkin had the monopoly of the British market for a few years, and in November, 1869, Perkin discovered a second process that was of the greatest value in establishing the manufacture rapidly in this country. This consisted in con-verting anthracene into ms-dichloroanthracene which is readily disulphonated by ordinary sulphuric acid and, on continuing to heat the acid mixture, anthraquinone disulphonic acid is formed and that was fused with caustic alkali. Although anthracene was not a commercial product at that time, before the end of 1869 Perkin was convinced that his artificial product could compete with the established natural Alizarin.He pioneered the commercial isolation of anthracene from coal-tar, including the process for separating carbazole from it, devised the anthraquinone method for the quantitative analysis of commercial anthracene, manufactured anthraquinone and ms-dichloroanthracene, and converted both these products into Artificial Alizarin on the large scale. Sulphonation of anthra- quinone with ordinary sulphuric acid is difficult and, as Nordhausen acid was then the only fuming sulphuric acid, the importation and transport of which was expensive and difficult, he operated mainly the simpler ms-dichloroanthracene process. It was at first thought that these early commercial products were more or less pure Alizarin, but they were not solely I : 2-dihydroxyanthraquinone,so they are properly described as Artificial Alizarin.The product of the caustic alkali fusion of sulphonated anthraquinone was originally a mixture of Alizarin and Anthra- purpurin (I : z : 7-trihydroxyanthraquinone), whilst the product 191 of the ms-dichloroanthracene process was mainly Anthrapurpurin containing some Alizarin and Flavopurpurin (I : 2 :6-tri-hydroxyanthraquinone). Actually, the presence of these trihydroxyanthraquinones in the Artificial Alizarin was an advantage as they give more scarlet-reds in comparison with the bluish-reds of pure Alizarin with an aluminium mordant. It was not until later that it was realised that in the alkali fusion of anthraquinone sulphonic acids Alizarin is formed from the P-monosulphonic acid, whereas disulphonic acids yield trihydroxyanthraquinones. Perkin’s first invoice for Artificial Alizarin paste was dated 4th October, 1869, and he made I ton that year, 40 tons in 1870, 220 tons in 1871, by which time a little was also being made in France and Germany; he made 300 tons in 1872,435 tons in 1873, and then Continental competition became serious.Instead of undertaking the complete revision and enlargement of the plant that were then necessary if the factory was to continue successfully, Perkin seized the opportunity to sell it. His share of the proceeds was LIOO,OOO,and that enabled him to devote the rest of his life entirely to purely scientific research in quiet retirement. The lecturer then traced the development of commercial anthraquinonoid dyes from the early examples of mordant dyes which followed those manufactured by Perkin, through the acid chrome mordant, acid, and vat dyes to the modern examples elaborated on account of the advent of cellulose acetate rayon, and outlined their chemistry with the aid of numerous lantern slides.Liverpool and North-Western.-On 9th February, the Section met at Reece’s Restaurant, under the Chairmanship of Mr. R. R. Butler, to hear a lecture entitled 6r Quest for Colour ” by Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Dyestuffs Group), of which the following is a summary:- Colour is such a part of life that the difficulty is to know where to begin. It is a science; it is, sharing with form, a large part of art.It is, to tell the truth, three-quarters of beauty, ‘and a large part of every language. Colour is not merely a human possession; it is over a wide range the basis of the sex life of insects and birds by acting as 192 an auxiliary appeal in courtship. An excellent example of this is the Bird of Paradise. The male has highly decorative, brilliantly coloured plumage; that of the female is simple and relatively plain. Moreover, for some animals it is the basis of preservation, in that they assume the colour best adopted to match their surroundings, Man’s love of colour is independent of age or period; richness or poverty; and knows no frontier. Man has steadily and stead- fastly sought to introduce it into his life; into his garments; his furniture; his religion; he has used it for his banners and dress in warfare; his ceremonials and pageantry in peace.It has been said that this country of ours has a special talent for pageantry. So it seems that colour must have a special signifi- cance for this country, because, if you remember, the early Britons dyed themselves blue with woad. Dr. Cronshaw referred to the Perkin Centenary Lecture recently delivered by Dr. Levinstein, and from that point traced the amazing history of the industry from Sir William Perkin’s original discovery of mauve in 1856, and told how the discovery created, as by the waving of a fairy wand, the new industry of synthetic dyestuffs; and how the natural colouring matters were displaced by the new products.He went on to describe the effect of these discoveries on the dyeing and finishing industry. In spite of the beauty and range of the new synthetic dyes, for some years the two products continued to be used side by side. The dyeing trade appears to have been tolerantly broad-minded and received the new colours well. The first of the natural products to fall to the synthetic attack was the huge madder trade and-in 1878-9,500 tons of Alizarin were produced, and in the United Kingdom the imports of the natural product had dropped in ten years from 15,000 tons per annum to 1,600 tons, and the price had fallen from 45s. to 18s. per cwt. In point of fact, the production of coal-tar colours had at that date reached a value well over ~3,000,000sterling, of which Germany had Ez,ooo,ooo and the United Kingdom slightly less than half a million.Dr. Cronshaw mentioned the decline of the British coal-tar dyestuffs industry, and said that from 1879 onwards the industry fell into an anaemic state. Up to that date there existed no products which were capable of dyeing cotton without the addition of some mordanting 193 material, which enabled the colour to bite into the cotton. But then there came a discovery, made in Germany, which laid bare the chemical principles which enabled chemists for the first time to produce dyestuffs which had a natural appetite for the cotton fibre, and which could, therefore, be dyed without aid from any secondary substance.By 1890, the number of these dyes had increased till there was a range of cotton dyes capable of producing every colour of the spectrum. No natural colouring matter could now stand up against the onslaught, and with the one exception of natural indigo, synthetic dyes were the only ones employed for cotton dyeing. There was not at first the same success with wool, the dyeing of which depended largely on the “azo tool.’’ Gradually, however, as chemists probed with greater understanding into the science of synthetic dyestuffs, the colours available for wool increased. There still remained another coveted citadel,-natural indigo. Researches in Germany were going on patiently and systematically with a view to indigo being one day brought within the power of the synthetic chemist.It was, however, not until 1890 that the commercial production of indigo began to knock upon the door of reality. The yields obtainable were so low that the process remained an uneconomic one, but the inventor, by a dramatic but nevertheless slight change in the composition of one of the raw materials, was able enormously to improve the yield of indigo. This made the process a com-mercial possibility, the result of which was the addition of an annual turnover of ~3,000,000to the dyestuffs industry. Having overcome and ousted the natural colouring matters the synthetic products began to compete among themselves, the struggle centreing around the processes of “finishing.” In these processes, cotton and wool differed very much.Moreover, there were the varying needs of the customer to be considered, such as fastness to perspiration, light, and washing. To this complexity the industry accommodated itself, and raked organic chemistry from end to end in the endeavour to cater for such prodigious needs. Dr. Cronshaw gave some examples to emphasise his point. A naval overcoat had to undergo drastic treatment for almost ten hours, so that it should be proof against wind and rain. The wool had to be dyed, before it was woven or milled, with a dyestuff which would suffer little or no change in the hot soap 194 and soda solution. With woollen hosiery, the important require- ments were that the sock should retain its knitted texture with its unfelted appearance and soft feel unimpaired.The dyeing processes which gave the fastness shades were usually lengthy, involving risks of shrinking and felting. Carpets provided a capital example. Usually it was the shade of the outside of the thread which mattered, but as the beauty of a carpet depended on the appearance of the cut pile, it was the aspect of the cross section that was important, and the dyestuffs were particularly selected for the richness of the shades they gave when examined in this way. The greatest complexity of all was the calico printer, who was himself dyer, printer, and artist-a dyer with his hands tied behind his back, because his dyeing had to be done under very rigorous and narrowly confined conditions.He required not only dyestuffs to dye with, but the power to strip them off when he chose as part of his artistic plan. He demanded a very wide selection of colours, some of which he only used in very small quantities. A further complication for the dyer, calico printer, and dye- stuffs manufacturer arose with the discovery and development of viscose silk, which added another fibre to be dyed either by itself or in combination with other fibres of textiles. Then came the problem of acetate silk. There was no manner of doubt whatever that during its early history, the use of acetate silk was sadly impeded by the difficulty of dyeing it with the dye- stuffs in general use. Just as we could not, generally speaking, dye cotton with acid wool dyes, nor wool with cotton dyes, completely satisfactory results could only be anticipated when a range of dyes was developed especially suitable for this new fibre.Cellulose acetate rayon was the result of research in this country after the war, and it was appropriate that the valuable and fundamental discoveries in dyestuffs for this material had been made in England. The needs of the dyer and finisher, whether in cotton, wool, silk or rayons, were enormously complicated when to them were added the great and constantly changing needs of the ultimate user. Carpets, for example, were part of the decoration of a room, therefore beauty of shade and pattern was essential. They were exposed to light for years, and dyes must have great fastness.On the other hand, a material, delicate and fragile, intended for 195 making up into ladies’ evening gowns, whose shape and colour is largely dictated by fashion, had but a short existence and still relied for its attractiveness upon beauty of shade; and since it rarely saw the daylight, fastness to light mattered not at all, but fastness to perspiration did. Shirts, stockings, coloured hand- kerchiefs, etc., required fastness to washing, ironing and hot- pressing. Nor was the story yet finished. There were other materials to be dyed and coloured ; silk, paper, leather, rubber, printing-inks, paint, wall-papers, sweets, soap, polishes. Each called for some special requirements. No wonder then that the dyestuffs business was so complicated, so multifarious, wholesale and retail, specific and general.The industry could only have triumphed as it had done because it had kept a closer alliance with science than any other. It had remained happily married to the science of organic chem- istry, and especially to the carbon atom, which was the most neighbourly thing in science. The first dyes discovered varied enormously in shade-mauve, brown, yellow, green and blues. Somewhat of a hotch-potch. Discovery was still empirical, and a long and laborious research was just as likely to result in the discovery of a shade already suitably provided for as one for which there was no outstanding need. The chemist needed some compass to guide him in his search. This need was satisfied by a chemist, again a German, who showed that increasing the molecular weight deepened the colour df the dyestuffs produced; it thus became possible to travel along the spectrum from greenish-yellow, yellow, through orange to red to purple and blue.Dyestuffs architecture owes a greater debt to an Englishman, Professor H. E. Armstrong, who showed that to be a dyestuff at all, substances had to have a certain well-defined interior plan. Much more was known to-day about the theory of colour and dyeing, and it was completely accepted by chemists that colour resulted in a substance in which there was a regular series of un-satisfied appetites in the internal structure of the substance. Opening the discussion, the Chairman enquired whether there were important developments in the use of dyestuffs for colouring Portland Cement.Dr. Cronshaw replied that mineral pigments of the type of ferric oxide or chromium sesquioxide were still best suited for 196 this purpose. Since surface was here the important factor, chemical reactions at the surface frequently resulted in patch- iness. From the point of view of stability, Monastral Fast Blue BS was good, but offered only the one shade. Mr. E. T. Williams was at variance with the lecturer’s views on the early retirement from the industry of such pioneers as Perkin and Caro, which had delayed progress in development, and considered that such action was justified by the desires of the individual.Mr. G. Brearley asked whether Dr. Cronshaw was still quite satisfied with the quinonoid theory of colour : had X-ray examina- tion resulted in any important new relationship between structure and colour ? The lecturer said that the production of new colours was still largely empirical, and that the explanation of the colour usually followed its discovery. He still felt that un-saturation was largely responsible. In answer to a question from Mr. G. H. Turner, with regard to the possibility of forecasting the suitability of a colour for use in food from its constitution, he said that it was still a case of trial and error. In a further reference to Monastral Fast Blue BS he mentioned its excellence for use in three-colour printing.In connection with the fading of colours used in wallpaper printing referred to by Mr. P. N. Williams, Dr. Cronshaw pointed out that although fast colours were available they were not always used by the manufacturers. Fastness and brightness did not go toget her. Mr. C. W. Judd, after drawing attent?on to the magnificent work of Dr. Cronshaw in the development of the dyestuff in- dustry, enquired whether it was possible to curtail the range of colours by combining the best properties in a limited number of standard colours, but the lecturer pointed out that the present tendency was in exactly the opposite direction, i.e., the produc-tion of a specialised colour for a particular case. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on 15th February,-Dr.E. B. Hughes in the Chair- when Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S., Quain Professor of Physics, University of London, gave a lecture on “The Viscosity of Liquids,” of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract:- A very wide class of liquids obeys the law first enunciated 197 by Newton, namely, that the viscous force across the surface is proportional to the velocity gradient at that surface. Other liquids, such as gelatin solutions, copal varnish and a I per cent. solution of mercury sulphosalicylic acid, have, for higher rates of shear, viscous forces which are smaller than those predicted by this proportionality.What follows here is confined to Newtonian liquids. Viscosity is a constant which it is difficult to measure accurately-in fact it is doubtful if any absolute measurements of viscosity have errors less than 8 per cent. The third and the fifth edition of Landolt-Bornstein’s tables record, for many liquids at higher temperatures, viscosities differing by 4 per cent., although the discrepant values are founded on the same experi- mental results. This shows the necessity for careful considera- tion of the capillary method, which is usually adopted for accurate viscosity measurements. A kinetic energy correction must be applied even when the exit of the capillary is submerged. The accurate measurement of the radius of the tube, which is inevitably not uniform, offers great difficulties.The question of slip at the surface has been much discussed, but it is now clear that, even with mercury, there is no slip. A method of measuring viscosities which offers great ad- vantages for many liquids is that in which the liquid is placed in a sphere, which is suspended and set into torsional oscillations about a vertical axis. The damping of the oscillations can be made to give the viscosity of the liquid, although the calculations are somewhat complicated. The method has been worked out in detail in the Physics Laboratory at University College, where it has been particularly applied to measuring the viscosity of molten metals. The theory of the viscosity of liquids is a troublesome subject, as the theory of the liquid state in general is in an unsatisfactory condition.Simple considerations, however, give a fonnula for the viscosity at the melting point of simple liquids which have a close packed structure in the solid state. This formula gives very satisfactory results for molten metals of the kind indicated and for, e.g., liquid argon. The formula qv+ = BeCivT for which the theoretical basis is not so satisfactory, gives to a 198 very high degree of accuracy the variation of viscosity of a very large class of liquids with temperature. In these formulae, 7 is the coefficient of viscosity, A is the atomic weight, T is the melting-point temperature on the absolute scale, V is the atomic volume, v is the specific volume, and B and c are constants which have to be determined for each liquid.The constant c is con-nected with van der Waals’ a. The formula for the temperature variation leads to certain interesting generalities concerning viscosity and chemical constitution. At the conclusion the lecturer replied to the questions which were raised by members in the audience. By courtesy of The Times, small parties of members of the Section were permitted to visit the offices of the newspaper during four consecutive evenings in February. The editorial planning of the newspaper was described and the practical processes of printing the first edition of the following day were viewed by a tour through the compositors’ rooms, type foundry, printing press and despatch departments.Judging from the large number of applications received, this visit aroused a great amount of interest, and it is hoped that a future visit will be arranged for the benefit of those members who were dis-appointed on this occasion. On the 8th March a party of members attended the Labora- tones of the British Launderers’ Research Association, by invitation of the Director of Research. The Laboratories are equipped for the examination of waters, soaps, detergents and textile failure for the benefit of members of the Association, and the staff is engaged upon researches dealing with the physico-chemical properties of lathers, the charge upon dirt particles, surface tension, wettability, bacterio- logical problems of the industry, etc.Attached to the Labora- tories is a laundry operating on a commercial basis, in which practical tests upon the findings of the Laboratories are made. The visit ended pleasurably with tea, which was provided in the Library. Manchester and District.-A meeting of the Section was held on 12th January,-Dr. G. D. Elsdon in the Chair. 199 Mr. W. I. Campbell, of Forest Products Research Laboratories, read a paper on 66Chemical Factors Governing the Use of Wood,” of which the following is a short abstract:- The application of science to the many and varied problems connected with the utilisation of wood is a comparatively recent development. Following an example set by the United States and other countries, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research entered the field of Forest Products Research in 1925, and the Laboratories at Princes Risborough were first occupied in 1927.Although Great Britain does not rank as a great timber-producing country she is nevertheless one of the world’s largest customers for timber. There is a constant demand for specific information on such points as accurate identification, methods of seasoning and preserving wood against organic decay and corrosion by chemical agencies, data concerning mechanical strength, natural durability, working qualities, the cause of blemishes and defects, and so forth. The principal function of the Forest Products Research Laboratory is to obtain, publish and supply information of this type.Having dealt with certain general aspects of the work of the Laboratory, the lecturer proceeded to discuss in general terms some of the problems with which the wood chemist is called upon to deal. The chemical components of wood fall into two broad classes: (I) those present in the walls of the cells and (2) those present in cell cavities. The major components, cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses belong to the former class, and minor components such as resins, tannins and coloring matters to the second. Although all woods contain the same major components the proportions in which these occur vary considerably from species to species and even from place to place within the trunks of single species. Few minor components are common to all woods, and their percentage amounts vary enor- mously from species to species as well as from sample to sample of the same species.Variations in chemical composition are reflected in the properties of wood. For instance differences in colour, taste and smell are attributable to variations in the composition or concentration of minor constituents. Certain minor wood components are toxic to wood-decaying organisms. The resistance, for instance, of Cypress pine (Callitris sp.) to white ants has been shown to be due to the toxicity of 200 the I-citronellic acid [(CH,),C : CH.CH,.CH,.CHCH,.CH,.COOH] which this wood contains. Similarly the very great durability of Western red cedar (Thuya PZicatn) has been shown to be due to the presence among its minor components of a phenolic body (C,,H,,O,) which is 10 times more toxic to certain fungi than is coal tar creosote.Some minor components are toxic to man and can give rise to various forms of dermatitis. By no means all minor components are toxic, however. Some, in fact, con- stitute the chief source of nourishment for invading organisms. For example, the starch in wood attracts the Lyctus powder post beetles. The chemical factors governing the selection of woods for various types of containers were next discussed, as was also the use of wood separator’s in storage batteries. In a section dealingwith contact of woodwith metals, attention was directed to the corrosive effect of certain woods on iron, lead and aluminium, and in each case the means of avoiding such corrosion were discussed.The lecture concluded with a few general remarks on the stains commonly met with in timber and timber products. The subject matter of the lecture was supplemented by a number of slides and exhibits. Dr. G. D. Elsdon, Miss M. Corner, Dr. H. Hunter, Mr. J. H. Lester and Dr. A. Coulthard took part in the discussion. On 9th February, a meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Institute of Petroleum was held at the Engineers Club. Mr. C. I. Kelly, before a large audience, gave an address entitled ‘L What Happens to Motor Oil, and What Happens to the Engines?” The lecture is being published serially in the Petroleum Times.New Zealand.-The 12th Annual Meeting of the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great. Britain and Ireland, was held at Massey College, Palmerston North, on 26th January. Mr. R. L. Andrew, Acting Dominion Analyst, presided and there was a very good attendance. 201 The message from the President, Sir Robert H. Pickard, was read and received with applause :-“The President, Officers, Council and all at headquarters send greetings, hearty con-gratulations and best wishes to the New Zealand Section on the completion of ten years’ useful activity in the interests of science and the profession of Chemistry.” It was agreed that the Section should collaborate with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry about the action to be taken in connexion with the New Zealand Centennial Celebrations. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:- Chairman, Mr.R. L. Andrew; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. P. White ; Auditor, Mr. T. A. Glendinning. Committee : Auckland, Mr. F. H. V. Fielder; Christchurch, Mr. T. H. McCombs, M.P. ; Dunedin, Dr. Roy Gardner; Nelson, Dr. H. 0.Askew; Palmerston North, Dr. F. H. McDowall; Wellington, Dr. G. M. Moir, Miss A. E. Lorimer, and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart. The Chairman chose as his subject for the annual address:- ‘‘The Level of Chemical Knowledge in the Community,” of which the following is a brief summary- The assessing of the knowledge of the community about any particular subject must, from the nature of things, be more or less indefinite.In this case, however, evidence is available from which, within limits, reasonably adequate con- clusions can be drawn and that evidence is supplied by the advertising of the day. Most advertising has in view the influencing of people to buy some particular article or service. This being so, it must present the truth, or what appears to be the truth, in order to be able to make a strong appeal. Supposed chemical facts are frequently used to emphasise the appeal, and their use indicates that such action is regarded as adequate for effectively advertising the goods. It must be borne in mind that one is convinced by a mis- representation only when he thinks it is the truth and that the power to detect misrepresentation is limited by the extent of one’s knowledge.A systematic examination of advertisements should therefore yield data from which fairly reliable conclusions can be drawn as to the level of chemical knowledge of the average member of the community. If the average member of the community be judged by the 202 advertisements that appeal, his knowledge of chemistry is small indeed, and even that small knowledge is used not to enlighten but to deceive him. This elementary knowledge of chemistry simply enables the advertiser to make a more effective appeal. In order to protect and safeguard the public it was considered that for the present, at any rate, the best course is that of legal control. It was not inferred that New Zealand had done nothing in this respect to protect the public.In actual purity there is no complaint, as systematic adulteration has been reduced to small proportions, thanks largely to the operation of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act. The chief troubles nowadays are not so much the adulteration of foods and drugs, as their misuse and misleading and extravagant advertising. Advertisements regarding the commodities-soap, medicines, cosmetics and other goods, were displayed. The legislations of Canada and the United States of America were described and discussed in relation to the protection of the public. In conclusion, Mr. Andrew stated “that one of the chief aims of this Institute is to protect its members, but implicit in its code of ethics is the duty to protect the public along the paths made open to us by our special knowledge and our connexion with industry and commerce.” A very interesting discussion took place and the following resolution was passed unanimously :-“That this combined Conference of the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry call the attention of the public to the large amount of scientifically inaccurate and grossly misleading information contained in many present-day advertise- ments for foods, soaps, cosmetics, and other proprietary articles, and requests the Government to follow the lead of the Govern- ments of Canada and the United States in suppressing this type of propaganda.” The Annual Dinner was held at the Midland Hotel, Palmerston North.The pleasure of this function was greatly enhanced by the presence of several ladies. Visits were paid on the following day to the Glaxo Labora-tories (N.Z.), Ltd., Bunnythorpe, the Plant Research Station, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Dairy Research Institute, and Massey Agricultural College. South Yorkshire.-On 7th February, at Sheffield Metal- lurgical Club, the Section held a joint meeting with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association,-Dr. E. Gregory in the Chair. A paper, compiled from work done in the Spectrographical Section of the Naval Ordnance Inspection Laboratory, was read by Mr. F. G. Barker, Assistant Admiralty Chemist, of which the following has been supplied by Mr.Barker:- (‘Some Applications of the Spectrograph to the Quanti- tative Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals.” After a brief reference to the origin and early work on spectro- scopy, a short account was given of the work done in this country in connexion with the application of the modern spectrograph to metallurgical analysis. A description of a large quartz spectrograph followed, in which the construction and function of the various components were explained. An account of the work done in the Admiralty Laboratory, Sheffield, in connecxon with the development of spectrochemical methods for the quantitative analysis of steel and non-ferrous metals and alloys was then given. Methods which have been standardised in the laboratory for preparing arc spectrograms for the estimation of impurities and minor constituents were explained.The spectra of various metals were shown, in which connexion it was pointed out that although many of them contained a very large number of lines, and appeared very complex, the identification of elements from an examination of spectra does not present any great difficulty when modern instruments specially designed for this purpose are employed. In this connexion a Judd Lewis Comparator was described. A description of how quantitative determinations of small amounts of various elements are made by both the internal and the external methods of comparison was given, also an explanation of how standard tables for quantitative tests by the former method are prepared.The non-ferrous metals which are being analysed as a routine, are shown in Table No. I. Experiments made to extend the scope of spectrochemical methods to cover the quantitative determination of the chief constituents of certain alloy steels were also described. It was found that by employing spark spectra, i.e., those obtained from a high tension discharge across the electrodes, instead of arc TABLE I. IMTTTRITIES IN ALLOYS.AND MINOR CONSTITUENTS NON-FERROUS MAXIMUMAND MINIMUMLIMITSOF ESTIMATION. Bi% Sb% 43% Copper *001 -003 -005 so07 -03 -02 Copper Nickel -001 -003 .005--95/5 -007 -03 -02 Copper Nickel so01 so03--005 70130 -007 -03 -02 Monel Metal so01 -003 -005--007 -03 -02 Cu/Zn Alloys.-001 so03 -005 (2-3% Zn) -007 *03 -02 -03 Gun Metal and -002 -005 -005 so05 Phos. Bronze. -015 *04 -02 -05 Brasses -001 -003 -005 -002 *007 -03 -02 -02 -20 Lead Alloys. Qualitative Examination only. -01--60 Zinc, Tin and Nickel. Qualitative Examination only. Aluminium and Do. Aluminium Alloys. Development work in connexion with the Quantitative Analysis of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys is now proceeding. Type of Steel. Cox Cuyo Al% Carbon .. .. .. a01 -005 -005 -10 -10 -05 Nickel .. .. .. .. do. do. 1.00 do. do. do. do. do. do. do.-4.5 Ni-Cr. . . .. .. .. do. do. do. -do. do. do. do. do. do. 1.50 f.3Ni-Cr-Mo-V. .. .. . . do. do. do. do. -10 -10 do.do. do. do. 8 -70 -25 Mn-Mo .. .. *. .. do. -1.3 --01 --01 --10 --01 do. do. do. do. 1.9 1.00 -10 -40 -10 ACCURACY AT PERCENTAGEOBTAINABLE SHOWX. Si% Mn% Ni% Cr% Mo% V% Ti% Cox Cu% Al% Content .. .. .. .. *30 -80 3.50 -80 -70 -25 -10 -10 a10 *05 Accuracy . . .. .. .. &so2 f.05 &*lo &*04 fa05 &so2 f-02 206 spectra, and by the use of photoelectric methods of measure-ment instead of visual comparison for the evaluation of spectro- grams, it was possible to estimate many of the constituents of industrial alloy steels with an accuracy closely approaching that obtained by chemical analysis. The technique is based on an internal comparison method, but standard graphs instead of comparison tables are used for the evaluation of spectrograms.The graphs are prepared from photoelectric readings of standard spectrograms obtained from chemically analysed steels which cover in graduated intervals the desired range of composition. The logarithmic ratios of suitable lines of the element under examination and adjacent iron lines are plotted against the percentage of the element found by chemical analysis. Unknown steels of the same class are then analysed spectrochemically by obtaining the log ratio of similar pairs of lines and then reading from the graph the percentage of the element under estimation. The types of steel now being subjected to routine spectro- chemical analysis and the accuracy obtainable are shown in Table No. 11. The effect, on accuracy, of variations from the conditions which have been standardised for the preparation of spectro- grams was described.This covered variations in time of ex-posure, period and temperature of development, use of old developer, shape of electrodes, and the physical condition of the sample. The effect of heterogeneity in the material under examination, and steps taken to obtain results which represent “average composition” were described. It was also shown how spectrographic methods could be conveniently applied to the analysis of segregates. Examples were quoted to show the large saving in time effected by the use of spectro-chemical methods for theroutine analysis of certain materials. The lecture was illustrated by a large number of lantern slides.The complete lectwe will be published by the Iron and Steel Institute (4, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W.r), and is expected to be ready in August,-Price to Fellows and Associates of the Institute, 2s. 6d. Enquiries may also be made for advance copies, which will be ready about 12th April,-Is. od. per copy. 207 Remuneration Statistics. In November, 1938, a letter, with the appropriate card, was sent to all Fellows and Associates, who were informed that the Council desired to obtain information-anonymous, but as complete and accurate as possible-with regard to the remunera- tion received by members in the exercise of their profession. All Fellows and Associates were requested to complete the card and return it to the Registrar. No details were desired as to the name or exact occupation, prospects or conditions of employment, and it was mentioned that the card need not be signed or marked in any way which might identify the member.A cross was to be made in the appropriate section of the card in order to indicate the approximate age and total remuneration inclusive (in E per annum) of any bonus or addition, and of any appropriate sum representing free quarters or other allowances. Foreign currency was to be recorded as the sterling equivalent. A special space was provided for employers, for those in private practice, or earning more than E1,500 a year, in the exercise of their profession. Similarly, a space was provided for those who had retired from active professional work, or were unemployed and desired to obtain chemical appointments. In response to this appeal 5,386 cards have been received,- representing 75 per cent.of the membership. Of these 20 have not been included in the statistics, as they were either returned blank or the entries upon them were ambiguous, or difficult to interpret. The cards have been divided into four categories as follows:- Fellows resident in British Isles .. 1,421 Associates resident in British Isles Fellows resident abroad . . .. 3,445 I87 Associates resident abroad *- 313 5J366 The total number of members who returned cards indicating that they were unemployed was 97, but of these 9 Associates definitely indicated that they were research students, who did 208 not immediately need to seek posts, and z Associates were suffering from chronic ill-health.The return therefore confirms the present position as shown by the Appointments Register figures, namely, that there are approximately 80 members of the Institute at present unemployed. The following tables show the number of crosses placed in each of the sections of the cards. It should be mentioned that, of the number of Associates in the age category "21-25~~who make the return showing that they are in receipt of less than L250 per year, 7 have definitely indicated that their remuneration is in the nature of a grant for research. It is impossible to say whether a larger number in this category may, or may not, be in a similar position. Members who are employers, or who were in private practice, or whose total emoluments exceeded ;G1,500 per annum, have been placed in a separate category (Q.)It is not possible to make any accurate general computations as to average remuneration.The tables following, however, show the numbers of Fellows and Associates, of all ages, making returns and the percentages for the various categories as regards remuneration. The following comparison between the figures shown by this return and those received in 1930 may be of interest. The previous return was made late in 1930,just before the beginning of the trade depression, the figures being published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1931. The comparisons refer only to Fellows and Associates resident in the British Isles.1930. 1939. Fellows. Per cent. Per cent. In receipt of remuneration between L250- L500.. .. .. 17.1 18.1 ~5oo-~1,ooo.. fT1,000-~1,500 . . .. .. . . . . 46.7 15.0 44'7 16.6 Associates. Lz50- L500 .. .. . . 62.0 55'7 ~500-~1,000. . .. . . 24.6 28.6 ~1,000-~1,500. . .. . . 3'1 3'1 FELLOWS RESIDENT IN THE BRITISH ISLES. REMUNERATION---(IN E PER ANNUM). \ 250 300 1 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 /underl to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to1 Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 __-_I___------__.-__ -21-25 ------_--------___________.______-I____ ---~ 25-30 2 1 7 7 4 11 11-l-l-l-1-1-1-----_I--~~ 30-35 --12 20 14 9 I1 5 2 I----1 ---___ ___--------35-40 1 3 3 21 27 17 39 292014 9 3 3 2 1 I -----__--___~---___ 40-45 I I I 5 3 7 28 35 17 17 18 15 5 3 1 4 --__--__------~-45-50 1 -1 2 9 9 16 26 29 22 8 19 5 4 5 11 __-___--___--_I 50-55 1 I 2 3 5 7 18 23 15 15 17 11 9 11 5 11 -Ic--__---c____ Over55 3 3 1 7 5 10 10 24 20 21 12 22 15 10 7 14 E F G Employer, Private Practice or Total Emoluments exceeding i€1,500 p.a., 240.Retired, 194. Unemployed 14. ASSOCIATES RESIDENT IN THE BRITISH ISLES. REMUNERATION------(IN 2 PERANXUM). -250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 undei to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 -__ ------__-21-25 131 103 49 9 1 -3 -I-I-I-----25-30 117 196 203 92 61 -18 20 -~ 30-35 25 58 130 134 120 74 92 3 -~ -----35-40 9 23 57 75 118 85 144 83 65 18 16 141 ___---~--40-45 4 13 12 27 50 56 86 14 -~ -45-50 3 6 3 3 11 25 53 12 -~ -~--50-55 1 2 7 4 8 14 24 27 12 6 3 6 -~ -----Over 55 1 -2 4 6 5 12 911 3 3 1 -------lI ll-I-A B CD E F G HIJK L MNOP Employer, Private Practice or Total Emoluments exceeding 21,500 p.a., 122.Retired, 31. Unemployed, 77. FELLOWS RESIDENT ABROAD. REMUNERATION(IN $ PERANNUM). 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 unde to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 ___----------21-25 -l---___-~ 2630 --11 ___---30-35 1-22 35-40 1322 40-45 45-50 1) 31 41 11 31 11 2 50-55 Over 55 FGHI J KLMNOP Employer, Private Practice or Total Emoluments exceeding $1,500 PA., 39.Retired, 27. Unemployed, 1. ASSOCIATES RESIDENT ABROAD. TOTALREMUNERATION(M € PER-an). 250 I 300 350 400 I 450 I 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 undeI to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to Age 250 299 349 399 449 499 599 699 799 899 999 1099 1199 1299 1399 1500 -2 1-25 1 4 212 3 --1-I-I-I-I--25-30 -959 5 2 30-35 5 lo 5 9 lo 6 1 t.3 c,35-40 2 9 7 1 t.3 40-45 1 7 3 2 -345-50 1 50-55 1 2 1 -Over 55 --I --BC I JKLMNO P Employer, Private Practice or Total Emoluments exceeding €1,500 p.a., 14.Retired, 4. Unemployed, 5. 213 RESIDENT(i) FELLOWS IN THE BRITISHISLES. yo of total active members. yo of total active members. A 9 0.7 Below €250 9= 0.7 B 9 C D E 27 65 67 Between 227 = 18.1 F 59 G 127 10.5 H I J 149 107 91 Between 539 = 44.7 K 65 5-41 L 70 5-87 M N 0 P 37 30 19 42 3.5J Between 198 = 16.6 Q 240- 19.9 “Q” 240 - = 19.9 Total “active” 1213 1213 100.0 Retired 194 UnemployedNot included 14 6 - 1427 RESIDENT(ii) ASSOCIATES IN THE BRITISHISLES. yo of total yo of total active members. active members. A 29 1 8.9 Below €250 291 = 8.9 B 401 12.07 C 463 D 348 Between E 375 1864 = 55.7 F 277 8.3J G 434 13-07 H 244 I 148 Between J 80 955 = 28-6 K 49 1.5J L 50 1.57 M 16 BetweenN 9 811 }0 17 $,1000-1500 105 = 3.1 P 13 0.41 Q 122 3.7 “Q” 122 = 3.7 -Total “active‘ ”3337 3337 100.0 Retired 31 Unemployed 77 Not included 14 3459 - 214 (iii) FELLOWS ABROAD.*RESIDENT % of total % of total active members.active members. Below $350 o= 0 I) 1 E 5 Below 2500 8 = 5.1 F 2 1.31 G 8 H 17 BetweenI 13 J 12 68 = 42.8 K 18 11-31 L 20 12.67 M 7 BetweenN 5 €1000-1500 44 = 37-60 5 P 7 4.4 Q 39 24.5 “Q” 39 = 24.5 -__ Total “active” 159 159 100.0 Retired 27 --Unemployed 1 -187 -(iv) ASSOCIATES ABROAD.*RESIDENT yoof total yoof total active members. active members. A 22 7.2 Below €250 22 == 7.2 B 19 6.27 C 17 Betweon D 23 i:i}E 13 S250-500 100 = 32.8 F 28 9.2J G 32 10.67 H 39 Between23 J I 19 6.3 2500-1000 227 = 41.9 K 14 4.6J L 14 4-67 M 9 BetweenN 9 }0 4 21000-1500 41 = 13.5 P 5 1.6J Q 14 4-6 “Q” 14 = 4.6 -Total “active” 304 304 100.0 Retired 4 --Unemployed 5 -313 * Only 600 replim have so far been received from about 920 members abroad.215 The Chemical Council. THIRD ANNUAL REPORT. In submitting its Third Annual Report, the Council would recall that it was constituted with thi object of raising and administering a fund for the purpose of meeting the cost of chemical publications, of promoting research, of maintaining the Library of the Chemical Society, and eventually of providing adequate accommodation, also of co-ordinating the activities and administration of the Contributing Bodies in relation to the above object and purposes.The Financial Statements for the twelve months ended 30th September, 1938, are attached. The Second Annual Report published on 6th December, 1937, contained the complete list of contributors to 22nd November, 1937-No further appeal has been issued, but a number of additional contributions, which the Council acknowledges with gratitude, are recorded with the Financial Statements. The Council will consider the question of making a further appeal for the fund in the early future, but, in the meantime, feels compelled to repeat the opinion, expressed in the Second Annual Report, that the cost of chemical publications must still be met largely by chemists themselves, and that every chemist, whether he wishes to possess the publications or not, should help in defraying the cost of their production.The efforts of the Council during the past year have been mainly devoted to the evolution of a scheme, the object of which is to distribute the burden of the cost of publications more equitably over the membership of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies. A scheme was prepared, as a basis for discussion, which aimed at raising funds for the publications of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The Council held that a chemist could not keep up-to-date without the 216 literature of those Societies, and suggested that every member of each of the three Constituent Bodies should eventually pay the same annual subscription, in return for certain privileges, in the form of publications.The Council realised that there were likely to be difficulties in reconciling the views of the three Bodies, and possibly even the views of members of the Councils of each Body individually; but asked that all concerned would endeavour, so far as was possible, to maintain a broad view of the matter, and to support the efforts of the Council to solve the problem. It was emphasised that the scheme was submitted as “a basis for discussion,” and in the hope that something definite and practical might be evolved. As an outcome of the consideration of the scheme by the Councils of the Constituent Bodies-and it is to be noted that as yet decisions have been taken by the Councils as representing the members and not by the members themselves-it was eventually found that important practical considerations necessitated a further review of the subject by the Chemical Council.The Council has continued to endeavour to be of use to the three Constituent Bodies by stimulating collaboration in matters of important detail. The problem of centralising routine office work has been discussed. If any centralisation of offices should become prac- ticable in the future, a common addressing system might be brought into operation, but it is held to be essential that all such work should be carried on in the same place as the administrative work.Consideration has been given to the question of avoiding the duplication of wrappers for the distribution of the publications of the two publishing Societies; but no such scheme would be possible unless centralisation of administrative work could be effected. The Council has continued to negotiate contracts for printing and paper supplies. Loans have been advanced to both Societies, to meet accounts for early deliveries of paper in bulk. Grants have been made towards the increasing cost of their publications, and the Council has also agreed to contribute k500 towards the cost of the Collective Index of the Bureau of Abstracts. The Council has also dealt with matters referred to it by the Joint Library Committee, and has provided for the representa- tion thereon of the various contributing Societies. 217 The Joint Library Committee for the ensuing year will be constituted as follows :-Asscn.of British Chemical Representative. Manufacturers . . .. Dr. F. H. Carr, C.B.E. Biochemical Society .. .. Dr. W. Robson. Faraday Society .. .. Prof. J. R. Partington,M.B.E. Institute of Brewing .. .. Mr. H. W. Harman. Institute of Chemistry .. .. Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Dr. E. Vanstone. Society of Chemical Industry . . Dr. J. B. Firth, Dr. L. A. Jordan, Mr. A. A.McCulloch. Society of Dyers and Colourists . . Mr. J. Blair. Society of Public Analysts .. Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell.Chemical Society .. .. Prof. A. J. Allmand, F.R.S., Prof. H. Bassett, Dr. 0. L. Brady, Prof. J. W. Cook, F.R.S., Prof. C. H. Desch, F.R.S., Mr. M. B. Donald, Mr. F. P. Dunn, Dr. H. J. Emelhs, Dr. C. F. Good-eve, Prof. C. R. Harrington, F.R.S., Dr. T. A. Henry, Dr. E. W. McClelland, Dr. E. E. Turner, F.R.S., Dr. J. C. Withers. The contributions of the three Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance of the Library during 1938 were calculated on the respective membership proportions determined in 1937, viz., the Chemical Society ;6406 14s. zd., the Institute of Chemistry 4718 5s. 4d., and the Society of Chemical Industry &og 15s. 6d. The Council records with deep regret the death of Sir Robert Mond, F.R.S., a very generous contributor to the fund.In accordance with the provisions of the constitution, Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., who had been Chairman of the Council since its formation, resigned from his representation of the Society of Chemical Industry, and consequently the Chairman- ship of the Council, 218 The Council recorded its warm appreciation of the services rendered by Sir Robert as Chairman, and of his endeavours to bring about closer co-operation between the various Bodies concerned with Chemistry, for the good of the science and the profession. The members of Council, in expressing their regret on his retirement, hoped that it would not be long before he was again associated with them in their work. Mr. J. Arthur Reavell, also representing the Society of Chemical Industry, retired from the Council, in consequence of his having ceased to be a member of the Council of the Society.The vacancies thus caused have been filled by the appoint- ment of Mr. C. s.Garland and Mr. H. V. Potter. Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt has been appointed Chairman in succession to Sir Robert Pickard ; Mr. Davidson Pratt continues as Vice-chairman ; Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe as Honorary Treasurer, and Mr. Richard B. Pilcher as Honorary Secretary of the Council. The Council is indebted to Mr. F. P. Dunn for very helpful advice in matters relating to paper supplies and printing, and acknowledges with appreciation the continued honorary services of the Registrar and Secretary, and of the staff of the Institute of Chemistry.LESLIEH. LAMPITT, Chairman. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 26th January, 1939. Contributions received since publication of the last Report :-s. d. H. W. James .. .. .. .. 220 Dr. H. Levinstein, F.I.C. .. .. .. 26 5 o J. Lyons & Co., Ltd. (3rd contribution). . 350 o o G. Scott & Sons, Ltd. .. .. .. 25 o o 219 SUMMARY OF CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED AND PROMISED TO 30th SEPTEMBER, 1938. s. d. & s. d. s. d. ENDOWMENTACCOUNT-Received and receivable to date perBalance Sheet : Under Deeds of Covenant to 30th September, 1937 .. .. .. 2,533 7 5 Under Deeds of Covenant, 1937/38 . . 2,288 12 0 4,821 19 5 Donations to 30th September, 1937 .. 7,325 9 1 Donations, 1937/38 .... .. 111 14 6 7,437 3 7 12,259 3 0 Amounts outstanding : Under Deeds of Covenant ,. 12,394 14 4 Under Promise .. .. .. 473 1 6 12,867 15 10 25,126 18 10 BUILDINGACCOUNT- Received to date per Balance Sheet Amount outstanding under Deed Covenant . . .. .. . . of .. 45 60 0 0 0 0 105 0 0 CURRENTEXPENSE ACCOUNT- (Contributions from Members of A.B.C.M. and Allied Asscciations) Received and receivable to date: Under Deeds of Covenant to 30th Under Deeds of Covenant,' i937/38 3,431 Donations to 30th September, 1937 2,628 Donations, 1937/38 .. .. 60 September, 1937 .. .. 3,554 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 3 6,985 2,688 1 6 3 0 Amounts outstanding : Under Deeds of Covenant Under Promises .. .. .. 17,068 6 .. 309 14 3 0 9,673 7 3 17,378 0 3 27,051 7 6 Total .... ., &62,283 6 4 220 221 BALANCE SHEET 30th SEPTEMBER, 1938 f 6. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s. d. Investments-At Cost-Endowment Account 3% Mortgage Loan, County Borough of Stock-Balance at 1st October, 1937 .. .. .. 9,858 16 6 port, 1942 .. .. 5,000 0 0 Deeds of Covenant, 1937/38 .. .. ,. 2,288 12 0 €1,500 Manchester 3% Sto'ck, 1958/63 .. .. 1,451 8 0 Donations, 1937/38 .. .. .. .. 111 14 6 €1,600 34% Birmingham Loan, 1957/62 1,471 1 9 12,259 3 0 €3,000 London County Consolidated 34%; Building Account 1968173 . . .. .. .. .. .. 3,048 2 3 Bala . 30 0 0 10,970 12 0 Deed of Covenant, 1937/38 . . .. .. 15 0 0 Deeds of Covenant 45 0 0 Instalments outstanding at 30th September, 1938: Creditors .. .... .. .. .. 28 16 4 For Endowment Account .. .. .. 12,394 14 4 Income and Expenditure Account- For Current Expenses (Members of A.B.C.M. Balance at Credit at 1st October, 1937 .. .. 6,064 7 6 and Allied Associations) .. .. .. 17,068 6 3 Add Surplus Income for Year to 30th September, For Building Account .. .. .. 60 0 0 1938 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,777 0 3 7,841 7 9 €29,523 0 7 Less Reserve for Instalments not yet due .. 29,523 0 7 Loan, Chemical Society . . .. .. .. 1,617 5 9 Advances to Societies for Purchase of Paper-Chemical Society . . .. .. .. .. 617 5 9 Society of Chemical Industry . . .. .. 1,662 16 1 2,280 1 10 Debtors under Deeds .. .. .. .. .. 43 18 11 Income Tax Recoverable .. .. .. .. 2,926 17 11 Balance at Bankers- Deposit Account .... .. .. .. 2,128 0 0 Current Account . . .. .. .. .. 202 3 5 €2,330 3 5 Caah in Hand .. .. .. .. .. 573 2,335 10 8 JOCELYNTHORPE, f20,174 7 1 Hon. Treasurer. €20,174 7 1 We have examined the books and accounts of the Chemical Council for the year ended 30th September, 1938, and we certify that the foregoing Receipts and Payments Account, Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet dated 30th September, 1938, are correct and in accordance with the books. J. Y. FINLAY, PEARSON & CO., Chartered Accountants. 16th November, 1938. 222 223 RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30th SEPTEMBER, 1938 RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS. € s. d. E s. d. € s. d. € s. d. To Contributions for Current Expenses from Mem- By Purchase of Investments:-bers of A.B.C.M.and Allied Associations :-€1,500 Manchester 3% Stock, 1958/63 . . 1,451 8 0 Under Deeds of Covenant .. .. 3,424 1 3 €1,500 3$% Birmingham Loan, 1957/62 .. 1,471 1 9 Less Income Tax .. .. *. .. 918 18 1 €3,000 London County Consolidated 39%, 1968173 .. .. .. .. . . 3,048 2 3 2,505 3 2 5,970 12 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 60 0 0 Loans :-2,565 3 2 Chemical Society .. .. .. . . 2,817 5 9 Contributions for Endowment Account :-Society of Chemical Industry . . .. 300 0 0 Under Deeds of Covenant.. .. .. 2,255 8 10 3,117 5 9 Less Income Tax . . .. .. .. 573 2 11 Advances on Paper Account:- Chemical Society . . .. .. .. 1,234 11 6 1,682 5 11 Society of Chemical Industry .. .. 1,662 16 1 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 111 14 6 2,897 7 7 -~~ 1,794 0 5 Grants to Chemical Society .. .. .. 1.030 0 0 Contributions for Building Account :-Grant to Society of Chemical Industry .. 800 0 0 Under Deed of Covenant .. .. 15 0 0 -1,830 0 0 Bank Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. 38 19 5 Printing and Stationery.. .. .. .. 42 17 8 Interest on Investments .. .. .. 158 3 7 Postage .. .. .. .. .. .. 800 Less Income Tax .. .. .. .. 41 14 6 Stamp Duty on Deeds of Covenant . . .. 200 116 9 1 Auditors’ Honorarium . . .. .. .. 15 15 0 Repayment of Loans :-Sundry Expenses .. .. .. .. 10 17 9 Chemical Society ,. .. .. .. 1,200 0 0 79 10 5 Society of Chemical Industry .. .. 300 0 0 Balances, carried forward :-1,500 0 0 Bank Current Account . . .. .. 202 3 5 Repayment of Advances on Paper Accounts :-Bank Deposit Account .... .. 2,128 0 0 ChemicaI Society ,. .. .. .. 617 5 9 Balances, brought forward :-2,330 3 5 Bank Current Account . . .. .. 1,064 9 1 Cash in Hand .. .. .. .. .. 573 Bank Deposit Account . . .. .. 8,600 0 0 2,335 10 8 9,564 9 1 Cash in Hand .. .. .. .. .. 18 19 6 9,583 8 7 €16,230 6 5 €16,230 6 5 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30th SEPTEMBER, 1938 € s. d. € s. d. E s. d. € s. d. To Printing and Stationery.. .. .. .. 44 10 0 By Income for Current Purposes from Members of Postages .. .. .. .. .. .. 800 A.B.C.M. and Allied Associations :-Stamp Duty on Deeds of Covenant .. .. 200 Under Deed of Covenant .. .. 3,431 0 0 Auditors’ Honorarium .. .. .. .. 15 15 0 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 60 0 0 Sundry Expenses .. .. .. .. 10 17 9 3,491 0 0 Grants to Chemical Society :-Deposit Interest .. .. .. *. .* 38 19 5 For General Purposes . . .. .. 800 0 0 Interest on Investments .. .. .. 158 3 7 For Cost of Summaries in Journals .. 230 0 0 1,030 0 0 Grant to Society of Chemical Industry . . 800 0 0 $1,911 2 9 Balance being Excess of Income over Expendi- ture, for year .. .. .. .. .. 1,777 0 3 €3,688 3 0 €3,688 3 0 224 Scientific and Industrial Research. The Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1937-38 (H.M. Stationery Office: Cmd. 5927: 3s. net) embodies the Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, dealing mainly with personnel, and the Report of the Advisory Council, much of which is devoted to a review of the work of the Food Investigation Board during the past 20 years, including reference to the difficulties overcome in connection with the preservation of fruit, the transport of beef, the handling and preservation of fish, Another subject which is being surveyed at the present time is the prevention of the infestation of grain by insects,-a matter of great interest to brewers, flour millers, grain merchants, railway companies, cattle food traders, wharfingers, lightermen , farmers and port authorities.The Advisory Council also deals with the testing of electrical switch gear, and directs attention to the work of the various Research Associations connected with the Department. A summary of the work of the Department reviews the activities of its various organisations,-such as the National Physical Laboratory, the Research Boards dealing with fuel, food, building, roads, forest products, and metallurgical subjects; water pollution, radio, illumination, lubrication, toxic gases, dusts, as well as radium beam therapy, X-ray analysis, gas cylinders and containers, and investigation into the possibility of controlling the movement of eels in water by electric fields, as well as the work of the Chemical Research Laboratory.The Fuel Research Board has continued the physical and chemical survey of the national coal resources, and has reported on such matters as the preparation of coal €or the market, carbon- isation and gasification, hydrogenation ,synthesis of hydrocarbons and the production of lubricating oil and pulverised fuel.The Food Investigation Board has solved problems in connec- tion with meat, poultry, eggs, fish, fruit, vegetables and canning. 225 The work on building research is given in the Report of the Building Research Board and comprises problems in connection with the cleaning of building stones, the use of asphalts and bitumen, special cements, cast concrete products, utilisation of blast-furnace slag, limes and plasters, pile driving, soil mechanics, fire resistance, ventilation and acoustics. The Road Research Board has also dealt with concrete, and with bituminous surfacings, as well as with mechanical problems, skidding, etc.Investigations on road tar and the mechanical behaviour of tar-aggregate mixtures have been continued at the Chemical Research Laboratory and at the Road Research Laboratory in co-operation with the British Tar Association. The Forest Products’ Research Board has worked on glue and adhesives, and on wood chemistry, including reactions resulting from the contact of wood with rusting iron. Under metalhrgical research, attention has been given to the behaviour of materials at high temperatures, to the cracking of boiler plates, gases in steel, oxides in steel, internal stress, etc. The Water Pollution Research Board has been concerned with the base-exchange process of water softening, the contamina- tion of water by lead, dairy waste waters, the purification of sewage, and with the River Mersey Investigation and the Survey of the Tees.The Chemical Research Laboratory has continued work on the corrosion of metals, on reactions at high pressure, on coal and tar, rubber, synthetic resins, on chemotherapy, microbiology, and on the rarer metals. The Report also includes summaries supplied by the Research Associations. The British Cast Iron Research Association has appointed a full time research officer to deal with enamelling problems. The Iron and Steel Industrial Research Council is to sponsor an important investigation in the fundamentals of furnace design and operation; also to deal with problems of rolling mill design. The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association is dealing with the melting and casting of metals, creep of metals and alloys, with corrosion, as well as with the study of methods of bright nickel plating.The British Refractories Research Association aims at developing modern and new refractories for metallurgical work. 226 The British Scientific Instruments’ Research Association cites some typical investigations, such as-the examination of iridium pivots, the polished surfaces of which had roughened in use; methods of producing light-etch marks on glass; an optical system to enable the degree of polish of a glass surface to be assessed; filling materials for etched lines required to be unaffected under specified conditions. The Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers states that methods have been developed for the determination of the hydroxyl values and peroxide values of drying oils and related materials, and that the main chemical reactions concerned in film-formation have now been identified.The general nature of the chemical reactions between linseed oil and lead, cobalt and manganese compounds, under various conditions, has been determined, and the inter-relationship between the metal complexes so formed and oxygen within the drying film is now receiving attention. The British Cotton Industry Research Association is now able, by using its recently acquired full scale equipment, to proceed with investigations hitherto necessarily confined to the laboratory. These investigations include some largely of a chemical nature, such as scouring, bleaching, dyeing and, for silk, degumming.The Wool Industries’ Research Association has devoted much attention to the production of shrinkage-resistant wool, and in that connexion a patent application has been made in respect of a new type of reaction, consisting in the use of certain proteolytic enzymes of the type of papain, the activity of which can be controlled chemically and which appear to have specific action on certain regions of the wool fibre. The Linen Industry Research Association devotes attention to methods of production and to the working of natural flax at all stages,-in spinning, weaving, bleaching and dyeing. The British Launderers’ Research Association continues its investigation of the properties of detergent solutions and, in addition to developing its experimental work, receives students at the laboratories for courses of instruction varying from three months’ to nine months’ duration. The British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association reports that its investigations on the best methods of curing and storing market hides are now practically complete, and that the properties of the finished leathers are being studied.Similar 227 work is in hand on the curing of calf skins, The Association is also studying the films formed by such media as nitrocellulose with a plasticiser, or casein with shellac, wax and other ingredi- ents, used to give a finish to leather.The British Boot, Shoe and Allied Trades’ Research Associa- tion deals with the interesting problem of the effect on health of wearing high-heeled shoes. The importance of maintaining natural poise has long been recognised, and there is a growing volume of evidence that many ailments may be caused by un- suitable shoes and may be cured when the shoes are corrected. The Association also states that new light has been thrown on the possibility of improved grading to enable every member of the public to purchase well-fitting shoes. The Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers is dealing with the subjection of raw material to chemical treatments, with the object of slightly modifying the properties of the rubber to facilitate its use in ordinary manufacture, or to produce entirely new derivatives.There is an incessant demand for improved performance in manufactured products to meet more exacting conditions of present-day use, and this is largely responsible for the growing practice of purchasing rubber goods to specification, which, in turn, implies the provision of methods for testing. The Research Association of British Flour Millers is devoting increased attention to the study of flour milling processes, to the conditioning of wheat prior to milling, and to the dressing of floury stocks on plane sifters, as well as to an enquiry into the nutritive value of bread and the place of bread in the dietary. The British Association for Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Confectionery and Jam Trades has dealt with technical problems arising from the changes brought about by the pro- cesses to which cacao is subjected during its manufacture into cocoa and chocolate.Particular attention has been given to the study of pectic compounds, on which a special report, No. 48, is to be published by the Food Investigation Board. The British Food Manufacturers’ Research Association reports on an enquiry into the methods of curing bacon and hams, on bacteriological questions associated therewith, and on the importance of bacteriology in the canning and packing of meat products. The corrosion of cans is also receiving attention. The Printing and Allied Trades’ Research Association has been interested in the working properties of inks and their drying qualities, in the selection of paper for various given purposes, in addition to problems arising in the printing processes.The British Colliery Owners’ Research Association refers to such subjects as silicosis, underground illumination, and the quantity and pressure of firedamp in coal seams, in connexion with which investigations have been carried out in the Mining Research Laboratory at the Royal School of Mines, South Ken- sington, together with the study of atmospheric conditions in hot and deep mines, and spontaneous combustion in mines. From the above very genera1 review, it is obvious that the Research Associations are active and deserving of the support given to them by the industries which they serve.India.-Mr. Gerald Snowden Butler, C. I.E., I.S.O., FeZZow, formerly Superintendent of the Cordite Factory, Indian Ordnance Department, Aravankadu, has been appointed Director of Ordnance Factories, Government of India. This appointment has hitherto been held by Army Officers. Professor Horace B. Dunnicliff, C.I.E., FeZZow, has been appointed Chief Chemist, Central Revenues, Chemical Service ; and Director, Control Laboratory, Central Board of Revenue, Government of India. The creation of these appointments tends to place the pro- fession of chemistry in India on a more definite basis, official and social. 229 Notes. His Majesty the King has been graciously pleased to grant his Patronage to the Chemical Society.National Service.-The attention of Fellows and Associates is specially directed to the remarks in the President’s address regarding national service (see page 159). Benevolent Fund.-The Honorary Treasurer of the Benevolent Fund gratefully acknowledges the receipt of a legacy of l50 bequeathed to the fund under the will of the late Mr Trenham Howard Reeks. The British National Committee of the World Power Con ference has reported on the arrangements for the Second Chem- ical Engineering Congress which is to be held in Berlin from 23rd to 29th June, 1940. To make arrangements for the preparation of the British papers to be presented at this Congress, a Technical Sub-committee has been appointed, consisting of- The Institution of Chemical Engineers, jointly with represent- atives of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Association, the Institute of Petroleum, the Institution of Gas Engineers, and the Society of Chemical Industry.The programme will comprise five main sections,-materials of construction ; plant, equipment, and unit processes; energy supply in the chemical industry; safety methods, and protection of personnel ; education, training and works administration. Papers for the Congress can only be submitted through the intermediary of the National Committee of the World Power Conference, and must reach the office of the Second Chemical Engineering Congress at 27, Hermann-Goering-Str.(Ingenieur- haus), Berlin, N.W.7, not later than 1st October, 1939. Enquiries can be addressed to C. H. Gray, Esq., British National Committee, World Power Conference, 36, Kingsway, London, W.C. 2. 230 Leather Trades’ Chemists’ Conference, 1939.-The Bi-ennial Conference of Leather Trades’ Chemists will be held in London from 27th August to 1st September next, at the Poly- technic, Regent Street, London, W.I. (Portland Hall Annexe, Little Titchfield Street). The Conference is being arranged by the British Section of the International Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists, and among those attending will be members of the sister German Society, the I.V.L.I.C., and Leather Chemists from France, Belgium, Italy , Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and the United States are expected, so that the meeting will be truly international.On 27th August there will be an informal reception; on z8th, the opening of the Conference, Dr. W. T. Astbury will deliver the first Proctor Memorial Lecture, his subject being “The Molecular Structure of Fibres of the Collagen Group.’’ The Conference will occupy itself with the consideration of Commission reports on special subjects which have been studied during the past two years and with the reading of papers on subjects relating to the science and technology of leather manu- facture. To overcome the language difficulty of an international gathering, abstracts of papers to be read will be available in English, French and German.A number of scientific films will be shown, including “The Inside Story” (of lubrication) ; “Wattle Bark and Extract Manufacture”; “Preparation of Cod Liver Oil.” A list of the papers will be published later. A Banquet will take place on 30th August at the Park Lane Hotel, Piccadilly, W.I. Further details can be obtained from the Hon. Secretary, British Section, I.S.L.T.C., 17, Leathermarket Street, London, S.E.I. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT Fire Protection (Research) .-On the 2nd February, the Home Secretary was asked whether any approach had been made by his Department to the fire insurance companies, with a view to ascertaining whether they would be willing to make a voluntary contribution to the cost of research into fire-fighting problems.In reply, the Home Secretary stated that the insurance interests had already undertaken to make a payment of ~600,000to be allocated as the Government may decide. Approximately &17,ooo had already been disbursed to eight local authorities in pursuance of arrangements made while the Fire Brigades Bill was before Parliament. The balance of the ,6600,000 would be received in the course of the next eighteen months, and would be available for purposes of general benefit to the Fire Service, including research into fire-fighting problems. Preliminary discussions had taken place regarding the estab- lishment of a fire research centre. Silicosis .-Also, on and February, the Paymast er-Gener a1 (on behalf of the Lord President of the Council) stated that various investigations were being made under the direction of the Industrial Pulmonary Diseases Committee of the Medical Research Council, in addition to the special enquiry into chronic pulmonary disease among coal miners.These investigations included laboratory researches into the problem of silicosis generally. Enquiries had also been made regarding silicosis in particular occupations, including pottery work, stone cutting, and lead mining, and reports had been published. On 23rd February, the Paymaster-General stated that, following the completion of the first phase of the investigation, a comparative study was being made of six collieries in the anthracite coal- field of South Wales differing in their environmental conditions and in the amount of pulmonary disease attributed to them.It was hoped to complete the field work by the early summer, but the data and material collected would still have to be analysed. Coal Produced 0iZ.-Replying to a question in the House of Commons on the 14th February, the Secretary of Mines stated that, during 1938, Scottish Oils, Ltd., had produced about 7,000,000 gallons of motor spirit and about 15,000,ooo gallons of Diesel oil. In answer to a further question on aIst February, the Secretary of Mines stated that the latest figures for the production of oil from coal in Great Britain were those for 1937. For motor spirit, the home production represented about 7 per cent. of the home consumption.As figures were not available of the amount of heavy oils which were used as fuel, the per-centage figure for those oils could not be stated, but it would be negligible. The production of crude petroleum in the British Empire in 1937 was approximately 6 million tons. The quantity of refined oils (including production from shale, coal and coal products) available for consumption in the United Kingdom dur- ing the same year was about 10.3 million tons, including 1.4 232 million tons of fuel oil shipped for the use of vessels e‘ngaged in the foreign trade (including fishing vessels). Particulars for 1938 were not available. ScientiJic Research (Income Tax) .-In reply to a question in the House of Commons on zrst February, Mr.Markham, Chairman of the Parliamentary Science Committee, asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he would consider the expediency of relieving money spent on scientific research in industry of the burden of Income Tax, by instituting a rebate on moneys so expended. The Chancellor of the Exchequer said that it would not be correct to assume that in no circumstances would expenditure incurred by an industrial concern on research for the purposes of its business be admissible as a deduction in computing its profits for Income Tax purposes. If Mr. Markham had any particular case in mind, the Chancellor would gladly look into it and com- municate the results of his enquiries. The Kent Chemical Club.-The Club held a Symposium at Medway Technical College, Gillingham, on 9th March,-Mr.F. W. F. Arnaud in the Chair. The programme included discourses by Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones on “Cereal Chemistry ” ; by Mr. J. W. Flint on “Electrolytic Estimation of Lead”; and by Mr. S. V. Sergeant on “The Problem of Moisture Determination in a Paper Mills Laboratory. ” The Cambridge Instrument Company provided an exhibit of apparatus. Mr. W. S. Davey, Associate, has been appointed Head of the Chemical Division of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya in succession to Dr. E. Rhodes, who has resigned to take up a position under the British Rubber Producers’ Research Association. Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, has been elected President of the Association of Scientific Workers, in succession to Sir F.Gowland Hopkins, O.M., F.R.S., FeZZow. Professor J. I. Orme Masson and Dr. E. E. Turner, Fellows, have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society. 233 Obituary. RICHARDSEDWARD BOLTONdied in Kensington on 10th February, in his 61st year. Born in Dublin, he was the only son of Mr. J. A. Bolton of Blackrock, and received his education at Bedford and at King’s College, London. He was particularly interested in oils, fats and fatty foods, on which he wrote a treatise published by Messrs. J. & A. Churchill, and before he established an independent practice in 1907 he was, for a time, engaged in analytical and technical chemistry with Mr. Cecil Revis, who collaborated with him in the second edition of “Fatty Foods” (1928).He was a member of the Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture on Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs; a member of the Advisory Council on Plant and Animal Products of the Imperial Institute, Chairman of the Committee on Oils and Oil Seeds, and Chairman of the Sub-committee on Tung Oil; also a member of the General Council of the British Standards Institution and Chairman of the Committee on Vegetable Oils. He was the representative of Great Britain on the Commission Internationale pourI’Etude des MatiBres Grasses; and he was, until the time of his death, managing director of Technical Research. Works, Limited. He was President of the Society of Public Analysts from 1926 to 1928, having previously acted as Hon.Secretary of the Society from 1915 to 1925. From 1927 to 1929 he was a Member of the Council of the Chemical Society and he was a Vice-president of the Medico-Legal Society of London. For some years he was Hon. Treasurer of the Federal Council for Chemistry, and until his death represented the Society of Public Analysts on the British National Committee (of the Royal Society) for Chemistry. He was a delegate of King’s College on the Senate of London University, and a Fellow of the College. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916. From 1922 to 1925, and from 1929 to 1932, he served as a Member of the Council, and from 1925 to 1928 as a Vice-president. He was Chairman of the London Section from 1922 to 1924. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Dr.C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Vice-president, and Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary. HENRY LOUIS died at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on 22nd February, at the age of 83 years. The son of S. Louis, a lace merchant in the City of London, he was born in 1855, and received his early education in Germany. At ten years of age he returned to England and was educated at the City of London School. In 1873 he obtained a Royal Exhibition, which secured him a free entry into the Royal School of Mines. After three years, he was awarded the De la Bsche Medal-the highest award then given-and the Associateship in both Mining and Metallurgy. For six months he continued working with Dr. John Percy, and in 1877 was appointed chemist to the Steel Company of Canada, Londonderry, Nova Scotia.He held this post for two years, and after touring the iron and steel districts of the United States, returned to England, to take up the post of chemist to the Landore Siemens Steel Co. Later, he accepted an appointment in Ecuador as assistant manager and assayer to a gold mine, and after travelling in the Transvaal and California, founded, with Mr. H. A. Becher, the firm of Becher, Louis & Company, at Singapore in 1890. 234 For four years, he was engineer, manager and consultant for various mines in the Malay Peninsula, Siam and Borneo, and then managed an iron ore mine in Spain, where he remained until 1895. He returned to England and in 1896 became professor of mining and William Cochrane lecturer in metallurgy at Armstrong College (now King’s College) in the University of Durham.He resigned this post in 1923, receiving the degree of D.Sc., honoris causa, and devoted his time mainly to research. His works include The Handbook of Gold Milling, a revised translation of Schnabel’s Text-book on Metallurgy, The Dressing of Minerals, The Metallurgy of Tin, Electricity in Mining, Shaft-sinking in Practical Coal- mining, The Production of Tin, and Mineral Deposits. He was a Fellow of the Imperial College of Science and Technology; a past President of the Society of Chemical Industry; a past President (1929-30) and Bessemer Medallist (1932) of the Iron and Steel Institute; a past President of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, and for 25 years secretary of the North of England Institute of Mining. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880.At his funeral, which took place on 25th February, the Institute of Chemistry was represented by Dr. E. E. Aynsley. ARTHURSMITHELLSwas born at Bury, Lancashire, on 24th May, 1860. The son of James Smithells, a railway manager, he was educated in the University of Glasgow; next, under Roscoe and Schorlemmer at Owens College, Manchester, where he held a Dalton Scholarship, and, after graduating B.Sc. in the University of London, took supplemental courses at Munich, and, with Bunsen, at Heidelberg. In 1883 he was a pointed assistant lecturer at Owens College, and two years later succeeded &ofessor T.E.-later Sir Edward-Thorpe as Professor of Chemistry in Yorkshire College, Leeds, which, in 1887, became a constituent college of the Federal Victoria University, Manchester, and in 1904 was incorporated as the University of Leeds. Having taken a prominent part in all the affairs of the University, and for many years held the position of Pro-Vice-Chancellor, he retired from the Chair with the title of Emeritus Professor in 1923. He received the degree of D.Sc. from both Leeds and Manchester, honoris causa, and two years later a Research Scholarship in his honour was founded in the former University. He was a successful and popular teacher, having a clear and incisive delivery and remarkable experimental skill. No one realised more clearly than he did the increasing burden laid upon the students consequent upon the progress of the science. He steadily developed his departmentthroughout his tenure of the Chair, and many of his students distinguished themselves in their subsequent careers. From 1896 to 1899 he was Chairman of Convocation of Victoria University; in 1907, at Leicester, he was President of Section B of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, when he gave a masterlyaddress on the subject of flame, ignition temperatures and the mechanism of luminosity, followed by a brief review of the state of chemical science at that time.In the same year he became Honorary Educational Adviser on Home Science and Household Economics to King’s College, London.In 1911 he was President of the Society of British Gas Industries, in which capacity he emphasised the importance of scientific research and exerted his influence with the industry to establish the Livesey Professorship in Coal, Gas,and Fuel Industries, in the University of Leeds. In 1912 he became a member of the Teachers’ Registration Council; in 1913 and 1914 he was special lecturer in the University of the Punjab; in 1915 he was 235 visiting lecturer in anti-gas training in the Northern Command, and from 19 16 to 19 19 held the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and Chief Chemical Adviser (anti-gas training), G.H.Q., Home Forces, receiving, in 1918, the honour of C.M.G., in recognition of his services. From 1923 to 1937 he was Director of the Salters' Institute of Indus-trial Chemistry, in which office he was mainly responsible for the selection of graduates who were provided with grants to continue their preparation for chemical industry.His contributions to science related mainly to flame and spectrum analysis. He was also the author of papers, reports and addresses on educational subjects. A selection of his addresses was published in a book entitled From a Modern University, published by the Oxford University Press. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1901, and served on the Council from 1912 to 1913 and 1915 to 1917,-the latter periodincluding one year as Vice-president. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society from 1896 to 1900, was a Vice-president for three periods, 1905-1908, 1917-1920, and 1927-1930 and in 1935 was Harrison Lecturer.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887; he served as a member of the Council for the periods 1890-1893,1896-1899, and 1905-1908; as Vice-president from 1915-1917 and 1923-1926; as President from 1927- the year in which the Institute celebrated the Jubilee of its foundation-to 1930; again as a Vice-president from 1930-1933, and as a Censor from 1927-1935. He died at Highgate on 8th February, 1939, in his 79th year. WILLEMVERSFELDdied on 25th January, in his 69th year. Born at Cape Town, he received his early education at the Sea Point Preliminary School and the Green Point Grammar School. In 1886 he proceeded to the South African College, University of the Cape of Good Hope, where he graduated B.A.with honours in chemistry. In 1889 he became assistant to Professor P. D. Hahn at the South African College, and after five years' experience in lecturing and demonstrating entered the South African School of Mines and Technology, where he gained the D.Sc. degree in mining engineering. In 1900, after further experience as chemist to the Rand Central Ore Reduction Co., he established a practice as a miningengineer and land surveyor. In 1910 he was appointed analyst in the Government Chemical Laboratory, Cape Town,-a post he held until his retirement in 1930. In 1914 he became analyst under the Sale of Food and Drugs (Cape) Act, 1890, as well as the Wine, Spirits and Vinegar (Union) Act, 1913.From 1914 until departmental re-organisation in 1918, he was also an analyst under the provisions of the Fertilizers, Farm Foods and Pest Remedies (Cape) Act, 1907. He was an examiner in inorganic chemistry (theoretical and practical) for the B.Sc. degree at the University of the Cape of Good Hope. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1923. 236 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:y If Applied Chemistry, Reports of the Progress of.” Volume XXIII. 1938. Pp. 856. (London: Society of Chemical Industry.) 12s. 6d. net. General, plant, and machinery; fuel; gas, destructive distillation, tar, and tar products; mineral oils; intermediates and colouring matters; chemical technology of textile fibres ; cellulose textile materials; pulp and paper; acids, alkalis, salts, etc.; glass; refractories, ceramics, and cement ; iron and steel; non-ferrous metals; electrochemical and electrometallurgical industries ; oils, fats, and waxes ; plastics ; resins, drying oils; varnishes, and paints; rubber; leather and glue; soils and fertilisers; sugars; fermentation industries ; foods; fine chemicals, medicinal substances, and essential oils ; photographic materials and processes; explosives; sanitation, water purification, etc. ; index. Ii Chemical Formulary, The : A Collection of Valuable, Timely Practical Commercial Formula3 and Recipes for making Thousands of Products in many Fields of Industry.” Edited by H.Bennett. Volume IV. Pp xiv + 632. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. net. Adhesives;beverages, liquors, flavours ;cosmetics and drugs ; emulsions; farm and garden specialties; food products; inks; leather, skins,furs; lubricants, oils, fats ; materials of construction ; paints, varnishes, lacquers, etc. ; ‘paper; photography; plating; polishes and abrasives; pyrotechnics ; rubber, resins, plastics, waxes ; soap, cleansers ; textiles, fibres. ‘‘ Crystal Chemistry, An introduction to.” R. C. Evans. Pp. xii + 388. (Cambridge: The University Press.) 18s. net. Part I. The crystal lattice : introduction; interatomic binding forces; quantitative lattice theory. Part 11.Systematic crystal chemistry : the metallic elements; alloy systems ;homopolar compounds ;ionic compounds ;isodesmic structures ; ionic compounds :mesodesmic structures ;ionic compounds : anisodesmic structures;ionic compounds containing hydrogen ;molecular compounds. l1Economics of Chemical Industries, The ” Edward H. Hempel. Pp. x + 260. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; and London: Chapman & Hall, Limited.) 15s . net. Scope, statistical record and importance of chemical industries of the United States; historical record; economic stability and further progress through patents and trade marks ; co-operative actions ; economic requirements for chemical production ; choosing the chemicals to be made;forecasting chemical demand ; selling chemicals ;chemical prices ; financial policies ; United States foreign chemical trade.Hair-Dyes and Hair-Dyeing Chemistry and Technique.” H. Stanley Redgrove and Gilbert A. Foan. New Edition revised by H. Stanley Redgrove and J. Bari-woollss. Pp. xiv + 214. (London: William Heinemann, Medical Books, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. Preliminary considerations concerning the structure and pigments of the hair and colouring matters generally; about hair-dyes, bleaches and decolorants : their nature, composition, and uses ; the practical art of hair-dyeing; on the causes of grey hair, with some hints to those who wish to avoid premature greyness. Volumetric Analysis : Including the Analysis of Gases with a Chapter on Simple Gravimetric Determinations.” A.J. Berry. 5th Edition. Pp. viii + 196. (Cambridge: The University Press.) 7s. 6d. net. Introduction; determinations with standard potassium permanganate ; potassium dichromate as a volumetric oxidizing agont ; determinations with standard iodine ; the determination of iodine by standard sodium thiosulphate ; the determination of halides by st’andard silver nitrate ; the determination of silver in acid solution by standard ammonium thiocyanate ; acidimetry and alkalimetry ; the theory of indicators ; unclassi6ed volumetric determinations ; some applications of volumetric methods ; some examples of volumetric determinations ; simple gravi- metric determinations ; modern developments in volumetric analysis ; the analysis of gases.“Soil Analysis: A Handbook of Physical and Chemical Methods.” C. Harold Wright. and Edition. Pp. x + 276. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) A revised edition, omitting nethods which are out of date or of minor importance, and including new methods. The British Standards Institution has published a new edition of the ‘‘Handbook of Information including Indexed Lists of British Standards and B.S.Methods of Test.” Obtainable from the Publications Department, British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Price IS. 6d. 238 The Institution has also lately published and sent to the Library of the Institute copies of the following:- No. 135-1939. Benzoles. (Superseding No. 135-1921). No. 407-1939.Phosphor Bronze Sheets, Strip and Foil, Grades 40711, 407/2 and 407/3. No. 458-1939. Xyloles. (Superseding No. 458-1932). No. 479-1939. Coal Tar Naphthas. (Superseding No. 479-1933. No. 805-1939. Toluoles. No. 825-1939. Mild Steel Shackles for Lifting Purposes. No. 829-1939. Mild Steel Drums for Inflammable Liquids. No. 830-1939. Winchester Bottles (2s. each; post free 2s. zd.) H.M. Stationery Office announces the publication of a Hand-List of Short Titles of Current Periodicals in the Science Library: Science Museum, London. Part I: Alpha-betical. Edited by s. C. Bradford. 5th Edition. Post free 9s. 5d. Obtainable from the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, London, S.W.7, and from H.M. Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2.The Royal Society of Arts has published Sir Gilbert Morgan’s Cantor Lectures, entitled Achievements of British Chemi- cal Industry in the Last Twenty-five Years,” delivered before the Society on 13th, 20th and 27th February. (Obtainable from the office of the Society, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2. 2s. 6d.) The first two numbers of Volume I of “Oxford Science,” published in October, 1938, and February, 1939, have been received. This publication is to carry on the original function of the Transactions of the Oxford University Junior Scienti$c Club, and will contain lectures given before the Club and addresses given in the University, as well as articles on science generally. It will also provide an arena for the discussion of university questions on scientific study and research.No. I contains an article by Dennis Riley on “The Structure of the Proteins,” and an address by Professor Paneth on “The Role of Chemistry in the Study of Atomic Transmutation.’’ No. 2 contains articles on the teaching of Chemistry at Oxford. (Price IS. each Number; obtainable from “Oxford Science,” University Museum, Oxford.) 239 The Library, 1938139. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1938, the Council has had the pleasure to acknowledge the following gifts:- ANNAMALAI :UNIVERSITY Practical Chemistry for Intermediate Students. M. L. Sitaraman. Trichinopoly, 1938. DR. E. F. ARMSTRONG,F.R.S. : A Specially bound Volume comprising the numbers of the “Central” which contain the Accounts of the life and work of his father, Henry Edward Armstong, F.R.S.MESSRS. EDWARD & Go.:ARNOLD British Chemical Industry. Its Rise and Development. Sir Gilbert T. Morgan and D. D. Pratt. London, 1938. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS: An Introduction to Crystal Chemistry. R. C. Evans. Cambridge,1939. Cattle Fodder and Human Nutrition. A. I. Virtanen. Cambridge, 1938. Combustion Flames and Explosions of Gases. B. Lewis and G. Von Elbe. Cambridge, 1938. Volumetric Analysis. Fifth Edition,. A. J. Berry. Cambridge,1939. MESSRS. JONATHANCAPE: Asleep in the Afternoon. E. C. Large. London, 1938. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL, Ltd.: A Laboratory Manual of Qualitative Analysis.J. H. Yoe. London, 1938. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Cellulose. J. T. Marsh and F. C. Wood. London, 1938. Brewing. Science and Practice. H. Lloyd Hind. Vol. I. BrewingMaterials. London, 193 8. German Grammar for Chemists and other Science Students. J. T. Fotos and J. L. Bray. London, 1938. Handbook of Chemical Microscopy. E. M. Chamot and C. W. Mason. Vol. I. 2nd Edition. London, 1938. Industrial Chemistry. W. T. Read. 2nd Edition. London, 1938. Inorganic Colloid Chemistry. H. B. Weiser. Vol. 111. The Colloidal Salts. London, 1938. Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry. H. L. Fisher. 4th Edition. London, 1938. Micro Methods of Quantitative Organic Elementary Analysis. J. B. and V. Niederl. London, 1938. Organic Chemistry. An Advanced Treatise.Vols. I and 11. H. Gilman, Editor-in-Chief. London, 1938. Second Year College Chemistry. W. H. Chapin. 4th Edition revised by W. H. Chapin and L. E. Steiner. London, 1938. The Chemical Formulary. H. Bennett. Vol. IV. London, 1939. The Economics of Chemical Industries. E. H. Hempel. London, 1939. The Elements of Chemistry. W. Foster. 3rd Edition. London, 1938. The Fine Structure of Matter. C. H. D. Clark. Vol. 11, Part 111. The Quantum Theory and Line Spectra. London, 1938. Newer Methods of Volumetric Chemical Analysis. W. Bottger,Editor. Translated by R. E. Oesper. London, 1938. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Death Walks Softly. N. Shepherd. London, 1938. THECOPPER DEVELOPMENT :ASSOCIATION Aluminium Bronze.London, 1938. Copper Pipe-Line Services in Building. London, 1938. DR. A. E. DUNSTAN,F.I.C. : The Science of Petroleum. Vols. I-IV. London, 1938. THE GEOLOGICAL OF GREAT BRITAIN: SURVEY The First Hundred Years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. Sir John S. Flett. London, 1937. DR. JULIUSGRANT, M.Sc., F.I.C. : Wood Pulp. J. Grant. Leiden, Holland, 1938. DR. EDWIN GREGORY, M.Sc., F.I.C. : Chemical Analysis of Metals and Alloys. E. Gregory and W. W. Stevenson. London and Glasgow, 1937. Metallurgy. E. Gregory. London and Glasgow, 1936. The Structure of Steel simply explained. E. N. Simons and E. Gregory. London and Glasgow, 1938. MESSRS. CHARLESGRIFFIN& Co., LTD.: A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. R. H.Vallance. Edited byJ. Newton Friend, Vol. VI, Part IV. Arsenic. London, 1938. A Treatise on Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, with special reference to the Analysis of Clays, Silicates and Related Minerals. J. W. Mellor and H. V. Thompson. 2nd Edition completely revised and re-set. London, 1938. Chemistry €or Engineering Students. R. Hum. London, 1933. A. HARVEY,Esq.:Official Methods of Analysis of the International Society of Leather Trades' Chemists. London, 1938. Utilization of Fats. 1%.K. Dean. London, 1938. MESSRS. LEONARDHILL, LTD. : Plant Growth-Substances. H. Nicol. London, 1938. IMPERIAL LTD.:CHEMICALINDUSTRIES, Chapters in the Development of Industrial Organic Chemistry. London, 1938. INSTITUTE :OF PETROLEUM Oil Shale and Cannel Coal, London, 1938.INSTITUTIONOF GAS ENGINEERS.: Gas Works Effluents and Ammonia. A. Key. London, 1938. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION : Proceedings of the Rubber Technology Conference, May 23-25, 1938. Edited by T. R. Dawson and J. R. Scott. Cambridge, 1939. 241 MESSRS. WALTERKING,LTD.: Theory of Industrial Gas Heating. P. Lloyd. New and revised edition. London, 193 8. MESSRS. H. K. LEWIS& Go., LTD.: Contributions to the Knowledge of the Chemical Composition of the Earth’s Crust in the East Indian Archipelago, I, 11. W. van Tongeren. Amsterdam, 1938. MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Go., LTD.: A Complete Revision Physics. Kotes and Questions. S. R. Humby and F. W. Goddard. London, 1938. A Treatise on Light.R. A. Houstoun. London, 1938. Bacterial Metabolism. M. Stephenson. London, 1939. Elementary General Science. Edited by J. M. Harrison. Book I. London, 1938. Introduction to Bessel Functions. F. Bowman. London, 1938. Organic and Bio-Chemistry. R. H. A. Plimmer. 6th Edition. London, 1938. Practical Organic Chemistry. New Edition. F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders. London, 1939. The Elements of Physical Chemistry. F. W. Goddard and E. J. F. James. London, 1938. The Physical Properties of Colloidal Solutions. 3rd Edition. E. F. Burton. London, 1938. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. 4th Edition, Vol. 11. J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. London, 1938. MESSRS.MACMILLAN& Go., LTD.: Logarithmic and other Tables for use at Examination.F. Castle. London, 1938. MESSRS. MCGRAW-HILL Co., LTD. :PUBLISHING An Introduction to Chemistry. 3rd Edition. J. A. Timm. London, 1938. Crystal Chemistry. C. W. Stillwell. London, 1938. MESSRS. THOMAS MTIRBY & Go.: The Soils of Palestine. A. Reifenberg. Translated by C. L. Whittles. London, 1938. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONBENZOLE : Standard Specifications for Benzole and Allied Products. 2nd Edition. London, 1938. THE PHARMACEUTICAL:PRESS The Extra Pharmacopaeia. 21st Edition. Vol. 11. Martindale. London, 1938. The Pharmaceutical Pocket Book. Published by direction of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. London, 1938. H. S. REDGROVE,Esq., B.Sc., F.I.C.: Hair-Dyes and Hair-Dyeing Chemistry and Technique.H. S. Red-grove and J. Bari-Woollss. London, 1939. MESSRS. GEORGEROUTLEDGE& SONS, LTD.: Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry. H. J. Emelhs and J. S. Anderson. London, 1938. SAFETYIN MINES RESEARCH BOARD: Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. XII, 1937. London, 1938. SOCIETY :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Reports of the Progress of Applied Chemistry. Vol. XXII. 1937. London, 1938. Reports of the Progress of Applied Chemistry. Vol. XXIII. 1938. London, 1939. OF TAR PRODUCTSSTANDARDIZATION TESTSCOMMITTEE: Standard Methods for Testing Tar and its Products. 2nd Edition. London, 1938. G. E. TREASE, Esq., B.PHARM., A.I.C. : A Text Book of Pharrnacognosy. 3rd Edition. G. E. Treme.London, 1938. MESSRS. C. A. WATTS& Co., LTD.: Science and Nutrition. A. L. Bacharach. London, 1938. MESSRS. WIGHTMAN& Co., LTD.: Weeds Weeds Weeds. Sir C. V. Boys. 2nd and enlarged Edition. London, 1938. C. HAROLDWRIGHT, Esq., M.A., F.I.C.: Agricultural Analysis. A Handbook of Methods excluding those for Soils. C. H. Wright. London, 1938. Soil Analysis. A Handbook of Physical and Chemical Methods. London, 1939. Books Purchased. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1937. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. 46. London and New York, 1938. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. VI. Part IV. Arsenic. R. H. Vallance. London, 1938. 243 The Register. At the meeting of the Council held on 17th February, 3 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, I Fellow was re-elected, 43 new Associates were elected, z Associates were re-elected, 46 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-instated.The Council regrets to report the deaths of 3 Fellows. Associates Elected to the Fellowship. Hiscocks, Edward Stanley, M.Sc. (Wales), 19, Pollards Hill North, London, S.W.16. Mayne, John Edwin Oakley, B.Se., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 21, Lansdowne Road, Luton. Thompson, Archibald Walter, A.M.I.Chem.E., 27, King’s Avenue, Bromley, Kent. Re-elected Fellow. Illingworth, Stewart Roy, D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Denbighshire Technical College, Wrexham. New Associates. Amphlett, Philip Harold, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birrn.), 33, Carless Avenue, Harborne, Birmingham, 17.Appleton, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C., The Platanes, Champion Hill, London, S.E.5. Ballinger, Maurice, B.A. (Cantab.), 113, Old Chester Road, Bebington, nr. Birkenhead. Batchelor, Reginald Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 80, Sedlescombe Road, London, S.W.6. Bere, Charles Montague, M.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal College, Portsmouth. Blackmore, Harold Ashurst, c/o The Asiatic Petroleum Co. (StraitsSettlements), Ltd., Shell House, Singapore, F.M.S. Boursnell, John Colin, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 47, Mill Hill Road, London, W.3. Burgess, Geoffrey Cave, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Regent Drive, Skipton, Yorks. Burley, Louis Theodore Le Gay, B.Sc. (Lond.), 66, Norman Road, Runcorn. Caro, William Albert, B.Sc. (Mane.), 63, Musters Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham.Coleman, Frederick Ernest, B.Sc. (Liv.), 70, Halton View Road, Widnes. Dothie, Harold James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 178, Victoria Road, London, N.22. Doyle, Ralph John, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), D.Tech.Sc. (Munich), 7, Border Avenue, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Dyson, John Douglas, A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 188, Gladstone Street, Peter- borough.Estevez, Joseph Mary John de Mata, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, Avonmore Road, London, W. 14. Ganguly, Harib, M.Sc. (Dacca), Office of Chemical Examiner to Govern- ment of Bengal, Medical College, Calcutta, India. 244 Gibson, Allenby, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), c/o Messrs. Frank Gibson, Ltd., Gorgie Road, Edinburgh. Gilbert, Ronald James Hurst, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Denver Avenue, Crewe. Govinda Rajan, Salem Venkatappa, B.Sc.(Madras), Ph.D. (Lond.),c/o S. C. Venkatappa Chettiar, Salem, S. India. Hance, George Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, St. Michael’s Crescent, Pinner, Middlesex. Hirst, Herbert Sim, M.A. (St. Andrews), B.Sc., Ph.D. (Cantab.), 111, Menlove Avenue, Liverpool, 18. Horwood, Maurice, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 59, Stoney Road, Coventry. Jordan, Denis Oswald, M.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Oakfield Road, London, N.14. Lal, Kunj Behari, M.Sc. (Agra), Cheinical Laboratories, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India. Lockyer, Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Worthington Road, Surbiton. Meech, Frank Button, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Highview Gardens, Upminster, Essex. O’Reilly, Herbert Lawrence, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 42, Pembroke Road, Dublin, Eire. Palmer, Allan John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sans Souci, Burlington Lane, London, w.4.Palmer, Gordon Anthony, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Lowther Road, Fleetwood, Lancs. Paterson, Donald Glynn Pearson, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 248, Wolverhampton Road, Oldbury, Birmingham. Pichai, R., B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Benares), 9, Mohan Nivas, Sir Balchandra Road, Matunga (G.I.P.), Bombay, India. Platt, Bertie Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, St. John’s Hill, London, S.W.ll. Price, Kenneth Ralph, 27, Newton Road, Stowmarket. Richmond, Kenneth William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 9, Caroline Place, Birkenhead. Rigby, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Coppice Close, London, S.W.20. Rowe, George Alston, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 7, Hartburn Avenue, Hartburn, Stockton-on-Tees. Russell, Paul, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Red House, Egham, Surrey.Seager, John Horsford, M.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Alleyn Road, London, S.E.21. Sheldrick, George, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dunelm), Dalton Grange, Huddersfield. Smart, Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Braemoray, Kinlochleven, Argyllshire. Spoor, Norman Leslie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 65, Grove- lands Road, London, N.13. Sprague, John Mortimer, M.Sc. (Birm.), Albemarle Court Hotel, Leinster Gardens, London, W.2. Wragge, William Benjamin, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 19, Queens Drive, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire. Re-elected Associates. Philpott, David, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 80, Rosslyn Street, Aigburth Road, Liverpool, 17. Shroff, Hasmukhlal Bhagvandas, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.M.S.T., Govern- ment Central Textile Institute, Cawnpore, India. New Students. Banks, Alan Marshall, 29, Weyman Road, London, S.E.3.Beer, Charles Thomas, 12, Kingshill Road, Dursley, Glos. Braithwaite, Donald Parkinson, Burleigh Fields, Radmoor Road, Lough- borough.Crook, Miss Hilda Betty, 22, Portland Terrace, Southampton. Curran, Michael Joseph, 21, Pound Park Road, London, S.E.7. 245 Dobson, James, 4, Montagu Terrace, Edinburgh, 4. Doney, Harry George, 16, Lydwell House, Larkhall Estate, Claphem, London, S.W.8. Downer, John Douglas, 42, Wernbrook Street, London, S.E. 18. Elks, Joseph, 57, Ashbourne Avenue, London, N.W.ll. Fowler, Kenneth Edward, 6, Stanley Street, Easton Road, Bristol, 5. French, Frank Edward, 9, Jessop Road, London, S.E.24. Gardiner, William, 1, Victoria Street, Gorebridge, Midlothian.Greenwood, Ronald, Bisley House, lb, High Street, Slough, Bucks. Hammond, Roy, Fairholme, Manchester Road, Hapton, nr. Burnley.Handy, Kenneth Hailstone, Preswylfa, Gwyddon Road, Abergarn, nr. Newport, Mon. Herniman, Harold Joseph, 2, Chandos Road, Keynsham, nr. Bristol. Holmes, John Philip, 163, Stainburn Crescent, Harrogate Road, Leeds, 7. Hughes, Thomas Garfield, 45, Regents Square, London, W.C.1. King, Charles Wilson, 204, Chatham Hill, Chatham, Kent. Layt, George Henry Goult, 16, Cadogan Street, Middlesbrough. Manchip, Leonard, 73, Winsham Grove, London, S.W.ll. McLean, Augus, 1, Kirktonholme Road, East Kilbride, Glasgow. Mills, Ronald Benjamin, 26, Duddingston Road, Portobello, Midlothian. Mitchell, John Edmund, 536, Bolton Road, Ewood, Blackburn. Moff at, Alfred Howarth, Greenmeads, Fillongley Lane, Meriden, Warwicks. Molony, Dermot Joseph, 10, Coldershaw Road, London, W.13.Oldham, Graham, 3, Hudson Street, Loughborough. Parkins, Ronald, 206, Whalley Old Road, Blackburn. Pearson, David, 100, Mount Pleasant Road, London, N.17. Provan, Andrew Gemmell, 68, Whitehill Farm Road, Stepps, Glasgow. Robinson, Edward Leaver, 766, Whalley New Road, Blackburn. Rogers, Edward, 37, Swallow Lane, Golcar, Huddersfield. Rowland, Douglas Hamilton, 9, Pont Rhondda Road, Llwynypia, Glam. Shugar, Miss Margaret Graham, 269-270, Upper Street, Islington, London, N.l. Summers,Alexander John, Logie, Kirriemuir, Angus. Sykes, Leonard John, 30, Ashurst Road, Cockfosters, Barnet, Herts.Symons, Norman Kendall Jelinger, 75, College Road, Bromley, Kent. Taylor, James, 12, Halley Road, Darwen, Lanes. Tew, Harold James, 31, Normanton Road, Leicester. Thomas, Antony Colin, 2, Dublin Crescent, Henleaze, Bristol. Thomas, Leslie Roderick, 26, Arthur Street, Williamstown, Rhondda, S. Wales. Walker, John Geoffrey, 22, Alexandra Road, Stockton Heath, Warrington. Watt, Alfred Henry, 415, Alwold Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham, 29. Way, Arthur Chandler, 13, Udney Park Road, Teddington. Whitney, John Edward Seager, 2, Dome Road, Mitcham, Surrey. Williamson, Norman, 18, Headingley Avenue, Leeds, 6. Re-instated Student. James, William, 39, Smith Drive, Orford, Warrington. DEATHS. Fellows. Charles Herbert Bothamley, M.Sc.(Leeds).Henry Louis, M.A., D.Sc. (Dunelm), A.R.S.M. Willern Versfeld, B.A., D.Sc. (Cape). 246 Coming Events. April INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section) : Annual General Meeting. Details will be announced at a later date. 3 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY AND SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections): “Chemistry in the Service of Man.’’ Professor A. Findlay, in the Scottish Dyes Recreation Hall, Grangemouth, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section) : Members’ Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 4 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Notts. and Derby Section) : Annual Meeting, at St. James’ Restaurant, Derby. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSOCIETY (Road and Building Materials Group): “Asbestos Cement and other Asbestos BuildingMaterials.” Mr.R. E. Forbester, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6 SOCIETY (Newcastle-upon-Tyne Section) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “Detergents, Manufacture and Use.” Mr. H. S. Priestly. SOCIETY ANALYSTS: Ordinary Meeting, at the Rooms OF PUBLIC of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF6 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS (Liverpool Section) : fhlUa1 Section Meeting, Exchange Hotel, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Forest Products Research Laboratory, at Princes Risborough, Bucks. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “Chemistry in the Museum Service.” Dr.D. A. Allan (Director of the City of Liverpool Museums). OF13 INSTITUTEFUEL:“The Production and Development of Petroleum and its Products.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan, at the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.l, at 6 p.m. (Members of the Institute of Chemistry invited.) OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY17 INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting. 18 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS:“The Training of the Chemical Engineer for Industrial Administration.” Mr. E. S. Byng, in the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. (Members of Institute of Chemistry invited to attend.) 20 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m.247 April 20 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) :Annual General Meeting, at 7.45 p.m. “Some Uses for X-rays in OrganicChemistry.” Dr. S. H. Piper, at University College, Shake- speare Street, Nottingham, at 8 p.m. 20-2 1 SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Conference on Safety in Chemical Works, at the ImperialCollege of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7, at 2.30 and 5.30 p.m. 21 SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOTJRISTS(Manchester Section) :Annual General Meeting. SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section and Plastics Group): “The Polymerisation of Un-saturated Hydrocarbons.” Dr.H. M. Stanley, in the Chamber of Commerce Buildings, New Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY22 SOCIETY (Food Group Nutrition Panel) : Conference on “The Chemistry, Physiology and Therapeutics of Vitamin E.” At the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, 10.30 a.m. to 7.15 p.m.(3 Sessions). 26 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): Visit to Belfast Gas Works. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF Section): Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter, at the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. OF28 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting. “The Soil-a Source of Plant Nutrients.” Dr.A. B. Stewart, in the Chemistry Depart- ment, Marischal College, at 5.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section) : Twenty-first Annual General Meeting, at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea, at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting. 1 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section): Annual General Meeting. “Micro-organisms in Industry.” Dr. A. C. Thaysen, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY2 SOCIETY (Road and Building Materials Group): Annual General Meeting: Chairman’s Address. “Full Scale Road Experiments.” Major F. G. Turner, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m.3 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 3-5 IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE: Annual Meeting, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, London, S.W.l, at 10 a.m. each day. May 4 CHEMICALSOCIETY SOCIETYAND THE PHYSICAL AND THE METEORO-LOGICAL SOCIETY: “Chemical and Physical Investigation of the Upper Atmosphere.” Discussion to be opened by Dr. F. A. Paneth, in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution, at 5.30 p.m. 8 BEDSONCLUB: “Water Pollution.” Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle on Tyne, at 6.45 p.m. 10 INSTITUTEOF METALS: Annual May Lecture, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, S.W.1.OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (Food Group) : Annual General Meeting, at 8 p.m. FOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYSOCIETY AND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “Some Views on the Nature of Heat during the Alchemical Period, with special reference to Galileo.” Mr. N. H. de V. Heathcote. 11 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Special Meeting for Discussion on the proposed Supplemental Charter, in the Muspratt Lecture Theatre, University of Liver- pool, at 6 p.m. OF12 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Ludwig Mond Memorial Lecture. Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m.18 CHEMICALSOCIETY:Seventh Liversidge Lecture. Professor C. N. Hinshelwood, F.R.S., in the Lecture Hall of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.l, at 6 p.m. June 28 SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “Newton and Chemistry.” Dr. D. McKie. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY,FUND, INSTITUTE 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C.1. 249 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be arranged as follows :-Period of Examination.Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 11th to 16th Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. If the number of candidates should render it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. From candidates for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or from those desiring special examinations, applica- tions should be received before 9th June for the September Examination. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. Lecture.-Ludwig Mond Memorial Lecture-see p. 136. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. 250 Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. 251 Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. The subscription rates have been raised from 5s. to 6s. 6d., for ClassB, and from 15s. to 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of ‘‘The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions, except when numbers are restricted, a8 in the case of works visits.Members travelling abroad, if they desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute, are advised to notify the Registrar. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeon and North of Scotland: R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. 2, Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham.Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, B.Sc., F.I.C., 64, Falcondale Counties : Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Cape of Good Hope: Prof. William Pugh, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town.Cardiff and District : Dr. J. F: J. Dippy, F.I.C., 81, Heol-y-deri,Rhiwbma, Cardiff. East Anglia : Dr. J. W. Corran, F.I.C., 1, Church Avenue, Eaton, Norwich. East Midlands : C. W. North, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bourne End, 582, Nottingham Road, Chaddesden, Derby. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.-W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland : Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., Chemistry Department, Scotland: Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : K. B. Sen, M.Sc., F.I.C., Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta, India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast.,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Leeds Area: W. A. Wightman, M.A., A.I.C., The Uni- versity, Leeds, 2. Liverpool and North- Dr. F. J. Smith, F.I.C., City Technical College, Western : Byrom Street, Liverpool, 3. London and South-Eastern D. M. Freeland, F.I.C., c/o Macfarlane Lang & Counties: Co. Ltd., Syon Lane, Isleworth. Malaya : Dr. Stanley G. Willimott, A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, S.S. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and Dr. E. E. Aynsley, F.I.C., 45, Grosvenor North-East Coast : Road, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.1, New Zealand. South Wales: (pro tern.) E. E. Ayling, M.Sc., F.I.C., Uni-versity College, Singleton Park, Swansea. South Yorkshire : W. W. Stevenson, A.I.C., United Steel Companies Ltd., Central Research Dept., Stocksbridge, Sheffield.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9396300127

出版商:RSC    

年代:1939

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1939. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, June, 1939. Publications Committee, 1939-40. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), W. A. S. CALDER (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, H. E. COX, G. M. DYSON, A. FINDLAY, A. A. HALL, 3.W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, H. HUNTER, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. J. NOLAN, F. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. 255 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, 21st April, 1939.-The President welcomed new Members of Council,-Professor T. J. Nolan, Professor F. M. Rowe and Mr. S. B. Watkins-who attended for the first time. A letter was received from Dr. A. D. Mitchell accepting appointment as delegate to the Conference to be held under the auspices of the British Standards Institution on the Standardisa- tion of Letter Symbols for Mathematical Equations. Dr. Mitchell reported that the Committee on Symbols and Abbreviations, on which he had already acted as representative of the Institute, had issued a report. The Council had before it a Memorandum of Evidence, with which the Council concurred, proposed to be given by the Regis- trar, if called upon to do so, when the Metropolitan Water Board Bill was under the consideration of a Committee of the House of Lords.A letter was received from Mr. Bernard F. Howard, Honorary Treasurer, stating that he felt obliged to relinquish his office, in accordance with medical advice. Mr. Howard, who had held office since 1936, wrote :-“ I am afraid it means a clear cut with my Institute work, and I can only be grateful for having been allowed three years most congenial work in such friendly surroundings, and also for considerable previous periods of Council membership which have been of absorbing interest and, may I say, education for me. I hope to retain very many firm friendships which have originated in Russell Square, and to cherish them as long as I live.” The Council accepted Mr.Howard’s resignation with very sincere regret. The President and Council reciprocated warmly the sentiments which Mr. Howard had expressed in his letter; they recorded their high appreciation of his devotion to the service of the Institute, and wished him a speedy and complete recovery to good health. The election of a Fellow of the Institute to fill the vacant Treasurership was postponed. 256 The Council concurred in a request, received from the Com- mittee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, that Section Rule 5 be amended to provide that members of the Committee be not disqualified from nominating candidates for election to the Committee. A letter was received from the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section recording its unanimous opinion that the Proposed Supplemental Charter was against the best interests of the Institute and its members, emphasising that the reasons advanced on behalf of the proposed changes appeared to be unconvincing, that the admission of persons who declined to associate themselves with the objects and activities of the Institute was detrimental to the Institute as a professional body, and that the creation of non-corporate members would establish an undesirable precedent. (See pp.289-290.) The Leeds Area Section reported that the members in the area, numbering 272, had been circularised as to whether it was necessary to hold a further meeting on the subject of the Proposed Supplemental Charter. Forty-eight had replied, of whom only one had asked for a special meeting. (See p.280.) The Council received a letter from the Society of Public Analysts requesting that enquiries should be made as to whether there would be a demand for Hydrogen Sulphide to be supplied in cylinders for use in chemical laboratories, and, if so, whether any estimate could be formed as to the price which consumers would be willing to pay for such supply. The Council requested the Officers of the Institute to take steps to obtain information on the lines suggested, and to co-operate with other Societies in that connexion. (See pp. 257 and 325.) The Registrar reported that a letter had been addressed to the Camberwell Borough Council suggesting that the terms proposed for the appointment of Public Analyst should be reconsidered, particularly with regard to the condition that the Analyst should be required to examine any sample from any Committee of the Borough Council for a fee of 10s.,which implied that he might be called upon to analyse paints, coal, oils, water, etc., for which a fee of 10s.was inadequate. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Finance Committee reported that it was in touch with Mr. Harry Jephcott, and had given preliminary consideration to modifications of the Superannuation Scheme for the staff. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on seven cases, 257 which are receiving help, and the Publications Committee reported on various suggestions with regard to lectures and publicat ions.The Council had under consideration and gave general approval to a new scheme of co-operation for the three Chartered Bodies submitted by the Chemical Council, of which further particulars will be communicated to the Fellows and Associates in due course. Council Meeting, 19th May, 1939.-The Council was informed that the Petition of the Society of Public Analysts against Section 51 of the Metropolitan Water Board Bill,-wherein the Board sought powers to make and charge for making, examinations of and experiments on water or sewage or sewage effluent or trade effluent submitted to it by certain bodies, persons or authorities,-was heard before a Committee of the House of Lords on 9th May.The Society had employed as Parliamentary Agents, Messrs. McDonnell & Jackson, and at the hearing was represented by Mr. H. Raymond Askew, Barrister-at-Law. Dr. H. E. Cox, Mr. Edward Hinks, Professor W. H. Roberts and the Registrar of the Institute attended the hearing. Mr. Hawksley, Civil Engineer, who had extensive experience in water engineering, Mr. Hinks and the Registrar gave evidence in support of the petition. It was reported that the Committee decided that Section 51 could not stand. A letter was received from Dr. A. D. Mitchell, reporting that he had attended a Conference on the Standardisation of Letter Symbols for Mathematical Equations, etc., convened by the British Standards Institution, at which representatives of twenty- seven Societies were present. An Executive Committee of eight members had been appointed to deal with the matter, including Messrs.F. S. Aumonier, A. C. G. Egerton, F.R.S., and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham, Fellows of the Institute. The Council received a preliminary report that about 150 heads of chemical laboratories of institutions, public companies, etc., had been circularised on the subject of the provision of liquid hydrogen sulphide in cylinders, and many answers had been received. The replies would be collated and a report thereon submitted in due course. The Council was also informed that the Institute, in co-operation with other chemical organisations, had circularised 258 chemists with a view to the formation of a Central Register under the Ministry of Labour Industrial Chemistry Committee.Reports were received from various Sections regarding the proposed Supplemental Charter. The Committee of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section had voted unanimously in favour of the proposals, and at meetings held at Birmingham, Edinburgh and Liverpool the proposals had been approved by a slight majority of those present in each case. Similar reports were received from Aberdeen and Birmingham. The matter had been discussed at a joint meeting of the Cardiff Section with the South Wales Section, but no vote had been taken. The Council received a memorandum from a number of Fellows and Associates in Edinburgh favouring the registration of all those who by reason of their training, qualifications and professional u7ork had a claim to consider themselves professional chemists. They held that provision should be made in the proposed Supplemental Charter for a new grade of membership, with an appropriate title, of a standard not less than that of a B.Sc.pass degree in chemistry; also that a By-Law be passed making provision for any member of the third grade passing to the grade of Associateship, by taking the appropriate examina- tion, or on submitting evidence that he had complied with the present regulations for Associateship, or on satisfying the Council with regard to the details of his professional career, after an appropriate number of years. They suggested that the wider field from which the Institute would draw its members, over which it had disciplinary control, and a properly balanced professional hierarchy amongst the members, would do much to ensure and enhance the value of the Institute to its members and to the public.From Liverpool, a Fellow communicated the view that a “non-corporate member,” under the proposed Charter and By-Laws, should not, in any case, proceed to the Fellowship without passing through the grade of Associateship. The Council agreed to postpone the consideration of the matter until further returns had been received from the Sections. Invitations were received from the British Management Council to members of the Institute to forward suggestions for the programme of the Eighth International Congress, to be held in Stockholm in 1941;from the Dix-Neuvi2me Congrks de Chimie Industrielle, to appoint a delegate to the Congress to be held at Warsaw, from 24th September to 4th October, 1939; and from the San Francisco Engineering Council inviting members of the Institute to the Golden Gate International Exhibition, to be held at San Francisco Bay, in the week beginning 10th July.A letter was received from a Fellow suggesting that chemists who were not ordinarily employed in “Key” industries and could be spared from their own industries in an emergency, might be trained during peace time for national service in other industries. From the discussion on the proposal it did not appear to be very practicable, except in those cases where it could be effected by friendly co-operation among chemists ; several members stated that in their experience, during 1914to 1918,qualified chemists had very quickly adapted themselves to the requirements of war industries.The Council of the Society of Chemical Industry informed the Council of the Institute that it had approved the new scheme of co-operation proposed by the Chemical Council. A letter was received from a Fellow regarding the position of part-time students under the new Conscription legislation. It was suggested that representations should be made to the Government requesting that the Institute should be allowed to support any genuine application from a student, for anticipation or postponement of his period of military service, on the ground that he was bonA-fide in preparation for admission to the Examin- ation for the Associateship.After preliminary discussion, the consideration of the matter was postponed for enquiry. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. On a report from the Finance and House Committee, the Council resolved to ask Mr. John C. White, M.C., O.B.E., to accept election as Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, in succession to Mr. Bernard F. Howard. The Committee also reported on the subject of staff super- annuation, on which they had had the advantage of the advice of Mr. Harry Jephcott, in accordance with the undertaking given by the then President (Sir Robert H. Pickard) at the Annual General Meeting.The Committee had accepted Mr. Jephcott’s opinion that the existing endowment policies with the Sun Life Assurance Society provided adequate Zyfe covey for those members of the staff (all except two junior clerks and an office cleaner) who had con-tributed to the original scheme. The Committee recommended, therefore, that the further provision for superannuation 260 sanctioned at the Annual General Meeting, be devoted to policies for providing deferred annuities. The Sun Life Assurance Society having intimated that it did not undertake that type of business, quotations had been obtained from several companies. The Committee found that the proposed modification in the scheme would effect economy of about &rooper annum, compared with the cost of endowment assurance, which had been detailed in the Annual Report of Council.The policies for deferred annuities were essentially for the provision of pensions, and did not provide more than an amount equivalent to the sum of the premiums paid, with interest, in the event of death before the pension was payable, However, any scheme which might be devised at present might not deal adequately with exceptional circumstances which might arise, as, for example, in the case of rapid increase in remuneration of any individual who had only a limited period of service before reaching the retiring age. The Committee recom- mended, therefore, that a Trust Fund be created from which additional superannuation could be provided if, in any case, it were deemed desirable.In the case of new staff, further endowment assurances would not be effected; assurances would be by policies for the provision of deferred annuities and/or by yearly contracts for life cover. It was probable that abatement of Income Tax would be allowed on the contributions of the Institute under the scheme, so far as the abatements allowed in respect of the Institute’s contributions (under Deed) to the Library of the Chemical Society did not preclude the claims of the Institute for further abatement. The Committee recommended that authority be given for the adoption of the modified scheme, to which the Council agreed. The Committee recorded its appreciation and thanks to Mr. Jephcott for his valuable advice and assistance, which was warmly endorsed by the Council.Reports were also received from the Benevolent Fund Committee and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the latter including the Report of the Board of Examiners on the April Examinations. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee also reported that it had appointed a Sub-committee to review the subject of approved preliminary examinations, in view of 261 changes which have been made or are contemplated in School Certificate and University Entrance Examinations,-the Sub-Committee to consist of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe (Chairman), Mr. R. R. Butler, Prof. Alexander Findlay and Dr. H. H. Hodgson. The Committee proposed to invite Dr.F. A. Mason to join the Sub-committee, and received authority from the Council to co-opt any other Fellows whose advice might be deemed desirable. Lecture.-At a meeting of the Institute, held on 12th May, at the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Professor F. G. Donnan, C.R.E., F.R.S., with the concurrence of the Managers of the Royal Institution, re-delivered the Ludwig Mond Memorial Lecture which he had previously given before the Institution on 15th March. The President, Mr. W. A. S. Calder, in opening the proceedings, said that Ludwig Mond was an Original Fellow of the Institute whose magnificent achievements and remarkable career fully justified the Institute in celebrating the centenary of his birth.The President paid tribute not only to Ludwig Mond, but to his sons, the first Lord Melchett and Sir Robert Mond, and to his kinsman, Emile Mond, all of whom had been devoted to British chemical industry. He had received a message from the present Lord Melchett, the grandson of Ludwig Mond, regretting that a visit abroad prevented his being present with them on that evening. The Institute was very grateful to Professor Donnan for consenting to give the Lecture again and to the managers of the Royal Institution for their courtesy in concurring in the arrange- ment. At the conclusion of the Lecture a vote of thanks was accorded Professor Donnan on the motion of Professor Alexander Findlay, with whom he had been a fellow-student at Leipzig.The New Treasurer of the Institute.-Mr. John Christison White, M.C., O.B.E., who has accepted election as Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, is Technical Director of D. & W. Gibbs, Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1911, a Fellow in 1919;has served as a Member of Council (1936-1938)~and has taken particular interest in the Benevolent Fund. The Special Appeal in Coronation Year was made on his suggestion. He is an Associate Member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, and an Associate of King’s College, London. 262 National Register of Chemists.-A circular letter has recently been issued to Fellows and Associates regarding the formation of a National Register of Chemists whose services could be at the disposal of the Chemical Industry Committee of the Ministry of Labour in the event of an emergency.All Fellows and Associates, with experience in industry, who wish their names entered on the Register and have not already sent in the appropriate forms should complete and return them to the Registrar of the Institute without delay. A number of members have intimated that they are desirous of joining the Territorial Army. Such members are advised to ensure, so far as possible, that their scientific knowledge and experience are put to good use. Those who are in Reserved Occupations should enrol in the Officers Emergency Reserve only provided that their services can be utilised in a capacity consistent with their special qualifications, for example, in connexion with water supplies or gas defence.It is understood that there is now a Chemical Branch of the Royal Engineers. Students and Military Service.-Regarding the enquiry addressed to the Council on the effect of recent legislation on the training of students in chemistry, the Institute has been informed that those who are in the last stages of their preparation for examinations, when attending for enrolment, should ask for a form for postponement of their "calling up." Applications for such postponement will be considered by the Minister (or his official local representative), and students whose applications are not granted will have the right of appeal to the Military Training (Hardship) Committee. It has been found difficult to make any general rule with regard to the postponement of the term of military service in the case of part-time students, because the examinations for which they are studying are so many and varied; but there is good reason to believe that if a Registered Student of the Institute who anticipates taking the examination for the Associateship applies for postponement of his military training, and such application is creditably supported, the Minister will give it very careful consideration.263 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting was held on 28th April, in the Chemistry Department of Marischal College-Mr.W. Godden in the Chair-when a lecture was given by Dr. A. B. Stewart, entitled The Soil-a Source of Plant Nutrients.” Dr. Stewart stated that if plants are to develop normally they must have access to certain raw materials, from which they can synthesise their own food substances and build tissues. For this purpose a comparatively restricted number of elements is necessary. Those which are normally found in plants are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, sulphur, silicon, aluminium and chlorine. In addition, small quantities of manganese, boron, fluorine, copper, arsenic, zinc, cobalt, and others are often taken up by plants from the soil. As far as the growth of plants of economic value is concerned the nutrient elements may be regarded as falling into two main groups: (a) those which are required by plants in relatively large amounts and in which the soil is likely to be deficient ;and (b) those which are required by plants in small amounts and in which the soil is less likely to be deficient.It was pointed out that in the general treatment of soils it is to the addition of four elements-calcium, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus-that most attention has to be paid, but deficiencies in the others also occur in certain soils. The problem for the soil chemist is the determination, not of the total amounts of the various nutrient materials present in the soil, but of the proportion of the total present in a form available to plants.This problem was discussed with reference to the parts, played by the various elements in the nutrition of plants and methods were outlined, whereby our knowledge of the colloid chemistry of soils has been considerably extended. 264 Many of the elements present in traces have a secondary rather than a primary effect on growth and may either act catalytically in the promotion of oxidation or other essential reactions, or in other ways help the plant to withstand disease. The progress of recent research work on the effects of these minor or trace elements was indicated and the importance of modern methods of spectrographic analysis emphasised. A short account was also given of growth substances, with special reference to “auxins a and b,” indole-acetic acid and phenyl-acetic acid.The Annual General Meeting was then held,-Dr. A. B. Stewart in the Chair. The Hon. Secretary’s Report and Financial Statement was read and approved. The Officers and Members of Committee elected were the same as for the previous session:-Chairman, Dr. A. B. Stewart; Committee (ex-o$cio), Mr. W. Godden (District Member of Council) ;Professor Alex. Findlay, Capt. J. S. Allan, Mr. M. J. Robb, Dr. J. A. Lovern, Mr. Andrew Dargie, Mr. P. Mitchell; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. R. Craven; Hon. Auditor, Mr. M. J. Robb. At a meeting of the Section held in the Palace Hotel on 16th May,-only seven members being present ,-the Proposed Supplemental Charter was discussed, the members present being in favour of proceeding with the Charter in its present form.Belfast and DistricGAt the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held at “The Carlton,” Donegal Place, Belfast, on 23rd March, the Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. R. H. Common; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Messrs. T. C. C. Adam, A. H. 0.Johnson, Dr. E. M. Reid and Dr. E. Wright. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on 16th March in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol, with Professor E. L. Hirst in the Chair, when a lecture was given by Professor H. V.A. Briscoe, Vice- President of the Institute, on (( Chemical Studies of Dangerous Siliceous Dusts.” Professor Briscoe gave a short survey of the various industries in which the workers were liable to attacks of silicosis, stressing the fact that, while some industrial dusts caused this disease, 265 there were others containing quite large amounts of free silica which resulted in very little trouble to those working in them, whilst on the other hand asbestos, which contained no free silica, caused a disease very similar to silicosis. From the work of Dr. W. R. Jones and others it began to look as if the disease were not due to free silica, as had been imagined, but to the chemical action of solutions produced by the mineral of which the dust consisted.With these considerations in view, Professor Briscoe and his colleagues began their work. He described the three methods they had used to collect the dusts for examination under such conditions that the composition of the dust was unaltered:- (I) Volatile solid filters from which the filter bed of solid material could be sublimed away from the collected dust at a relatively low temperature. (2) Soluble solid filters, using a filter bed of a crystallinesolid soluble in a non-aqueous solvent, the collected dust being recovered therefrom by centrifuging, washing out with ether and drying at a low temperature. (3) The “Labyrinth,” a purely mechanical method of collection, using an assembly of flat baffle-plates on which a swift current of the dusty air deposits its solids, the dust being afterwards scraped off the baffles.The application of these methods of sampling, together with their efficiencies in particular cases, was discussed in detail. On analysing the dusts so obtained, it was soon found that their composition often differed widely from that of the parent rock from which they arose; thus they were usually extensively hydrated, with the result that their solubility in water was considerably increased, this solubility being a function of four factors: time, temperature, solid-solvent ratio and particle size. The presence of other constituents in the minerals examined was found to have a considerable effect on the solubility of the silica, which was increased, for example, by the presence of alkali or a small quantity of lime, but was reduced to nothing if much lime was present.The amounts of alkali and silica dissolved were found to bear no relation to one another. A description was given of the methods of performing these solubility experiments. Although it was not certain what connexion there was between dust solubility and silicosis, the addition of certain substances in quite small proportions to a dust would reduce the solubility of the silica and it was hoped that by working on these lines considerable progress might be made in reducing the incidence of silicosis. A discussion followed. Cardiff and District.-The Fourth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Philharmonic Hotel, Cardiff, on 28th April.The Secretary’s and Treasurer’s reports were received and adopted, and the retiring Chairman, Mr. S. B. Watkins, gave an Address. Mr. Watkins reviewed briefly the increasing appreciation of science in its application to industry, and the services rendered by chemists in particular. Perhaps, to most people, the activities of men of science appeared mysterious and beyond ordinary under- standing, although sometimes inventions and discoveries achieved, such as the electric lamp and artificial silk, were obvious and appreciated. Regarded as an industry, science cost the country about ;65,000,000 a year. Probably over half of that sum was spent on research on plant and machinery which had no military sig- nificance.Much more might be spent without putting any appreciable check on industrial production, and the resulting economies would far more than cover the expense. As examples of progress, Mr. Watkins referred to the results achieved by the British Cast Iron Research Association, the Iron and Steel Industrial Research Council, the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, and the British Refractories Research Association. It was estimated that departmental expenditure on research, amounting to ~400,000,had led to a saving of at least ~3,200,000 per annum or 800 per cent. on the money invested. From the thought and effort expended on industries concerned with war, much had been derived which had been of great and permanent value in the arts of peace.We had realised weak- nesses in our technical education system, and academic men had been brought into contact with technical men and processes. This produced a greater appreciation on the part of teachers of the necessity of providing more of an applied bias in their instruction for students who proposed to enter chemical industry. Present-day training included methods of applying scientific data to indus- trial problems, with concrete examples, vitalising the apparently 267 less interesting fields of thermo-chemistry and other branches of physical chemistry. We still needed closer co-operation between academic and technical workers, and more business men whose education had been sufficiently broad to enable them to realise the sure founda- tions on which scientific conclusions rest, and to trust their scientific advisers.To avoid disappointment and loss of faith on the part of those who are expected to advance funds for enterprise, the chemist should endeavour to develop such sure methods of working, work out new processes in such detail, and present the results so clearly that the business man might have a well-defined picture of the advantages to be gained and the cost involved on the factory scale. Prejudice against innovations arose from lack of general scientific knowledge on the part of the bulk of society and its reluctance to make use of what science had to offer. There was also further need for replacing rule-of-thumb men in charge of complicated processes by intelligent chemists, who in turn would train their successors, prevent their making rash experiments and utilise, to the fullest advantage, such talent and initiative as they possessed.Mr. Watkins then referred to the importance of co-ordination in the publication of scientific literature and in the diffusion of information. The means of communication between scientists needed to be vastly improved. The mass of publications was too large for anyone to keep abreast even with the advances in his own subject. As an instance,-in the relatively small field of crystallography, papers appeared in no fewer than 85 different journals. The Chemical Council was engaged in evolving a scheme which would simplify matters connected with publications for British chemists who desired and were able to participate in it.He was unable yet to give any details, but hoped that the idea would commend itself to Fellows and Associates when it was brought before them. The written word, however, was not sufficient. Personal communication, interchange of views and experience were essential, particularly with regard to experimental technique. Mr. Watkins, therefore urged members of the Section to attend its meetings and to support its work. The following were elected Officers and Committee of the Section for the ensuing session :-Chairman, Dr. N. M. Cullinane; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. J. F. J. Dippy; Committee, 268 br. S.T. Bowden, Mr. S. Dixon, Dr. D. P. Evans, Dr. J. H. Quastel and Messrs. S. B. Watkins and W. D. Williams. On the same evening, a joint meeting of the Cardiff and District Section and the South Wales Section was held to discuss the provisions of the Proposed Supplemental Charter. The Registrar of the Institute, who had been invited to be present, read the essential clauses of the Proposed Charter, and explained its purpose. He said that the proposed Supplemental Charter was a pro- vision to meet the desire of the Universities that the graduates of A.I.C. standard should not be excluded from recognition under present or possible future legislation. In fairness to chemists holding other diplomas recognised by the Council of the Institute as of A.I.C.standard, such chemists were also recognised in the provisions of the proposed Supplemental Charter. It was not the object merely to allow a few people to join the Institute at a cheap rate. Graduates and others who wished to become registered by the Institute would have to make applica- tion in exactly the same way as did candidates for the Associate- ship: their papers would be vetted in exactly the same way and it was right, therefore, that they should bear some of the expense; but the Institute would not seek to make a profit on them, as had been suggested: the purpose was to meet the wishes of the Universities and the Government. It was a mistake to suggest that there has been any threat from the Universities. It would be very difficult to provide machinery, other than that proposed in the Charter, for achieving the same object.The Council was not proposing compulsory registration, but the views which had been expressed in different quarters on the matter indicated that some chemists, including a few members of the Institute, would extend the proposed registration to include those who might be described as “chemists by experience,” as well as graduates with pass degrees, and even commercial repre- sentatives of industrial concerns who had sufficient knowledge of chemistry to carry out their duties. Others maintained that the regulations should be rigidly enforced and no exceptions made: that it should be impossible for anyone to be attached to the Institute as a member of any grade unless he were fully qualified and prepared to give it his full support.The Universities had not suggested the registration of any person possessing qualifications lower than the standard pre- scribed for the Associateship of the Institute. The proposed Charter was devised to admit as non-corporate members only those who were qualified to A.I.C. standard, but the Institute was advised that they must be members, because they were to be required to comply with the Charter and By-laws in matters of professional conduct and discipline. It was anticipated that not many graduates would want to be registered under a category which provided no benefit except registration, simply in order that they might be qualified in accordance with the provisions of present or future legislation; but it was the intention of the proposed Supplemental Charter to meet the wishes of the Uni- versities.After it had been rejected on the postal vote, the Solicitors of the Institute strongly advised that it should be reviewed by Mr. E. J. MacGillivray, who had prepared the new draft. Mr. MacGillivray considered it advisable to cite specifically the various provisions of the Original Charter which were relevant to the creation of a third class of members. He retained in the Petition paragraphs narrating the achievements of the Institute since the granting of the Original Charter and prepared new By-laws which would be required if the proposed Charter were approved by the Fellows and Associates.He considered it essential that the new class of members should have a definite name which would be self-explanatory. He did not consider it necessary to include a new definition of the profession of chemistry. He held that the objects of the Institute, as defined in the Original Charter, implied all the activi- ties of the profession of chemistry: the Original Charter applied to the profession in all its branches and the reference in the disciplinary clause applied to acts or defaults in the practice of the profession in any branch. Mr. MacGillivray thought that the reasons for creating a new class of registered non-corporate members were adequate to justify the Petition, if approved by a majority of the members. There was no body other than the Institute qualified to grant the necessary certification.Full corporate membership involved a substantial entrance fee and subscription in return for the rights and privileges which the Institute conferred. Other chemists possessing degrees and diplomas either could not well afford the entrance fee and subscription, or did not desire the benefits which the Institute had to offer. It seemed desirable in 270 the public interest that their names should be found in some list of persons vouched for by the Institute as competent to practise the profession of chemistry. The Institute did not wish to compel persons to become full corporate members, but a register containing the names of chemists certified by the Council would provide a satisfactory solution to the problem, when combined with an undertaking given by the new category of members to abide by the disciplinary rules of the Institute.In the discussion, Dr. L. E. Hinkel asked who were the representatives of the Universities who had treated with the Institute, and on being informed-" The Vice-Chancellors,"- said that he was unaware whether or not professors and heads of departments of chemistry had been consulted in the matter. Mr. S. B. Watkins expressed the opinion that if such a register were needed, the Institute should undertake to supply it. In answer to a question from Mr. Fishburn, whether it was believed that certain chemists who were not members of the Institute actually considered the Associate's subscription to be excessive, the Registrar replied that it had been represented to the Institute that it was regarded as unfair that persons holding the qualifications recognised for the Associateship should be compelled to pay the entrance fee and annual subscription for the Associateship, if registration was all they desired.The regis- tration fee for non-corporate members would be 10s.6d under the Proposed Charter; such members would have none of the privileges of membership. Dr. Hinkel asked what the Associates of the Institute received which the proposed Non-Corporate Members would not receive. The Registrar replied that the privileges of Associateship included status in the recognised professional body, help in obtaining appointments, the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,the Register, Official Chemical Appointments, and monographs on special subjects, valuable library facilities, introductions, the Benevolent Fund and general advice and help from the Officers of the Institute.Mr. E. E. Ayling asked whether chemists who had qualified at the older universities were likely to be brought into the In- stitute as the result of new provisions, and also whether a clause for chemists of lower qualification was contemplated. He said that he thought that all chemists, qualified according to the Regulations, should join the Institute as Associates. He stressed 27 1 the need for broadening the basis of the Institute. The ultimate ideal would be that all who were making a living by chemistry should pay one subscription, register with the Institute, and be a member of at least one publishing society.The Registrar said that a good many Oxford and Cambridge graduates became Associates; perhaps not so many as they would like. The Vice-Chancellors had not suggested that the proposed Supplemental Charter should provide for the inclusion of any chemist of less than A.I.C. standard. Dr. D. P. Evans agreed that it was desirable that all qualified chemists should be encouraged to become full Associates. Mr. E. Thornton urged that the Institute should do every- thing to get in all qualified chemists, and all workers in chemistry, and when asked to suggest a standard, said that he would include those who had secured National Certificates.In reply to a question from Dr. Watson, the Registrar stated that the Supplemental Charter did not aim at implementing a scheme for national registration of chemists, although Mr. Ayling and Mr. Watkins maintained that enough had already been said elsewhere to indicate that the Government desired registration. The Registrar said that the Government would naturally make use of all lists of chemists for the purpose of a Central Register for National Service. Mr. Stanley Dixon said he was satisfied that there was a need for the Supplemental Charter, and that Bit would bring advantages to the profession. Professor W. J. Jones, Messrs. P. H. Griffiths and Adams, and Dr. Dippy also participated in the discussion.Several members spoke on the position of chemists in con- nexion with National Service, and expressed their sincere regret that the knowledge and ability of chemists should be utilised in connexion with war. No vote was taken, but it was agreed that the Sections respectively would communicate with the Council in due course. Mr. Ayling, Honorary Secretary of the South Wales Section, wrote subsequently that he felt that the representatives from Swansea held that the proposed category of non-corporate members was too restricted, in that it included only those persons who could become Fellows or Associates if they so desired. If the new category included persons with slightly lower qualifica- tions, the value of the Register would be greatly enhanced and the influence of the Institute widened.272 Dublin.-On 19th April a visit was made by members and their friends to the work of construction on the Poulaphouca Hydro-elect ric Scheme. The party travelled by special bus and were taken to see work on the pipe-line, the area to be flooded, and the construc- tional work on the dam and tunnels at Poulaphouca. The day of the visit was fortunately one of continuous sun- shine which made the trip an exceptionally pleasant one. The party subsequently adjourned to Lawlor’s Hotel at Naas for tea, when the thanks of the members were expressed to Mr. N. A. Chance, City Engineer, for his kindness in organising and personally conducting the visit.East Ang1ia.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held, on 18th April, at Scole. The Honorary Secretary submitted a report on the proceedings of the Section since its inception. He acknowledged the willing support which he had received, not only from the Committee, but from Fellows and Associates in the district. He referred also to the help he had received from the headquarters of the Institute and to the sound backing which had been given at all times by the Chairman, Mr. Lincolne Sutton. The Section had held eight meetings,-four at Norwich and four at Ipswich. Thanks were due to the Principal of the Norwich Technical College and to the Ipswich Corporation for providing the facilities for holding meetings. The social meetings had been entirely successful, largely due to the activities of Messrs.G. C. Green, J. Hendry and Dr. Hoblyn. The Section had been interested in the question of improving facilities for the training of chemical students in East Anglia and also with the utilisation of chemists in connexion with National Defence. The Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected :-Chairman, Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton ; Honorary Secre- tary, Dr. J. W. Corran; Honorary Treasurer, Mr. A. G. Avent; Committee, Messrs. B. J. Balfe, R. S. Colborne, W. H. Ferguson, G. C. Green, J. Hendry and Dr. E. H. T. Hoblyn; Honorary Auditors, Messrs. G. H. Whyatt and H. L. Pattle. It was agreed to amend Sectional Rule 5 to enable the District Member for London and South-Eastern Counties to be ex-o$cio a member of the Committee of this Section.273 A discussion was held on the proposed Supplemental Charter, and it was agreed to support the resolution of the Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section, not to call a special meeting to consider the matter before December. The decision of the Liverpool Section had, however, been changed in the meantime. It was held by some that any Supplemental Charter should include all practising chemists,-in fact, all whose association with chemical industry was sufficiently long and meritorious to justify an application, at least for the Associateship. A number of members expressed the view that they had not heard all the reasons for the Supplemental Charter which they ought to know.East Midlands.-The Fourth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at University College, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, on 20th April. Dr. L. Hunter presided. The Chairman declared the Officers and Committee for the coming year elected, as follows :-Chairman, Dr. L. Hunter ; Secretary, Mr. J. Ratcliffe; Committee (Derbyshire), Dr. F. Briers and Messrs. R. Davidson and C. W. North; (Nottinghamshire), Dr. H. Barber and Messrs. G. F. Hall and W. W. Taylor; (Leicestershire-excluding Loughborough), Messrs. F. C. Bullock and W. J. Lund; (Loughborough), Dr. C. Whitworth; (Lincoln- shire), Mr. D. A. Campbell; ex-oficio, Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, Member of Council; Hon. Auditor, Mr. C. W. North. The Annual Report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were received and adopted, and a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring officers.A lecture was then given by Dr. S. H. Piper on Some uses for X-rays in Organic Chemistry.” Dr. Piper said that, as a physicist, he wished to pay tribute to the skill of the chemists who had prepared the compounds used in the work he was about to describe. He then proceeded to give an account of the method used in making powder photographs by X-rays, and to show how this method had been applied to the examination of films of aliphatic compounds. It was explained that this method was of little or no use for the elucidation of details of crystal structure, but that it did yield a measurement of a crystal spacing which made it possible to estimate molecular chain lengths.274 Every aliphatic compound had a spacing proportional to its chain length, and in any homologous series the spacings plotted against the number of carbon atoms in the chain lay on a straight line. Such a line might be obtained from spacing measurements made from a few representatives of a series, and afterwards used to identify individual members of the series. A mixture of two or more members of the same homologous series gave, not the spacings of the individual components, but a single spacing characteristic of the proportions in which they were present. Measurements of such combination spacings had been obtained for many synthetic mixtures, and, when combined with observations on melting points, had made it possible to determine quantitatively the composition of many waxes without a laborious separation of the homologues. In addition it was often possible to decide the position of a side group on a chain from an inspection of the intensity of the X-ray reflections.A discussion followed. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held on 26th April to discuss the Proposed Supple- mental Charter. Dr. A. M. Smith presided in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman owing to illness. The discussion was opened by Mr. W. M. Ames, Member of Council, who spoke in favour of the proposal, and continued by Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, who opposed it. Nineteen members partici- pated in the discussion, which showed a wide divergence of opinion on the matter.On a vote being taken, 18 members voted in favour of the Proposed Charter, and 16 against it. India.-A symposium on "Food and Drug Adulteration " was held under the joint auspices of the Association of Tech- nologists, Mysore, and the Indian Section of the Institute, on 12th March, in the Mayo Hall, C. & M. Station, Bangalore, under the chairmanship of Sastravidyapravina Dr. S. Subba Rao, Senior Surgeon with the Government of Mysore (retired). The Chairman said that he had given evidence on the subject, some years back, in the same hall, before a committee presided over by Colonel Chopra. Though many years had passed since that committee presented its report, its recommendations had not yet been brought into effect.In view of the widespread prevalance of adulteration of food and drugs (both indigenous and imported) in the country and the absence of effective means 275 of controlling it, he was of opinion that immediate steps should be taken by the governments concerned to introduce suitable legislation and the necessary means for enforcing it. He suggested that a resolution should be passed on this subject at the end of the symposium and forwarded to the various govern- ments. Dr. P. Parthasarathy (Director of Public Health in Mysore) gave a brief introductory address on ‘(Adulteration of Foods and Drugs in Mysore.” He said that a Food and Drug Adulteration Act had been in existence both in India and in Mysore for a long time, but owing to the lack of proper machinery to enforce it, the absence of suitable standards for the various foods and drugs and the fact that only a few materials such as milk, ghee and butter came within the scope of the Act, there was very little real control over adulteration, which he heard was being carried on, on an extensive scale, to the detriment of public health. Chemists, pharmacologists, biologists, medical men and administrators should take immediate concerted action to fight the growing menace.Mr. G. Narasimha Murthy (Public Analyst, C. & M. Station Municipality) presented a paper on ‘(Adulteration of Milk and Milk Products,” in which he gave statistics showing that adulteration of milk was carried on extensively in India. The degree of adulteration varied from about 25 per cent.in the United Provinces to about 65 per cent. in the Madras Presidency. Though there were laws against adulteration in all the provinces, they were not very effective in practice, because the standards set up for milk varied from place to place and there was no uniformity in the legisla- tion. For example, the minimum fat content of cow’s milk was required to be only 3 per cent. in some provinces, while in others it was fixed at 3-5 per cent. In the case of buffalo’s milk, the minimum fat content required varied from 4-5 to 6 per cent. Analysis had shown that genuine buffalo’s milk never contained less than 6 per cent. fat. These examples showed the necessity for introducing proper standards and for having uniform legisla- tion all over the country.There were two varieties of butter- one made from curds and the other directly from milk. Butter made directly from milk contained only 15 to 16 per cent. of water, while that made from curds often contained up to 18 per cent. 276 of water. The maximum water content allowed for butter, therefore, varied from 15 to 18 or even 20 per cent. in different provinces. Butter made from curds could, however, be easily made to have a water content not exceeding 15 to 16per cent. by simply pressing it (in a machine), and 16 per cent. water content could be made the standard all over the country. The lecturer then mentioned that there were no proper standards for, or legislation to prevent adulteration of, other milk products such as curds (the product obtained by lactic fermentation of milk), Khoa (partly dehydrated milk), cheese, ice-cream, etc.A common adulterant of buffalo’s milk was yellow artificial colouring matter added to make it resemble cow’s milk in appearance. There was at present no law to prohibit this. In a paper on 66 Adulteration of Oils and Fats,” Mr. V. M. Mascarenhas (Manager, Mysore Vegetable Oil Products, Ltd.) said that the scope for adulteration of these materials was comparatively limited. For example, coconut oil, one of the most important edible oils, was almost colourless, and adultera- tion with oils such as groundnut and gingelly could be very easily detected.The most common adulterant of coconut oil, therefore, was white paraffin oil. Groundnut oil was so cheap that it usually did not pay to adulterate it with any other oil. Gingelly oil was often adulterated with groundnut oil. Linseed oil was very commonly adulterated with refined fish oil. Adulteration of ghee was the subject of a paper by Mr. B. N. Banerji (Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science). The lecturer said that ghee, the most expensive edible fat in India, was extensively adulterated. The chief causes for the widespread prevalence of adulteration were (I)a demand for ghee far in excess of the supply, (2) the large profits which could be made by adulteration to the extent of even 5 per cent.and (3)the difficulty of detecting adulteration quickly and readily (without elaborate laboratory equipment). The Govern- ment of India had recently taken steps to standardise the marketing and grading of ghee. But owing to the great variations in the chemical and physical characteristics of ghee, depending on the breed of the animal and its food, the season and other factors, these standards were open to objection. Experiments on the change of characteristics of ghee produced by these factors were being made in the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute 277 of Science. One of the results obtained was that, if oil cakes were fed in excess to an animal, the ghee would have a lower Reichert Meissl value and a higher iodine value than it otherwise would have.By mixing a number of different fats and hydrogenating the mixture to the proper consistency, it was possible to get a product which very closely resembled ghee. However, a careful and critical examination of all the physical, chemical and physio- logical properties would detect even skilful adulteration. Mr. S. L. Janniah (Government Industrial and Testing Laboratory, Bangalore) dealt with the detection and estimation of adulteration of drugs, including chemicals, crude drugs and galenical and other preparations. He suggested that many of the methods of assay given in the British Pharmacopceia were imperfect and required modification. Some of them gave inaccurate results with drugs of inferior quality and in the presence of adulterants.In other cases, the standards prescribed by the pharmacopceia were not precise enough to prevent adul- teration. The lecturer gave examples of adulteration of chemicals with which he had met, such as the substitution of boric acid for santonin, and kaolin and chalk for bismuth subnitrate, and low quinine content in quinine salts. In the case of chemicals, it was fairly easy to detect adulteration. Acetic acid, camphor, ether, acetylsalicylic acid and liquid paraffin were given as instances in which the B.P. standards and methods of assay were, in the opinion of the speaker, defective. Dealing with crude drugs containing active principles such as alkaloids which could be quantitatively evaluated, Mr.Janniah suggested that there were defects in the B.P. methods for assay of belladonna. The titration could be rendered more accurate by the use of tragacanth powder for purifying the alkaloid. Double extraction with a mixture of ether and chloroform was found to be an improvement on the B.P. method for cinchona bark analysis. In the case of drugs such as gentian, senega, ginger, cascara, etc., whose thera- peutic action could not be traced to any known constituent of definite composition, he (Mr. Janniah) considered that only a rough idea of the quality could be obtained by the B.P. or other known methods. Further work was desirable. Tincture of opium and tincture of nux vomica were cited as two examples of galenical preparations for which the B.P.standards and assay were defective. Tincture of opium owed its therapeutic value, not only to its morphine content, but also to the presence of other alkaloids such as codeine and narcotine. The absence of 278 a standard for codeine and narcotine in this preparation enabled manufacturers to sell tincture of opium deficient in these alkaloids. For compound tinctures and powders, liniments, ointments, elixirs, tablets and other preparations there were very few official methods of analysis, and these were far from satisfactory. Adulteration of these products was very extensively practised. One common method of adulteration in the case of alcoholic preparations was to keep the alcohol content far below that prescribed by the B.P.It was, however, easy to detect this and estimate its extent. In a paper on ‘‘The Control of Adulteration of Drugs in India,” Mr. B. H. Krishna (Government Industrial and Testing Labora- tory) gave his views on the condition of the drug trade in India, and the prevalance of adulteration, misbranding, exaggerated advertisement and other evils. These practices were common both to indigenous and imported preparations. The chief reasons for this state of things were the appalling poverty and ignorance of the masses and the craze for cheap drugs, defects in the existing legislation, the absence of effective machinery for controlling adulteration and punishing those who practised it, lack of trained pharmacists, the existence of different systems of medicine such as the Ayurvedic and Unani, and the difference in the laws prevailing in British India and the Indian States.Another great evil, highly detrimental to public health, was the enormous sale of patent and proprietary medicines of undisclosed composi- tion which were foisted on an ignorant public and were even prescribed by physicians who should know better. These medicines were often manufactured by ignorant and unscrupulous quacks and were not only costly but did harm to the patient. The lecturer suggested that the following steps should be taken to remedy this state of affairs:-(r) Suitable legislation should be introduced to restrict to qualified pharmacists the manufacture and sale of drugs; (2)courses in pharmacy should be instituted in all the provinces, and degrees in pharmacy introduced in the universities; (3) the present drug and food adulteration acts should be made much more comprehensive, and much heavier penalties should be enforced for infringements of an act; (4) a central drug control laboratory and branch laboratories for the various provinces should be established; (5) a central board consisting of representatives of the various professions con- 279 cerned should be instituted to advise the government from time to time on various matters connected with drug control; (6) the manufacture and sale of proprietary medicines should be brought under strict control ; no proprietary medicine whose composi- tion was undisclosed should be allowed to be sold; no false, misleading or exaggerated claims, regarding the efficacy of proprietary medicines, should be permitted to be made; (7) advertisements relating to aphrodisiacs, venereal diseases, cures for cancer, maladies of women, leprosy and tuberculosis should be prohibited; (8) steps should be taken to compile an Indian Pharmacopceia, similar to the British and other pharma- copceias, in which drugs of indigenous origin which had been proved to be of value should be included.All legislation should be made on an All-India basis and should include the Indian States. It should apply equally to indigenous and imported drugs. Otherwise it would not be effective in practice. What he (the speaker) suggested was already in existence in England, America and practically all other civilised countries, and India was hopelessly backward in this respect. The Chairman, in closing the discussion, said that they had listened to a number of very interesting and instructive papers on an important subject. He referred to the different standards for foods (e.g., milk) prevalent in various parts of the country and the difficulty of evolving a common standard. He suggested that the difficulty could be overcome by a number of producers joining together and producing foods such as milk on a large scale as was done in England.Speaking about drugs, he urged the importance of the "chemist and druggist " dispensing doctors' prescriptions honestly and correctly, and the incalculable harm done both to the doctor and patient by the dispensing of adul- terated drugs or by substituting one drug for another. He gave an example of how the Government Medical Stores had once purchased about 800 lbs.of extract of belladonna, which was found on examination to be nothing but molasses. He appealed to the Association of Technologists and the Institute of Chemistry to take proper steps to safeguard the interests not only of the honourable profession to which they belonged, but also of medicine. Before the meeting concluded, the following resolution was proposed by the Chairman, seconded by Dr. Goverdhan (Health Officer, C. and M. Station Municipality) and passed unanimously with acclamation :-" This meeting of the Association of 280 Technologists, Mysore, the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland (Indian Section) and other scientists and public health authorities is of opinion that in view of the widespread prevalence of adulteration of foods and drugs in this country, and the absence of effective methods of controlling it, immediate steps should be taken by the Governments and public bodies con- cerned to (I) Introduce suitable standards for the various foods and drugs, (2) Introduce suitable legislation to secure more effective control and (3) Appoint public analysts and devise other effective m+chinery for the detection and prevention of adultera- tion."It is suggested that a committee may be appointed to go into the question in Mysore State and representatives may be included from the Association of Technologists and the Institute of Chemistry." Note on Ghee.-"Ghee" is the Indian name for pure clarified milk fat of the cow or buffalo, either alone or mixed.It possesses a natural, sweet and pleasant odour and agreeable taste. It has a granular texture and white to yellow colour. It is generally prepared by adding an inoculum of curd or even butter milk from a previous churning to boiled or unboiled milk, which is generally kept covered overnight for the curdling to take place and is then churned into butter. The butter is next boiled to remove the moisture, and the clear fat is ready as "Ghee." Its constants are :-Cow Ghee. Buffalo Ghee. 1.Butyro-refractometer reading at 40" C. .. .. . . 40.5-42'5 40.5-42.5 2. Moisture-content per cent. . . Not more than 0-5 Not more than 0.5 3. Saponification value .. . . 222-226 229-234 4. Reichert-Meissl value .. .. 2 6-2 8 Not less than 30 5. Polenske value . . .. .. 1* 5-2.5 1* 5-2.0 6. Kirschner value .. .. 20-25 Not less than 25 7. Per cent. of free fatty acids, calculated as oleic acid . . Not more than 2.0 Not more than 2.0 Leeds.-At a meeting of the Section held in October, 1938, a discussion was held on the proposals which were to be embodied in the revised draft of the Supplemental Charter and a resolution was then carried,-" That this meeting approves on general grounds the action now proposed by the Council with regard to the Supplemental Charter, due regard being paid to the question of a title for the new category." When the text of the new draft had been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, it was noted that the title for the 281 new catagory had been amended and the Committee of the Section, therefore, felt it unnecessary to call a special meeting for further discussion.They were anxious, however, to ascertain whether they had correctly interpreted the wishes of the Fellows and Associates of the Section and, therefore, issued a questionnaire in order that members might state whether they considered it desirable or, alternatively, unnecessary, to call a special meeting of the Section for the further discussion of the Supplemental Charter.From 270 members in the Section, the Committee received replies from 48, of whom only one desired further discussion. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Section met on 9th March at Reece’s Restaurant. In the unavoidable absence of the Chairman and Vice-chairman, the chair was occupied by Mr. B. D. W. Luff. Dr. H. E. Cox (Member of Council) delivered a lecture on (6 Some Aspects of Chemical Dermatitis.” He opened by saying that we must recognise that its study and treatment calls for the combined skill and knowledge of the expert organic chemist, the physiologist, the physician and the lawyer. Confining consideration to those cases resulting from external contact with some chemical substance, he referred to the large number of legal cases arising each year, more than 3,000 under the Workmen’s Compensation Acts alone, of which the problem of causation is bio-chemical.The reason why substances, penetrating by means of the hair follicles and sweat glands only, sometimes produce acute dermatitis and sometimes do not, is likely to be bound up with the presence of certain substances in the blood serum at that particular time. This in turn is influenced by diet and sensitisation. The lecturer gave many instances of sensitisation produced by treatment with organic compounds, including urushiol which produces extreme sensitivity to poison ivy, and many chloro- and nitro- substituted aromatic hydro- carbons which induce sensitivity to I. 2.4. -trinitrobenzene. Sensitivity to p-nitroso dimethylaniline is caused by a number of substances, including $-phenylenediamine, and this is particularly interesting in connexion with dermatitis arising from rubber garments or the handling of rubber containing accelerators or anti-oxidants. It seems likely that the effects of these substances are largely influenced by induced sensitisation. There is now a 282 considerable body of evidence that the unexpected and unforeseen sensitivity of individuals to various compounds has a chemical basis. If a person previously insensitive to dyed fabrics suddenly reacts to an apparently harmless dye, is not the reason to be sought in the internal state or induced sensitivity due to subtle chemical changes in the blood serum? Such an acquired sen- sitivity may vitiate the patch test, and examples bearing on this were given.It may also account for the delayed effect of contact with an irritant chemical. Touching on forensic implications, Dr. Cox said that a hairdresser, endeavouring to avoid negligence , may have taken all reasonable precautions, including a patch test, before applying possibly irritant dyes, but should the subject, following a later treatment with the same dye, develop a rash, has he been negligent or has the person since become sensitised either by reason of health or more probably by contact with a sensitising chemical agent? In the case of garments, the purchaser relies on an implied warranty under section 14 of the Sale of Goods Act.Dr. Cox closed with a plea for additional research into the properties of the many new chemicals applied to our outsides or insides. The list of five prohibited colours in force in England is based on experiments carried out very long ago. Any new substance can be used inwardly or outwardly apparently without previous experiment, but he thought that careful co-operative research would ultimately lead to a better understanding of the nature of chemical reactions in and on the human body. Replying to Mr. B. D. W. Luff, who opened the discussion, Dr. Cox said that it was difficult to distinguish between irritation due to contact with flour, sugar or fibrous matter and that arising from active chemicals. Persulphates and bleaching agents used in flour could not be the sole cause, since the pro- hibition of their use in Switzerland had not resulted in the disappearance of flour dermatitis.On the question of the characteristic rash not always appearing on the skin at the point of contact, he said that the irritation arose in the first instance at the point of contact and subsequently spread. Commenting on the complicated nature of the problem, Mr. E. T. Williams said that possibly we were becoming more “skin conscious,” and enquired whether there was any synchronisation between outbreaks of dermatitis and the time 283 of the year. Also, did absorption of the dyestuff take place always along hair follicles and capillaries ? The lecturer said that cases due to furs naturally appeared mainly in the winter.Absorption rate varied tremendously with the substance, and, commenting on the minute quantities responsible for irritation in certain cases, he said that local concentration, which probably meant the local production of a saturated solution, was the important factor. The action of hydrocarbons was referred to by Mr. V. Biske, who said that from his experience of workmen dealing with these, only a very small proportion appeared to be sensitive. Dr. Cox said that it was a question of luck; some crude oils were much more active than others. In reply to Mr. E. Myer, he drew attention to the fact that most known carcinogenic substances were polynuclear and not diamines. Dr.Higgins, Messrs. E. V. Elwes, R. Whittam, N. Marsh, G. Brearley, G. H. Turner, and H. E. Garrett also took part in the discussion, dealing with hypersensitivity, the lapse of time necessary before induced sensitivity disappeared and the possibility of de-sensitisation. The Section met on 13th April, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool,-Mr. R. R. Butler in the Chair,-to hear an address by Dr. D. A. Allan (Director of the City of Liverpool Museums) on ‘‘ Chemistry in the Museum Service.” Dealing with chemistry as an exhibit, Dr. Allan said that while chemical elements could be shown, their relation to their com- pounds was difficult to demonstrate in a static exhibit. In a few instances reactions on an endless chain principle had been shown, and there was a big field here calling for ingenious contriving to attract the public and teach something worth while.He sug-gested that much might be done to preserve the original apparatus of pioneers. The aid of chemistry was called for in cleaning, restoring and preserving specimens, the last involving a continual warfare against oxidation, hydration and the attack of moulds and insects. The suitability of inks and papers for labelling and records was a matter for chemical examination. In restoration, it was of prime importance to learn the previous history of the specimen before subjecting it to treatment. Failure to do this had resulted in many early disasters. 284 Moulds, depending on moisture and nutriment, could be controlled by keeping down the humidity, ensuring good venti- lation, and by exposure to thymol vapour.An alcoholic solution of mercuric chloride might be used if all else failed. Sterilisation by heat was the only certain method of destroying insect eggs as well as larvae, though Americans claimed success by exploding them in a vacuum. It is necessary to know the life history of the pests, because insect eggs are almost indestructible by fumigation with hydrogen cyanide, carbon disulphide or the non-inflammable mixture of four parts, by volume, of carbon tetrachloride and one part of carbon disulphide, and, in these cases, it was necessary to re-fumigate at appropriate intervals. 9-Dichlorobenzene and natural camphor were also useful. Leather was preserved by dressing with vaseline, castor oil or lanoline, which excluded air and did not become acidic.Ancient leather which was liable to shrink and become shapeless was transferred from a vaseline bath to molten paraffin wax to fill the pores prior to drying. Textiles were best cleaned with saponin,-petrol or benzol nearly always spoiling the specimen ; fragile or ancient fabrics could subsequently be strengthened with duroprene. Damp wood from excavations or bogs must be very slowly dried to avoid change of shape, or might be submerged in paraffin oil so that the water was displaced and rose to the surface, the paraffin oil being later removed in a petrol bath. A sealing coat of celluloid, vinyl acetate or bakelite might be employed if necessary.Dr. Allan dealt with the treatment of siliceous materials, where the main problem was the removal of absorbed salts and, referring to ancient glasses, pointed out that Venetian (potash) glass tended to be completely destroyed, while Roman (soda- lime) glass was more resistant. Partially devitrified glass could be treated by carefully controlled application of dilute hydrochloric acid. Metals, said the lecturer, might develop a protective cover which prevented further chemical action, as with copper and lead, or formed a discontinuous scale of corrosion product which accelerated the attack on the remaining metal. When a patina-rendering the specimen stable and giving it an attractive appearance-had been formed, it was important to avoid breaking it, as exposure of the underlying oxychloride would set up active decay or “bronze disease.” 285 In the case of iron specimens, if no original metal remained, it was merely a question of preserving the shape with the aid of a surface coating of duroprene, shellac or a cement composed of rosin, carnauba wax, gutta percha, gum ammoniacum, shellac and Venice turpentine.If decay was less advanced, boiling in 5 per cent. caustic soda with zinc in contact with the metal was capable of yielding specimens which, when polished, showed a close resemblance to what they were in their original condition. Occasionally fine details or inscriptions were brought up by permitting a little rusting to occur.Dr. Allan also referred to methods for dealing with bronzes, precious metals and lead. After careful cleaning of lead, or treating under reducing conditions with caustic soda, oxidation or coating with varnish must be effected before handling. Finally, some account was given of problems encountered and successes achieved in re-tinting furs of mounted animals. The production of a dense black without metallic lustre, the discovery of a non-sticky substitute for shellac in treatment of fur and hair, and of a chemical to produce a gloss on dyed fur, which tended to become dull, were some of the problems offered for solution. A very interesting discussion followed and several suggestions bearing on the above problems were accepted and promised a trial by the lecturer. At the Special Meeting held on 11th May to discuss the pro- posed Supplemental Charter, the proceedings were opened by the Chairman (Mr.R. R. Butler), who read extracts from the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSsetting out the views of the Past President of the Institute (Sir Robert H. Pickard) on the aims of the Charter. Mr. A. E. Findley followed, and speaking as a private member of the Institute, said that he was convinced that the proposals were not detrimental to the value of the Institute. He compared the position to that existing before the adoption of admission to the Associateship and Fellowship without examination : great benefits had followed this step. If the Institute was to expand, its scope must be widened, and he would like to see it embrace all qualified chemists (i.e.all those with qualifications at present accepted by the Institute). After indicating ways in which the Institute had helped to build up the prosperity of chemists, he suggested that if no action were taken now, other 286 machinery would be formed possibly by the Chemical Council or the Universities. Opposing the draft Charter, a member rejected Mr. Findley’s parallel, and said that there was no proof that the new class wanted to join. Mere increase in numbers would not give the Institute more influence, and he did not see any reason for the creation of a special class. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, in supporting the proposals, showed how many of the earlier objections to the proposed Charter had been disposed of.He pleaded for the inclusion of non-corporate members: they would not weaken the Institute even if some reduction in accumulated balance followed. Mr. E. Myer’s opposition to the proposed Charter was based on his belief that graduates would tend to become Non-Corporate Members instead of Associates. Further, he would like to see a form of “conscription” of all chemists (since he held that many experienced unqualified chemists were as good as those qualified), and suggested that registration should be brought about by the Chemical Council with representation by the Institute. This would tend to close the profession. Mr. R. R. Butler, from the Chair, said that the functions of the Chemical Council did not extend to matters of professional qualifications or discipline.Dr. R. A. Morton said that the situation had arisen from a badly drafted Act, and had been dealt with by the Institute in the best possible way. The new category had, he thought, in- tentionally been made unpopular and he did not anticipate any dilution of the Institute from its introduction. Professor W. H. Roberts said that it was necessary to have disciplinary powers over those working under the provisions of the Poisons Act. Such discipline could only be applied to members of the Institute and the Pharmaceutical Society; the Universities had no such powers. He felt that the introduction of the new category would do no harm, since he anticipated that many Non-Corporate Members would subsequently apply for full membership.He objected strongly, however, to the use of the word “member ” in the description, holding that this should be reserved exclusively for Fellows and Associates. The Chairman, supporting Professor Robert’s views, paid a tribute to the services rendered by senior Members of Council in dealing with the difficult problems often encountered by the Council. 287 Several other members spoke. Closing the discussion, Professor T. P. Hilditch (a Vice- President of the Institute) pointed out that beyond mere recogni- tion Non-Corporate Members would have no privileges, and though the proposed by-law regarding transfer from one category to another might appear to work harshly, special cases would receive particular consideration.As far as the Poisons Act was concerned it was the business of the Institute to protect those who submitted to its discipline; the Universities must look after those of their graduates who, while remaining outside the Institute, desired to work under the Poisons Act. The Institute had no powers to ‘I conscript ” chemists. It would appear that those who remained outside were either too mean or too apathetic to come in, and were too concerned with what they could get out of the Institute. Professor W. H. Roberts then proposed and Mr. A. E. Findley seconded the following resolution :-I‘ That this meeting approves the action of Council in the promotion of the Proposed Supple- mental Charter.” This was carried by 22 (plus 3 proxies), i.e.25 votes to 20. Professor Roberts then proposed, Professor Hilditch seconding, “That the words ‘Chemists Registered by the Institute ’ appear in the Proposed Supplemental Charter in place of the words Registered Non-Corporate Members ’.” This was carried unanimously. London and South-Eastern Counties.-Keen interest was shown in the visit to the Forest Products Research Labora- tories, at Princes Risborough, on 12th April; more than 50 members attended. The party was welcomed by Mr. H. A. Cox, who briefly detailed the objects and work of the Laboratory. Groups of about 15 were formed to visit the following sections: (i) Laboratory for determining physical characteristics. The moisture content of wood consists of water held by capillary attraction and water adsorbed on the surface.An ingeniousmethod of distinguishing between the two by determining the equilibrium moisture content in atmospheres of controlled humidity and in sugar solutions of known concentration was described. The usual characteristics, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, etc., were determined by oscillation methods and also, on small samples, by measuring rapid longitudinal vibrations by 288 cathode ray oscillograph. Determinations are complicated by variations in properties in three dimensions, along the grain, and in two directions at right angles to it. (ii) A laboratory devoted to the study of wood-attacking fungi and methods for resistance treatment.The accepted international test for resistance to fungi was described. The method originated in these laboratories. Certain species of wood, such as Canadian red cedar, are naturally resist- ant to fungi, owing to the presence of phenolic constituents. (iii) A laboratory in which the anatomic structure of different species was studied and where attempts were made to correlate structure with physical characteristics. (iv) In this section, the impregnation of wood with creosote and other preservatives and with fire-resisting solutions was studied, and methods of testing for fire resistance were demon- strated. An economical method of impregnation with creosote consisted in subjecting the wood to a high atmospheric pressure for some time and forcing preservative into the wood under still higher pressure.When normal atmospheric pressure was restored, the excess creosote exuded. In order to obtain penetra- tion of preservative into certain woods, surface incisions were necessary. (v) A series of kilns was next viewed, wherein wood was seasoned artificially to any desired moisture content. (vi) In a workshop for testing the resistance of large beams to bending and compression a study was being made of the effect of size and disposition of knots on these properties. Specimens were shown of strips of wood which had been subjected to intense pressures and had thereby become so pliable that they could be tied into knots. (vii) In the entomological laboratory, specimens of wood which had been attacked by depredatory insects were on view, and methods were demonstrated for detecting the presence of insects and restricting their activities. A microphone and amplifier rendered it possible to detect the presence of living insects in wood by the sound of their movements.(viii) This laboratory was devoted to chemical work bearing on the problems concerned with researches upon wood. The pleasure and profit derived from this visit was in great measure due to excellent organisation by the officers of the Research Station, which enabled a large party of visitors to 289 receive the maximum amount of information with the minimum expenditure of time and energy. Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section took place on 23rd March,-Dr.G. D. Elsdon in the Chair. Dr. D. W. Hill, Mr. P. Gaunt, Mr. R. Owen Jones and Dr. E. H. Rodd were elected members of the Committee. The Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. A. Coulthard, was re-elected. The Honorary Auditors, Messrs. L. Thompson and H. H. Stocks were also re-elected. Dr. A. E. M. G. Gillam gave a lectflre entitled ‘‘ Some Applications of Absorption Spectra to Organic and Biological Problems.” The lecture, which was greatly appreciated, was followed by a discussion. At a Committee Meeting held on 18th April, Mr. S. A. Brazier was elected Chairman for the forthcoming Session. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meet-ing of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section of the Institute was held in the Mixed Lounge, University Union, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 20th March, to consider the new draft of the Proposed Supplemental Charter.Dr. W. M. Madgin presided over a representative gathering, including Dr. A. A. Hall (District Member of Council), and Dr. W. S. Patterson and Mr. A. J. Prince (Ordinary Members of Council). Opening the discussion, the Chairman outlined the main provisions of the new draft of the Proposed Supplemental Charter and indicated the changes which had been made in the old draft. A full and careful consideration of the proposals then followed and many interesting and useful suggestions and criticisms were expressed by the members present. The meeting terminated with the passing of the following motion which was carried unanimously :-‘‘This meeting of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section of the Institute of Chemistry, called to consider the Proposed Supplemental Royal Charter, records 290 the unanimous opinion that the proposals are against the best interests of the Institute and its Members.“In particular it would emphasise that :-(I) The reasons advanced on behalf of the proposed changes appear unconvincing ; (2) the admission of persons who decline to associate them- selves with the objects and activities of the Institute is detrimental to the value of the Institute as a professional body; (3) the creation of non-corporate members would establish an undesirable precedent which does not obtain in similar professional bodies.” Note.-The Publications Committee is aware that the Institute of Physics and several of the Chartered Institutions of Engineers have “Non-Corporate Members.” New Zealand.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held at Palmerston North, on 26th January, Mr. R. L. Andrew, Chairman, gave an address on “The Level of Chemical Knowledge in the Community.” Mr. Andrew said that, in assessing the knowledge of chemistry in the community, evidence could be supplied by current adver- tising. He would limit himself to advertisements of soap, medicines, cosmetics, and certain foods, as these commodities were frequently advertised with what purported to be chemical facts.Almost without exception the supply of soap on the market was of high quality. Even the so-called common soap, although unacceptable to the fastidious, could be used as a toilet soap. Colour, perfume, packaging, were of aesthetic significance only. The advertiser wanted to induce people to buy his soap in pre- ference to others. He, therefore, stated or inferred that other soaps were inferior and injurious. His claims were sometimes based on “chemical” arguments; but people were only convinced by what they believed, and the power to detect misrepresentation was limited by the extent of their knowledge. Toothpastes were widely used and advertised, although dental opinion inclined to the view that brushing and a simple wash, such as salt and water, would be as effective as any toothpaste. There appeared to be no great objection to such pastes provided 291 that they were not clearly injurious ;their flavour and convenience, indeed, encouraged people, especially children, to clean their teeth.The majority of toothpastes provided a pleasant means of applying precipitated chalk; they usually contained soap, but some authorities held that proportions over 5 per cent. were obj ec t ion able. Mr. Andrew criticised claims for supposed germicidal proper- ties. Of 34 brands examined all except one were on the alkaline side,-of the precipitated chalk, magnesia type. Advertisements of certain proprietary medicines directed attention to the r61e of minerals in nutrition, and included glaring examples of pseudo-chemistry to impress the uninformed.Some statements were either recklessly impudent or merely venial; others embodied foggy ideas on starchy food. It was commonly believed that starch was inherently dangerous, although the healthy human being was perfectly equipped to deal with starch. People were induced to eat less bread, until it was regarded as advisable to advertise the impor- tance of bread in diet,-in no less inaccurate terms. A remarkable development was the craze for consuming glucose and the tendency to exploit pleasant foods containing it as if they were quack medicines. The statement was made that dextrose was directly absorbed into the bloodstream, with the inference that this was an advantage.Pure dextrose was imported to New Zealand at about 3d. a pound, and was recom- mended as an ordinary foodstuff at 2s. 6d. a pound,-an extremely expensive source of carbohydrate. The work of the last quarter century on vitamins, constituted probably the greatest advance ever made in the science of dietetics. He would be the last to belittle the magnitude of this achieve- ment, but in spite of this, he inclined to the opinion that the discovery of vitamins had been by no means an unmixed blessing. On broad lines, what was regarded as a good all-round diet to-day would have been so regarded 30 years ago. It was then recognised that fresh vegetables, milk, butter, eggs, etc., should constitute a material part of diet, that whole wheat flour was better than white and that cod-liver oil was of particular value.He felt that the over-emphasis placed on their importance had prepared the ground for the food quack and the food faddist. The numerous references to vitamins in advertisements for both foods and medicines were familiar to all, and in only a small proportion could the advertisers possibly justify the claims made. The 292 latest exploitation of vitamins was in connexion with cosmetics, where they were advertised in the usual indefinite form. One of several answers in a recent radio advertising com-petition related to apples. “Apples! over a million cases of crisp, shiny, juicy apples exported in one year. Doctors, dentists, and dieticians recommend apples. Why ? Why the enormous export trade? Because apples contain the three vitamins most necessary to life.They are carbon, which gives us energy, power and vigour, oxygen, without which nothing in the world would exist, and hydrogen, acting in conjunction with the other two and helping them to be so vital to us! ” This was grotesquely incorrect, but no further wide of the mark than much other talk on vitamins. This example came from a secondary school, was one of a winning set of answers, came under the notice of the headmaster of the school, and was given his approval. If the average member of the community were judged by advertisements, his knowledge of chemistry was small indeed and even that small knowledge did not enlighten but deceived him.The first remedy that suggested itself was a better and wider teaching of chemistry. Unless one were in a position critically to take all the relevant facts into consideration an elementary knowledge of chemistry enabled the advertiser to make a more effective appeal. Mr. Andrew gave R. Hutchison’s opinion on cocoa in his Food and Dietetics 1-“An examination of the chemical composition of cocoa might lead one to suppose that it was of considerable nutritive value. But that would be a mistake. Theoretically, cocoa is a valuable food, but practically it is not, the reason being that so little of it can be taken at a time. “It takes about 10 granis (Q ounce) of cocoa to make a breakfast- cupful of the beverage, and, assuming the average composition given already (i.e.the analysis), this would yield about 40 calories of energy. It would, therefore, require fully seventy-five such cupfuls to yield the total amount of potential energy demanded of the body daily, obviously an impossible quantity. Of course, if the beverage is prepared entirely with milk and plenty of sugar, it becomes an important food, but that is due to the milk and sugar and not to the cocoa.” Hutchison in his first sentence stated that an examination of the chemical composition of cocoa would by itself lead to a conclusion that was seen to be erroneous when all the relevant facts associated with the use of cocoa were taken into account, and there might be good reasons for a greater use of cocoa in diet, particularly if its use led to a more general consumption of 293 milk.Some adults as well as children would drink cocoa-flavoured milk, but plain milk would not be acceptable. The best course was to depend on legal control. Systematic adulteration had been reduced to small proportions, thanks largely to the operation of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act. In the United States and in Canada, it became apparent that the powers were not wide enough to cope with the situation that had arisen, in which misleading and extravagant advertising was the greatest problem. Both these countries had, in recent years, amended their legislation. The Canadian Legislation was particularly interesting. In a paper on the art of the apothecary, published in Chemistry and Industry, A.Linton Davidson, Dominion Analyst, Ottawa, said : “In this respect Canadian legislation is ahead of the United States or any country in the British Commonwealth of Nations.” Two acts governed the sale of drugs, namely, the Proprietary or Patent Medicines Act, and the Food and Drugs Act. The first dealt with remedies, the formulae of which were not disclosed to the general public and the second with such as were. All patent medicines sold must be registered, and to do this the formula must be declared to the authorities. The seller of so-called patent medicine thus had two choices-one to declare the formula confidentially to the authorities or to declare it on the label. This was a very great advance and in itself must be a great curb on the activities of the patent medicine vendor.It could not be manufactured, imported, or sold-(a) if it contained certain dangerous drugs; (21) if it contained alcohol, in excess of the amount required as a solvent or preservative, or was not sufficiently medicated to make it unfit for use as a beverage; This was a “knock-out ” for the so-called medicated wines,- (c) if it contained any one of a numerous list of drugs, the name of which and the dose were not printed in a prescribed manner on the label or if the quantity of such drug exceeded the amount permitted by an advisory board; (d) if it contained any drug which was included in the list and the name given was not the commonly employed name for the drug (Aspirin and Aspro, Asthnia, Ephedrine) ; (e) if the article were represented as a cure for any disease; (f) if any false, misleading or exaggerated claims were made on the wrapper or label or in any advertisement.Under the Canadian Food and Drugs Act, all drugs were required to comply with recognised standards of the latest editions of various national pharmacopceias or failing that with standards in a generally recognised work on materia medica or drugs. There was provision for rigid standards for special substances such as sera, vaccines, etc. Another great advance embodied in the Canadian legislation was that section dealing with the sale of medicines for serious complaints. Under their former legislation and, with a few exceptions, under that at present in force in New Zealand, it had to be established in court that the claims were false and mis- leading.As Davidson said, “This was not only costly and un- certain, but by no means easy, especially when the defendants called in their own expert opinion to support the case. Moreover, each case the Crown might lose would serve to leave the defendant and his class in a stronger position than before.” It was this last possiblity under New Zealand procedure that prevented action being taken in certain cases. The Canadian Law had been amended to read: “No person shall import, offer for sale or sell any remedy represented by label or by advertisement to the general public as a treatment for any of the diseases or abnormal physical states named in a schedule.” The schedule was comprehensive and could be added to if thought necessary.The result was that in Canada one could not sell medicine advertised for self medica- tion for serious diseases. The sufferer was thus encouraged to seek early medical advice. The Canadian Law had met the difficulties experienced, principally :-(1) by making patent medicine sellers declare the composition of their wares ; (2) by severely restraining advertising relating thereto ; (3) by preventing the advertising in any manner.of medicines for (4) by making more stringent the provisions for preventing false the lay treatment of serious diseases ; or misleading statements appearing on labels or in advertising.The Food and Drugs Law of the United States had been largely amended to deal with cosmetics. It was being vigorously enforced-to the great concern of those who had gone in for large- scale misleading advertising. This applied particularly to cosmetics, which were so widely used that their manufacture was one of the major industries. In certain cases harmful substances were being used and some companies had gone so far as to incorporate hormones with face preparations. A very important activity was to insist on 295 all new drugs and new cosmetic ingredients being tested as to possible risk before being allowed to be put into general use. Mr. Andrew concluded with some observations as to the part which the Institute might take in regard to the matters to which he had referred.He had always been convinced of the wisdom of maintaining a high and rigid code of ethics in the profession. This con- viction had been strengthened by a study of the advertising already discussed. The utmost care should be taken that no report of a member of the Institute be given in such a manner that it could be used intentionally or unintentionally to deceive. A report might be used unintentionally to deceive, for chemists must often have been struck with the touching faith that many people had in an analysis, particularly if there were more than, say, four constituents listed and it made up by difference the full IOO per cent. with something undetermined. It was, of course, evident that, so far as the commodities dealt with were con- cerned, it was desirable that they should not be advertised with the support of real or reputed chemical facts, as these signified little to the general public.This being so, Fellows and Associates of the Institute would, he knew, make every endeavour strictly to adhere to the estab- lished practice of the Institute regarding the publication of reports of analyses, and where possible to influence advertisers against publishing what might be misleading advertisements. Where an advertisement was published with misleading chemical arguments, the Institute should draw the attention of the firm or firms concerned to the fact, because, as before mentioned, the deception might be unintentional.Mr. Andrew suggested that the Institute should approach the New Zealand Branch of the British Medical Association with a view to taking concerted action in directing public attention to the evil of false and misleading advertising in connexion with the sale of food, drugs, soap and cosmetics. One of the chief aims of the Institute was to protect its members, but implicit in its code of ethics was the.duty to protect the public from misrepresentation of the facts and applications of chemistry. South Wales.-On 14th February, members of the Section attended a meeting of the Swansea Section of the Institute of 296 Metals at the Y.M.C.A. Building, Swansea,-Mr. H. Davies in the Chair,-when Mr.A. 0. Thomas delivered a lecture on 6b Tin Recovery from Waste Materials.” Mr. Thomas described the three main processes for detinning: (a) the chlorine process, in which the scrap metal is treated with chlorine at 4 atmospheres pressure for a short time, the tin being obtained as stannic chloride; (b)the electrolytic process, in which approximately g per cent. aqueous sodium hydroxide is used as the electrolyte; and (c) the acid process, in which hydrochloric acid is used and the tin is recovered by basification, the hydroxide being precipitated preferentially to ferrous hydroxide. A modification of the third process was described, in which the acid extract is neutralised and the tin then oxidised to the stannic state, Dilution of the solution and heating, followed by the separation and drying of the resulting precipitate, led to the recovery of the tin as stannic oxide.An interesting discussion followed. On 17th March, Dr. F. Heathcoat (Head of Chemistry Dept. and Vice-Principal, Swansea Technical College) addressed the Section at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea, on “Some Modern Ideas of Coal.” The following is a summary of the Address:- The difficulties of research on the constitution of coal are not surprising in view of the complexity of the vegetable products from which coal is derived and the intricate series of reactions that have taken place in the subsequent formation of coal. The X-ray studies of coal have confirmed its colloidal structure, and one can obtain from coal a great variety of substances by decomposition.In spite of these difficulties there are indications that the transi- tion of plant materials to coal is a process that results in simplifi- cation of structure, and in the types of material that make up coal can be recognised encouraging signs of limitation of types and not of multiplicity. The banded appearance of coal reveals its heterogeneous nature. Dr. Marie C. Stopes recognised four visible or macro- scopic ingredients, namely vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain. Microscopic and chemical examination of these banded con-stituents has confirmed the fact that they are different, although some vitrains grade imperceptibly into clarain. 297 The microscopic examination of coal may be applied to thin transparent sections or to polished surfaces, with or without etching.As a result of such microscopic studies it was realised that the existing terminology was confusing and inadequate and the Second International Congress for the Study of Carboni- ferous Rocks held in the Netherlands in 1936 put forward the following terms to describe the microscopic types or macerals which constitute all coals, including anthracites : (a) Vitrinite which is the characteristic component of vitrain, transparent in thin section, sometimes structureless but often showing faint structure. Derived from woody structures, and ortho-hydrous, i.e., of normal hydrogen-content . (b) Fusinite, the characteristic component of fusain, opaque in thin section, of cellular structure. Derived from woody structures possibly by a different type of decomposition as com- pared with vitrinite.It is sub-hydrous, i.e., poor in hydrogen. (c) Resinite or resins, closely similar to the original resins of the tree or plant. Extractable by solvents. It is per-hydrous, i.e., rich in hydrogen. (d) Exinite which includes preserved plant structures of a protective nature, e.g., spore coals and cuticles. It is per-hydrous. (e) Micrinite which describes the opaque material found in durains, probably intermediate in composition between vitrinite and fusinite. Future research should be directed towards the elucidation of the chemical and physical properties of these macerals.In separating them from coal for further examination, physical methods should be tried, since chemical methods affect the macerals by decomposition. Studies on the rank and origin of coals have shown that the two factors which are significant in the formation of coal are bacterial action in the peat stage, followed by pressure in the subsequent coalification process. There has been much controversy as to the relative importance of lignin and cellulose as materials contributing to the humus of peat and the ulmins of coal. Fischer and Schrader maintain that cellulose is completely decomposed into gaseous products during the peat stage and therefore does not contribute to the materials in peat and coal. The other school of thought repre- sented by Wheeler in England adduces evidence that cellulose may well have contributed to the humus of peat, even though it may be partially decomposed and transformed into other products.A careful review of the evidence leads to the conclusion that both materials have contributed to the formation of coal. McKenzie Taylor has studied the influence of roof materials of the zeolite type in the decomposition of organic plant materials. This author concludes that the ultimate nature of the coal is decided in the peat stage by the type of roof which is subsequently superimposed on it. Anthracites, according to this theory, are produced by a different type of decomposition, and are not necessarily the oldest coals. Clarains, or bright coals, are now generally regarded as having been deposited in situ at the place where the plant grew, whereas durains or dull coals are regarded as “drift ” materials, the plant debris having been drifted and deposited elsewhere. This theory is supported by abundant evidence.The solvent extraction of coal has been disappointing in its results. A large number of solvents have been used, but particular attention has been paid to the pyridine-chloroform method of Wheeler, and the benzene-pressure method of Bone. Considerable extracts have been obtained by both methods. The principal interest of the solvent extraction researches centres round an attempt to discover what may be described as the “coking principle ” of coal. Although extractable resins undoubtedly play a large part in the coking process, there are other influences that have not yet been fully determined.The study of the action of reagents on coal has also been dis- appointing. The usual effect of the reagent is to give, in the first place, products that are too complex for separation, followed by piecemeal destruction of these complex materials to give simple molecules that throw little or no light on the materials from which they were derived. Francis and Wheeler have examined the action of atmospheric oxygen and more powerful oxidising agents. The humic acids of peat have suffered internal condensation and elimination of acid groupings to give the ulmins of coal. Coal ulmins are regarded as a compact system of six-membered carbon rings connected by heterocyclic structures of the furan and pyrrole type, with external atoms and groupings attached.Bone has shown that the proportion of carbon in the form of benzenoid structures increases in passing from lignites to anthracites. The method of thermal decomposition, although essentially drastic in its nature, has been refined in the hands of Holroyd and Wheeler by working at low pressure and successive increments 299 of temperature. These authors were able to trace the contribu- tions to the resulting gases and oils made by the resins and hydrocarbons, the preserved plant structures and the ulmins. Finally, the lecturer stressed the necessity for team work in carrying out further researches on the constitution of coal.The results of these researches were bound to be of practical value to those concerned in the production, sale and utilisation of coal. The discussion was opened by Dr. C. A. Seyler, who emphasised the importance of the examination of the individual coal macerals ; much of the earlier work on coal is vitiated by a neglect of the petrology of coal. Important results are also anticipated from the application of more refined methods, X-ray spectrography having already shown that there is an increase in the graphite lattices as the coals become more anthracitic. Subsequent discussion covered such topics as the geology of the South Wales coalfield, by Mr. J. H. Davies; the temperature during coal formation, by Mr.E. Thornton; the application of a knowledge of the constituents and properties of coals to an industrial process such as briquetting, by Messrs. T. E. Cound, E. S. Squire, and P. V. Lloyd. South Yorkshire.-At a meeting of the Section held on 15th March, at Doncaster Technical College, Mr. A. Gillies, Assistant Coke Oven Manager of the Grassmoor Co., Ltd., gave a paper entitled 6b Benzole Refining.” The Chairman of the Section (Dr. E. Gregory) presided. The following resum6 of the paper has been supplied by Mr. Gillies: The quantity and quality of crude benzole produced from coal depend on the kind of coal carbonised, the conditions of carbonising, and the efficiencies of recovery from the coal gas, and from the wash oil by distillation.The resulting crude is a complex mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, paraffins, olefines, sulphur compounds and compounds producing colour. The properties of a motor spirit and the reasons why a crude requires refining before use in a car engine were discussed. The old method of refining by drastic treatment with strong sulphuric acid usually gave a satisfactory product, but was very wasteful in yield and materials. The introduction of the inhibitor process caused a revision of the specification of motor 300 benzole. By this, motor benzoies, containing unsaturated hydro- carbons which had been rendered stable and therefore had little tendency to form gum, were considered suitable. The problem of sulphur removal now occupied the most important position in benzole refining, in that the resultant yields were dependent on the removal of sulphur compounds.Of the two main sulphur compounds, carbon disulphide and thiophen, the former was the more convenient and economical to remove. The mode of thiophen removal was discussed. Carbon disulphide could be removed by chemical means and by efficient fractionation. The best methods of chemical removal were the methanol-soda process, and the ammonium polysulphide process. These were described. The presence of hydrogen sulphide and the formation of free sulphur and mercaptans were considered, along with the importance of pyridine removal in relation to colour stability. Refining by hydrogenation was shown to be technically possible, and the removal of thiophen by carbon monoxide was indicated.Finally, it was stressed that one method of refining could not be said to be better than another unless the statement was qualified by reference to a particular crude, and that control was by no means the least important consideration in benzole refining. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and was followed by a lengthy and interesting discussion. 301 April Examinations, 1939. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held as under:-No. No. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- Entered. Passed. At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the University of Manchester,-17th-22nd April, 1939 .. .. .. 79 45* For the Fellowship-Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel :at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington,-24th- 29th April, 1939 .. .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Metallurgical Analysis : at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington,---24th-2SthApril, 1939 . . .. .. .. .. 1 0 Branch C. Organic Chemistry : With special reference to Oils and Fats: at the Institute,-24th-29th April . . .. 4 4 Branch D. Biochemistry : With special reference to Vitamins: at the InstiLute and at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,-24th-29th April, 1939 . . .. .. .. 1 1 Branch E.The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: at the Institute,-24th-29th April, 1939. . .. 9 4 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry : With special reference to Dyestuffs and Inter- mediates : at the Institute,-24th-29th April, 1939 .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 With special reference to Oils and Fats: at the Institute,-24th-29th April, 1939 .. 1 1 With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon: at the College of Technology,Manchester,-24th-29th April, 1939 .. 1 1 With special reference to Textiles, particularly Linen : at the College of Technology,Manchestm-24th-29th April, 1939 . . 1 0 General Analytical Chemistry :at the Institute, -24th-29th April, 1939 . . .. .. 2 - 2 - 102 60 - - * Ten candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination, and 10 candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed.The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Qivs formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of TWO of the following processes, discussing the theoretical principles involved :-(a) the contact process for the manufacture of sulphur trioxide; (b) the technical synthesis of ammonia; (c) the electrolytic formation of hypochlorites and chlorates. 2. Discuss any TWO of the following:- (a) Avogadro’s nunlber; (b) solubility product ; (c) the use of indicators in analytical chemistry.3. The periodic classification indicates similarity between (a)silicon and carbon; (b) chromium and sulphur. How far are such similarities supported by the chemistry of these elements ? 4. The vapour pressure-composition curve for a system of two liquids varies in character according to the nature and the miscibility of the two compounds concerned. Set out the types of curve realised in practice and, in the light of these, discuss the processes of fractional distillation and steam distillation. 5. Describe the manufacture, properties and uses of THREE metallic sulphates which are important industrially. 6.Give an HISTORICAL account of the development of our ideas on valency. 7. Discuss the influence of moisture on the physical and chemical properties of inorganic substances. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. The equation SO, + SO, + 30, represents the gaseous dissocia- tion of sulphur trioxide. Formulate the equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction in terms of the total pressure of the system and the degree of dissociation of sulphur trioxide. 2. Give an account of EITHER titanium and its compounds OR thallium and its compounds. 3. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) the effect of light on chemical reactions; (b) heterogeneous catalysis ; (c) modern theories of the conductivities of aqueous salt solu- tions.4. Discuss ONE of the following topics:- (a) allotropy; (b) chemistry in Dalton’s time; (c) the liquefaction of gases, 5. Select ONE of the following and write a concise account of it:- (a) some applications of microchemical methods in inorganicanalysis ; (b) radioelements as indicators in chemical and biochemical reactions ; (c) isotopes-with special reference to methods for their identi- 303 fication and separation. 6. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of*any THREE of the following :-(a) hydrazine sulphate; (b) ammonium persulphate ; (c) potassium dichromate; (d) aluminium sulphide; (e) sodium hydrosulphite (Na,S,O,) ; (f) iodine.7. Write an account of the part played by X-rays in elucidating the internal structure of metals and simple inorganic compounds. TUESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give f ornaulae and equations whem possible.) 1. Give TWO examples of the uses of each of the following reagents :-(a) methyl sulphate; (b) sodium hypochlorite; (c) phenylcarbimide ; (d) benzoyl chloride ; (e) hydriodic acid. 2. Describe the preparation of acetophenone and by means of equations indicate how you would obtain from it:- (a) w-amino-acetophenone; (b) a-phenylethylamine ; (c) benzoylacetone.3. Outline the uses of the Grignard reagent. 4. Give the evidence on which the structure of any ONE of the following compounds is based :-(a) a-terpineol; (b) glucose; (c) uric acid. 5. Writs a short account of the chemistry of quinoline OR piperine. 6. Describe the industrial methods of preparing (a)urea; (b)meth-anol; (c)ethyl acetate; (d)anthraquinone. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (u) geometrical isomerism, OR (b) the optical activity of nitrogen compounds. 8. By means of equations and short notes indicate how FOUR of the 304 following compounds are conveniently prepared :-(a) nitromethane; (b) monomethylamino hydrochloride ; (c) methyl sec-butyl ketone; (d) benzidine ; (e) resorcinol; (f) mandelic acid.2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B). [(A) = p-aminoacetanilide OR salicylanilide ; (B) = n-butyl salicylate OR benzyl phthalate.] THURSDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportion in which they are present. (Dimethylaniline and toluene OR p-chlorophenol and benzene.) 2. Identify compound (D). (Oxamethane OR urethane.) FRIDAY, 21st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the sample of lithopone (E)provided. (This determination may be completed to-morrow.) 2, Identify the substances (F) and (G.).[(F)= Iodine pentoxide; (G) = sodium tetrathionate.] [The results of this identification must be handed in at 4.30 p.m., IN A SEPARATE EXAMINATION BOOK.] SATURDAY, 22nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the quantitative exercise which was commenced yesterday. 2. Estimate the percentage of hydrazine, N,H,, in the sample of impure hydrazine sulphate (H)provided. (Added ammonium sulphate. ) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry. Paper taken by all Candidates in this Branch. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only.) 1. Discuss the conditions under which oxygen reacts with (a)nitrogen, (b)sulphur dioxide, (c) hydrogen chloride.What explanations of the reactions have been given ? 2. How would you obtain from an alloy of zinc and silver, crystalline specimens of (a)zinc nitrate, (b)silver sulphate? Describe the practical details of your methods and state how you would determine the purity of your specimens. 3. Write an account of the preparation of chemical compounds by 4. Critically examine the modern views as to the nature of "bonds" electrolytic and electrothermal processes. 305 in organic chemistry. 5. Give an account of THREE modern methods used in inorganic quantitative analysis. 6. Describe ONE industrial process, in each case, to obtain:- (a) sulphur from sulphur dioxide; (b) iodine from sodium iodate; (c) silver from argentiferous lead; (d) thorium nitrate from monazite sand.Explain the theoretical considerations involved. 2 to 5 p.m. 7. Write essays on TWO of the following subjects:- (a) atomic weight determinations, with special reference to modern methods ; (b) co-ordination compounds; (c) intermetallic and interstitial compounds ; (d) micro-chemical methods in inorganic chemistry ; (e) artificial radioactivity and its recent implications ; (f) the future of inorganic chemistry. Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted, of which not more than THREE are to be talcen from either section.Answer briefly and to the point.) I. 1. Write a critical account of the various methods available for the determination of carbon in plain carbon and alloy steels. 2. How would you carry through the determination of oxygen and nitrogen in steel? 3. Describe, briefly, how you would determine the percentage of titanium in:- (a) an alloy steel; (b) a sample of bauxite; (c) a sample of ferro-titanium. 4. Discuss, critically, the Application of the spectrograph to steel analysis, indicating any purposes for which you consider this instrument to be particularly suited. 5. Describe, in brief outline, how you would carry through the complete analysis of a sample of ferro-silicon.11. 1. Discuss the influence of temperature and slag composition on the grade of iron produced in the blast furnace, indicating how a required grade of pig-iron can be produced. 2. Write a short essay on the chemical aspects of the corrosion 3. Give a short account of the advantages and disadvantages of of structural steel, explaining the various means adopted in order to minimise attack on the metal. 306 electric welding as a means of joining two structural steel units, and explain the requirements of the material used as a cover for the electrodes. 4. Give an account of the influence of the constitution of acid and basic open-hearth slags on the rate of oxidation of manganese. 5. Give a comprehensive classification of the types of furnaces employed in the melting of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys, basing your classification on the means of heating employed.Discuss the practical and economic considerations which would influence you in selecting the type of furnace you would adopt for the supply of metal to a small jobbing non-ferrous foundry. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 25th to 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Carry through (so far as time permits) complete analyses of samples (A), (B) and (C). [(A) = High-speed steel; (B) = Basic slag; (C) = White bearmg metal.] Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgical Analysis. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be attempted. Answer briefly and to the point.) 1.Outline a method suitable for the complete analysis of:- (a) H.C. copper; (6) metallic aluminium. 2. Discuss the principal methods available for the determination of manganese and vanadium in high-speed steels, giving particular attention to any recent innovations with which you may be familiar. 3. How would you carry through the complete analysis of ONE of the following :-(a) pitchblende; (b) molybdenum ochre. (c) vanadinite. 4. Discuss spectrum analysis with special reference to metallurgical problems, indicating the factors which would influence your choice of a spectrograph for a specific purpose. 5. How would you determine the percentage of antimony in:- (a) copper matte; (b) a white bearing metal; and (c) hard lead? 6.Write a short essay on the application of ONE of the following to metallurgical analysis :-(a) electrometric titration; (b) microchemical methods;. (c) organic reagents (other than indicators). 7. Give a brief description of the methods available for the separation and determination of the rare earth metals. 8. Describe, briefly, how you would carry out the separation of tellurium from selenium. How would you determine tellurium in:- (a) tellurium metal; (b) tellurium-lead ? 307 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 26th to 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Carry through (as far as time permits) complete analyses of samples (A), (B) and (C).[(A) = High-speed steel; (B) = Refined alumina; (C) = Complex lead-zinc ore.] Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 10 a.m. to I p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. By means of suitable examples, illustrate the commoner methods of esterscation. 2. Write a short account of aliphatic hydroxy- acids. 3. Describe and discuss the uses of the following reagents in organic chemistry : (a)potassium permanganate; (b) ozone; (c)hydrogen peroxide. 4. Describe the principal reactions of glycol and glycerol. 5. Discuss the properties of compounds containing the keto-methylene group. 6. By means of equations and short notes, describe the usual methods for the preparation of (a)p-nitroaniline, (b) benzene sulphonic chloride, (c) tertiary butyl alcohol, (d) oxalic acid.7. Write a short essay on either- (a) the use of catalysts in organic chemistry; OR (b) geometrical isomerism. 8. Give an account of the general methods of preparation and the principal reactions of aldehydes and ketones. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give a short account, illustrated by examples, of the use of oxidation methods in establishing the constitution of oils and fats. 2. Enumerate the various isomeric forms of octadecenoic acid, giving their constitutional formula?. Wherein do they occur, and how are they of technical importance? 3. Discuss the constitution of Turkey Red Oil. How may it be prepared, and for what purposes is it used? What similar materials are sometimes substituted for it ? 4.What are the differences in method of preparation, properties5. What are the chief types of rancidity, and what factors influence 6. Given an oil of unknown origin, how would you determine its 7. How do “soap-lye crude” glycerin and “saponification” crude and uses of “blown” and polymerised oils ? their development ? How may rancidity be detected ? suitability for (a)edible purposes, (b) soap-making and (c) lubrication ? glycerin differ in (a) method of preparation, and (b) composition and properties ? 8. How would you examine a detergent preparation for the presence of (a) ethanolamine, and (b) sulphonated fatty alcohol? What tests would you apply to identify (b)? 308 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 25th to 28th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the purity of the sample of olive oil (A). (Contained arachis and teaseed oils.) [THIS EXERCISE MUST BE COMPLETED ON THE FIRST DAY.] 2. Determine the total fatty matter in the sample of so-called sul- phonated oleine (B) and identify the nature of the oil sulphonated. 3. Examine the sample of soap (C) for the presence of olive oil. 4. Examine the sample of lard (D) for adulteration, and submit specimens of any products obtained during the analysis. 5. Idenitfy the substance (E) and prepare a derivative. (Diglycol stearate or stearyl alcohol.) Branch D : Biochemistry with special reference to Vitamins.MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on the occurrence, chemistry and biochemical significance of any TWO polyhydric alcohols. 2. On what chemical evidence does the accepted molecular constitu- tion of any TWO of the following substances rest :-(a) tryptophan ; (b) uric acid; (c) oleic acid; (d) cane sugar. 3. Discuss the role of phosphates in carbohydrate metabolism. 4. Give an account of the part played in nutrition of the so-called “trace ” elements. 5. Give an account of the work which has led to the isolation of any one crystalline enzyme. 6. Give a survey of naturally occurring organic substances containing sulphur.2 to 5 p.m. (Only FOUR questions to be attempted.) 1. Twenty years ago the following statement was made: “Vitamin B appears to be concerned in the metabolism of carbohydrates.” Discuss this statement in the light of modern views of the function of certain members of the so-called “B-complex.” 2. What are your views on the accuracy of the accepted methods of biological assay of vitamins ? 3. Discuss the relationship between vitamin A and the carotenoid pigments. 4. What part do the D vitamins play in the processes leading to the deposition of mineral salts in bone ? 5. Give a general account of what is known of the chemical nature 6. Write an essay on the synthesis of vitamin C and indicate the and physiological function of EITHER vitamin E OR vitamin K.chemical relationship of this substance to the hexoses. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 25th to 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The sample of urine (Al) represents the excretion of a patient before a vitamin C (ascorbic acid) ‘‘saturation test” was made. Im-mediately after this urine was passed the patient was given 300 mg. of ascorbic acid. The specimens labelled (A2),(A3), (A4) represent the urine passed subsequently at intervals of 12 hours. Estimate the amount of ascorbic acid in all four specimens and write st critical report on your findings. 2. Report on the value of t,he “Food-meal” (B) as a source of vitamin A. 3. Specimens (C) and (D) are single substances of biochemical interest.Identify them as completely as possible. [(C) = cholesteryl stearate; (D) = galactose.] 4. Prepare a crystalline specimen of histidine hydrochloride from the hydrolysed blood (E) provided. Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. What do you consider to be the main sources of possible error in the Kjeldahl method for the determination of total nitrogen? What modification of the method is necessary in the presence of nitrates ? 2. Give an outline of modern methods for the manufactmure of any ONE of the following :-(a) margarine ; (b) chocolate; (c) condensed milk; (d) a biological product used therapeutically. 3.What do you consider is the influence of the following factors on the composition of the milk of a herd of cows? (a) the breed; (b) the number in the herd; (c) the average age of the herd; (d) the season of the year; (e) the time of milking; (f) the period of lactation. 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only THREE questions to be attempted.) 1. Describe briefly the pharmacological actions of the following :-(a) ergot; (b) nitrous oxide; (c) hyoscine hydrobromide ; (d) phenacetin. 2. What physiological effects are produced by the inhalation of the following gases :-(a) hydrogen sulphide : (b) hydrogen cyanide ; (c) carbon monoxide. 310 3. State the official standard of EITHER (a) digitalis OR (6) thyroid,and describe the general principles of the method of assay of the one you select.Discuss the effects of overdosage with the drug which you select. 4. ‘Mirite a short essay on the use of preparations of vitamins in therapetutics. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of some applications of organic reagents for the detection of metals in food analysis. 2. Suggest suitable standards under the Food and Drugs Act for any THREE of the following:- (a) pearl barley; (6) cocoa; (c) baking powder ; (d) white pepper ; (e) flowers of sulphur. 3. Examine the statement, “The Reichert-Polenske method was devised by Hehner and Angell,” and give a short history of this test.4. Give a short account of the standards suggested for “National Mark” jam and compare then with any others that you know. 5. In what way have processes of fermentation been used in the analysis of foodstuffs. 6. Give an outline of a scheme for the complete mineral analysis of n potable water. I‘UESDAY, 25th APRlL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Without having recourse to the freezing-point test, determine the amount of added water and of the foreign solid ingredient in the sample of milk provided. (Sucrose.) 2. Examine and report upon the sample of boric acid ointment. (Genuine.) WEDNESDAY, 26th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The samples (C) and (D) are submitted to you under the Food and Drugs Act as arrowroot and cornflower respectively.Examine them microscopically and draw up your report on the official form provided. [(C) = potato; (D) = rice.] 2. Examine and report upon the sample of flour (E). (Self-raisingflour containing 0.5 per cent. of tartar emetfk.) THURSDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the sample of “lard” (F). (Lard sub- stitute with added water.) FRIDAY, 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the sample of “lemonade powder” (G).(Sugar, tartaric acid and a small quantity of citric acid.) SATURDAY, 29th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a microscopical examination of the vegetable material (H) 2. Identify by microscopical examination the powdered drugs and submit preparations to show the principal histological features.Sketch and describe your preparations. Identification of the material is not required. (Broom tops.) 31 1 (I), {J),(K), (L), (M), (N). (P. cantharidis; P. agar; P. scillae; nux vomica; cocoa shell; and various moulds.) 3. Identify the poison in the vomit (0). (Mercuric iodide.) Branch G : Industrial Chemistry. Paper taken by all Candidates in this Branch. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of two industrial processes that depend on catalysis. What part do you consider that the catalyst plays in the reactions you are discussing? 2. “Plastics are becoming more and more important in chemical industry.” Discuss this statement and indicate, with examples, how three common plastics are made, and for what purposes they are used.3. New constructional ‘materials are being introduced into chemical manufacture. Give, with examples of their use, four such substances, commenting on any special precautions which should be observed in their use. 4. Describe the various automatic controls used in:- (a) fractional distillation plants (atmospheric and vacuum) ; (b) cracking plants; (c) counter-current mixing plant. 5. Describe in outline a method for the analysis of producer gas. How would you use the results obtained to check the working of the producer ? 6. Describe briefly industrial methods of measuring furnace temperatures. 7. Describe briefly the technical production and the chief uses of any FOUR of the following products:-Meta-cresol; caustic soda; B.O.V.; lead tetraethyl; waterglass ; silica gel; glycerol; 90’s benzol; sodium hypochlorite ; formaldehyde ; methanol. 8. What great technical achievements are associated with the names of Bergius, Fischer, Hadfield, Messel, Mond, Norman, Perkin and Solvay. Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Dyestuffs and Intermediates. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions may be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the preparation from naphthalene of THREE intermediates employed in the production of direct cotton colours. Indicate the chemical nature of these dyes. 2. Describe the production of THREE typical thionated dyes con-taining sulphur as an essential component of the chromophor.Outline the tinctorial properties of these dyes. 3. Write a concise essay on the discovery of dyestuffs suitable for 4. Outline TWO methods for the manufacture of anthraquinone and the dyeing of cellulose acetate rayon. Explain the mode of applicationof such dyes to this rayon. 312 give THREE examples of the use of this intermediate in the production of colouring matters. 5. Describe the preparation from commercially available materials of the following dyes:-(a) auramine, (b)disulphine blue, (c)Victoria blue. What is the chemical constitution of these dyes and how are they applied to textiles? 6. Write an account of the production of intermediates required for the development of ingrain dyes of the brenthol-fast red series.Give THREE examples of the bases and diazo-compounds and THREE of the brenthol developers. TUESDAY, 25th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the chemical nature of the intermediate (A). (p-amino-anthraquinone.) WEDNESDAY, 26th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the chemical elements in the colouring matter (B). Refer this dye to its chemical class and demonstrate its dyeing properties on cotton and wool. (Methylene blue zincichloride.) 2. Report on the substance (C) and show how it may be employed in dyeing operations. (Katanol.) THURSDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Material (D) contains two coal tar products. Separate the two components and characterise them by the preparation of at least one crystalline derivative from each of them.(p-Xylidine and m-cresol in molecular proportions.) FRIDAY, 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the three dyed patterns (E),(F)and (G). Report on (a)the chemical nature of the dye; (b)the mode of dyeing. [(E)= Alizarin red on cotton; (F)= Kiton fast yellow on wool; (G) = Victoria blue on cotton with tannic acid and antimony mordant.] Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils and Fats. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m., AND TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 25th to 28tk APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Papers as for Branch C: Organic Chemistry (pp. 307 and 308). Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon.MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (Answersto FIVE questions only may be submitted.) 1. Classify the methods which have been proposed for the pro- duction of regenerated cellulose rayons of increased strength. Discuss the effects of the processes suggested on other properties of the rayons. 2. What features in the design of machinery for dyeing rayons are essential for efficiency? Illustrate your answer by reference to any one modern machine. 313 3. What are the properties of a cellulose acetate intended for con- version into textile fibre? Discuss the influence of the patents of G. W. Miles, notably E.P. 19,330-1905, on present methods of acetate-yarn manufacture. 4. Discuss, critically, t$he factors which determine the absorption of substantive dyestuffs from solution by cellulose materials.5. Write a short essay on the importance of temperature control in rayon manufacture. 6. Viscose rayon may be desulphurised, bleached and dyed at different stages from cake to woven or knitted fabric. Comment on and compare the methods of processing at these different stages which have proved technically useful. 7. Examine, critically, the solutions which have been proposed for the problems arising out of the use of staple (cut) rayon fibres in conjunction with wool. 8. Review, briefly, your chief considerations in specifying the requirements of a synthetic fibre having as nearly as possible the properties of natural silk. T UESDAY to FRIDAE', 25th to 28th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the viscose yarns (A), (B) and (C), and report upon the conditions of stretch in which they were spun. 2. Determine the relative suitabilities of the bleached cotton linters (E) and (I?) for the production of cellulose-acetate yarn. 3. Ascertain the reason for the difference in ease of delustring shown by the two acetate yarns (G) and (H). 4. Analyse the spinning bath (J),and report upon its suitability for use in conjunction with normal viscose solutions. Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Textiles (particularly Linen). MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (Answersto FIVE questions only may be submitted.) 1. Describe with as much detail as possible the production of an anti-crease effect in a linen fabric by a method involving the formation of a synthetic resin.2. How may the elastic properties of wool be explained in the light of modern research ? How would you expect these properties to be modified by :-(a) de-amination; (b) mild alkaline hydrolysis of the wool fibre ? 3. Write a short essay on the production of fibrous matorials from 4. Draw up a scheme for the identification of a yellow colouring linseed straw. matter on linen fabrics. 5. Give an account of recent researches on the actions of hypochlorite 6. What do you understand by the term “mercerisation” ? Suggest solutions on cellulose. Show the influence of these researches on technical bleaching processes for linen yarns and fabrics.314 a scheme of control by chemical and physical tests for a mercerisingprocess for mixed cotton and linen fabrics. 7. Classify the modern detergents and wetting agents, and indicate their application to textiles. 8. Describe the application of colours of the Naphthol AS class to cellulose materials; what precautions are necessary to ensure fastness to rubbing of the resultant dyed materials. TUESDA Y to FRIDA Y, 25th to 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The samples of linen yarn (A), (B) and (C) have been subjected to bleaching treatments of varying severities. Establish the degree of chemical degradation in each case. 2. Identify the dyestuffs present in the dyed and printed fabrics (D) to (K).3. Make an examination of the solution of sodium hypochlorite (L),and report upon its suitability for bleaching table cloths of linen and viscose rayon. 4. Identify the fibrous materials (M) to (Q). 5. Ascertain the nature and probable causes of the faults in samples (It) and (S). [(R) = colour striped shirting showing stains; (S) = silk and cott,on stocking showing uneven dyeing.] General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Describe the methods which are available for the detection and estimation of (a)nitrate, (b) nitrite. How is the “mixed acid” which is used for nitrations commonly analysed ? 2. Give an account of the use of oxidation-reduction indicators in volumetric analysis.3. Explain the theory of (a)a type of colorimeter, and of (b) the nephelometer, and describe the use of these instruments in analytical chemistry. 4. Discuss the various methods which have been proposed for standardising solutions of (a)acids and (b) potassium permanganate for volumetric analysis. Pay particular attention to the possible sources of error of each method. If you had a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate, the exact strength of which was known, but only a rough balance, how would you proceed to prepare a set of solutions for volumetric analysis all accurately standardised ? 5. What methods would you employ for detecting and estimating (a)traces of manganese in iron compounds; (b) traces of compounds of nitrogen in water; (c) traces of cadmium in zinc ? Explain the methods you employ.6. Describe the procedure which you would follow for the analysis of a 7. Outline a method for the examination of (a)a lithopone oil paint, white metal containing approximately :-Copper, 4% ; zinc, 0.5% ; tin, 84%; lead, 4%; antimony, 7.57~~. 315 (b)a soap, (c)a coal sample. What plan would you adopt for sampling a material such as coal? 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions to be attempted .) 1. Describe and discuss the methods which may be used for detecting and estimating chlorine in organic compounds. n 2. What method would you use to determine:- (a) total sulphur in a sample of pyrites; (b) the thickness of the tin coating on a sample of tin plate; (c) the boric acid present (not in traces) in a mixture.3. Write notes on the uses of the following compounds in quantita- tive analysis :-(a) potassium fluoride ; (b) stannous chloride; (c) lead chromate; (d) sodium bismuthate. 4. Give an account of the more striking differences which exist between the compounds of sodium and of potassium, emphasising those of special analytical interest. Describe with experimental details the estimation of one of these metals. 5. Explain the theory of the (a)method of precipitation commonly employed with crystalline substances such as barium sulphate to ensure that they will filter satisfactorily; (b)method adopted to prevent amorphous precipitates from passing through the filter paper during the washing ; (c) basic acetate (or similar process) of separating iron from manganese.6. Describe and explain the phosphomolybdate method of separating phosphoric acid from mixtures containing metals other than alkali metals. IVhat methods for actually determining the phosphoric acid may be employed once the phosphomolybdate has been separated. 7. Describe in detail the estimation of two metals as insoluble co- ordination complexes of organic compounds. TUESDAY, 25th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Estimate the cadmium in the solution of pure cadmium sulphate provided, by (a) separation and weighing as sulphide, (6) weighing as sulphate after separation as sulphide, (c) precipitation and weighing as NH,Cd PO, H,O.Find explanations for any lack of agreement between the results obtained by the three methods. WEDNESDAY, 26th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The substance (A) is sold, dispersed in oil, as a palliative for excessive oil consumption in motor car engines. Endeavour to discover the nature of the material by making as complete an examination (qualitative and quantitative) as is possible in the time with the small amount available. (A hydrated magnesium aluminium silicate.) 316 THURSDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine quantitatively the four metals which are present in the sample (B) of “Stomach powder.” (Bismuth, calcium, magnesium,sodium.) FRIDAY, 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine qualitatively the yellow ointment (C) and estimate the amount of the inorganic constituent which is present.(Mercury.) 2. ,(D) is the basis for a shampoo. Determine the percentage of fatty acids present. EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERALFOR IN CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The papers seemed well within the scope of the candidates’ knowledge and the questions were fairly well answered on the whole. In Paper I, Question 4 (on the vapour pressure-composition curve for a system of two liquids) gave most difficulty and many of the candidates who answered Question 6 ignored the fact that an historical account of valency was required and dealt only with the modern electronic theory of valency. Question I (on the gaseous dissociation of sulphur trioxide) was the least popular question in Paper 2, but when it was attempted it was generally done well.The inorganic practical work calls for little comment. The selection of a satisfactory method for the analysis of the lithopone gave many of the candidates food for thought but the quantitative results obtained were generally good. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY THEORETICAL-The stronger candi- : dates showed a marked improvement compared with the results of the last examination. On the other hand a proportion of the candidates were very weak. None of the questions appears to have presented any particular difficulty and each received about the same number of answers. The answers to Question 6, asking for industrial methods of preparation of four important compounds, were the least satisfactory and show that many candidates were unfamiliar with important modern processes.With a few notable exceptions, the answers to Question 7 lacked precision and showed considerable confusion between optical and geometrical isomerism. 317 ORGANICPRACTICAL.-These exercises were generally carried out in a satisfactory manner, the majority of candidates doing better in the work of the second day which was more of a test of routine skill and manipulative ability. Many candidates, before adequately assigning an unknown compound to its class, consulted tables of melting points often with dire consequences-a number of candidates exercised con- siderable ingenuity in attempting to reconcile experimental findings with a preconceived notion arrived at as a result of this unfortunate practice.In a certain number of cases, however, this device did lead to the characterisation of the compound in question but credit was not given unless the identity of the compound was arrived at or adequately confirmed by chemical means. Several candidates assumed that a hydrocarbon of b.p. 80" is necessarily benzene-the majority, however, prepared a crystalline derivative and so ruled out the possibility of its being cyclohexane. Very surprisingly several candidates failed, in these pre-liminary tests, to find nitrogen in dimethylaniline or chlorine in P-chlorophenol and wasted much time and effort in consequence.Translations.-Generally these were done in a satisfactory manner. EXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIP.FOR BRANCHE. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. The written work was fairly well done and the manipulative part of the practical work was mainly satisfactory, but some candidates showed a lack of initiative in tackling problems and a weakness in interpreting the results obtained. In several cases candidates found it necessary to consult works of reference for general ideas rather than for particular methods or practical details. The knowledge of therapeutics and pharmacology shown by the successful candidates was adequate. In microscopy the unsuccessful candidates were rather weak in their technique, and it is necessary again to advise candidates to pay more atten- tion to the preparation, staining and mounting of microscopical preparations.318 PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Barrey, Theodore Francis Henry, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Beecroft, George Frederick, City Technical College, Liverpool; and Battersea Polytechnic, London. Belcher, Ronald, under Dr. Edwin Gregory, F.I.C. Bilsbury, Thomas Charles, College of Technology, Manchester. Booth, Ernest, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Challis, Harry John Guy, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Cragg, John Coles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College, and Chelsea Poly- technic, London. Dalley, Richard Arthur, College of Technology, Leeds. Daniels, Philip Hervey, College of Technology, Manchester ; and City Technical College, Liverpool.Dell, Frede ick Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Polytechnic, Regent Street, Londod Dunn, George Albert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Eagleton, Sidney Douglas, Northern Polytechnic, London. Emmott, Geoffrey Herbert, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Flannery, Francis Edward, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Flynn, Lawrence Richard, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Furness, Walter, Bradford Technical College ; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Gabriel, Samuel, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Harman, Jack, Hull Municipal Technical College. Hart, Harold Victor, City Technical College, Liverpool.Hartley, Arthur William, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Hayes, Sydney Percival, City Technical College, Liverpool. Hill, Alfred Grenville, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Hodgson, John Francis, Hull Municipal Technical College. James, John Edmund, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Kinniburgh, William, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Lewton-Brain, Norman, King’s College, London. Marks, Miss Kathleen Monnery, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bedford College for VCTomen, London ; and City Technical College, Liverpool. Meelboom, Charles Jose Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Imperial College, London; and Derby Technical College. Radford, George Harry, Derby Technical College. Rostern, Alan, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester ; and City Technical College, Liverpool.Ryder, Clement Eric, City Technical College, Liverpool. Singer, Joseph Henry, Northern Polytechnic, London. Southwood, John, City Technical College, Liverpool. Stannett, Vivian Thomas, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Stretton, Geoffrey William Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College,and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Swanson, Basil Ward, Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle upon Tyne. Taylor, Clifford James, Hull Municipal Technical College. Thomas, Harold Norman, B.Sc. (Leeds), The University, Leeds; and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. Turner, Donald Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College; and Northern Polytechnic, London. Ward, Frank, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester.Watson, John Adam Cunningham, City Technical College, Liverpool. Webb, Alan Frank, Derby Technical College. 319 Wilson, Kenneth Mackenzie, City Technical Collsge, Liverpool. Winter, Eric Frederick David, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Polytechnic, Regent Street, Chelsea Polytechnic, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Young, John Thomas, Ph.C., Central Technical College, Birmingham. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry- Bowyer, Thomas Linley, M.P.S. With special reference to the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel-Hall, Norman Reginald. In Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc.-- Chorley, Basil Houghton. Hartley, Herbert Kent, B.Sc. (Manc.). Jones, Richard Arthur, A.C.G.F.C.Roberts, Charles Fletcher, A.M.C.T. In Branch D: Biochemistry, with special reference to Vitamins: Edwards, Ronald Leslie, Ph.D. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and DrugR, and of Water-Clemow, Percy Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.). Hitchen, Oswald, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Kenny, Robert Leopold, B.Sc. (Lond.). Waters, Walter Frederick, B.Sc. (Wales). In Branch G: Industrial Chemistrg- With special reference to Oils, Fats, etc.- Jeffery, Norman Charles Jabez, B.Sc. (Lond.). With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon-Covington, Stanley Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Generwl Analytical Chemistry- Angell, Frederick George, Ph.D. (Birm.). Haddock, Leonard Arthur, M.Sc. (Lond.). 320 Notes.In February, the Parliamentary Science Committee addressed a letter to the Prime Minister urging him to exercise his influence to secure uniformity of practice in the selection of the scientific and technical personnel of Royal Commissions, Departmental, Statutory and other Committees, and Research and Advisory Councils, where the inclusion of such personnel was appropriate for the objects in view. It was held by responsible scientific and technical institutions that the personnel selected was not always really representative ; and in some cases, there were grave doubts as to the competence of such personnel to assess adequately the value of the expert evidence tendered. The Committee, therefore, suggested that in the exercise of their prerogative Ministers would be fortified-and the public interest best served-if before proceeding to make such appoint- ments, the appropriate recognised professional institutions were invited to supply a panel of names of those best qualified for the task in hand.In one or two instances which had recently been brought to the notice of the Committee where certain Departments had ignored representations made by responsible professional institutions, appointments had been made that were the reverse of fortunate. The Prime Minister, in reply, said he was in sympathy with the views of the Committee as to the desirability of including scientists and technicians in the personnel of Commissions and Committees in appropriate cases, but he did not consider that it would be possible or indeed desirable to lay down any general rule as to the procedure which should be adopted in the selection of personnel.The responsibility must rest with the Minister primarily concerned. The Prime Minister had no doubt that assistance from professional institutions of the kind suggested would be welcomed by the responsible Ministers in appropriate cases, but the procedure in each case should be determined by the Minister in the light of the particular circumstance. 321 Toxic Gases in Industry.-A lecture, which was given on 29th April, 1938, on the (( Prevention of Accidental Deaths from Asphyxia1 Gases,” covers precautions applicable both in the laboratory and in works operations.It was delivered by Captain H. R. Keetch, Analytical Chemist at the Fire Prevention Bureau Testing Laboratory at the City of Windsor, Ontario, before the Essex- Kent Chemical Association, of which Mr. H. M. Gard, Associate, is President. The lecture covered the physiological and physical as well as the chemical aspects of toxic gases in industry, and the following particulars are taken from it. Respiration has a mechanical as well as a physico-chemical phase. Inhalation and exhalation are brought about through the movements of the diaphragm and ribs. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet of muscular tissue having the lungs above and the abdominal viscera below it. It is 270 cm.2 in area, and consequently for every cm. which it descends 270 C.C.of air is drawn into the lungs. It descends from 1.2cm. in quiet breathing to 3.0 cm. in forced breathing. The descent of the diaphragm and an upward movement of the ribs reduce the pressure in the lungs to 5 to 10 mm. below the atmospheric pressure, and air rushes in until the diaphragm begins to ascend, and, by bringing the pressure in the lungs above the atmospheric, expels the air therefrom. While oxygen is nearly 21 per cent. of the inhaled air, only two-thirds of that air is mixed mechanically with the alveolar air, so that when the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm., the tension of oxygen in the air cells becomes 105 mm., while that of the carbon dioxide is 40 mm. The venous blood returning to the lungs contains carbon dioxide at higher tension, and that gas diffuses through the pulmonary membrane until equilibrium is established between the tension of carbon dioxide in the blood and in the air cells.The red cell is the oxygen carrier of the blood, and there are normally about five million such cells in a mm.3 of blood. There are 13.8 to 15.6 grms. of haemoglobin in IOO C.C. of blood, and I grm. combines with 1.34C.C. of oxygen. It is through the iron atom in the haemoglobin molecule that it combines loosely with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. The combination is a reversible reaction depending on the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs and tissues. Gases (except oxygen) which can combine with haemoglobin are termed chemical asphyxiants.The chemical asphyxiants are carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, while hydrogen cyanide, by combining with the catalysts containing iron and sulphur in the living cells, arrests all forms of tissue oxidation. Haemoglobin has an affinity for carbon monoxide three hundred times greater than it has for oxygen; consequently the tension of oxygen in the air supplied to a person suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning must be greatly increased to expedite the displacement of carbon monoxide from its combination with the haemoglobin. The corresponding compound of haemoglobin with nitric oxide is formed eventually through inhaling “nitrous fumes,” and causes fall of blood-pressure, and acceleration of the heart-rate, from which ensue a decreased supply of blood to the brain, followed by death from asphyxia.The air in the lungs is saturated with water vapour, which hydrolises nitrous fumes to nitrous and nitric acids, which react with the sodium salts of the tissues and are so absorbed by the blood. The acids cause such severe irritation of bronchi and air-cells that the lungs may become filled with fluid and “drown” the sufferer. Aromatic nitro and amido compounds oxidise the iron in the red cells from the ferrous to the ferric state, thereby converting the haemoglobin to methaemoglobin, which does not form oxyhaemoglobin with the oxygen of the air. In such cases the treatment is by a high concentration of oxygen, whereby new cells are formed to take the place of those in which the haemoglobin has been converted to methaemoglobin.Benzene and toluene produce a chronic condition of anaemia by decreasing the production of red cells. The treatment is to eliminate the vapours from the blood as rapidly as possible by inhalation of oxygen mixed with carbon dioxide. Benzene and toluene are partially oxidised in the body to phenols and benzoic acid, which form glycuronic and hippuric acids which are excreted in the urine. The higher paraffin hydrocarbons are anaesthetic convulsive irritants, with only a narrow margin between the concentration which produces anaethesia and that which causes death. The treatment is by inhalation of oxygen with a percentage of carbon dioxide regulated according to the stage of asphyxia and volume of breathing, up to 20 per cent. if respiration has collapsed, the object being to induce deep breathing. Passing on to the physico-chemical processes of respiration, the $H of the blood in health, ranging between 7-30 and 7-45, depends on the ratio of carbonic acid to sodium bicarbonate in it.It is only the excess of carbon dioxide, above the reserve supply in the body in these two forms, which is eliminated from the lungs in normal breathing. Increase or decrease of the hydrogen-ion concentration of the blood will therefore afford control of respiration in the treatment of asphyxia. The nerve centre which controls the muscles of respiration is highly sensitive to slight changes in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the blood, and at a pH value of 7.8 respiration is suspended.Considering a case of carbon monoxide poisoning, the treat- ment of which will apply also to nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrocarbon gases, the initial stage is a deficiency of oxygen in the blood, and through the respiratory nerve centre respiration is thereby stimulated. Rapid breathing ensues with excessive elimination of carbon dioxide from the blood. This continues until the carbonic acid in the blood diminishes and the hydrogen-ion concentration falls. As the oxygen deficiency progresses, the nerve centre loses its sensitivity, and the lowered hydrogen-ion concentration fails to stimulate the respiratory centre, and breathing becomes entirely suspended, the action of the heart falls, blood pressure drops and apparent lifelessness ensues.In accordance with chemical principles, the procedure to be adopted to restore normal physiological functions is to administer oxygen with carbon dioxide and to eliminate the carbon monoxide which has combined with the haemoglobin. At the outset, a mixture of 80 per cent. of oxygen and 20 per cent. of carbon dioxide is administered by connecting up the cylinders with a face mask. The relatively high concentration of carbon dioxide increases the hydrogen-ion concentration of the blood, and the high concentration of oxygen, by rapid diffusion into the blood, displaces carbon monoxide from its combination and eliminates it through exhalation. The respiratory centre responds to the increased supply of oxygen, and, as the rate of oxidation speeds up, the volume of breathing increases, and the percentage of carbon dioxide in the oxygen-mixture is correspondingly reduced gradually until it is only 5 to 95 of oxygen.With the elimination of the last traces of carbon monoxide normal conditions of breathing ensue. This is an example of numerous cases which have been successfully treated, but as they may be associated with many complications, careful handling is necessary for complete recovery without permanent injury to the heart and nervous system. The fundamental facts of chemistry in relation to the preven- tion of asphyxia have been indicated with a view to showing that the chemist’s education should equip him to handle the problem in a scientific manner, and avoid some of the bungling methods of the past.Relatively few medical men are familiar with the various industrial gases, and have the knowledge to classify them according to their physiological effects upon the human body when inhaled. The irritant gases, as represented by ammonia, sulphur dioxide, chlorine and phosgene, produce asphyxiation through their selective action on the lungs and larynx in accordance with their differences in solubility. Their physical rather than their chemical properties determine the part of the respiratory tract which will be affected by each. Ammonia produces intense irritation of the larynx, causing oedema and closing of the trachea. A “Dwyer tube’’ must be passed into the larynx to allow air to pass, or an incision made below the larynx for the insertion of a tube into the trachea.Asphyxiation from such irritant gas is so rapid that wherever the risk can be anticipated, plans should be made for a medical man to be in immediate attendance. Sulphur dioxide acts very similarly, but chlorine and phosgene act more on the deeper structure of the lungs, where the intense irritation causes congestion, and the proper treatment is to place the patient in an oxygen chamber, where the relatively high concentration of oxygen will compensate for the deficiency of it in the blood and tissues. When delivering the lecture, from which the foregoing par- ticulars have been drawn, Captain H. R. Keetch demonstrated the action of two types of resuscitating apparatus, known as the Clark Inhalator, and the E.and J. Resuscitator and Inhalator. The former consists of a reducing valve, breathing bag and face mask, and is used in conjunction with the familiar Schafer method of artificially inducing respiration. The second apparatus, for which two operators are required, administers oxygen at a positive pressure of 14mm. of mercury and then, by a negative pressure of 9 mm., deflates the lungs. The lecturer spoke highly of the advantages of this apparatus in resuscitating patients apparently completely asphyxiated. He did not agree with the prevalent condemnation of mechanical appliances for inducing artificial respiration. 325 Hydrogen Su1phide.-At the suggestion of the Society of Public Analysts the Council of the Institute has undertaken an enquiry as to the extent to which the laboratories of universities, colleges, other institutions and manufacturing concerns would be prepared to order liquid hydrogen sulphide sztppZiied in cylinders, instead of preparing it in Kipp’s apparatus.It is understood that this has been the practice in America for some time past; but manufacturers in this country are not readily disposed to undertake to supply the gas in cylinders, unless they can be certain that the demand will be sufficient to justify the expenditure on the requisite filling and distributing organisat ion. There appears to be a difference of opinion as to the cost of obtaining hydrogen sulphide by Kipp’s apparatus, compared with the cost of supply delivered in cylinders, having due regard to deterioration of cylinders, valves, etc.However, it appears that while some users prefer Kipp’s apparatus because they use little of the gas or fear accidents arising from faulty valves, others who use it more extensively would prefer to pay a little more for the gas supplied in cylinders. If a responsible person puts a cylinder in a fume cupboard and it is not taken out until the same person has to exchange it for a new one, there is little risk. The inquiry is proceeding and the views of Fellows and Associates on the subject will be welcomed. In connexion with the inquiry, the President, Mr. W. A. S. Calder, who has had very extensive experience in the production and handling of hydrogen sulphide, desires to impress all con- cerned that, when people are overcome with this gas, it acts rather as an anaesthetic than as a poison.Even though there may be no apparent sign of life, the sufferer can invariably be brought round by means of persistent artificial respiration and oxygen. In several cases, over twelve hours’ treatment were necessary before any sign of recovery was apparent. Having had experience of IOO or more cases, the President is convinced that prolonged and persistent efforts should be made to restore any person overcome by this gas. Greater difficulties naturally arise in places where only a few people are at work, and danger is not commonly expected. For instance, a case -is recorded, in 1933, where four or five men lost their lives in the sludge-settling chamber of a sewage-pumping station in Essex. One man went down, as he had often done previously, to clean some screens, and, either through 326 unusual disturbance of the sludge or a low barometric pressure, there was an exceptional liberation of H,S, which rendered him suddenly unconscious.The others went in turn to the rescue, and ultimately the last man above ground ran to a cottage some way off and telephoned for aid. One man who just managed to scramble up the ladder recovered after several weeks in hospital. Samples of the air in the chamber were examined for the Coroner, and showed definitely that it was H,S poisoning, and nothing else, though a medical practitioner had suggested that the fatalities were due to CO,! A few months later another case involving the loss of two lives occurred during work in an old sewer in another part of Essex. Certain chemists with extensive experience in gas manufacture and the analysis of gas hold that, in some cases, those who have been exposed for some time to hydrogen sulphide, are liable to develop pneumonia about ten days subsequently. The Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act, 1937.-A Fellow of the Institute has directed attention to this Act, the purpose of which is to amend the law with respect to the discharge of trade effluents into public sewers of local authorities.Section 10,which it is suggested has not received the attention it warrants, provides,-- “(I) Any officer of a local authority, on any occasion on which, for the purposes of this Act, he exercises in relation to any premises the powers conferred on him by section two hundred and eighty-seven of the principal Act (which authorises officers of local authorities to enter premises), may obtain and take away a sample of any trade effluent which is passing from those premises into a public sewer of the local authority.“(2) The result of any analysis of a sample taken by an officer by virtue of this section shall not be admissable as evidence in any legal proceedings under this Act, unless the following requirements have been complied with, that is to say, the officer shall forthwith after taking the sample, notify to the occupier of the trade premises the officer’s intention to have it analysed and shall there and then divide the sample into three parts, shall cause each part to be placed in a suitable container which shall be sealed up and marked and shall “(a) deliver one part to the occupier of the trade premises, 327 “ (b) retain one part for future comparison, and “(c) if he thinks fit to have an analysis made, submit one part to the analyst.’’ Radium.-The National Radium Commission is compiling a Register of owners and holders of radium with a view to making satisfactory arrangements for the safe .custody of radium in the event of war. The commission earnestly requests all persons who have radium in their custody or possession (including the responsible officials of institutions holding radium) to inform the Commission, stating the amount of radium held.(Address: George F. Stebbing, M.B., F.R.C.S., Radium Commission, 18 Park Crescent, London, W.I.) Cement.-As a result of the development relating to work on cement, lime and concrete, the Building Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution, has appointed an Industry Com- mittee to be responsible for all standardisation work affecting the cement, lime and concrete industry. This Committee will carry on all relevant work previously entrusted to the Technical and Sub-committees in other sections. Particular attention is called to the amalgamation of the three Technical Committees which previously dealt with different types of cement.Scientific Films.-The Scientific Films Committee of the Association of Scientific Workers has prepared a list of films arranged according to subject, class (i.e. teaching films, research films, etc.), and merit. The Committee is prepared to consider affiliation from organisations and individuals interested in scien- tific films, and in return for an affiliation fee (which will go towards the overhead costs involved in the pre-viewing of the graded films) will provide the following services :-(I) One copy of the list of over 150 Graded Films, and any (2) One copy of the confidential critiques prepared on all (3) Access to information contained in the Committee’s supplements that may be issued. films viewed during the period of affiliation.files, including further particulars of the films con-tained in the graded list ; particulars of film and scientific 328 experts willing to be put in touch with people making films; particulars of bodies from which information on other types of documentary films can be obtained; etc. The Committee is prepared to recommend programmes of approved films and supply such programme information as is available, at the scale of charges of which particulars can be obtained from the Secretary, Scientific Films Committee, Association of Scientific Workers, 28, Hogarth Road, London, s.w.5. Management Education.-The second London County Council Summer School on Management Education will be held this year from the 10th to 14th July inclusive, at the South-East London Technical Institute, Lewisham High Road, London, S.E.4.The aim is to provide teachers and industrialists with an opportunity of discussing modern problems on the technical and commercial sides, and of exploring the possibilities of co-operation between Education, Industry and Commerce in this new field in Technical Education. The School, which is receiving the full support and co-operation of the British Management Council, will be opened by Dr. A. P. M. Fleming, C.B.E., Director of Education and Research, Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd. (President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers). Lectures will be given by prominent consultants and industrialists and a series of co-related visits, etc., has been arranged.Programmes and forms of application for admission to the course may be obtained from the Education Officer (H.4), The County Hall, Westminster Bridge, S.E.I. Permission to attend individual sessions should be obtained from the same address. No fee will be charged to teachers in Institutes main- tained or aided by the L.C.C. or to industrialists obtaining per- mission to attend individual sessions. The fee for full attendance for other teachers and industrialists is f(~IS. od. Early applica- tion is essential. At the invitation of the Colne Valley Sewerage Board, Dr. Edward Ardern, FeZZow, Chemist to the Manchester Corporation 329 Rivers Department, will accompany a deputation to the United States to investigate the methods of sewage disposal in operation at Chicago and Buffalo.Dr. Edward Frankland Armstrong, F.R.S., Fellow, has been elected a Fellow of Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Herbert Jackson Prize for 1938 of the London Midland and Scottish Railway Co., has been awarded to Mr. John Newsum Bradley, Associate, an assistant metallurgist in the Company’s Research Laboratory at Derby, for his paper entitled “The Separation of Mixed Gunmetal and White Metal Borings.” The Prize is awarded annually to a member of the research staff, in memory of the late Sir Herbert Jackson (an Original Member of the Company’s Advisory Committee on Scientific Research) , for the best written account of an investigation carried out in the Company’s Laboratories during the year.Dr. William Lewis Davies, FeZZow, has been appointed Director of Dairy Research in India. Professor Alexander Findlay, Member of Council, has in- timated his intention of retiring from the Chair of Chemistry at Aberdeen University, in September, 1940. Professor Robert Benjamin Forster, Fellow, has relinquished his post as Mody Professor and Head of the Department of Chemical Technology, in the University of Bombay. Professor Isidor Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., Fellow, has received the Honorary Degree of LL.D. from the Senate of the University of Glasgow. During the next seven years, the Rockefeller Foundation will grant a sum not exceeding fT12,ooo to the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, for research on vitamins, sterols, and related compounds, under the direction of Professor Heilbron. Mr.Andrew Pollock Faickney, Fellow, has been appointed a Director of the British Burmah Petroleum Co. Dr. Geoffrey Arthur Dering Haslewood, Associate, has been appointed University Reader in Biochemistry at Guy’s Hospital Medical School. 330 Dr. Hugh Nicol, Fellow, has been appointed senior scientific assistant in the Imperial Bureau of Soil Science, at Harpenden. The Research Medal of the Worshipful Company of Dyers has been awarded, for the fifth time, to Professor Frederick Maurice Rowe, Fellow, Head of the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, and, for the third time, to Dr. J.B. Speakman, Fellow, Reader in Textile Chemistry, in the University of Leeds. Dr. Charles William Shoppee, Associate, has been awarded a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship for the Academic Session, 1939-40. Dr. Shoppee will carry out research on sterols and vitamins with Professor T. Reichstein at Basle University. The Report for the year 1938,of the Headmasters Employ- ment Committee of the Incorporated Association of Headmasters of Public Secondary Schools in co-operation with the Ministry of Labour, included the figures for placing in work 1380boys from schools in the metropolitan area. Seventy-three boys between the ages of 16and 19 years were placed, at an average commencing salary of L91.Of these, 16 between 16 and 17 years of age received an average salary of k64;21 at the age of 17received an average of k85; 28 at the age of 18received an average of L104; and 8 at the age of 19,an average of L116. The DECHEMA, German Chemical Engineering Society, has removed its offices (Dechema-, Achema- and Standard-office) from Berlin to Frankfurt a.M., Dechema-Haus, Bismarckallee 25. A branch office will remain in Berlin, Haus des Vereins Deutscher Chemiker, Potsdamer Str. 111, Berlin, W.35. 331 Obituary. BOTHAMLEYCHARLES HERBERT died at Lincoln on 2nd March in his 80th year. He studied science at the Yorkshire College-now the University of Leeds-where he was senior demonstrator and assistant lecturer in Chemistry from 1879 to 1891.He received the degree of M.Sc. in 1906. In 1892 he became secretary of the Technical Instruction Committee for the county of Somerset, working at first from Taunton and later from Weston-super-Maro. In 1902, when the Somerset County Council be- came the authority under the Education Act, he was appointed Director of Education for Somerset, which position he held until his retirement in 1925. He was chairman of the Council of the Union of Educational Institutes from 1915 to 1925 and president in 1926. He was also chairman of the Weston-super-Mare Public Libraries Committee for 22 years. An ardent antiquary and archzologist, he was president of the Weston-super- Mare and Axbridge District Branch of the Somerset Archaeological Society and honorary member of the Soci6t6 Francaise d’Archzologie. Two of his most important works were the fully-illustrated accounts of the ancient cities of Carcassone and Aigues Mortes, written for the Royal Archzological Institute.He was a pioneer amateur photographer and the author of the Ilford Manual, one of the earliest text books on photography. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. WILLIAMRISDONCRIPER, who died at Calcutta, India, early this year at the age of 83 years, was one of the oldest Fellows of the Institute. He received his chemical training under Edward Frankland and John Percy at the Royal School of Mines and obtained the Diploma of A.R.S.M. in the metallurgical division, in 1875.He continued working with Dr. Percy for three years, and in 1879 became chemist and assayer to an extraction works for silver and copper, in Cornwall. He held this post for several years, and then went to the East, at first prospecting in Burma, and later proceeding to India, where he joined the late Dr. David Waldie in his chemical works at Calcutta. He was taken into partnership and became one of the founders of the heavy chemical industry in India. He subse- quently promoted the Bengal Distilleries Co., Ltd., and became interested in various other undertakings in the Empire. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880, and was a recipient of the Frankland Medal awarded by the Institute on the occasion of its Charter Jubilee in 1935.RICHARD AUGUSTUS CRIPPS died after an operation, at Hove, on 31st March, at the age of 76. Born at Hove, he served his apprenticeship with Mr. J. H. Read of Upper Holloway, London, and in 1881, gained a Jacob Bell Memorial Scholarship at the School of Pharmacy. After two years’ experience as a demonstrator under Attfield, he qualified as a chemist and druggist. For the next six or seven years, he was analyst for Messrs. Southall Brothers and Barclay of Birmingham. In 1893 he 332 established a practice as an analyst at Haywards Heath and, two years later, started a small wholesale business for the manufacture of galenicals and concentrated infusions, which he transferred to Hove in 1904. For many years he held the post of public analyst for the County Borough of Bournemouth.He was the author of papers read before the Yharma- ceutical Society, the Midland Chemists' Association and the Society of Public Analysts, and contributed articles to the Analyst and the Pharmu-ceutical Journal. He was also the author of a text book entitled Galenic Pharmacy. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. HERBERT GEORGEJOHN diod on the 19th April at the age of 46 years. Educated at Cardiff High School and University College, Cardiff, he pro- ceeded to Josus College, Oxford, as a scholar in 1911, and gained a First Class in the Honours School of Natural Science in 1914. On the outbreak of war he joined the R.A.M.C., and from 1915-17 saw active service in Gallipoli, Egypt, Mesopotamia and India, with the Royal Welsh Fusiliers.In 1917 he was invalided home and transferred to the Explosives Depart- ment of the Ministry of Munitions. In 1919 he returned to Jesus College as research Fellow and Lecturer and subsequently became Fellow and Tutor, and was in charge of the Department of Colloid Chemistry. He held successively the posts of Librarian and Junior Bursar, and was Senior Bursar at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. HENRYFRANCIS HULTONEVERARD died, after an operation, on 26th April, at Putney, in his 66th year. Educated at the City of London School, he passed the Matriculation of the University of London and, in 1893, proceeded to Finsbury Technical College.He was awarded the College Certificate in 1896, and then worked for a short time in the laboratory of A. R. Ling, at the Beetroot Sugar Association, and in the Hansen Laboratory at tho Jenner-now the Lister-Institute of Preventive Medicine. In 1897, he became assistant to Dr. G. Harris Morris, in the general laboratory of Drs. Morris and Horace Brown, where he was engaged mainly on research. Tn 1903 he was appointed chemist to Messrs. H. A. and D. Taylor, Maltsters, of Sawbridgeworth, Herts., and two years later obtained the post of second chemist to Messrs. Watney Combe Reid & Co., Ltd., at Stag Brewery, Pimlico, with Mr. Julian L. Baker, with whom he continued for thirty-four years, until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1910 and a Fellow in 1916.In 1934 he gave before the Institute the Sixteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, taking for his subject-" Boer." ALBERT THEODORE KING died from pneumonia on 21st March at the age of 54 years. He received his early education at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, and in 1903, proceeded to University College, London. He graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1906, and then, for a year, acted as demonstrator in chemistry under Sir William Ramsay. In 1907 he became a demonstrator and junior lecturer in chemistry in the University of Leeds, and from 1911 to 1921, held appointments on the academic staff of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. In 192 1 he became chief chemist to the Wool Industries Research Association, Torridon, Leeds; being responsible for the organisetion and development of the chemical side of the Association's work and, in 1933, succeeded Professor A.F. Barker in the Chair of Textile Industries in the University of Leeds, which post he held until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1906, and a Fellow in 1910. At the funeral, the Institute was represented by Professor F. M. Rowe, Member of Council. ERIC HANNAFORD RICHARDS,who died at Bovey Tracey on 16th May, was born at Hanwell, Middlesex, on 28th June, 1878. He was educated at Durston House School, Ealing, passed the Matriculation Examination of the University of London in 1895 and graduated B.Sc.in 1901. Early in 1902 he became assistant to Dr. George McGowan, in whose laboratory he was engaged on work for the Arsenic Commission. In the following year he was placed in charge of the Experimental Station of the Sewage Commission at Dorking. In 1909, he joined Professor E. A. Letts in work in connexion with the abatement of the nuisance caused by the abnormal growth and subsequent decay of the sea lettuce in Belfast Lough. In 1913 he was appointed to the staff of the Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden, where at the time of his death, he was Iveagh Research Chemist and Head of the Fermentation Department. He was associated with Sir John Russell in investigations on the losses in making and storage of farm-yard manure.This led to his work, in collaboration with Dr. H. B. Hutchinson, on methods of converting straw and waste plant material into useful organic manure. A process, now known as the Adco process, was evolved which, taken up by Lord Iveagh, was developed on a large scale. One hundred thousand tons a year of manure are said to be made by these methods, chiefiy for garden use in this country and for plantations overseas. Mr. Richards was Managing Director of Adco, Ltd., from its inception in 1921. In recent years, he was also engaged, in conjunction with the Water Pollution Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, in investigating the treatment of trade wastes, particularly milk and sugar-beet effluents. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1912.ANTHONYBERRY TRICKETT died on 24th March in his 51st year. He was educated at Christ’s Hospital and at the College of Technology,Manchester, where he graduated B.Sc.Tech., with first class honours, in 1909. From 1909 to 1910, he carried on research under Mr. L. G. Radcliffe, and in the following year, presented a thesis for the M.Sc. degree. From 1910 to 1911, he worked under the late Dr. J. W. Mellor at the County Pottery Laboratory, Stoke-on-Trent and in the laboratories of Messrs. Levinstein, Ltd. In 1911, he obtained a post as temporary assistant chemist at the Government Laboratory and, in 1920, he was appointed chemist at the Central Laboratory, Nechells Gas Works, Birmingham, where he was engaged at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. SIDNEY WILLIAMSON died at Shenstone Court, Berkhamsted, on 27th April, at the age of 72 years. He was the son of J. F. Williamson,the sculptor of the statue of Priestley at Birmingham, which is also repre- sented in the seal of the Institute. He studied chemistry for five years under H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., at the City and Guilds of London College, and for three years at Miinich under Professor Baeyer, where he produced a thesis ‘‘Ueber Dekahydro-chinolin,” on which he obtained the Ph.D. degree. He acted for some time as private assistant to Professor-later Sir William-Tilden, and as demonstrator in chemistry at the Mason Science College, Birmingham. For many years, he was engaged in investigating 334 the prevention of ticks in cattle in South Africa, and later held an appoint- ment as research chemist to the Cooper Technical Bureau.After some years as assistant manager of the Chilean Nitrate Committee in London, he returned to an administrative position at the Cooper Technical Bureau, from which he resigned on 30th September, 1933. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1893. JOHN WILSONdied recently at Leicester, at the age of ALEXANDER 28 years. He was born at Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, and educated at the Bishop Vesey’s Grammar School. In 1929, he obtained a post as junior analytical chemist to the Dunlop Rubber Co., Ltd. He continued to study in the evening at the Central Technical College, Birmingham, and, in 1931, passed the B.Sc.Special Examination of the University of London with second-class honours in chemistry. The following year he joined the research department of the Dunlop Rubber Co., and was engaged on research in connexion with the improvement of ageing of sulphur-chloride cured rubber and methods of vulcanisation of gutta-percha. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. Books and their Contents-continued from p. 338. The Nitrate Corporation of Chile, Limited, has forwarded to the Library a copy of the third edition of a “Bibliography of References to the Literature on The Minor Elements and Their Relation to Plant and Animal Nutrition,” originally compiled by L.G. Willis, Soil Chemist, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, N.C. The first edition of this substantial volume, published in August, 1935, contained 1805 abstracts and references ; the second edition, published in January, 1937, contained 2,766 abstracts and references; the new edition contains 4,628 abstracts and references. Aluminium ; antimony ; arsenic ; barium ; beryllium ; boron ; bromine ; calcium ;cerium ;caesium ;chlorine ;chromium ;cobalt ; copper ;fluorine; germanium ; gold ; iodine ; iron lead ; lithium ; magnesium ; manganese ; mercury ;molybdenum ; nickel ; platinum ; radium ; rubidium ; selenium ; silicon; silver; sodium ; strontium ; sulphur; thallium; tin; titanium; uranium ; vanadium; zinc ; miscellaneous.335 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-"Chemistry." H. G. Lambert and P. E. Andrews. Pp. viii + 248. (London: University Tutorial Press, Ltd.) 3s. net. An introductory course in chemistry for Junior Forms and Secondary Schools covering the requirements for the Junior Local Examinations and the School Certificate papers in General Science. Brief survey of chemical history ; apparatus and operations; physical and chemical change; matter is indestructible; elements, mixtures, and compounds ; the atmosphere ; preparation and properties of oxygen; water ; preparation and properties of hydrogen; atomic theory; formulae and equations ; acids, bases, and salts ; solution ; crystals and crystallisa- tion ; electricity and chemistry ; equivalent weights ; calcium carbonate ; hard and soft water; carbon; carbon dioxide and carbonates; sulphur and the sulphides ; sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid, and the sulphates;common salt; hydrogen chloride, chlorine; coal gas; ammonia and its compounds ; nitrogen and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen ; nitric acids and the nitrates; oxides of nitrogen; metals; table of atomic weights."Dictionary of Scientific Terms,"-as used in the various Sciences. C. M. Beadnell, C.B. Pp. x + 236. (London: Watts & Co.) IS. net. A useful pocket dictionary of over 6,000 scientific terms. dlModern Cereal Chemistry." D.W. Kent- Jones. 3rd Edition, revised and enlarged. Pp. viii + 720. (Liverpool: The Northern Publishing Co., Ltd.) 30s. net. Composition of wheat, flour, etc. ; principal world wheats; cereals other than wheats ; colloidal chemistry and hydrogen ion concentration ; flour strength; technique and chemistry of baking process ; conditioning and the effect of heat on wheat and flour; composition of mill products; bleaching and flour improvers; dough testing machines; flour for pur-poses other than bread-making; nutritive value of bread; cereal and balanced rations for livestock ; microbiology of cereals; moisture in wheats and cereal products ; methods of analysis. 336 Milk, the Chemistry of.” W. L. Davies. Volume X of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry.Edited by E. Howard Tripp. and Edition. Pp. xiv + 534. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 25s. net. Part I: The composition of milk. Part 11: Constituents of milk; milk- fat or butter-fat; milk sugar or lactose; proteins of milk; casein; lactalbumin, lactoglobulin, and non-protein nitrogenous constituents; mineral constituents of milk; the enzymes; minor constituents. Part I11: Physical chemistry of milk : general physical properties ; physical properties ; physical chemistry of milk; acid-base equilibria; coagula- tion. Part IV: The chemistry of milk processing; effect of heat on milk; milk and metals; chemical technology of milk condonsing; dried milk products. Part V: Nutritional value of milk; nutritional value of the major constituents of milk; vitamins of milk; nutritive value of milk as a whole. Pharmacognosy, a Textbook of.” T.C. Denston. Illustra- tions and drawing notes by M. Riley. 3rd Edition. Pp. xvi + 584. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 20s. net. Drug constituents ;cultivation, collection, stabilisation, drying, preserva- tion and adulteration of drugs; leaves; flowers ;seeds; fruits; plants and herbs; woods; barks; subterranean structures ; materials requiring microscopical examination; animal and animal products ; latices, dried juices, and extracts; gums, resins, gum-resins, and oleo-resins; fixed oils, fats and waxes; empyreumatic oils; volatile oils and fractions of volatile oils; geographical distribution of drugs; maps.l1 Rubber Technology, Annual Report on the Progress of.” Volume 11, 1938. Edited by T. J. Drakeley. Pp. vi + 142. (London: Institution of the Rubber Industry.) 10s. 6d. net. History, general and miscellaneous, and statistics; planting and production of raw rubber and latex ; properties, applications and utilisation of latex, including treatment of fabric with latex ;raw rubber; synthetic rubber ; testing equipment, general, and specifications other than latex ; compounding ingredients, general, vulcanising accelerators, antioxidants and softeners ; fabrics and textiles ; chemical and physical properties of vulcanised rubber; tyres; belting; rubber hose and tubing; cables and electrical insulation ;footwear; games and sports accessories; mechanical rubber goods; roads; rubber flooring; surgical goods;textile-rubber composites, solvents, cements ; sponge rubber ; hard rubber ; works processes, materials, including the treatment of raw rubber in the factory, and the treatment of vulcanised rubber; machinery and appliances.The publishers of Mr. C. H. Wright’s “Soil Analysis,”- referred to on page 237 in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 193g,-desire to point out that in this new edition, the book has been substantially re-written, and the contents have been altered to an extent beyond mere revision. A.R.P. Library.-The following summary of A.R.P. Handbooks, etc.-obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office- may be found useful for reference:- HANDBoOKS.No. 1, 2nd Edition. “Personal Protection Against Gas” .. 6d. net. No. 2, 3rd Edition. “First Aid and Nursing for Gas Casualties” 4d. net. No. 3, 1st Edition. “Medical Treatment of Gas Casualties” .. 6d. net. No. 4, 1st Edition, 1939. “Decontamination of Materials” . . 6d. net. No. 6, 1st Edition, 1938. “Air Raid Precautions in Factories and Business Premises ” . . .. .. 6d. net. No. 7, 2nd Edition. “Anti-Gas Precautions for Merchant Ship- ping” .. .. .. .. .. 3d. net. No. 8, 2nd Edition. “The Duties of Air Raid Wardens” .. 2d. net. No. 9, 1st Edition. “Incendiary Bombs and Fire Precautions”. . 6d. net. MEMORANDA. No. 1, 2nd Edition, 1938. “Organisation of Air Raid Casualties Services” .. .. .. .. .. 6d. net. No. 2, 2nd Edition, 1938.“Rescue Parties and Clearance of Debris” .. .. .. .. .. 2d.net. No. 3, 2nd Edition, 1938. “Organisation of Decontamination Services” . . .. .. .. .. 2d. net. No. 4, 2nd Edition. “Organisation of the Air Raid Wardens Service” .. .. .. .. .. 2d. net. No. 5, 2nd Edition, 1938. “Anti-Gas Training” .. .. ,. 4d. net. No. 6, 1st Edition. “Local Communications and Reporting of Air Raid Damage ’’ .. .. .. 4d.net. No. 7, 1st Edition. “Personnel Requirements for Air Raid General and Fire Precautions Services, and the Police Service” .. .. . . 2d. net. No. 9, 1st Edition. “Notes on Training and Exercises” .. .. 2d. net. LEAFLETS. No. 4. “Benzene Vapour I’ . . .. .. .. 3d. net. No. 5. “Nitrous Fumes ” . . .. .. . . 3d. net. The British Standards Institution has lately published and sent to the Library of the Institute copies of the following Specifications:-No.602-1939. Lead Pipes. No. 834-1939. Precast Concrete Blocks for Walls. No. 835-1939. Asbestos Cement Flue Pipes and Fittings for Domestic Heating Stoves. No. 836-1939. Whale Oil. 338 C.F. (B)1339. (Corrigendum) Linseed Oil Putty. No. 838-1939. Method of Test for the Toxicity of Wood Preservatives to Fungi. No. 839-1939. Veterinary Cod Liver Oil. No. 844-1939. Methods for the Testing of Vegetable Ad- hesives. Obtainable from the Publications Department , British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Price 2s. each; post free, 2s. 3d. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published Leaflet No.5 : “Methods for the Detection of Toxic Gases in Industry-V. Nitrous Fumes.” (H.M. Stationery Office. 3d. net.) The British National Committee of the World Power Conference has published its Annual Report for 1938 and a Supplementary Report dealing with the work of the Committee during that year. Copies can be obtained from Mr. C. H. Gray, Secretary, 36, Kingsway, W.C.z. The following publications have been received from the Secrktariat Gknkral of the Union Internationale de Chimie, Paris :-“Statuts et Rkglement.” “Table Internationale des Poids Atomiques : Neuvieme Rapport de la Commission des Poids Atomiques, 1939.~~ “Comptes Rendus de la Treizieme Confbrence, Rome, 15-21 Mai, 1938.” “Mbthodes Unifikes pour 1’Analyse des MatiGres Grasses.” Deuxi6me Rapport de la Commission Internationale pour l’€?tude des Matiikes Grasses, 1938.The International Tin Research and Development Council has forwarded a copy of No. I of its Report of its QuayteyZy Review, published in April, containing articles on- research on tin alloys, the tinplate and canning industries, the pewter craftsman, tinning plant of latest design installed at Ebbw Vale, the canning of cream, magie du fer-blanc, develop-ments in high tin bronzes, veal 114years old, food storage against war scarcity, tin in 1938. 339 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 21st April and 19th May, 1939, 4 new Fellows were elected, 32 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 119 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 50 Students were admitted.The Council records with regret the deaths of 6 Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellows. Barrer, Richard Maling, D.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), Clare College, Cambridge.Biddulph-Smith, Thomas, A.M.Inst.Gas.E., High Brough, The Grove, Marton, nr. Middlesbrough. Traill, David, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), 12, South Crescent, Ardrossan, Ayrshire. Willey, Eric John Baxter, D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Dunelm), 40, Ladbroke Square, London, W.11. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Angell, Frederick George, Ph.D. (Birm.), 9, Mill Lane, Billingham, Co. Durham. Blair, James, B.Sc. (Leeds), 40, Allington Road, London, N.W.4. Bond, Edward John, B.Sc.(Lond.), 56, Osmaston Road, Prenton, Birken- head. Bowyer, Thomas Linley, M.P.S., 69, Lulworth Road, Hall Green Birmingham. Briscoe, Myer, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Banstead Road, Sutton, Surrey. Cavell, Alan James, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 14, Blake Gardens, London, S.W.6. Chorley, Basil Houghton, 8, West Street, Prescot, Lancashire. Claudet, Frederic Herbert Bontemps, B.A. (Cantab.), c/o Messrs. F. Claudet, Ltd., 23, Gloucester Way, London, E.C.l. Clemow, Percy Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Firs Drive, Cranford, Middlesex. Corran, Robert Frederick, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 39, Longfield Avenue, London, N.W.7. Covington, Stanley Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Swinchiard Walk, Flint, N. Wales. Davey, Wilfrid Shacklock, B.Sc.(Lond.), F.I.R.I., Rubber Research Institute of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Edwards, Ronald Leslie, Ph.D. (Lond.), 14, Upper William Street, Liver- pool, 3. Ferrey, George James Watson, B.Sc. (Manc.),9, Balmoral Avenue, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire. Glover, Donald William, M.Sc. (Manc.), P.O. Engineering Research Station, Dollis Hill Lane, London, N.W.2. Haddock, Leonard Arthur, M.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Castner-Kellner Alkali Co., Ltd., Runcorn, Cheshire. Hall, Norman Reginald, Deerhurst, Priory Road, Lapal, Quinton, Birmingham. 340 Hartley, Herbert Kent, B.Sc. (Manc.), 70, Tatton Road South, Heaton Moor, Stockport.Hill, Douglas William, Ph.D. (Liv.), D.Sc. (Bris.), 57, Kingston Road, Didsbury, Manchester. Hitchen, Oswald, B.Sc.Tech.(Manc.), c/o County Analyst, County Offices, St. Mary’s Gate, Derby. Jeffery, Norman Charles Jabez, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Park Mead, South Harrow, Middlesex. Joiner, William Alexander, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Dip. Chem. Eng. (U.C.L.), Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, New Zealand. Jones, Richard Arthur, A.C.G.F.C., 4, Enslin Road, London, S.E.9. Kenny, Robert Leopold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Cranmore Avenue, Osterley, Middlesex. Nutter, Arnold, A.M.C.T., 244, King’s Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Pearson, Miss Margaret Howard, 16, Norland Square, Holland Park, London, W.11. Roberts, Charles Fletcher, A.M.C.T., 16, Norcott Avenue, Stockton Heath, Warrington, Lanes. Simmons, William Hall, A.M.I.Chem.E., 37, The Avenue, Loughton. Skellon, Joseph Henry, B.Sc. (Bris.), Ph.D., M.Sc.(Lond.), Chemical Department, Chelsea Polytechnic, Manresa Road, London, S.W.3. Ward, Percy James, M.Sc. (Birm.), University Chemical Laboratories, Lahore, India. Waters, Walter Frederick, B.Sc. (Wales), Vine Cottage, High Street, Great Bookham, Surrey. Williams, Ewart Harrod, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.I., 118, Murray Avenue, Bromley, Kent. New Associates. Ashton, Ronald, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 111, Talbot Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Ashworth, Sidney, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.M.C.T., 2, Acresfield Avenue, Audenshaw, nr. Manchester. Barraclough, Kenneth Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Park Avenue, Chapel- town, Sheffield. Barrey, Theodore Francis Henry, Borbeck, Friern Mount Drive, London, N.20. Beecroft, George Frederick, 29, Belgrave Street, Wallasey. Belcher, Ronald, Department of Fuel Technology, The University, St.George’s Square, Sheffield, 1. Beynon, John Henry, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D., Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Research Station, P.O. Box 1, Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames. Bhaskaran, Thondiculum Ramaier, M.Sc. (Mysore), Research Assistant, Biochemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, S. India. Bilsbury, Thomas Charles A.M.C.T., 7, M‘illow Way, Didsbury, Manchester. Booth, Ernest, A.M.C.T., 69, Hayeswater Road, Davyhulme, Manchester. Bramley, George Edward Arthur, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), 6, Linden Avenue, Woodseats, Sheffield, 8. Bradford, Miss Enid Agnes Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Cresta Court, Hanger Lane, London, W.5. Bright, Samuel Claude, B.Sc.(Sheff.), 20, Beechway, Bebington, Cheshire. Brodrick, Charles Isaac, B.Sc. (Leeds), The Bungalow, Edge, Stroud, Glos. Brown, Charles Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Westwood Road, Stretford, Manchester. Butcher, Kenneth Leopold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 79, Christchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea. 341 Carlene, Percival William, B.Sc. (Leeds), 25, Brudenell Road, Hyde Park, Leeds, 6. Challis, Harry John Guy, 59, Epwell Road, Erdington, Birmingham, 23. Chambers, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Birm.), Station House, Barton-under- Needwood, nr. Burton-on-Trent. Clifton, Victor Ernest, M.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Harwood Terrace, London, S.W.6. Cobbett, Arthur Matthew, B.Sc. (Lond.), 356, Victoria Parade, East Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.Coleman, Douglas Richard Keeler, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 171, Cheriton Road, Folkestone. Cooper, Robert Christian, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 12 Cawley Street, Runcorn. Cragg, John Coles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Clifton Road, Greenford, Middlesex. Crowe, Terence James, B.Sc. (Dunelm), Electric House, Castle Eden, Co. Durham. Daniels, Philip Hervey, 31 1, Warbreck Moor, Aintree, Liverpool, 9. Dell, Frederick Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Walnut Tree Close, Hoddesdon, Herts. Dunn, George Albert, 9, Osterley Gardens, Liverpool, 9. Eagleton, Sidney Douglas, 20, Cornwall Road, St. Albans, Herts. Edwards, John Eric, 154, Hillcroft Crescent, Oxhey, Watford. Emmott, Geoffrey Herbert, 11, Mayfield Avenue, London, W.4. Fitzgerald, Leslie Harold, B.Sc.(Lond.), 131, Dalling Road, London, W.6. Flannery, Francis Edward, 105, Worship Street, London, E.C.2. Flynn, Lawrence Richard, A.M.C.T., 3, Coronation Road, Droylsden, Manches ter . Forbes, Ian Alexander, B.Sc. (Edin.), 64, Tullibody Road, Alloa, Clack- mannanshire. Forbes, John Stuart, B.Sc. (Birm.), 18, Charlton Road, London, S.E.3. Furness, Walter, 4, Nithdale Road, London, S.E.18. Gabriel, Samuel, A.M.C.T., Cramlington, Ackers Lane, Latchford Without, Warrington.Garstang, Walter Lucian, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon), 18, South Road, Oundle, Northants. Gibson, Geoffrey Moorhouse, B.Sc. (Leeds), 623, Stonegate Road, Moortown, Leeds. Gibson, Mitchell, B.Sc. (Leeds), 251, Barnsley Road, Sandal, Wakefield. Gilbert, Francis Charles, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 15, Third Avenue, Teignmouth, S. Devon. Gillies, John, B.Sc. (Edin.), 12, Whiteside Loan, Polmont, Falkirk. Gordon, Peter Stuart, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 29, Highgate, Beverley, E. Yorks. Hanson, Sidney William Firth, M.Sc. (Liv.), 34, Stanley Street, Fairfield, Liverpoo! 7. Harman, Jack, 15, Lime Tree Avenue, Sutton-on-Hull, Hull. Harper, Clifford Stuchbery, B.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Fosse Way, Syston, Leics. Hart, Harold Victor, 14, Lathom Road, Bootle, Liverpool 20. Hartley, Arthur William A.M.C.T., Aysgarth, Alderley Road, Wilmslow, nr.Manchester. Harwood, John Holley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 183, Dawlish Drive, Ilford. Hayes, Sydney Percival, 61, Colebrooke Road, Aigburth, Liverpool 17. Heath-Brown, Basil, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Little Acre, Tilford, Farnham, Surrey.Hibbott, Hector Whittington, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Sheffield), 30, Manor Road, London, N.16. Hill, Alfred Grenville, 7, Coptic Street, London, W.C.l. Hodgson, John Francis, 20, Calvert Road, Derringham Bank, Hull. Hooper, John Henry Dehane, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Goldsmith Road, Ton-bridge. 342 Hutchinson, William, 50, Grange Road, Norton-on-Tees. Iyengar, Nadipuram Venkatanarasimhachar Rangaswami, M.Sc. (Mysore), Sewage Research Chemist, Ahmedabad Municipality, Ahmedabad, India. Jackson, Jacob, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Park Range, Manchester 14. James, John Edmund, Theseus, Moor Lane, Cranham, Upminster, Essex. Jones, Ewart Ray Herbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 5, Oakley House, 67, West Hill, Putney, London, S.W.15.Kerr, John Fairhurst, B.Sc. (Liv.), 22, Knowsley Road, Wigan. Kinniburgh, William, 62, Rankin Street, Greenock, Renfrewshire. Laverie, Joseph Mundle, B.Sc. (Glas.), 132, Broomhill Drive, Glasgow, W.l. Lee, Graham Richnor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 85, Holden Road, London, N.12. Lessing, Woolf, B.Sc. (Lond.), 150, Imperial Avenue, London, N. 16. Lewton-Brain, Norman, 26, Upper Park Road, Kingston-on-Thames. Lyne, Ralph Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 15, Carr Lane, Greenfield, nr. Oldham. Macdonald, Joseph McLean, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), Clinical Laboratory, Woodend Hospital, Aberdeen. Mains, Francis Patrick Joseph, B.Sc. (Glas.), 174, Killock Drive, Glasgow. Makin, Fred Beresford, B.Sc. (Dunelm), Brentwood, Lawford, nr. Manningtree. Marks, Miss Kathleen Monnery, B.Sc.(Lond.), Flat 1, 19, Green Bank Drive, Liverpool 17. Maxwell, Kennedy, B.Sc. (Edin.), 85, Greig Crescent, Armadale, Wes tlo thian . Meelboom, Charles Jose Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kildonan, Evans Avenue, Allestree Park, Derby. Mitchell, Colin Fernie, B.Sc. (Edin.), c/o Murdoch, 58, Kyle Terrace, Irvine, Ayrshire.Monbiot, Maurice Ferdinand LucienRobert, B.es Sc. (Paris), A.M.I.Chem.E., 187, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. Mundy, Cecil Walter Andre, 5, Forsyte Crescent, Upper Norwood, London, S.E.19. Murray, Keith Edward, B.Sc. (W.A.), 63, McCourt Street, West Leederville, Perth, Western Australia. Nellist, George Rippon, 28, Malvern Road, Billingham, Co.Durham. Norris, John Baxter, 47, Acreville Road, Bebington, Wirral.Pringle, George Arthur, B.Sc. (Edin.), 3, House O’Hill Grove, Blackhall, Edinburgh 4. Radford, George Harry, 3, Fullwood Avenue, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. Rees, Norman Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Church Street, Rhymney, Mon. Rickard, Harold George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 57, Hayocks Road, Stevenston, Ayrshire.Roberts, Alexander Miller, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews), 34, Deacon Road, Widnes. Roffey, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Bris.), Hillcrest, Abbotswood, Guildford. Rostern, Alan, A.M.C.T., c/o 13, Tennyson Road, Widnes. Rousseau, Pierre Etienne, M.Sc. (Stellenbosch), Satmar Company, Anglo- vaal House, Fox Street, Johannesburg, s. Africa. Ryder, Clement Eric, 407, Walton Breck Road, Anfield, Liverpool 4. Saville, George Walton, B.A.(T.C.D.), Dubross, Wexford. Shedden, Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 7, Meadway, Hough Green, Widnes. Shillitoe, George Stuart, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7a, Peterborough Villas, London, S.W.6. Singer, Joseph Henry, 82, Coolgardie Avenue, Highams Park, London, E.4. Smith, Ian Charles Park, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Upwood Road, London, S.E.12. Southwood, John, 156, Derby Road, Widnes. Stannett, Vivian Thomas, Berry House, Stoke Poges, Bucks. Stephenson, Oliver, B.Sc. (Dun.), 4, Fellside Terrace, South Moor, Go. Durham. Stretton, Geoffrey William Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 87, Vanbrugh Park, London, S.E.3. Summers, Donald John Bratton, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon), 48, Chepstow Road, Newport, Mon. Swanson, Basil Ward, 13, Marden Terrace, Cullercoats, Northumberland.Sykes, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Onchan Drive, Oakdale Road, Nottingham. Taylor, Clifford James, 84, East Ella Drive, Anlaby Road, Hull. Thomas, Harold Norman, B.Sc. (Leeds), 120, Nithdale Road, London, S.E. 18. Tinsley, Joseph, B.Sc. (Reading), South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Ashford, Kent. Turner, Donald Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Bedford Road, London, E.18. Vahrman, Marcus, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14a, Grove Road, London, N.W.2. Waite, Robert, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 6, Castlehill Crescent, Ayr, Scotland. Wallbank, Albert William B.Sc. (Birm.), Linslade, Quarry Hill, Wilnecote, Tamsworth, Staffs. Ward, Frank, A.M.C.T., 100, Kenyon Street, Abbey Hey, Gorton, Man- Chester 18. Warson, Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Gunton Road, London, E.5.Watkins, Thomas Iswel, B.Sc. (Wales), Dyffryn, Glanyrafon Road, Sketty, Swansea. Watson, John Adam Cunningham, 13, Ferndale Road, Liverpool 15. Webb, Alan Frank, 14, Alexandra Road, Burton-on-Trent. Wilkinson, Arthur, B.Sc. (Wales), 639, Westhorne Avenue, London, S.E.9. Wilson, Kenneth Mackenzie, 64, Marlborough Road, Tue Brook, Liverpool 13. Winter, Eric Frederick David, B.Sc. (Lond.), 118, Glenister Park Road, London, S.W.16. Woodman, Francis Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Abbeville Road, London, s.w.4. Woosey, Harold Edward, B.Sc. (Liv.), 4, Firdale Road, Liverpool 9. Young, John Thomas, Ph.C., 188, Grange Road, Kings Heath, Birming- ham 14. Re-elected Associate. Smith, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cold Chimneys, Penyffordd, nr.Chester. New Students. Adair, Edward Rilley, 179, Dumbarton Road, Clydebank, Glasgow. Aleong, Ronald Winston, 54, Avonmore Road, London, W.14. Applegate, Edwin Laurence, 10, Osborne Avenue, Ashley Down, Bristol 7. Barnes, Eric Job Oswald, 12, Hamilton Road, Thornton Heath. Batty, Maurice, 96, Mandale Road, Cooper Lane, Bradford. Bowman, Ralph Edward, Pine View, Burtons Way, Little Chalfont, Bucks. Bramley, Donald, 1, Highfield Crescent, Raildon, Shipley. Bray, Stanley Percy Vivian, 47, Ratcliffe Road, Loughborough. Buckley, Gerard Dunstan, 8, Marston Road, Stretford, Lancs. Burgess, Samuel, A.M.C.T., 2 1, Forster Avenue, Weaverham, Northwich, Cheshire. Burnham, Gerald Arthur Lionel, 78, Riverway, Palmers Green, London, N.13. Clarke, Vernon Henry, 12, Lakeside Crescent, East Barnet. Clasper, Matthew, 59, Sinclair Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire.Coleman, Alfred Ian, 14, Caldervale Road, London, S.W.4. Cottrell, Miss Helen Joyce, 12, Lyndhurst Drive, Romford. Cowling, Richard Ernest, 24, Radmoor Road, Loughborough. Crowl, Victor Terrell, 53, Bushwood Road, Kew, Richmond, Surrey. Eadie, Alastair Gordon, Heathfield, Crieff, Perthshire. Eddings, Eric, 80, Dumbreck Road, London, S.E.9. Faddy, John, 15, Portland Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 2. Fowler, Frank, 12, Ashfield Road, Chorley, Lancs. Gibson, Maynard, Burdon House, Horden, Co. Durham. Greenhalgh, Frank Rushton, 37, Lansdowne Road, Higher Crumps Manchester 8. Gudgin, Peter Thomas, 53, Mount Avenue, Ealing, London, W.5.Hatfull, Ronald Stanley, 37, Highfield Road, Sutton, Surrey. Hedley, Christopher Stelling, 58, Sherburn Terrace, Consett, Co. Durhr Hoult, Eric, 8, Victoria Avenue, Grappenhall, Warrington. Inshaw, John Leslie, 27, Key Hill, Hockley, Birmingham 18. Jenkins, Charles Delme, 137, North End Road, London, N.W.ll. Jones, Peter Brellisford Hardyman, 209, Leamington Road, Covent Jones, Stanley, 42, Amberley Street, Stapleton Road, Bristol 5. Kennedy, Charles, 17, Queen’s Avenue, Warrington. Livingstone, Duncan, 43, Lugar Drive, Glasgow, S.W.2. Llewellyn, Donald Rees, 7, King Edward Road, Moseley, Birmingham Martin, William, 7, Garden Cottages, Wingham, nr. Canterbury. Mason, William, 2a, Lansdowne Road, Manchester 8. McDermott, Eric Ernest, 37, Braemar Road, London, E.13.McPhee, Donald, 15, Pattison Street, Dalmuir, Glasgow. Mongar, John Lawrence, 41, Yew Tree Road, London, W.12. Musgrave, William Kenneth Rodgerson, Beechwood, Dipton, Newcast on-Tyne.Nuttali, Howard Radford, 123, Beaufort Street, Derby. Peach, Francis George, 10, West Bank Avenue, Derby. Phillips, Cyril Israel, 34, High Street, London, N.16. Reid, James, c/o Rodger, 84, Barmulloch Road, Balornock, Glasgow. Robbins, Ralph Harold, 2, Chelsea Park, Easton, Bristol5. Swift, Philip McLean, 102, King Cross Road, Halifax. Taylor, John Boris, 36, Park Street, Wombwell, Yorks. Trost, John William, 38, Sunderland Road, London, S.E.23. Walker, Harold Augustus, 51, Rosecroft Gardens, Whitton, Middx. White, Norman Eric James, 73, Beehive Lane, Ilford.DEATHS. Fellows. William Risdon Criper, A.R.S.M. Richard Augustus Cripps, Ph.C. Henry Francis Everard Hulton. Albert Theodore King, B.Sc. (Lond.). Eric Hanneford Richards, B.Sc. (Lond.).Sidney Williamson, Ph.D. (Munich). Associates. Herbert John George, M.A. (Oxon).Anthony Berry Trickett, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.). John Alexander Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.). CIIIANGE OP NAME Ellyia White, Associate, to Elliot White. 345 Coming Events. 1939 June 6-9 INSTITUTION 76th Annual General Meeting OF GAS ENGINEERS: (Murdoch Centenary), at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London, S.W.l. 15 BRITISH STANDARDS : Annual General Meeting, at INSTITUTION the Dorchester Hotel, Park Lane, London, W.1., at 11.15 a.m.Sir Frank Heath, G.B.E., K.C.B., in the Chair. OF Joint16 INSTITUTEBRITISHFOUNDRYMEN: Meeting with the Iron and Steel Institute. International Foundry Congress, at the Dorchester Hotel, Park Lane, London, W.l., at 2.30 p.m. 28 SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLYCHEMISTRY: “Newton and Chemistry.” Dr. D. McKie. July 10-15 SOCIETY 58th Annual Meeting, at Exeter. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY: ASSOCIATION OF17-22 THE FRENCH FOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE: Meeting at Liege, under the presidency of Professor C. Fabry, Director of the Optical Institute, Paris. Aug. 27 to LEATHER TRADES CHEMISTS’ CONFERENCE, 1939, in London. SEPT.1 Further details from the Hon. Secretary, British Section, I.S.L.T.C., 17, Leathermarket Street, London, S.E.l.Sept. 5-8 THEINSTITUTEOF METALS:Annual Autumn Xeeting, at Glasgow. AND STEELINSTITUTE:12-16 THE IRON Autumn Meeting, at Cardiff. 346 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be arranged as follows :-Period of Examination. Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 11th to 16th Sept,.,1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. If the number of candidates should render it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. From candidates for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or from those desiring special examinations, applica- tions should be received before 9th June for the September Examination.Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1940. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1939, to work of the character indicated.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize €or Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1940, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professionalinterest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional,rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, tech- nical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1939, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their 348 positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions.Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. The subscription rates have been raised from 5s. to 6s. 6d., for ClassB, and from 15s. to 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17--1g, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of Ii The Profession of Chemistry’’ (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions, except when numbers are restricted, as in the case of works visits. Members travelling abroad, if they desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute, are advised to notify the Registrar.SeCtWW. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : Birmingham and Midlands : Bristol and South- Western Counties : Cape of Good Hope: Cardiff and District: East Anglia : East Midlands : Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Glasgow and West of Scotland : Huddersfield : India : Ireland (Belfast) : ,, (Dublin): Lee& Area: Liverpool and North- Western : London and South-Eastern Counties : Malaya : Menchester and District : Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : New Zealand: South Wales: South Yorkshire : Hon. Secretaries. R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., 2, Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen.Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. F. P. Hornby, B.Sc., F.I.C., 64, Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Prof. William Pugh, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Dr. J. F: J. Dippy, F.I.C., 81, Heol-y-deri,Rhiwbma, Cardiff. Dr. J. W. Corran, F.I.C., 1, Church Avenue, Eaton, Norwich. J. Ratcliffe, B.Sc., A.I.C., Chemistry Depart- ment, Technical College, Derby. G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.-W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., Csemistry Department, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. K. B. Sen, M.Sc., F.I.C., Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta, India.C. S. McDoweIl, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. W. A. Wightman, M.A., A.I.C., The Uni- versity, Leods, 2. Dr. F. J. Smith, F.I.C., City Technical College, Byrom Street, Liverpool, 3. D. M. Freeland, F.I.C., c/o Macfarlane Lang & Co. Ltd., Syon Lane, Isleworth. Dr. Stanley G. Willimott, A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, S.S. Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Dr. E. E. Aynsley, F.I.C., 45, Grosvenor Road, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2. Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, New Zealand. (pro tern.) E. E. Ayling, M.Sc., F.I.C., Uni- versity College, Singleton Park, Swansea.W. W. Stevenson, A.I.C., United Steel Companies Ltd., Central Research Dept.,Stocksbridge, Sheffield.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9396300253

出版商:RSC    

年代:1939

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART IV: 1939. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, August, 1939. Publications Committee, 1939=40. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chaivman), W. A. 5. CALDER (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, H. E. COX, G. M. DYSON, A. FINDLAY, A. A. HALL, J. W.HAWLEY, H.H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, H. HUNTER, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. J. NOLAN, F. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. Editorial. The Local Secretaries’ Conference.-The Seventh Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections of the Institute, of which a report appears on another page, was fruitful of suggestions for increasing the services which the Institute may render to its members, the profession of chemistry and chemical industry.All such suggestions are welcomed by the Council, and receive most careful consideration. Some are adopted forthwith, and those the adoption of which is deferred or rejected must not be regarded as having been made in vain, because at least they have given a stimulus to discussion of the aims and objects of the Institute. Some of the suggestions made at the Conference call for further comment. The possibility of extending the Register of the Institute to include assistants or others who are not at present admissible as Fellows or Associates raises an issue which is by no means simple.For example, if a category in the Register were instituted to include those who had taken one of the degrees which collectively may be termed “Pass Degrees in Chemistry,” a large number of persons who are practising other professions, such as pharmacy or engineering, could claim inclusion in the new category on the ground that the examinations which they had passed for entry into their own professions included one in chemistry identical with or equivalent to a “Pass Degree in Chemistry.” Would any of the other professions reciprocate when the subsidiary subject for an Honours Degree in Chemistry was of ‘‘Pass Degree ” standard in that branch of science which is dominant in the curriculum for entry into the other profession? If not, would those members of the Institute who advocate the institution of a new category of persons affiliated to the Institute who are less well qualified by examination than its present members, indicate at what point their altruism would halt? The columns of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSare open to the sponsors of the new category for reasoned arguments in support of it.They should bear in mind, however, that the Institute as a body is primarily concerned with the welfare of its members, and, through them, the good repute and standing of the profession of chemistry. 354 Incidentally, the foregoing offer indicates that the Publica- tions Committee wishes to encourage communications for publication from members who have definite suggestions to make for the advancement of the profession.The Committee regrets that it cannot, on financial grounds, endorse the suggestion made at the Conference that the JOURNAL should be issued monthly, while realising that as a correspondence medium its value would be greatly enhanced by such a change. It does not follow, however, that some increase in the number of issues each year may not become practicable if a large proportion of members desire it. The publication of more monographs on special subjects was also suggested at the Conference. A number of considerations are raised by this suggestion, i.e., the added expense, departure from the current policy of the Institute of abstaining from serious competition with the Societies which supply their members with chemical publications, and the choice of the special subjects which many members of the Institute would welcome for such treatment.On the latter point, the Publications Committee would be very glad to have suggestions from members. Proposed Supplemental Charter.-The Council has received from the majority of the Sections reports indicating the views of the Fellows and Associates expressed on the revised version of the Proposed Supplemental Charter, which was pub- lished in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, p. 52. As it is evident from these reports that many members are still in doubt as to the objects of the Supplemental Charter, the Council has decided to issue this short statement, intending in due course to submit the matter again to a Special General Meeting of the Institute.The Rule made by the Home Secretary, under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, required that persons supervising the manu- facture of pharmaceutical preparations containing poisons and intended for the treatment of human ailments should (with certain exceptions) be either Registered Pharmacists or Fellows or Associates of the Institute. As explained in the Report of the Poisons Board, the reason for this requirement was that it was deemed necessary that persons in charge of this work should not only be qualified, but also subject to some form of professional discipline.It is not intended, either by the Institute, or by the Home Secretary, to use this rule to force chemists, otherwise 355 qualified, to subscribe towards the support of the full objects of the Institute. It is held to be just and reasonable, however, that Graduates and others who hold qualifications equivalent to those required for admission to the Associateship should not be debarred from recognition under this Act, provided that they are willing to accept the disciplinary code of the Institute and to pay a fee commensurate with the expense involved in connection with their Registration by the Institute. The Vice-Chancellors of the Universities, with the consent of their respective Senates, were willing to recognise the Institute as the proper authority to be entrusted with Registration, provided that the concession was made that persons who desired to obtain Registration only, and not to obtain the full privileges of membership, should be Registered.If this proposal is adopted, it will mean, in fact, that both the Government and the Universities will recognise the Institute as the proper Registration authority, and this will lead to in- creased professional solidarity and organisation. Suggestions have been received from several Sections that the Register of the Institute should be still further extended by the inclusion of Graduates with Pass Degrees in Chemistry and of “chemists by experience”-such as those who have attained a definite measure of recognition of their competence in particular branches of chemistry or chemical industry. This proposition lies beyond the purpose of the present proposed Supplemental Charter, which is an essential preliminary to any such proposition. The Council of the Institute, as the Registration authority, acknowledged by both the Government and the Universities, will consider such suggestions in due time, although it is known that many Fellows and Associates adhere to the view that further grades of Membership are not desirable and that the Regulations at present in force are sufficiently wide to provide for the Registration of all who can reasonably be regarded as eligible for Registration. Tendering.-The majority of professional men very properly object to being asked to quote fees for their services, in competi- tion with others.From time to time representations have been made by the Institute to public authorities on this subject. So long ago as 1908-1909 the Local Government Board- 356 now the Ministry of Health-included in its Annual Report the following statement :-“Our attention has been drawn to the practice which has been adopted recently by certain local authorities of inviting applicants for the office of public analyst to state the terms upon which they are prepared to accept the appointment. We consider the offering of such appointments ‘on tender’ as open to strong objection, and we trust that the practice will be discontinued.” Moreover, the Ministry has since taken action in cases where the facts have been brought to its notice by the Institute. The executive officers of the Institute have frequently warned enquirers, who often have little or no knowledge of the views of professional chemists on such matters, that Fellows and Associates in independent practice do not favour tendering and in many instances cannot quote in advance for undertaking investigations of doubtful issue.Efforts to discourage the practice of tendering are rendered futile, however, unless they are supported by all concerned. The practices of under-quoting and of soliciting for work are commonly associated with inefficient service, which is detri- mental to the reputation of the profession generally; such practices usually prejudice, in the first place, those members of a profession who refrain from them, but eventually recoil on the individuals who resort to them.The subject presents a difficult problem, in that it is practically impossible to lay down hard and fast rules to meet all possible circumstances, but the Institute commends its con-sideration to Fellows and Associates in the earnest hope that they will, so far as possible, uphold the views herein expressed. 357 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 16th June, 1939.-The Council resolved to tender congratulations to Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, on receiving the honour of Knight-hood; to Mr.Arthur Albert Topp, Associate, on being appointed an Officer, and to Mr. Andrew Francis MacCullogh, Fellow, on being appointed a Member, of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. The Council received a report on the replies to the enquiry regarding the demand for the supply of hydrogen sulphide in liquid form in cylinders. The opinions expressed in favour were slightly fewer than those against the proposition, while a large number were indecisive. The heads of departments asked for assurance on such matters as the provision of distributing apparatus ; valves, and freedom from sticking or leaking; stability of compressed gas; time during which cylinders could be kept before refilling; danger arising from the use of cylinders by inexperienced students, and guarantee of regular service.As the enquiry had also been conducted by the General Manager of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, replies received had been transmitted to him in order that he could report to the Council of the Institute whether the manu- facturers felt justified, in the circumstances, in proceeding with the matter. The Council also requested that the information be transmitted to the Society of Public Analysts. The Council was informed that over 2,400returns had been received in answer to the circular issued at the request of the Ministry of Labour in connexion with the formation of a Central Register of Chemists under the Industrial Chemistry Committee. In answer to an enquiry on the subject, the President, who is a member of the Industrial Chemistry Committee, stated that research chemists who had had experience in industry should send in the forms to the Institute, even though, as research chemists, they might have already sent in forms in answer to the circulars issued by the Royal Society. The Institute had also been informed by the Ministry that any student who was called upon to register under the Military 358 Training Act and was a candidate for any important examination within the next month should, within fourteen days of the date fixed for registration (3rd June), ask for and complete a form for postponement.The Institute had received assurance that if such application were supported by the authorities of any recognised college, postponement of military training would, in all probability, be granted until after the examination was completed.Universities and Colleges had been notified accordingly. The Council appointed Dr. Lampitt (possibly jointly with the President) to represent the Institute at the Nineteenth Congress of Industrial Chemistry, to be held at Warsaw from 24th Sep- tember to 4th October. A letter was received from the Council of the Chemical Society intimating that it had, with certain reservations, approved the scheme of co-operation proposed by the Chemical Council which will come in more definite form under further consideration by the Councils of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies in due course. A communication regarding the Proposed Supplemental Charter was received from the South Wales Section, expressing disapproval of the measure, and advancing the opinion that the Institute should take the necessary steps to create a grade of Registered Non-Corporate Members, the basis of admission to which should be much wider than that proposed in the supple- mental Charter, but always of a recognised examination standard.The communication was referred to the Special Committee dealing with the matter. The attention of the Council was directed, in a letter from a Fellow, to the circumstance that in connexion with proposed new legislation by the Government of the United States respecting dyes intended for use in foodstuffs, there was a condition that every lot of dyestuff for use in foodstuffs should be certified, after analysis, by a qualified person in America.The correspondent suggested that the United States Government should be asked to accept certification by any analyst in this country, who held the Institute’s qualification. A letter on the subject had been addressed from the Institute to the Principal Assistant Secretary, Commercial Relations and Treaties Department, Board of Trade, asking whetber the Board would find it possible to make repre- sentations to the United States Government on the lines suggested. The action taken was approved. 359 Mr. R. R. Butler, Member of Council, and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary, were appointed as representatives of the Institute to attend the Centenary Meeting of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes to be held on 9th and 10th October, 1939.The President was asked to represent the Institute at the Centenary Celebrations of the Royal Microscopical Society to be held on 25th and 26th October. A letter was received from a Fellow directing attention to cases in which public authorities had invited public analysts to tender for appointments. The Council directed that a letter be addressed to the Ministry of Health on the subject, and also that a reference to it be made in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. The Report of the Finance and House Committee dealt inter alia with further arrangements regarding Staff Super-annuation, and also directed the attention of the Council to the increasing cost of travelling expenses of Members of Council, suggesting that it should be an instruction to the Committee to review this item of expenditure.The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee recommended the election of 26 Associates, the election of 3 Associates to the Fellowship, and one candidate to the Fellowship direct. The Report of the Publications Committee recorded the issue of the Ludwig Mond Memorial Lecture, by Professor Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., and it was reported that Dr. Francis H. Cam, C.B.E., Vice-president, had kindly consented to give the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Dr. Carr. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-President, kindly consented to receive the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections at the Con- ference to be held at the Institute, on 24th June.Council Meeting, 21st July, 1939.-A report was received from the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers to the effect that the demand for the supply of liquid hydrogen sulphide in cylinders was apparently too small to warrant its production in that form. The Society of Public Analysts thanked the Council of the Institute for having undertaken the enquiry. A letter was received from the Chemical Council stating that a Special Committee had been appointed to re-draft the 360 proposed new scheme of co-operation and to consult the legal advisers in order that something definite might be submitted to the three Chartered Bodies in due course. The Commercial Relations and Treaties Department of the Board of Trade reported that the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act required that, as from 25th June, 1939,all coal-tar dyes used in foods, drugs and cosmetics must be from batches certified by the Department of Agriculture, and that coal-tar dyes, no matter where manufactured, would have to be certified by the United States authorities.United Kingdom manufacturers would be able to submit their colours for listing and certification in exactly the same way as American manufacturers. So far as the Board could foresee at present there was no reason to believe that this proce- dure would not, in the end, enable United Kingdom firms or their agents to secure that the list of colours finally approved was sufficiently extensive and general in its terms to cover the colours normally used in goods prepared for the United States market. The suggestion of the Institute that certification should be undertaken by qualified British chemists raised several difficulties, particularly as there was no corresponding provision in the United Kingdom for the certification of colours which might be used in foods, drugs and cosmetics.In order to comply with the requirements of the new Act it would only be possible to issue certificates for listed colours. Certificates would have to be refused for any colours which were not included in the list and for any batches of colours which did not conform to the United States standards of purity.Yet there would be nothing to prevent the use of such colours in cosmetics intended for the United Kingdom market. This would clearly be a most undesirable position in which to place the certifying body in the United Kingdom, assuming that arrangements could be made for the setting up of such a body. It was reported that several part-time students had been granted postponement of their period of military training, as they were taking important examinations, and that in one case where the application had been refused by a Military Training (Hardship) Committee, the Minister of Labour was making representations on behalf of the student. In reply to a communication addressed to the Ministry of Health on the subject of “tendering” for appointments and 361 professional work-referred to in the previous Minutes-the Ministry agreed that tendering for public appointments was open to strong objection and were prepared to intervene when the name of the local authority concerned was communicated to them.The Executive Committee of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society invite members of the Institute to attend the meeting of the Society to be held at Boston, Massa- chusetts, from 11th to 15th September, when the Society would celebrate the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Discovery of the Vulcanisation of Rubber by Charles Goodyear, and asked the Council to appoint an official delegate to represent the Institute on this occasion.Dr. H. A. Tempany, Member of Council (who expected to be on a visit to America at the time of the Conference) was asked to represent the Institute, if possible, at this celebration. A suggestion was received from an Associate that the Council should consider making arrangements for its members to secure special terms for motor insurance. The Council did not feel that it was desirable that the Institute should be involved in such a responsibility. Reports were received from the Finance and House Com- mittee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Special Committee re Supplemental Charter, and the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department re National Certificates in Chemistry.The Finance and House Committee reported on estimates for re-waterproofing the roof of the premises of the Institute, and on the renewal of its internal telephone system; also on certain Air Raid Precautions to be taken with respect to the protection of the premises of the Institute. On a Report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the North Staffordshire Technical College, Stoke-on-Trent, was added to the list of Institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute; and, in the list of approved preliminary examinations, the “Senior Leaving Certificate’’ of the Scottish Education Department was substituted for the “Leaving Certificate.” The Report of the Seventh Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections held on 24th June was received, special 362 consideration being given to suggestions contained therein, which were referred to the appropriate Committees.The Special Committee re Supplemental Charter reported that it had considered the views expressed by Fellows and Associates at meetings of Local Sections. The Committee was of opinion that the intention of the Proposed Charter had not been fully interpreted, and it was agreed, therefore, that a short explanatory statement should be issued to the Fellows and Associates in order that it might be before those Sections which had not yet communicated to the Council on the matter.Staff.-In the Report of the Annual General Meeting, pubIished in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I1 (p. 146), the Publications Committee summarised the debate on the pensions scheme for the executive officers and staff of the Institute. In the report received from the shorthand-writer, remarks were attributed to Dr. Griffiths which were in fact part of a speech by Dr. Oliver, who asked for information regarding the salaries paid by the Institute. The Publications Committee learns that several members have expressed the view that such information should be given publicity, and it is therefore appended:- Years of Last service. Scale. increase. Registrar and Secretary .. 47 21000-( 1 OO)-S1500 1928 Assistant Secretary.. .. 14 2500- (50)- €900 1929 Chief Clerk .. .. . . 30 €425 (no scale) 1938 Cashier . . .. . . 16 2400* (no scale) 1937 Typists (Women) .. .. 21 €130-(13)-€200 1 at sE213* 1936 ? 1 at S196 1 at €169 1939 1939 Clerks (Men) .. I’ \ 7 ‘5 2200 (no scale) 1 at 2130 252-(13)-g156 1939 1939 4 1 at 2117 1939 Clerks (Women) : Filing . . Printing . . Sections . . .. .. .. . . . . . . 21 23 9 2130-(13)-65156-€182*2130-(13)-65156-2182*€130-(13)-2156-2169* 1936 1936 1937 Office Boy .. .. .. 19 241-2104 1939 House Staff: Commissionaire . . House Porter . . Cleaner (Woman) .. .. .. 4$ €156-(13)-€18216 €117-(13)--&169-€182 13 283 1936 1936 1937 * Increases beyond scale have been made, in some cases, partly on length of service and partly on account of Chemical Council work.363 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section was held on 12th May, in the Chemistry Department, University College, Dundee- Dr. A. B. Stewart in the Chair. In addition to g members from Aberdeen 18 members from Glasgow and also many members of the St. Andrews Chemical Society were present. A paper was read by Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones, entitled “What is Chemistry.” Professor Wynne- Jones recalled the indebtedness of the chemist to the atomic physicist who had provided such a precise knowledge of the structure of the atom.This had afforded chemists a power of prediction far greater than that possible in the earlier days of the atomic theory. To a large extent it had rendered obsolete the necessity for students to learn a large number of isolated facts, as had been the practice in the majority of Colleges, in the earlier part of their course of study in chemistry. Professor Wynne- Jones advocated the teaching of modern atomic theory very early in a student’s course and pointed out that the definitions of chemical compounds and mixtures given in standard textbooks of inorganic chemistry were meaningless unless one read into them the accumulated knowledge of chemists. To cite an example, the properties of a mixture could only be defined by recourse to the Phase Rule.Professor Wynne- Jones then described the discovery and isolation of deuterium and explained how it could be used to elucidate the nature of chemical reactions. He referred to the deuterium isomers of ammonium chloride and to the determina-tion of the nature of the labile hydrogen atom in acetone and in acetic acid. In acetic acid only the carboxylic hydrogen atom was directly replaceable. He also referred to the pseudo acid nitroethane in which it was found that only the ahydrogen atoms were replaceable by deuterium. 364 Professor W. M. Cumming in moving a vote of thanks to the lecturer expressed his great appreciation of the lecturer and of the service rendered by Mr.Dargie who was largely responsible for organising the meeting. He stressed the importance of meetings which afforded members of the profession of chemistry in Scotland an opportunity to meet and exchange views and expressed the hope that the joint summer meeting of Scottish Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and other professional bodies would be revived. A short paper was then read by Dr. Robert Roger on 66 Recent Developments in micro and semi-macro methods of Organic Analysis.” Dr. Roger traced the development of micro-analysis since its inception after the war. He pointed out the major difficulties involved in developing methods necessitating an entirely new technique. Details in the progressive development of absorption and drying apparatus were described.For students he advocated the semi-macro method. He concluded his lecture with a descrip-tion of the use of organic reagents in micro qualitative analysis with special reference to the lead-silver-mercury group. Dr. Roger and his colleagues then showed an exhibition of modern methods of chemical analysis which he had arranged. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 5th July a party of members of the Section, many of them accompanied by ladies, paid a visit to the condensery of Wilts United Dairies, Ltd., at Bason Bridge, Somerset, by kind permission of the directors of that Company. The party was met by Mr. J. H. Adamson, Fellow, Assistant Works Manager, and after visiting the laboratories, where members were particularly interested in the Mojonnier process for the rapid estimation of total solids and fat in condensed milk, was shown round the works.Evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk, and sweetened condensed skim milk are all prepared in this factory. The milk is first bulked in 3,000 gallon tanks, and the treatment varies according to the product being made. For evaporated milk homogenisation after condensing is necessary, in order to prevent separation of the cream in the final product. The evaporated 365 milk is filled into tins which are automatically sealed and finally st erilised. In making sweetened condensed milk the sugar is added before evaporation to the required consistency in vacuum pans, which is followed by cooling and filling into tins.The factory has its own machinery for tin- and box-making, which the party was also able to inspect. Tea was kindly provided by the Company following which the Chairman, Professor E. L. Hirst, proposed a vote of thanks to the directors and to Mr. Adamson for all they had done to make the visit enjoyable. Cape.-The Annual Meeting took place in the Argus Board Room on 2nd June,-Colonel Rose in the Chair. The Honorary Secretary in his report referred to the death of Dr. Versfeld, a foundation member of the Cape Section, and suggested that a summary of Dr. Versfeld’s papers be compiled and placed on record in the minutes. In dealing with the year’s work, the Secretary reported that five meetings had been held and the following addresses given :-“Some Unusual Methods of Water Softening,” by Colonel J.G. Rose; “The Constitution of Clays and Clay Minerals,” by Dr. P. Carman ; “The use of Permanganates and Mercurous Perchlorate in Analysis,” by Professor W. Pugh; “Problems in the Leather Industry,’’ by Professor W. Barker; “Synthetic Rubber,” by Dr. W. S. Rapson. The Treasurer’s report was submitted and adopted :-The meeting resolved that the Cape Section should compile a Register of qualified chemists that might be of service to the Government in case of emergency. In the first instance this was to be confined to the Cape Province. The following office-bearers were elected :-Chairman, Pro-fessor w. Pugh; Honorary Secretary, Mr. F.E. A. Leibbrandt; Honorary Treasurer, Mr. R. J. Kruger; Committee Members, Mr. G. Leslie and Mr. A. L. Abbott. The retiring chairman, Colonel Rose, then gave a short address on “Water Sterilisation by means of Couples.” 366 Huddersfie1d.-At the Nineteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 14th March,-Dr. A. E. Everest, in the Chair,-the reports of the Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary were formally adopted. The Honorary Secretary, in his report, referred to the active part taken by the Section in the general affairs of the Institute, and of the services rendered by its representatives on the Council,-Dr. Everest and Dr. Hodgson. With the election of Mr. H. W. Moss as District Member of Council for Yorkshire, and the re-election of Dr.Hodgson, Huddersfield still had two representatives on the Council. Messrs. F. Robinson and W. D. Scouller were elected to the Committee and Mr. H. S. Pink was re-elected Auditor. Votes of thanks were accorded to the retiring members of the Committee and to Dr. Everest on his retirement from office as a Vice-president of the Institute. Dr. Everest gave a brief account of the matters which had been before the Institute during the year, referring especially to the Supplemental Charter, the Chemical Council and the Superannuation Scheme for members of the Institute staff. Dr. Hodgson made special reference to the consideration given by the Finance and House Committee to the proposal for a reduc-tion in the fees payable by Associates proceeding to the Fellowship.He paid a tribute to the work of Dr. Everest, expressing the regret felt by his colleagues that the By-laws of the Institute compelled his retirement from office. He hoped that it would be only temporary; in any event, Dr. Everest’s services would be available in an advisory capacity if required. Following the Annual General Meeting, an ordinary meeting was held at which films were shown:--“Seeing the Unseen,” “The Four-stroke Gas Engine,” “Synthesis of Vitamin C,” “Mouvements Vibratoires.” The films were much appreciated, and thanks were accorded to Mr. D. Hanson for the loan of the projector and for acting as operator; also to the Films Committee of the Association of Scientific Workers for the selection of the films and arrangements for the hire of them.Manchester and District.-On the 23rd March Dr. A. E. Gillam gave a lecture before the Manchester Section of the Institute, entitled 6‘ Some Applications of Absorption Spectra to Problems in Organic and Biological Chemistry.” After introducing the subject by means of a number of slides of simple spectroscopes and spectrographs together with examples of the various types of emission spectra, the lecturer went on to show how the simplest type of absorption spectrum could be obtained by photographing the iron arc-spectrum after the light had passed through one of several absorbing media. Methods of determining absorption spectra were briefly described and illustrated, notably those using a sector or a Spekker photometer in conjunction with a quartz spectrograph. Among the simplest applications of absorption spectra are the purely qualitative methods of identification of substances with characteristic absorption bands.Some of these methods have been in use for many years, e.g., the detection of blood and blood pigments in various media, chlorophyll in vegetable extracts or as an added colouring matter in pharmaceutical preparations, carotenoids in plant and animal extracts, and specific dyestuffs in solution and on fabrics. The spectroscopic detection of carbon monoxide-hzmoglobin in the blood in cases of suspected gas poisoning has long been standard practice in forensic chemical work.When the spectrograph is supplemented by an ultra-violet spectro-photometer the absorption spectra can be made quantita- tive and can then be used for the determination of small amounts of absorbing substances. Thus benzene, and aromatic hydro- carbons generally, can be detected and determined even when present in minute amount in more transparent media. The carcinogenic hydrocarbons come under this heading, and other examples include the determination of carbon disulphide in commercial carbon tetrachloride, vitamin A in cod-liver oil, ergosterol in gross yeast sterols, carotene in butter fat, etc. In the field of pure Organic Chemistry absorption spectra find many applications to structural problems. The more important of the rules underlying these applications are (a)that the presence of certain “chromophoric” groupings in a molecule is always associated with selective absorption of light between zoo and 770 mp, and (b) when two such groups are “conjugated” the absorption becomes even more pronounced, and further increases in the length of the conjugated system are accompanied by an increased intensity of absorption and a displacement of the maximum to longer wave-lengths.Typical “chromophoric ” groups commonly met with in Organic Chemistry, which confer this power of selective absorption 368 of light on the compound containing them, include > C = 0, -CH = CH-, -NO,, > C == C, -N = N-, phenyl, naphthyl, to mention only a few. Absorption spectro- scopy often provides the only method of detecting the presence of one or other of these groupings in a molecule where for special reasons, such as the occurrence of steric effects, the normal reactivity of the group is inhibited.Interesting examples of the increase of intensity of absorption and displacement of maximum with increasing conjugation are to be found among the polyene-acids and diphenyl-polyenes studied by Haiisser and Kuhn and their collaborators, whilst the useful- ness of absorption spectroscopy in structural organic chemistry is well shown in the elucidation of structures of individual members of another group of important polyene compounds, the carotenoids. When an ethylene linkage and a carbonyl group are conjugated in a molecule the resulting compound exhibits a very characteristic absorption spectrum which affords clear evidence of the presence of the ctp-unsaturated ketone grouping in a number of instances in the sterol and terpene series as well as in certain hormones.The influence of structure on absorption spectra is very well exemplified in the ct and /3-ionone isomers. These are difficultly separable isomeric liquids having fornuke as follows :-CH, CH, CH, CH, \/ vC C A ACH, C-CH=CH-C=O CH, CH-CH=CH-C=O I I1 I It ICH, C-CH, CH, CH, C-CH, CH,\/ \/cH2 CH /3-ionone a-ionone and yet their absorption spectra are so different as to provide not only a means of differentiating them but also of determining one in the presence of the other.In the biochemical field absorption spectra have been widely and successfully used and nowhere more so than in vitamin research. Thus the absorption band of vitamin A at 328 mp has provided a means of identification and determination of the substance in many series of experiments. The ease and rapidity of evaluation by this criterion, in comparison with laborious 369 animal-feeding tests, was largely responsible for the rapid elucidation of the chemistry of this vitamin. Much more recent spectroscopic work has revealed the occurrence of a second vitamin A (vitamin A2), found almost exclusively in the livers of freshwater fish. Absorption spectra have been used also as a means of con-trolling and comparing various preparations of vitamin B, ; Williams and his collaborators have successfully used spectro- scopic data in working out the structure of the pyrimidine portion of the molecule.Vitamin C exhibited selective absorption owing to the presence of a modified afl-unsaturated ketone group and this property had to be accommodated in postulating its molecular structure. The early recognition of ergosterol as a provitamin-D precursor was due solely to its highly characteristic absorption spectrum, and its photochemical conversion into vitamin D, (calciferol) has been controlled by absorption spectroscopy. These methods are also being successfully employed in other rather difficult biochemical fields, i.e., those of the green leaf pigments (chlorophylls) and the red blood pigments.South Wales.-The Twenty-first Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 19th May, at the Mackworth Hotel, Swansea,-Mr. E. Thornton, presiding. The Annual Report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were received and adopted. The Officers and Members of the Committee for the ensuing session were elected, as follows :-Chairman, Mr. J. Christie; Honorary Secretary, Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee, Prof. J. E. Coates, Dr. N. H. Hartshorne, Dr. W. A. Hayward, Dr. F. Heathcoat, Mr. G. Madel and Mr. E. Thornton; ex-ojicio,Mr. S. B. Watkins (Cardiff), District Member of Council. Messrs. J. W. Adye and R. H. Jones were elected Honorary Auditors. Thanks were accorded to Mr. Thornton, retiring chairman, and to Mr.E. A. Tyler, retiring District Member of Council. Members were reminded that the zrst anniversary of the inauguration of the Section falls on 16th November, 1939,and it was decided to hold a coming-of-age celebration on that date. The meeting discussed the revised draft of the Proposed Supplemental Charter, and after a keen discussion the following. 370 resolution was proposed and adopted by the meeting with only one dissentient :-‘‘That this meeting disapproves of the Proposed Supple- mental Charter in its present form. It is, however, of the opinion that the Council of the Institute should take the necessary steps to obtain a Supplemental Charter giving power to institute a grade of Registered Non-Corporate Membership, the basis of admission to this grade to be much wider than that proposed in the present Supplemental Charter, but to be always of a recognised examination standard.” It was then resolved that, in submitting the resolution to the Council and to the other Local Sections, it should be accompanied by an amplifying statement, which was prepared subsequently in the following form :-(I) The inclusion in some form of Chemists of definite standing lower than that at present accepted for Associateship.“There are unquestionably practising chemists whose qualifications are quite definite, but lower than that of the Associateship, e.g., those having Pass Degrees or Honours other than First or Second Class, and below them the large class of chemists employed in works whose qualification is that of the standing of the Higher National Certificate or the City and Guilds full Technological Certificate.Many of these at the age of 30 are unable to give the time to study which would enable them to pass the Associateship examination in the ordinary way. They are, nevertheless, extremely interested in chemistry, are practising chemistry, and keep abreast of the literature. They have often won their National Certificate or City and Guilds Certificate by the sacrifice of their evenings through many years to tuition in accredited Technical Colleges. “There is no single 6ody at present which permits them to join for registration and grading as qualified chemists of their own class.It is considered, therefore, that the Institute of Chemistry should modify its attitude by means of a new Charter enabling itself to be the body which at least registers and guaran- tees these chemists their professional standing to the public on examination grounds. (2) The need for the Chzarter. “The present Charter does not permit such a widening of the membership, and although there is a body, the B.A.C., which caters almost exclusively for the economic interest of chemists, it is undesirable that there should be two bodies giving standings in a professional or educational sense. “There need be no conflict of interest if the Institute of Chemistry remains the body which labels a chemist as far as concerns his knowledge of chemistry, and the B.A.C.labels him with regard to his experience in works, etc., and safeguards his economic interest when he is an employee. (3) The inadequacy of the present proposals. “It does not seem worth while going to the expense and upheaval of getting a new Charter merely to bring in cheaply a number of chemists who are already of the requisite standing, but who, for one reason or another, do not care to pay the full fees. “If a new Charter is to be obtained, and a new class of non- corporate members is to be created, then it should be as wide as need be in order to enable the Institute to hold the professional register of all chemists who are really qualified to serve in the various grades of chemical practice.” 372 Report of the Seventh Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.The Seventh Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, 24th June, 1939, at 10 a.m.; it was adjourned at I p.m. and continued after luncheon. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-president, welcomed the following:-Mr. E. E. Ayling, South Wales (Swansea). Dr. J. W. Corran, East Anglia. Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchester and District. Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, Cardif€ and District. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Mr. J. G. Duncan, Glasgow and West of Scotland. Mr. D. M. Freeland, London and South-Eastern Counties. Dr. E. R.Goodyear, Huddersfield. Mr. F. P. Hornby, Bristol and South-Western Counties. Dr.A. G. G. Leonard, Dublin. Mr. C. S. McDowell, Belfast. Mr. Patrick Mitchell, Aberdeen and North of Scotland, vice Mr. R. Craven. Mr. J. Ratcliffe, East Midlands. Dr. F. J. Smith, Liverpool and North-Western. Mr. W. W. Stevenson, South Yorkshire. Mr. G. Thomas, Birmingham and Midlands. Mr. F. H. Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast, vice Dr. E. E. Aynsley. Mr. W. A. Wightman, Lee& Area. Every Section in Great Britain and Ireland was represented. The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary were also in attendance. In opening the proceedings, Dr. Roche Lynch assured the Secretaries that the Council valued very highly the services of the Honorary Secretaries, other Officers and Committees of Local Sections. The Council appreciated the importance of their work.The meeting would have before it several matters which afforded opportunity for useful discussion, having in view the co-ordination of policy. He extended a special welcome to those who were attending the conference for the first time. 373 Dr. A. G. G. Leonard was elected to the Chair. He thanked Dr. Roche Lynch for receiving the Honorary Secretaries, and the meeting proceeded to consider a number of matters suggested by Local Sections, by their Committees, or by the Honorary Secretaries as individuals. (1)NATIONALSERVICE.-A number of questions were put to the Officers regarding the Central Register of Chemists under the Industrial Chemistry Committee of the Ministry of Labour. The Registrar explained that the returns received in answer to the circularisation of the Institute in October, 1938, could not be satisfactorily classified, and therefore it had been found necessary to ask for fresh returns.The Register of those chemists who were mainly devoted to research was being formed through the Royal Society on behalf of the Scientific Research Committee of the Ministry. The Industrial Chemistry Com- mittee was mainly concerned with persons with chemical experience and training in industry. It was hoped that all who had had such training and experience would register under the Industrial Chemistry Committee, even though they might also be registered as research chemists. The undertaking which chemists were asked to give was that they would accept in war time offers of suitable employment made to them through the Central Register, except in so far as they might already be engaged on work of greater national importance.The Institute had been advised that the scheme, for the present, was entirely voluntary, and it would be open to any chemist on the Register to decide for himself, after consultation with his employers, whether any employment that might be offered to him was suitable. It was expected that in war time there would be a Government system for deciding priorities of work and the Central Register authorities would be guided by the decisions reached in that connexion. If, at any stage of a future war, compulsory powers for placing should be taken, there was no doubt that such powers would be subject to various safeguards, including opportunities for the employers to make representations.It was proposed that the selection of chemists from the Central Register should be done under the guidance of panels set up by various Committees of the Register, Mr. Thomas referred to the activities of the Midlands Chemists Committee, who had also considered it advisable to register assistants other than qualified chemists and graduates. It was 374 suggested that provision for them had been made in the Pro- visional Schedule of Reserved Occupations, at which Mr. Thomas demurred. During the discussion reference was also made to the regis- tration of teams of scientific workers by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, such teams including qualified men of science, assistants and laboratory attendants.(2) MILITARY TRAINING AcT.-With regard to junior assistants, and the position of part-time students under the new conscription legislation, the Assistant Secretary informed the meeting that any student called upon to register under the Military Training Act, who was about to take an important examination, could apply to be allowed to postpone his period of military training until after that examination. The Institute had received an assurance that if such applications were supported by the authorities of any recognised college they would probably be granted, and that the "Hardships Committees" would consider sympathetically allowing students to perform their military training at the time which would cause the minimum of disturbance of their courses.Already, it was felt, that the consent of such committees would not be withheld unreasonably. (3)LOCAL SEcTIoNS.-The proceedings of Local Sections, the nature of the papers read before them, the policy to be adopted with regard to reporting and publishing papers, and other matters relating to Local Sections were then discussed. (a) Reports qf Meetings.-There was considerable unevenness in reporting proceedings. The Publications Committee was glad to receive extended reports of meetings, but it was clear that the Committee could only deal with the reports as they were received from the Sections.While it might be felt that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSwas not perhaps always the most appropriate medium for the publication of technical matter, it was generally considered desirable that the Institute should receive such matter for publication, because the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSa circulation far greater than that of any had other British chemical journal, and reached a large number of chemical students. It was felt by some members that the Institute might publish more monographs on special subjects, but in connexion with that, and a suggestion that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS should be published monthly, it was necessary to bear in mind 375 that printing and postage on a circulation of over 8,000 implied a corresponding increase in expense.It was agreed that authors of papers themselves should be asked to provide summaries containing sufficient of the essential features of their papers to render them really useful. In some Sections, members were deputed to report discussions, and the Honorary Secretaries kept duplicate copies of the papers and discussions for reference. Papers could also be filed at head- quarters in order that they might be perused by Fellows and Associates. (b) Correspondence.-The suggestion was made by Dr. Corran that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSshould be open to suitable correspondence. This was supported by Mr. Thomas and Mr. Mitchell, the latter emphasising his desire that the JOURNAL should provide the Fellows and Associates with a medium of self-expression.It was mentioned, however, that it had been found difficult to maintain a correspondence column ina journal published bi-monthly. Nevertheless, the conference felt that the Council should be asked to print in the JOURNAL a note to the effect that the views of members on professional matters would be welcomed, although it must rest with the Committee to decide what was suitable for publication. (c) Examination Papers.-It was suggested that the Publica- tions Committee should consider the desirability of printing Examination Papers separately, so that they might be inserted loosely or bound in the centre of the JOURNAL, in order that they might be removed without damaging the body of the publication.It was pointed out that sets of Examination Papers were published separately every year. The conference, thereupon, recommended that copies of such sets should be sent to the universities and recognised colleges and to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. (d) Section Funds.-The question was raised as to whether Fellows and Associates should be required to pay a local sub- scription to their Sectioris. Provision for such payment had been made in the early rules for Sections. It was a matter for each Section to decide, but it was difficult to insist upon an extra payment. In the majority of cases, no such payment was required, although some Sections maintained a hospitality fund. (e) Interviewing Committees.-Reference was made to the work of local Committees who were asked to interview candidates 376 applying for exemption from the Preliminary Examination.Such candidates were usually about 25 years of age or older, and had sometimes already substantially completed their courses for the Associateship of the Institute. The object of the inter- views was to ascertain whether the candidates possessed a standard of general culture which justified the Committee in recommending their exemption from passing a Preliminary Examination, bearing in mind that they would be required to produce evidence of having complied with the regulations as to training in chemistry and allied sciences and to translate passages from French and German technical literature when they presented themselves for examination for the Associateship.(4)NATIONALCERTIFICATES.-COnSideratiOn was given to the place of National Certificates in Chemistry in relation to the Associateship of the Institute. The fact that the National Certificate (Higher Grade) did not entitle holders to exemption from any part of the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute had been found in certain quarters to have an adverse effect in the numbers of students taking the National Certificate Examination, and it was felt that an improvement might result if some change could be made. The Regulations provided that training in the required subjects, at a college or institution recognised by the Institute and the Board of Education, under the arrangements for the award of National Certificates, would be accepted in respect of the two years’ course or its equivalent, provided that the candidate had previously passed an approved Preliminary Examination, and that holders of National Certificates might, at the discretion of the Council, be remitted part of their training for the Associateship; but the possession of National Certificates did not exempt holders from passing a Preliminary Examination. There was a difference of opinion as to whether the Council should be asked to make some more definite concession to candidates who had secured the Higher National Certificate, as had been done by the Engineering Institutions. The Institute regarded these examinations as intended primarily for assistants, and was desirous of encouraging those who wished ultimately to qualify for the Associateship to obtain a sound fundamental knowledge of chemistry. (5) STATUS.-The attention of the meeting was directed to a statement made in the report of the Sixth Conference of 377 Honorary Secretaries to the effect that, in discussing the question of chemists obtaining commissions with the forces, emphasis was laid on the importance of an officer being capable of corn- mand,-apart from his technical qualifications.It was suggested that this was a reflection on the status of the chemist; but no such reflection had been intended. The same would apply equally to members of other professions. (6) A.R.P.-The question was asked as to what progress had been made by the Air Raid Precautions Department in the selection of Gas Identification Officers.Sections were anxious to assist and suggested that the Council should communicate again with the Home Office in the matter. (7) SUPPLEMENTALCHARTER.-A general discussion was held on the subject of the Proposed Supplemental Charter. Several speakers supported the proposal that a third grade of membership should be open to holders of pass degrees, and chemists who had obtained recognised positions, by experience, without fulfilling the strict letter of the Regulations. The Proposed Supplemental Charter did not go far enough. It had been acknowledged by Officers of the Institute that probably few chemists would be attracted to the category of non-corporate members.It was not worth while going to the expense and upheaval of getting a new Charter merely to bring in a number of chemists who were of the requisite standing but, for one reason or another, did not care to pay the full fees. It was agreed that there should be no lowering of standard for the Associateship or Fellowship, but that the Institute should include, so far as possible, every competent chemist. If a new Charter was to be obtained and a new class of non-corporate members created, then it should be as wide as need be in order to enable the Institute to maintain the professional register of all competent chemists. Many chemists who had not secured first or second class honours in their degrees had a right to regard themselves as competent chemists; many such chemists had not the oppor- tunity, or could not afford, to continue their training for higher degrees.It was thought that many industrial chemists who were keen in their work were also excluded, and it was held by some that a more comprehensive third grade would raise the standard of the Associateship and make the Institute more truly representative of the whole profession. On the other hand, it was pointed out that the Proposed 378 Supplemental Charter had a different object in view. It could not be certain that the proposition now put forward would meet the same object, and some members voiced the opinion that the Regulations were already sufficiently wide to deal with chemists who were now suggested for inclusion in the third category of membership.It would be difficult to regard the pass degree as a criterion of competence in chemistry. In the pass degree examination, chemistry was only one of a number of subjects, and was frequently not the candidate’s main interest : he only acquired the minimum of knowledge necessary to satisfy the examiners, and might make his subsequent career in, say, botany or mathematics. He was not necessarily the type of candidate whom it would be desirable to admit to any grade of membership of the Institute upon any footing. The pass graduate who found his main interest and vocation in chemistry was already provided for by the Regulations. The type of chemist cited by previous speakers might be admitted to the full Associateship under Regulation I (C), on the strength of a special examination for which he should not need to make special preparation, so that no hardship was entailed.In fact, provided that he was a genuine “chemist by experience,” no degree of any kind was necessary. Under the present system, therefore, no chemist who had proved his worth was excluded from the Associateship by lack of academic qualification or by lack of opportunity to prepare for the full examination. The formation of a third category having a lower standard of qualification would create problems of assessment impossible of solution. It was mentioned that the representations of the Sections had been referred to the Special Committee dealing with the Supplemental Charter, and the suggestion was made that the Council should consider the advisability of giving power to the Committee to co-opt Fellows and Associates who held pronounced opinions on the supplemental Charter and on the extensions of the Register.(8) MICROCHEMICALMETHODS-Reference was made to the increasing importance of microchemical analytical met hods, and attention was directed to a course which was shortly to be given by Professor Feigl at Gillingham. It was suggested that the Council should consider whether means could not be found to encourage the provision of courses in the subject for teachers, 379 in order that it might be generally taught in the universities and colleges.The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the Chairman. The Honorary Secretaries were entertained to luncheon at the Russell Hotel, where they were joined by the President. Dr. Coulthard proposed the health of the President, and that of Dr. Roche Lynch. The President, in reply, referred to the importance of the Sections to the profession and to the Institute, at the same time expressing his appreciation of the willing service given by the Honorary Secretaries and his gratification in knowing that the Conference was so well attended. 380 Notes. The Colonial Chemical Service.-The Institute has received copies of the Official Memorandum entitled Colonial Service Recruitment, No. 4, 9th edition. The Colonial Chemical Service was constituted as a “unified” Service, with effect from 1st January, 1939.Officers must possess the prescribed qualifications described in Appendix I.* They are appointed to the service by the Secretary of State, and are liable to be posted and transferred at his discretion any time after selection. The wishes of individual officers are, however, consulted so far as possible, as regards both posting on first appointment and subsequent transfer; and the Secretary of State’s power of compulsory transfer will not be exercised to compel an officer to transfer against his will to a Colony offering less favourable terms of service than those on which he has engaged to serve. Members of the Colonial Chemical service are subject to special regulations and to the particular regulations governing the employment of officers in the respective Colonies in which they serve.At present the salaries and conditions of employ- ment vary considerably; but it is hoped as time goes on to introduce a greater degree of uniformity. The duties of a Government Chemist vary, but as a rule he may be called upon to undertake any chemical work that falls outside the sphere of the Agricultural Chemist, e.g., the analytical examination of stores such as cements, oils, and paints; the analysis of samples of water, food and drugs; the identification and assaying of ores ; bacteriological and medico-legal work. His duties may include the teaching of the native subordinate staff and a certain amount of work outside the laboratory, such as the inspection of cargoes on board ships.Research Chemists are sometimes required to carry out special investigations. * The possession of the Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland or a Degree of a British University with honours in Chemistry or a Degree or Distinction in Chemistry which the Secretary of State may be prepared to approve in a particular case. Vacancies and QuaZz,fications.-Some three or four vacancies are usually available in each year for officers required for general chemical and analytical work. A candidate should be over 214 and under 35 years of age, should be an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry, and should possess a good University Degree in Chemistry.The Certificate of the Institute of Chemis-try in Branch E (the chemistry, including microscopy, of Foods and Drugs and Water) is in any case a valuable additional qualification for one of these appointments and is sometimes essential. A certain amount of post-graduate experience of an appropriate kind is normally required and it should be under- stood that it is usually only in connection with Colonial Agri- cultural Scholarships, or occasionally when a vacancy occurs in a Colony where three or four chemists are employed in the Government Chemist’s Department, that a candidate without such experience can be considered. Should such a vacancy occur it would almost certainly be notified to the Institute of Chemistry for circulation to suitable candidates.Particulars of existing appointments in the service are given but no recent changes have been made in the salary scales. With regard to the appointments in West Africa, the maxi- mum salary for Assistant Government Analysts in Nigeria and for Analytical Chemists in the Gold Coast remains at l840. The question of introducing a Higher Grade on a salary scale i5880-E4o-&1,ooo is still under consideration. Hydrogen Su1phide.-In replying to the enquiry regarding the supply of hydrogen sulphide in glass cylinders, many corres- pondents referred to their experience of the toxicity of this gas. There appears to be an agreement that hydrogen sulphide is as dangerous as hydrogen cyanide.At a low concentration, exposure to hydrogen sulphide renders the victim completely unconscious and in such a state that a careful examination by a competent medical man may reveal no sign of life; but in the experience of the President, Mr. W. A. S. Calder, it has been proved that in every case with which he had been called upon to deal the sufferer was not dead, and prolonged treatment, hour after hour, with no sign of improvement, for possibly ten hours, ultimately resulted in restoration. Referring to this subject, in an address entitled:-“The Chemist and the World Citizen,” reported in the Journal of the 382 Society oj Chemical Industry,-~r/th July, 1936,--Mr. Calder said :-“There is one fact which came vividly before my notice some years ago in connexion with cases of gas-poisoning and I make no apology for reintroducing this at some length as it cannot obtain too wide publicity.I will now give you my actual notes and a letter from the doctor on the case :-‘On the 9th June, 1910, a man, aged 37, was in a canal boat when a carboy of hydrochloric acid broke and the contents ran to some alkali waste (containing about 33 per cent. of calcium sulphide) . The escaping hydrogen sulphide rendered the man unconscious and he lay in the bottom of the boat for probably half an hour or so before he was discovered. ‘He was then laid on the canal bank and some attempts at artificial respiration were made. After about half an hour or so, strenuous artificial respiration by the Schaefer method was systematically and continuously employed and oxygen was administered from cylinders through a rubber tube forced into the man’s mouth.Ultimately, after several hours’ treatment, the man revived and as soon as possible hot coffee was given and he was hauled to his feet and made to walk about with a man on each side holding him up. ‘He gradually recovered, regaining the use of his limbs, and was then wrapped in blankets and sent to hospital. He returned to work on the 16th July, 1910. Apparently the accident had no permanent ill-effects although he is described as a man who was particularly susceptible to asthma and bronchitis previous to his accident. ‘ It is of course impossible to give an accurate idea of the concentration, but in the circumstances it appears probable that the strength of the gas to which he was exposed immediately after the breaking of the carboy would not be less than I per cent.or zper cent., gradually lessening while he lay unconscious in the boat.’ “The doctor wrote to me as follows:- ‘I have been looking up my old diary for June 9th, 1910, and perhaps these details may interest you. I was called at 7.30 a.m. and stayed till 8.30; when I had to leave, but came again at 10 a.m. and remained with him to I p.m. when he began to come round. I left then, but was back 383 at 2.30, and at 3.15 he was removed to hospital. He was entirely unconscious for over six hours and I am sure that it was only the continuous application of oxygen that saved him. .. . I quite agree with you that the more frequent and persistent use of oxygen in these cases might have saved many lives.’ “In over one hundred other cases men who had been rendered completely unconscious by exposure to hydrogen sulphide were revived by continuous treatment. “On one occasion an accidental escape of gas from a sulphur process (35 per cent. H2S) caused seven men to become completely unconscious. In this case the men were all brought round without the use of oxygen. The worst case took twelve hours’ treatment, and the man some years afterwards went on active service in 1914. “My experience of gassing has been mainly confined to hydrogen sulphide, but I would strongly urge that, in all cases where a man has become unconscious from the effects of gas-poisoning, electric shock, or from drowning, long- continued efforts at resuscitation should be applied, even if there is no apparent hope.. . .” Mr. James Kewley, Fellow, of the Asiatic and Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Companies, reports that he has recently received from friends in America a letter on the subject, from which the following is an extract :-“We have long recognised the anaesthetic effects of this toxic gas and have, accordingly, instituted very strict regula- tions in all departments with regard to handling sour crudes and their products to insure safety of the workmen exposed to this hazard. Protective equipment is provided and used by all workmen who may be exposed to H2Sand, in addition, we have for the past twelve years conducted first-aid training with periodical reviews so that our employees are properly trained and equipped to meet emergencies involving asphyxia- tion of workmen.The use of the Schaefer Prone Pressure Method of artificial respiration is taught in our first-aid training course and is stressed more than any other phase of the course.” British Pharmacopeia Commission.-The Institute has received copies of the Reports of the Committees on Phannaceut-ical Chemistry, (I) and (11)(Nos. 11and 12 of the series). These 384 Reports have not yet been finally adopted by the Commission nor have they any official authority, but they are made public in order to provide an opportunity for those interested to criticise them and to suggest emendations before the preparation of the new Pharmacopceia reaches its final stages.Report No. 11 is divided into three sections:-1, Essential Oils; 2, Fixed Oils, Fats, Waxes, Resins and Soaps; 3, Assay of Galenicals. Report No. 12 is divided into two sections:-I, Synthetic Chemicals; 2, Alkaloidal Assays. The Reports recommend that a large number of the Mono- graphs of the British Pharrnacopa?ia, 1932, as amended by the Addendum, 1936, should be continued without change, but that a large number of changes or additional requirements should be inserted in other monographs. Any member interested can obtain copies of the Reports, price IS. 6d. each, by application to the British Pharmacopceia Commission, General Medical Council Offices, 44, Hallam Street, London, W.I.SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT Szcbstitute Fuels.-In the House of Commons on 4th April, the Secretary for Mines stated that the question of the use for transport in an emergency of substitute fuels, such as producer gas, was under active consideration : producer gas vehicles operated at a considerable advantage because the fuel was duty free, and for the heavier type of vehicle there was the further advantage that the rate of vehicle duty was lower than for those using petrol or diesel oil. On and May, the Secretary of Mines stated that he wasaware that producer gas vehicles were more used in some other coun- tries than here. H.M. Government had given substantial assistance to the development of the use of alternative fuelsfor motor transport.It was for the interests concerned to take steps to secure the development of the use of such fuels. His department was keeping in touch with these activities, and the possibilities of making a wider use of alternative fuel in an emergency were under consideration. The Glasgow Corporation was being asked to supply his department with a copy of the report of their Transport Engineer, and he understood that the Institution of Mechnical Engineers was considering setting up a Committee to examine the question of supplies of suitable fuels for gas-producer vehicles. On the same day, the Secretary for Mines stated that it was mainly because of the general interest in the oil from coal problem that the Government invited the Falmouth Committee to make a thorough investigation and report on the whole subject.The Committee made one main recommendation, namely, that the preference should be stabilised over a definite number of years for the purpose of giving security to this production. On a3rd May, the Secretary of Mines stated that he was aware of the experiments which were being carried out in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in connection with the gasification of coal in the mine. The technical development of the process did not appear to have reached the stage when its commercial possibilities in this country could be assessed, but enquiries were still proceeding with regard to the experiment.SiZicosis.-On 6th June, the Paymaster-General, representing the Lord President of the Council, in answer to a question whether he could give any information on the experiments carried out by mining engineers in Canada into the prevention of silicosis, by the disposal of quantities of metallic aluminium powder in dust clouds in mines, stated that the Special Committee advising the Medical Research Council on industrial pulmonary diseases, was maintaining close contact with the Canadian investigators of this method and that some related experiments were being made here under the Committee’s direction. It was proposed to send a. research worker to Canada. Mik-On the same day, in the House of Commons, the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health, in answer to a question, said that he would request local authorities to obtain a standard frequency of milk samples for bacteriological analysis, and stated that, while the importance of the examination of milk for tubercle bacilli was fully appreciated, and while the Ministry drew the attention of authorities to the matter in appropriate cases, the number of samples which it was desirable to take must vary with circumstances, and, on the available information, it was not thought that it would be practicable or useful to enjoin a standard figure upon all authorities. National Service.-In the House of Commons, on 3rd August, Mr.Pickthorn asked the Minister of Labour if he would give the number of persons who had enrolled in each of the main categories of the central register of persons with scientific, technical, professional, and higher administrative qualifications ; whether these numbers were regarded as adequate; and the extent to which the register was being used in peace time.Mr. Ernest Brown said that as the reply was somewhat lengthy, he would, if he might, circulate it in the official report. The statement was subsequently published as follows:-"The numbers of volunteers enrolled in the main categories of the Central Register on 22nd July were as follows:- Scientific research .. .. .. 6,456Industrial chemistry .. .. .. 4,743"General engineering .. .. .. 20,907 Mining and metallurgy . . .. .. 1,972Accountancy .... .. -* 14,341 Architectural and public utilities -* 17,075 Universities and teaching . . .. 4,617 Administration and management .. 6,297Linguists .. .. .. .. .. =9299 Others . . .. .. .. .. 2,619 Total .. .. .. 80,326 * Over 4,250 of these were returned through the Institute. "The response has, in the main, been satisfactory, but some +employers in certain of the more important categories have been reluctant to allow qualified members of their staff to volunteer. It is thought that this may be due to a misconception of the use to which the Register would be put in war time. Machinery will then exist to determine priorities of national importance between different classes of work, and before volunteers already in employment are submitted for alternative posts, the observa- tions of their employers will be carefully considered by expert committees appointed for the purpose.It is, therefore, hoped that in the national interest employers will encourage their qualified staffs to enrol on the Register so that it may be equal to the calls made upon it in the event of war. It is to be remem- bered also that the Register will be available in war time for 387 the use of employers as well as of Government departments, and that in certain circumstances they may find it of great use for securing replacements of staff. “As the Register is intended as a pool from which to draw qualified persons in war time, volunteers should not expect to be allocated to specific posts in advance of an emergency, although it is proving possible to do this in a comparatively small number of cases.” National Service.-The Officers’ Emergency Reserve,- now called the Army Officers’ Emergency Reserve,-was formed in 1937,to register the names of gentlemen possessing military experience or technical, scientific or academic qualifications, who were prepared to give an honourable undertaking to present themselves for military service if and when called upon to do so in a national emergency.Owing to the large number of applications received, enrolment was closed temporarily in January of this year. However, the War Office announced on zgth July, that the Army Officers’ Emergency Reserve had been re-opened and that a limited number of further applicants with the necessary qualifications could now be accepted for certain categories.Application forms may be obtained from the Under-Secretary of State, The War Office (A.G. IZ), Melbourne House, Aldwych, W.C.2; also from Command or Area Headquarters, or from the Secretaries of Territorial Army Associations. Ministry of Labour-Military Training Act, 1939.-The following official statement has been received for publication. POSITION STUDENTSOF IN CERTAIN TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. I. Details are given below of the arrangements applicable to students in connection with their liability for military training under the Military Training Act, 1939. Section I below deals with full-time students in Universities, and also in Training Colleges, Technical Schools and other institutions of higher education recognised by the Board of Education or the Scottish Education Department, and Section I1 with part-time students in such educational institutions.388 I. Full-time Students. 2. Students who are now in attendance or who will be admitted in 1939.-Students who are now in attendance at such educational institutions as defined above or who will be admitted in 1939 will be permitted, if they so desire, to postpone their liability to be called up for military training until the conclusion of their course of study as approved by the appropriate educational authorities. 3. Students who will be admitted after 193g.--Students entering such educational institutions after 1939 will have the double option of postponing or anticipating their military training, subject to a review of the whole position by the Minister of Labour in June, 1940,in the light of experience.4. Procedure for Postponement.-Any student who wishes to postpone his liability for military training will have to make application on a form to be obtained at the time of registration from the Local Office of the Ministry of Labour and will be required to have the form certified by the proper authority, stating (i) that he is a full-time member of the educational institution, and (ii) the date on which his approved course of study is due to terminate. Postponement of the liability for training will be for a period of one year at a time only, at the expiry of which a further application and certification will be necessary.With regard to applications for postponement it should be noted that no application is necessary, or indeed possible, until the appointed date on which the student is called upon to register under the Act; that is a date (probably early in June or towards the end of May in each year) when he is between 20 and 21 years of age. Further, students who are completing their courses in June or the beginning of July in any year and who are between 20 and 21 years of age on the appointed date in May or June of that year need not apply for postponement, since they will not in any case be called up for military training until the middle of July at the earliest.5. Procedure for Antici9atio.n.-Applications for anticipation of the liability for military training must be made to the Local 389 Office of the Ministry of Labour and should, if possible, be made a clear twelve months in advance of the date by which the student wishes to be free to enter a particular educational institution. The age at which military training can be begun is in any case not lower than 174. A recommendation has been made to the Minister of Labour by a joint conference representative of Vice-Chancellors of Universities and Headmasters that antici- pation should not be allowed to those students under the age of 18 years on the 1st of January of the year in which they wish to take their military training, and the Minister of Labour has announced that this recommendation will be borne in mind when applications for anticipation are considered. 6.General.-This statement must not be regarded as guaranteeing either postponement or anticipation for any student, It is intended to indicate the general principles which have been adopted and to serve as a guide to the authorities of educational institutions when advising students or intending students. The above decisions regarding anticipation and postponement do not preclude a student from undertaking his military training at the normal time. II. Part-time Students. 7. General.-Special consideration will be given to the cases of students in advanced courses preparing for Higher National Certificates or for other recognised qualifications of a high standard, but it is not proposed to cover part-time students by the same kind of general formula as is laid down above for full-time students.It is not practicable to arrange that part- time students should do their training at a particular period of the year, for example, between March and October. The order in which men are to be called up for training is an age order, the oldest first and the youngest last, and this order is only broken in the case of work-people in one or two seasonal industries, such as agriculture and coal-mining, where in the national interest it is necessary to make special arrangements to take the men concerned for training in their off-season.8. Antz'ci$ation.-If a part-time student wishes to anticipate his liability for military training he will be permitted to do so provided he has a good reason for his desire, such, for example, 390 as to enable him to sit for an examination which he would other- wise be unable to take. 9. Post$onement.-A part-time student who wishes to post- pone his liability for military training, e.g. in order that he may take some examination, will have to apply for permission to postpone his liability for military training on the grounds of hardship, and such applications will be referred to the Military Training (Hardship) Committee for decision. Any a.pplications for postponement must, in accordance with the Regulations, be made within fourteen days of the date of registration or within such further period as the Minister may in a particular case for special reasons allow.Applications should be made on a special form that can be obtained from any Local Office of the Ministry of Labour. A.R.P.-A preliminary memorandum on the “Organisation of Air-Raid Precautions Services in Industrial, etc., Under-takings, and on the Training and Equipment of Personnel” has been prepared by the Air-Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office, and is published by the Stationery Office, price 3d. The memorandum outlines the organisation and facilities which will be required to give effect to the provisions of the Civil Defence Bill in industrial undertakings, including commercial office buildings; and also gives instructions for obtaining protective clothing.Public Analysts’ Regulations.-The Minister of Health has issued Regulations under the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, which will come into operation on 1st October, to be called “The Public Analysts’ Regulations, 1939,’’ prescribing the qualifications to be held by public analysts and the form in which they shall give their certificates. The qualifications now prescribed under the new Act do not materially alter the existing departmental practice, but the form of the certificate has been slightly amended. The Regula- tions are accompanied by a circular-Circular 1833-addressed to food and drugs authorities, which may be obtained (rd.) from H.M. Stationery Office, Kingsway, London, W.C.Decontamination of Leather.-On 28th and 29th June, an Exhibition arranged by the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association, was held at Leathersellers’ Hall, in the City of London, to illustrate a simple method of decontaminating 391 leather goods which had come into contact with droplets of mustard gas. The process consisted of immersing the articles in cold water for one hour and then placing them for four hours in water heated to a temperature between 120’ and 130’ F. The exhibits illustrated the lack of harmful effect on most leather articles, although those which had been stiffened with card- board or stuck together with glue were somewhat damaged. The method has been critically examined by the Chemical Defence Research Department and found to be both feasible and effective, and without resultant damage to nearly all modern leathers and leather articles.The Lancastrian Frankland Society has continued its activities during the past session. The papers read included one on “Chemical Warfare,” by Professor W. H. Roberts, FeZZow, and another on “The Nature of Toxic Action,” by Mr. H. Martin, Fellow. The Society is raising a fund for the Henry Edward Armstrong Memorial. (Honorary Secretary, W. G. Sedgwick, Nelson Silks, Ltd., Caton Road, Lancaster.) George Lunge, Chemical Engineer (1839-1923).-At a meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers held at Akron, Ohio, in May, Professor E. Berl, of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, Pa., read a paper entitled “George Lunge as a Chemical Engineer.” Lunge, who was born in Breslau in 1839, worked with Bunsen on the composition of the gases in the Bunsen burner flame, in Heidelberg.In 1864 he came to England as Director of Le Blanc soda plants in South Shields. In 1876, he succeeded Emil Kopp as Professor of Chemical Technology at the Federal Technical College, Zurich, from which position he retired in 1907. In 1886, he built the Federal Chemical Laboratory in Zurich. He is best remembered for his works on “Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis,” “Technical Gas Analysis,” “Coal Tar and Ammonia,” “The Manufacture of Acids and Alkalis.” The centenary of the birth of George Lunge will be celebrated in the United States on 15th September.The Association for the Study of Snow and Ice held a meeting at the University Geography Department, Cambridge, on zrst April to receive papers and discussions on the results of of the Jungfraujoch Research Expedition. 392 Mr. G. Seligman dealt with the “Aims of the Expedition”; Dr. A. E. Benfield, “Temperatures in an Alpine Glacier”; Dr. T. P. Hughes with the “Internal Structure of an Alpine Glacier” and Mr. M. F. Perutz on the “Mechanism of Glacier Flow.” The City of Hull Development Committee has issued a Report for the municipal year ended 31st October, 1938, recording the establishment of a variety of industries, including whale oil refinery and edible oil manufacture,-an important addition to the Hull oil milling industry which already formed the largest centre for seed crushing and oil extracting in the country.A London firm, manufacturing foodstuffs, fertilisers and allied products, commenced an agency a few years ago which soon made rapid strides. Its success demanded the establishment of a new plant to serve the connexion rapidly built up in the North and Midlands which could not have been served by the London depot at sufficiently low cost. Chemicals for the textile industry, building products such as tiled fireplaces, plaster boards, machine joinery and mass produced woodware ; cocoa-butter extraction (another industry using similar methods of handling raw material and similar processes of manufacture to the established oil industry) and many other industrial and distributive organisa- tions have been assisted in negotiations in Hull and are now firmly established.Whilst the amount of direct employment provided is con- siderable and is a welcome relief to the unemployment situation, the effect of the establishment of the new industries upon the existing trade of the City and Port is remarkable. In imported raw material alone it is estimated that the new industries are bringing an additional half million pounds worth of new trade to the Port annually. Birthday Honours.-Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Past Presidertt,-Knight Bachelor. Arthur Albert Topp, Associate,-O.B.E. Andrew Francis MacCullogh, Fellow,-M.B.E.H.M. the King of Egypt has honoured Dr. Montague Bennett Blackler, Associate, with the distinction of the Order of the Nile (3rd Class) for valuable services rendered to Egypt. 393 The honorary degree of Doctor of Laws of the University of Glasgow has been conferred on Professor Isidor Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., Fellow, Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of London. Professor Alexander McKenzie, F.R.S., Fellow, Professor of Chemistry in the University College, Dundee, from 1914-1938, has received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of St. Andrews. H.M. the King has been graciously pleased, on the recom- mendation of the Secretary of State for Scotland, to approve the appointment of Professor James Wilfred Cook, F.R.S., Fellow, Professor of Chemistry in the University of London, to be Regius Professor of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow, in succession to the late Professor George Barger, F.R.S., Fellow. Dr. R. D. Haworth, Fellow, has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Sheffield in succession to Professor R. P. Linstead, Associate. Dr. John Bamber Speakman, Fellow, has been elected Professor of Textile Industries, in the University, Leeds, in succession of the late Professor Albert Theodore King, Fellow. The Minister of Health has approved the appointment of Mr. Donald Clarence Garratt, Fellow, as public analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell, in place of Mr. Martin Priest, FeZlow (retired).Mr. Arthur Dudley Powell, FeZZow, has been awarded the Harrison Memorial Medal, and Mr. Thomas Edward Wallis, Fellow, has been awarded the Hanbury Memorial Medal, of the Pharmaceutical Society . Harold Cecil Holland, Associate, of Christchurch, New Zealand, has been elected to the Procter Memorial Fellowship of the Leeds University. The Advisory Committee for Leverhulme Research Fellowships and Grants has recommended, and the Trustees have approved, awards for research tenable for varying periods up to two years, to: Dr. W. Cule Davies, Associate,-for studies of the organic compounds of nitrogen , phosphorus and arsenic ; Dr. B. Jones, Fellow,-for study of reaction kinetics in solution; and Dr. E. B. Mated, FeZlow,-for studies in catalyst poisoning. 394 Obituary.WILLIAM THOMAS BURGESS died at Bedford Park, London, on 22nd June, in his 79th year. He received his early training in chemistry under the late W. Jago, Fellow, at Brighton, and at the Royal College of Science, London, where he gained the Tyndall Prize for Physics. In 1881, he acted 6s a junior demonstrator in the Summer Course of Agricultural Chemistry conducted by Dr.-later Professor-Percy Frank-land, for the Science and Art Department, at South Konsington, and worked as assistant to Professor-later Sir-Edward and Dr. Percy Frankland, in their laboratory in Pembridge Square, until 1888, when the latter was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at University College, Dundee, and the laboratory was transferred to Reigate, where Mr.Burgess continued until 1899, when Sir Edward died. Sir Edward’s work as water analyst to the Local Government Board devolved temporarily on his son, and then on Dr.-later Sir-Edward Thorpe, F.R.S., at the Government Laboratory, where a room was equipped on Mr. Burgess’ advice, and he was employed as a part-time assistant to continue the chemical examination of the London Water Supply on the lines hitherto adopted by Sir Edward Frankland,. his spare time being free for private practice, which he was able to carry on for a time in the laboratory of his friend, Dr. Samuel Rideal. This arrangement continued until 1908, when the newly formed Metropolitan Water Board was in a position to take over the work from the Government Laboratory, and Mr. Burgess was free to devote all his energies to his private practice as water analyst and consultant at Bedford Park.He held a number of appointments, including that of consulting chemist to the East Surrey Water Company. He was a Fellow of the Chemical Society, a member of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Society of Public Analysts. He served two periods as a member of Council, and one period as a Vice-president of the last-named Society. He was elected an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry in 1885 and a Fellow in 1889. He served as a Member of Council from 1914-17, and a8 a Vice-president from 19 17-20. He acted temporarily asHonorary Treasurer during 1918 and was a keen and active member of the Glass Research Committee throughout the war.JOHN COCKBURNdied at Edinburgh, on 20th May, at the ALEXANDER age of 68. He received his early education at George Watson’s College, Edinburgh, and, in 1886, proceeded to Surgeon’s Hall, Edinburgh, to study chemistry under the late Professor Stevenson MacAdam. From 1890-1891, he studied under Professor Dittmar at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. In September, 1891, he entered the employment of Nobel’s Explosives Company, Ardeer Factory, Stevenston, as chemist, and two years later became assistant to the superintendent in charge of nitrocotton manufacture. In 1897, he was appointed superintendent in charge of the manufacture of nitrocottons and blasting explosives.From 1905 to 1907, he was chief factory superintendent under the works managor and was engaged in the manufacture of nitrocotton, nitroglycerin, blasting and propulsive explosives, as well as the manufacture of nitric and sul- phuric acids and their recovery from waste acids. In October, 1907, he 395 went to Japan as works manager of the Japanese Explosives Co., at their factory at Hiratsuka, Sagami, and started the manufacture there, of guncotton, nitroglycerin, nitric and sulphuric acids and cordite, for the Japanese navy. He returned to the Ardeer Factory in 1909 and became chief superintendent of the Blasting Explosives Department. In May, 1914, three months before the outbreak of War, he succeeded Sir Frederic Nathan, as manager of the factory, which position he held until he retired on 31st December, 1928.During the war period, great extensions of plant and expansion of output took place, and he was awarded the M.B.E. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. The death has been reported of ARCHIBaLD EDGARCOLLENS, at Antigua, British West Indies, at the age of 59 years. Educated at Queen’s Royal College, Trinidad, he studied chemistry under Professor Patrick Carmody, Pellow, and in 1900 he obtained a post as laboratory assistant and chemical demonstrator at the Government Laboratory, Trinidad. In 1008 he was appointed assistant Government analyst, and, in 1917, Government analyst and superintendent of agriculture for the Leeward Islands, under the direction of Dr.Francis Watts, C.M.G., Fellow, Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies. In conjunction with the position of Government analyst, he held the post of lecturer on the staff of the Agricultural, Educational and Medical Departments. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. WILLL4M SUDDABYCOOPERdied at Hull on 17th July, in his 65th year. He received his chemical training at the Westminster Training College and at Battersea Polytechnic, London. In 1900, he became assistant lecturer in chemistry and physics at the Central School of Science, Hull, and from 1901-1905 attended evening classes at Hull Technical College, where he gained the Associateship of the College in Pure Science. In 1906, he took a short course in chemistry at the Royal College of Science, London and graduated 13.S~.with honours in chemistry. He then obtained a teaching post at Hull Technical College, at first as assistant lecturer in chemistry and later as lecturer in applied chemistry. On the retirement of Mr. Luxton in 1926, he was appointed headmaster of the Riley High School, one of the technical high schools which have recently received the approval of the Board of Education. He held this post until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. REGINALDCRAVEN died at Aberdeen, on 27th July, at the age of 43 years. He received his early education at the Halifax Council Secondary School, where he passed the Cambridge Senior Local Examination in 1913.After taking a day and evening course in chemistry for two years under Mr. E. W. Smith, Pellow, at the Halifax Municipal Technical College, he proceeded with a Royal Scholarship to the Imperial College of Science and Technology, where he was engaged on research for the Ministry of Munitions, under the direction of Professor-now Sir-Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. He passed the Associateship Examina- tion of the Royal College of Science in 1918, and graduated B.Sc. of London University, with honours, in the following year. In January,1920, he became assistant lecturer and demonstrator at Robert Gordon’s Technical College, Aberdeen and, from 1924, was the senior lecturer under Dr. W. Maitland, head of the Chemistry Department. He carried out a research on “The Application of the Guareschi Reaction to Quinones,” and published, in collaboration with Mr.J. G. Duncan, Pellow, A LaboratoryMethod of Preparing p-Benzoquinone, and, independently, a note on A Sensitive Colour Reaction for Certain Quinones. 396 Shortly after his arrival in Aberdeen, Mr. Craven inaugurated the Aberdeen Chemical Club, which had an active existence from 1921 to 1929, and was the centre of chemical discussion in pure and applied chemistry during that period. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919, and a Fellow in 1935. Since 1934 he had been honorary secretary of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section of the Institute. The Institute was represented at his funeral by Mr. Patrick Mitchell, and a wreath was sent in the name of the Local Section.CHARLES OSWALDFREWEN died at Berrywell, Gerrards Cross, JENKIN on 3rd June, at the age of 48. He received his education at Rugby School and proceeded in 1909 to King’s College, Cambridge, where he studied chemistry under Professor-now Sir-William J. Pope, F.R.S., and four years later, gained fist class honours in chemistry in Part I1of the Natural Science Tripos. In 1914, he was gazetted second lieutenant in the 11th Suffolks and was wounded in the battle of the Somme. In August, 1916, he was appointed laboratory chemist and acting chemist-in-charge of H.M. Factory, Sandycroft, Chester, becoming assistant manager two years later. In 1920, he became associated with the “Shell” Oil companies, at first at Barrow-in-Furness and the following year at the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields, Suez, Egypt.In 1927, he was transferred to the Shell Company of California at Martinez, and in 1937 he returned to England. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. CHARLESALFRED died on 29th June, FREDERICK HYATTLANTSBERRY at Scarsdale, New York, at the age of 55 years. Born at Manchester, he received his early education at a local Secondary School, and proceeded, with a Corporation Scholarship to the Manchester School-now College-ofTechnology, where he studied chemistry under Professor-now Sir-William J. Pope, F.R.S. and Dr. E. Knecht. After assisting Professor Pope for about 12 months, he was for three years’ chief assistant chemist in the laboratories of the British Westinghouse Co.In 1906, he was appointed assistant to the Alloys Research Committee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and engaged on research in the Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry at the National Physical Labora- tory under Dr. Walter Rosenhain, with whom he was joint author of the Ninth Report to the Alloys Research Committee. In 1909, he was appointed chief chemist of the Birmingham Small Arms Co., where he established the research laboratories. He continued with this company throughout the War, and in 1917 obtained a Carnegie Scholarship, with which he conducted an investigation on the constitution of High Speed Steels. Later, he became managing director of the Brightside Works of William Jessop & Sons, of Sheffield, and at the time of his death, was President of William Jessop & Sons, Inc., Scarsdale, New York, U.S.A.He graduated B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) in 1906, and proceeded to M.Sc. in 1910. He translated Franke’s Handbook of Briquetting (1918) from the German. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918and served as Honorary Secretary of the Birmingham and Midland Section from 1919 to 1921. HENRYTURNER LEA died at Halifax on 28th July, in his 50th year. He received his general education at Wellington College and, in 1908, proceeded to Birmingham University. He graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1911, and then, for two years, carried out research under the direction of Professor Percy F.Frankland, C.B.E., F.R.S. He sub- sequently worked under Sir James Dobbie, F.R.S., at the Government Laboratory, and in 1915 enlisted as a Corporal in the Royal Engineers. 397 In December of that year he was appointed Sergeant Instructor at the 1st Army Mine School, and in 1916 was commissioned as Lieutenant and appointed Divisional Gas Officer. The following year he became Staff Lieutenant and a chemical adviser at the Central Laboratories, G.H.Q. He was demobilised in February, 1919, and shortly after was appointed public analyst and official agricultural analyst for the County Borough of Halifax. At the time of his death he was also public analyst for Huddersfield, Scarborough and Burton-on-Trent; official agriculturalanalyst for the West Riding of Yorkshire, Burton-on-Trent, Halifax and Huddersfield;gas examiner for Halifax, Brighouse and the Urban District Councils of Mirfield, Elland and Ripponden; and water examiner for Halifax and Keighley.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917 and a Fellow in 1925. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Messrs. H. M. Mason, C. H. Manley and J. Firth. STEVENSON CHmms GEORGEJOHN MACADAMdied on 26th January at the age of 73. He was the younger son of the late Professor Stevenson Macadam, of Edinburgh, and received his chemical training at Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh, where his father conducted classes in chemistry and public health. He subsequently assisted his brother, Professor W.Ivison Macadam, in the chemical laboratories of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, where he was also daily engaged in water analysis. He left the College in 1902 and established himself in Edinburgh as a consulting chemist and assayer, holding the position of public analyst for the counties of Haddington, Peebles and Zetland; the Royal Burghs of Haddington and Dingwall; and the Burghs of Cockenzie, East Linton, Prestonpans, Tranent, Kinross, Armadale, Innerleithen, Cromarty, Stornoway and Lerwick. He retired from practice a number of years ago. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. JOHNNIXONis reported to have died recently, as the result of a boating accident on the Medway, at the age of 33 years. He was born at Stockport and educated at Selhurst Grammar School, where he matricu- lated in 1923.In 1924 he obtained a post as assistant in the laboratories of British Drug Houses, Ltd. He continued to study in the evenings at first at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and later at Birkbeck College, London, and in 1930 obtained the degree of B.Sc. (Special) of the University of London, with second class honours in chemistry. Later, he joined the staff of E. T. Pearson & Co., Ltd.,Mitcham, therapeutic food manufacturers, where he became chief chemist and production manager. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in October, 1930. JOHN WILSONdied recently at Leicester, at the age of 28.ALEXANDER He was educated at Bishop Vesey’s Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield, and attended evening classes at the Central Technical College, Birmingham in order to study for the BSc.Special Degree in chemistry of the University of London, which he passed with honours in 1931. In the meantime, from 1929-31, he was employed as junior chemist in the analytical department of the Dunlop Rubber Company, Ltd. He was transferred to the researoh department in 1931 and conducted investigations into the methods of vulcanisation of gutta percha and balata, and the adhesion of rubber to metal. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. 398 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Applied Chemistry, Thorpe’s Dictionary of ” Jocelyn F.Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. 4th edition, revised and enlarged. Vol. I11: Chemical Calculations-Diffusion. Pp. xxiv + 608. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 63s. l‘ Chemical Engineering, A Practical Manual of ” Harold Tongue. Pp. xvi + 560. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 36s. Non-ferrous metals; cast iron and alloys; steels and alloy steels; prop- erties of metals at high and low temperatures ; non-metallic materials of construction; design and construction of pressure vessels for the chemical industry ; pipes and pipework ; heat insulation; steam plant for chemical works ;evaporators :flow of fluids, heat transfer, evaporators ; drying ; adsorption ; distillation ; filtration ; crushing and grinding equipment ; chemical works pumping.Chemicals and Related Materials, Uses and Applications of ” T. C. Gregory. Pp. vi + 665. (New York: The Rein- hold Publishing Corporation ; London : Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 50s. A guide to the current industrial uses; potential applications and sales possibilities of 5,167 products. “Drugs, The Chemistry of Synthetic” Percy May and G. M. Dyson. 4th edition. Pp. xii + 370. (London: Long- mans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 21s. The theory of the action of synthetic drugs; effect of various elements and radicles; chemical changes of drugs in the organism; narcotics and general anaesthetics ; antipyretics and analgesics (derivatives of aniline and phenylhydrazine) ; alkaloids ; atropine and tropeines-cocaine and the local anaesthetics ; morphine and isoquinoline groups of alkaloids ; ergot, adrenaline and other derivatives of ethylamine ; hormones and vitamins ; derivatives of phenol (antiseptics and anthelmintics) ; other organic antiseptics, excluding halogen compounds ; halogen compounds ; inorganic antiseptics and metallic compounds ; compounds of arsenic, antimony and bismuth ; purine derivatives (diuretics) and other uric acid eliminants; purgatives and other substances acting on the gastro- intestinal tract ; various other compounds of interest.399 “Fat, Total Solids and Moisture.” R. D. Mason. Pp. 98. (London: A, Harvey.) 7s. 6d. Determinations by the “Technico” Test Unit. Inorganic Chemistry, A Higher School Certificate ” E.J. Holmyard. Pp. xii + 530. (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.) 5s. 6d. 11 Inorganic Chemistry, Mellor’s Modern ” Revised and edited by G. D. Parkes in collaboration with J. W. Mellor. Pp. xx + 916. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Properties of gases; chemical change; Avogadro’s hypothesis and molecules;equivalent weights ;atomic weights ;formulae and equations ; classification of the elements; constitution of matter; solution and crystallisation ; properties of dilute solutions; electrolysis and the electrolytic dissociation theory ;thermochemistry ; chemical equilibrium and the velocity of reactions; application of the law of mass action to electrolytes; colloidal state ; hydrogen and water ; oxygen; carbon ; nitrogen; the atmosphere ; sulphur; the halogens ; inert gases ; alkali metals; copper, silver and gold; alkaline earth metals; zinc, cadmium and mercury; elements of group 111; silicon, tin and lead, and other elements of group IV; phosphorus and the remaining elements of group V; selenium and tellurium; chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium; manganese, masurium and rhenium; iron, cobalt, nickel and the platinum metals ; radioactivity and the radio-elements.“Iran, Famous Cities of ” L. Lockhart. Pp. 116. (Brent-ford: Walter Pearce & Co.) Reprinted from articles appearing in The Naft Magazine, the staff organ of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd. ‘(Light, A Textbook on” A. W. Barton. Pp.x +426. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 8s. Refraction at curved surfaces; reflection at cded services; the nature of white light and the cause of blurred images produced by telescopes; measurement of refractive evidence, spectra, production of achromatic lenses; defects of the image formed by a single lens; the eye and the camera; optical instruments ; photometry; theories of light ; velocityof light; properties and theory of waves ; interference; diffraction; polarisation and double refraction ; extension of the spectrum ; renaiss-ance of the corpuscular theory. 11Magnesium, Magnesite and Dolomite.” J. Lumsden. Imperial Institute, Mineral Resources Department. Reportson the Mineral Industry of the British Empire and Foreign Countries.Pp. vi + 126. (London: Imperial Institute.) 2s. 6d. 400 “Mechanics, Elementary, with Hydrostatics.” D. Hum-phrey and E. A. Baggott. Pp. xvi +628. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 8s. Measurements ; first experiments with forces ; parallel forces, centre of gravity, moments; principle of moments ; machines; centre of gravity and stability ; work and machines ; speed and velocity ; acceleration ; falling bodies ; parallelogram, triangle and resolution of forces ; three forces acting on a rigid body; parallel forces; friction; first law of motion; composition of velocities ;projectiles ;relative velocity ;Newton’s second law of motion; work and energy ; impulsive forces ; fluid pressure; density and specific gravity ;liquid pressure ;pressure of the atmosphere ; pumps ;Boyle’s law ;principle of Archimedes ; hydrometers, submarines and balloons. “Practical Organic Chemistry, Introduction to ” F.G. Mann and B. C. Saunders. Pp. ix + 191. (London: Long- mans, Green & Co.) 4s. 6d. net. Methods and manipulation; preparations ; reactions and identification of organic compounds ; quantitative analysis ;preparation of reagents ; first-aid, treatment of fires, etc. Tables. Index. *‘ Petroleum Technology, Annual Reviews of .” F. H. Garner, General Editor. Vol. IV (covering 1938). Pp. viii + 478. (London: The Institute of Petroleum.) 11s. od. net; 5s. 6d. to the members of the Institute of Petroleum, and to annual subscribers to the Journal of that Institute.By varioua contributors :-Petroleum geology; regional geology and development in the United States; regional geology-all countries other than the U.S.A. ; geophysics; drilling; production engineering; production ;transportation and storage ;refinery plant and engineering; cracking ; pyrolysis and polymerisa.tion ; natural gas, natural gasoline, and liquefied petroleum gases; gasoline, white spirit and kerosine (light distillates) ; diesel and gas oils ; fuel oils; automobile engines ; aero engines ; oil engines ; lubricants and lubrication ; special products ; asphaltic bitumen and road materials ;analysis and testing ; chemistryand physics of petroleum hydrocarbons ; motor benzole ; fuels produced by hydrogenation and synthetic processes; alternative fuels ; low-and medium-temper’ature carbonisation ; petroleum literature; petro-leum statistics; name and subject indexes. “Protein Metabolism in the Plant.” A.C. Chibnall. Pp. xiv + 306. (New Haven: Yale University Press; London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.) 18s. Protein metabolism in seedlings; asparagine and glutamine formation in seedlings; mechanism of amino acid and protein synthesis in plants;preparation of proteins from leaves ; proteins of pasture plants ;proteinmetabolism in leaves; role of proteins in the respiration of detached leaves ; regulation of protein metabolism in leaves ; impurities present in leaf-protein preparations and their bearing upon the estimation of some amino acids ; estimation of nitrogenous bases, dicarboxylic acids and mide nitrogen in the impure leaf-proteins preparation; lipoid fraction of chloroplasts.401 The British Standards Institution Handbook of Information,including the Annual Report for 1938-39, Indexed Lists of British Standards and B.S. Methods of Test, July, 1939. Price IS. 6d. The British Standards Institution has published recently the following specifications :-NO. 51-1939. Wrought Iron for General Engineering Pur-poses (Grades A, B and C). NO.756-1939. Apparatus for the Determination of Water by Distillation with an Immiscible Liquid. (Superseding B.S. 614-1936 and B.S. 756-19374 NO.851-1939. Chemically Prepared Oxides and Hydrated Oxides of Iron (Marigold, Maroon and Yellow) Pure and Reduced.NO.857-1939. Safety Glass for Land Transport. NO. 568-1939. Cod Oil for Sulphonation Purposes. No. 959-3939. "Best Yorkshire " Wrought Iron. The Institute hasreceived from the Royal Society a pamphlet entitled-" Notes on the Preparation of Papers communicated to the Royal Society," adopted by the Council of the Society on 30th March, 1939. " The Safety in Mines Research Board, Seventeenth Annual Report of'' 1938. Pp. 123. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 2s. net. The Report of the Building Research Board €or the Year 1938-consists of a general review of the Board's activities during the year and the Report of the Director of Building Research on the work carried out at the Building Research Station. Part I discusses a comprehensive investigation of the use of burned clays and shales as pozzolanas, which was recently brought to a successful conclusion.Part I1 presents summaries of the progress of the various investigations in hand. (London: H.M. Stationery Office. 3s. 6d. net; 3s. 9d., post free.) 402 The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation announces the publication of “Arc Welding in Design, Manufacture and Construction,” obtainable from the Lincoln Electric Company, Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Herts. 9s. 6d. post free. PURCHASED. “War Gases: Chemistry and Analysis.“ M. Sartori. Translated from the 2nd enlarged Italian edition, by L. W. Marrison. and edition. Pp. xii + 260. (London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd.) 21s. Principal properties of the war gases ;relation between chemical structure and aggressive action; classification of the war gases ; halogens; com- pounds of divalent carbon ; acyl halogen compounds ; halogenatedethers ;halogenated esters of organic acids; aromatic esters ;aldehydes; halogenated ketones ; halogenated nitro-compounds ; cyanogen com-pounds ; sulphur compounds ; arsenic compounds.Medals and Tokens .-The following medals and tokens have been added to the Institute’s collection:- Isaacus Newtonus. (Bronze Medal by I.C.) Head and shoulders. Figureof a woman with wings on her head; seated by a draped table; holding a square tablet bearing an optical diagram. Felix cognoscere causas. MDCCXXVI. Presented by the Registrar. Society of Science Letters and Art, London. (Bronze Medal.) Figure of Minerva, with scientific apparatus.Inscribed H. Follows, F.C.S., 1901. Presented by Dr. A. F. Campbell, F.I.C. Burntisland Vitriol Company. (Copper Token.) B.V. Co. (with carboy, rose and thistle), 1797. Nemo me impune lacusit. Milled edge. Presented by the Registrar. Perth Halfpenny. (Copper Token.) Double-headed eagle with escutcheon bearing the symbol of the Pascal Lamb. Scroll bearing the legend: Pro Rege Lege et Chege. Payable at David Peter’s Wine and Spirit Shop-design of spirit still and condenser. Milled edge.Preaented by the Registrar. 403 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 16th June and 21st July, 1g3g,2 new Fellows were elected, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 70 new Associates were elected, and 16 Students were admitted.The Council records with regret the deaths of 7 Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellows. Parthasarathy, Sarangapani, DSc. (Bombay), c/o S. Krishnaswamy,6, Narasing Bhuwam, Brahminwada Road, Matunga, Bombay, India. Rayner-Smith, Percy, 57 & 58, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, W.C.2. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Coakill, Edgar Alfred, 80, Tudor Avenue, Watford. Evans, Walter Edmund, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 14, Old Queen Street, London, S.W. 1. Fielder, Cecil John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Messrs. Turner Morrison & Co., 6, Lyons Range, Calcutta, India. Hammerton, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 61, Warrington Road, Harrow, Middlesex. MacGregor, James Hutchison, Ph.D.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., 19, Queen’s Drive, Alexandria, Dumbarton. Potter, Ronald Surman, B.Sc. (Birm.), 58, Pitmaston Court, Goodby Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Skilling, William James, A.R.T.C., Scottish Coalfields Survey Laboratory, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. New Associates. Allsebrook, William Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 116, Green Lane, Derby. Blackburn, Stanley, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 24, Highthorne Street, Upper Armley, Leeds, 12. Borthwick, Edwin Sloan, M.Sc. (N.Z.), The Laboratory, Shell Company of New Zealand, Ltd., Hutt Road, Wellington, New Zealand. Bruce, David Rodger, A.R.T.C., 19, Allander Street, Glasgow, N. Cairns, Miss Elizabeth Stuart Acheson, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), H.Dip. Ed., 85, Cliftonville Road, Belfast, N.Ireland. Caughey, Thomas, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Ballyeasboro’, Kircubbin, Co. Down, N. Ireland. Chambers, Hubert Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 92, Leighton Gardens, London, N.W.lO. Chopra, Narindra Nath, M.Sc. (Punjab), 15, Hearn Road, Lower Mall, Lahore, India. Cleland, William James, A.H-W.C., c/o Lavine, 35, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester, 16. Coleman, Ernest Harcourt, 57, Oundle Avenue, Bushey, Watford. Combe, John Frank, B.Sc. (Glas.), Broich Cottage, Kippen, Stirlingshire. Cranston, John Cecil, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.), 34, Sandown Avenue, Dagenham, Essex. Davidson, Alexander William B.Sc. (Lond.), 172, Old Brompton Road, London, S.W.5. Desai, Raman Lallubhai, M.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Leeds), c/o L. B. Desai, Sirohi, Rajputana, India.404 Dhar, Motilal, M.Sc. (Punjab), 194, The Vale, Golders Green, London, N.W. 11. Dodds, George Brown, B.Sc. (Edin.), 11, St. Margaret’s Drive, Armadale, west Lothian. Dowson, Norman Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Usine Ste. Madeleine, San Fernando, Trinidad, B.W.I. Edwards, Clifford, B.Sc. (Wales), 11, Ash Street, Cwm, Ebbw Vale, Mon. Ellis, John Clifford Holgate, B.A. (Cantab.), 70, Chancery Lane, London, w.c.2. Farquhar, John Churchill, B.So. (Witwatersrand), c/o Overseas League, St. James’, London, S.W.1. Gee, Kenneth William, M.Sc. (Sheffield), 32, Crossways North, Wheatley Hill, Doncaster. Gell, George Christopher Caesar, B.A. (Cantab.), 15, Tudor Gardens, London, W.3. Gillham, Eric William Frederick, B.Sc.(Lond.), 4, The Byeways, Surbiton, Surrey.Gladstone, Michael Nairn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Beaufort Mansions, London, s.w.3. Gollin, Ronald Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Midland Agricultural College, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough. Greaves, Edmund George Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Boundary Road, London, N.W.8. Greenwood, Arthur Francis, 113, Claremont Road, Salford, 6. Gunde, Balwant Gangadher, M.Sc. (Benares), Department of Industrial Chemistry, Hindu University, Benares, India. Hamilton, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 24, Bandon Avenue, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Hariharaiyer, Chittur Ramaswamy, M.A. (Madras), Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Heddle, Robert Shearer, A.H-W.C., M.P.S., c/o Mrs. Woolner, 117, Windmill Road, Brentford.Heeramaneck, Vicky Rustomjee, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bombay), 12, Alexandra Road, New Gamdevi, Bombay, India. Hey, Leslie, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 123, Kedleston Road, Leeds 8. Horton, Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, The Avenue, Merthyr Tydfil. Jacobs, John Martin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Broadfields Avenue, Edgware, Middlesex. Jofeh, Arthur Jeffery, B.Sc. (Lond.), lla, Cedar Park Gardens, Chadwell Heath, Essex. Joshi, Pandurang Narayan, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 6, Park Road, nr. Alexandra Park, Manchester. Kelly, Denis Bertram, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Cliff Road, Leigh-on-Sea. Kennedy, Gilbert Young, B.Sc. (Liv.), 111, Kenmare Road, Liverpool 15. Lea, Arthur Chambers, B.Sc. (Lond.), 385, Portway, Shirehampton, Bristol.Llewellyn, Rolfe, B.Sc. (Wales), c/o The S. S. White Co. (G.B.), Ltd., Britannia Works, 25-31, St. Pancras Way, London, N.W.l. Lunn, Donald, B.Sc. (Leeds), 5, Clayton Street, Rothwell, nr. Leeds. McLean, Angus, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 1, Kirktonholme Road, East Kilbride, Glasgow. Mitson, Charles Howard, B.Sc. (Leeds), 2, Park Avenue, Bingley, Yorks. Morgan, Albert Richard, M.Sc. (Wales), Fernleigh, Water Street, Pembroke Dock, S. Wales. Padmanabhan, Renga Ayyangctr, M.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Associated Cement Companies, Ltd., Okha Cement Works, Dwarka, Kathiawar, India. Paul, Gordon Whittem, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 228, The Terrace, Wellington, C.l,New Zealand. Pearson, Gavin Duffus, B.Sc. (Aberdeen), c/o The Bahrein Petroleum Co., P.O. Box 4, Awali, Bahrein Island, Persian Gulf.Provan, Andrew Gemmell, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 34, Whitehill Avenue, Stepps, Glasgow. Richards, James Herbert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 23, Beech Grove, Southport. Richardson, George Gary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Fairholt Road, London, N.16. Ritchie, James, B.Sc. (S.A.), Modderfontein Dynamite Factory, Staff Quarters, P.O. Northrand, Transvaal, S. Africa. Sainsbury, John Flintham, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Octavia Street, London, S.W.11. Sands, James Edwin, 2, Wood Lane, Shirebrook, nr. Mansfield. Scott, Robert Om, B.Sc. (Glas.), 74, Marlborough Avenue, Glasgow, W.1. Sharp, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C.,M.P.S., 245, King Street, Stenhouse- muir, Larbert, Stirlingshire. Simpson, Alexander Bowen, B.Sc. (Wales), 17, Oakwood Road, Brynmill, Swansea.Smith, Clifford William Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 2, Hamilton Gardens, Cranbrook Road, Ilford. Stoves, John Lamb, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), Bloomsbury House Club, London, W.C.l. Strong, Thomas George, A.H-W.C., 6, Pen Green Flats, Rockingham Road, Corby, Northants. Sutherland, John William, B.Sc. (Wales), 10, Priory Hill, Brecon, S. Wales. Thomas, Leo Harvey, M.Sc. (Wales), 9, Aubrey Road, Penygraig, Rhondda, Glam. Thurston. Eric Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 28, Victoria Street, Kings Lynn. Todd, William Maxwell, B.Sc. (Aberdeen), 11, Beechcroft Road, Oxford. Varshneg, Yash Pal, M.Sc. (Allahabad), 7, Edmonstone Road, Allhbad, u.P-., India. Watson, James Kerr, B.Sc. (Glas.), 176, Ledard Road, Langside, Glasgow, s.2.Watson, William, A.R.C.S., Ph.D. (Leeds), Sewage Works, Dockfleld, Shipley, Yorks. Whitehead, John Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 11, Salmon Grove, Newland, Hull. Willis, George Ernest, B.Sc. (Dun.), Ph.D., 53, Chaddesden Park Road, Derby.Yarnold, Wilfred Walter, M.Sc. (Wales), 7, Cassilda Road, London, S.E.2. New Students. Berry, Richard William, 178, Princes Road, Dertford. Broughton, Granville, Tattersall’s Farm, Hurstwood, nr. Burnley.Chancellor, Stanley Frederick, 246, Selsey Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Elsom, John Horace Maynor, 7, Broadgate Avenue, Beeston, Notts. Fountain, Alec William, Greencroft, Haxby, York. Glicher, Samuel, 44, Albert Park Road, Salford 7. Greenfield, Isidore, 17, Broad Street, Teddington.McPherson, Neil, 2 1, Craigcrook Road, Blackhall, Edinburgh 4. Morton, Cyril George, 132, Warren Drive, Tolworth, Surrey. Pearce, Leslie Norman, 1, Vale Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. Pearce-Armitage, Maurice Stanley, 28, Long Lane, Dalton, Huddersfield. Pomfret, Richard, 75, Cambridge Street, Atherton, Manchester. Shelton, Leonard Geoffrey, 49, Tamworth Avenue, Prestwich, Manchester. Shepherd, John Malcolm, 28, Woodbridge Road, Knowle, Bristol 4. Turner, George, 42, Greenways, Boar’s Head, Standish, nr. Wigan. Wellman, Alm Gordon, 67, Woodham Road, London, S.E.6. 406 DEATHS. Fellows. William Thomas Burgess. John Alexander Cockburn, M.B.E., J.P. Archibald Edgar Collens. Reginald Craven, B .Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.Frederick Charles Alfred Hyatt Lantsberry, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.).Henry Turner Lea, M.Sc. (Birm.). Stevenson, John Charles George Macadam. Associates, William Suddaby Cooper, B.Sc. (Lond.).Charles Oswald Frewen Jenkin, M.A. (Cantab.). John Nixon, B.Sc. (Lond.). CHANGE OF NAME. Joan Washington Benson, BSc. (Lond.), Aseociate, to Joan WashingtonMilner,--on her marriage. Coming Events. 1939 Sept. AND STEELINSTITUTE:12-15 THE IRON Autumn Meeting, at Cardiff. 21-22 SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS. Symposium: “Cellulose: Its Chemistry and Properties.” At the College of Technology,Manchester. (Particulars obtainable from the office of the Society, 32-34, Piccadilly, Bradford.) Oct. 19 THEINSTITUTE Presidential Address by Lt.-Col.J. H. M.OF FUEL: Greenly, C.B.E., at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Wsstminster, London, S.W.l, at 2.30 p.m.Melchett Lecture by Mr. H. A. Humphrey, at 3.30 p.m. (Fellowsand Associates of the Institute of Chemistry invited.) OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: 22nd Streatfeild Lecture : “The Magnesite Industry.” Mr. Albert Walter Comber, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 25-26 THE ROYALMICROSCOPICAL : Centenary Celebrations at SOCIETY the British Medical Association House, Tavistock Square,London, W .C. 1. Nov. 21-22 THE INSTITUTION : 11th Autumn Research OF GAS ENUINEERS Meeting.1940 June 23-29 WORLDPOWERCONFERENCE: Second Chemical EngineeringCongress. Sept. CONFERENCEON FLAMES LONDONZ 7-20 INTERNATIONAL AND FURNACES, : At the Royal Institution.Convened by the Institute of Fuel. 407 General Notices. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. F. H. Carr, C.B.E., V‘ice-President, has kindly consented to give the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture in November, and will take for his subject “Chemistry and Health.” Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Albert Walter Comber, FeZZow, has kindly consented to give the 22nd Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute, 30 Russell Square, London, W.C.I., on 20th October, at 8 p.m. Mr. Comber has selected for his subject “The Magnesite Industry.” Examinations, 1940.-Examinations for the Associateship will be arranged as follows:- Associateship : Last date for entries Last date for Notebooks Periodof Examination Monday, 6th Nov., 1939 Friday, 29th Dee., 1939 8th to 13th Jan., 1940 Monday, 5th Feb., 1940 Friday, 15th Mar., 1940 1st to 6th April, 1940 Monday, 8th July, 1940 Friday, 30th Aug., 1940 16th to 21st Sept., 1940 (Provisional) Fellowship : Last date for entries Period of Examination *Monday, 5th Feb., 1940 8th to 13th April, 1940 Monday, 8th June, 1940 23rd to 28th Sept., 1940 *For candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G.Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take special examinations, the list will close on 8th January. If the number of candidates should render it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the 408 work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1940. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1939,to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (,&o 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1940,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of $rofessionaZ, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1939, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award.The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 409 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of sixmonths. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society 410 are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum , South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March.The subscription rates have been raised from 5s. to 6s. 6d., for Class B, and from 15s. to 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application formscan be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W.Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 411 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of ‘‘The Profession of Chemistry” (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions, except when numbers are restricted, as in the case of works visits. Members travelling abroad, if they desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute, are advised to notify the Registrar. Sections Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Birmingham and Midlands : Bristol and South-Western Counties: Cape of Good Hope: Cardiff and District : East Anglia : East Midlands : Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Glasgow and West of Scotland: Huddersfield: India : Ireland (Belfast) : ,, (Dublin): Lee& Area: Liverpool and North- western : London and South-Eastern Counties: Malaya: Manchester and District : Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast : New Zealand: South Wales: South Yorkshire: Hon.Secretaries Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. F. P. Hornby, B.Sc., F.I.C., 64, Palcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.F.E.A. Leibbrandt,M.A.,A.I.C., 14, St. John’s Road, Sea Point, Cape Town, South Africa. Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, F.I.C., 81, Heol-y-deri, Rhiwbina, Cardiff. Dr. J. W. Corran, F.I.C., 1, Church Avenue, Eaton, Norwich. J. Ratcliffe, B.Sc., A.I.C., Chemistry Depart- ment, Technical College, Derby. G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.-WE., A.I.C., Dalveen, 43, Liberton Brae, Edinburgh, 9. ’ J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., Chemistry Department, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddsrsfield. K. B. Sen, M.Sc., F.I.C., Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta, India. C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin.W. A. Wightman, M.A., A.I.C., The University, Leeds, 2. Dr. F. J. Smith, F.I.C., City Technical College, Byrom Street, Liverpool, 3. D. M. Freeland, F.I.C., c/o Macfarlane Lang & Co. Ltd., Syon Lane, Isleworth. Dr. Stanley G. Willimott, A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, S.S. Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Dr. E. E. Aynsley, F.I.C., 45, Grosvenor Road, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2. Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, New Zealand. (pro tern.)E. E. Ayling, M.Sc., F.I.C., UniversityCollege, Singleton Park, Swansea. W. W. Stevenson, A.I.C., United Steel Companies Ltd., Central Research Dept., Stocksbridge, Sheffield.PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE LECTUEES: “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.” E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-Law. (1923.) 2s. net. “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine.” Sir William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., M.D., F.I.C. (1924.) 28. net. “Copyright:with special reference to ScientiGc Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-Law. (1926.) 28. net. “Fire Risks in Industry,” A. M. Cameron, BSc., F.I.C. (1927.) 28. net. “The Costing of Chemical Manufacturing Processes.” L. Staniforth. (1929.) 2s. net. “Food Fakes, Ancient and Modern.” E. Gabriel Jones, M.Sc., F.I.C. (1930.) 29. net. “What is Probable Error?” J. F. Tocher, D.Sc., F.I.C.28. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan, F.I.C. 2s. net. * “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” 0. F. Bloch, LL.D., F.I.C. 29. net. “Ventilation Conditions--Normal and Abnormal-and their Investiga- tion.’’ R. C. Frederick, F.I.C. 2s. net. t “The Transmutation of the Chemist.” A. E. Dunstan, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. Lewis Eynon, B.Sc., F.I.C. 28. net. * * “The World’s Sugar Industry.” “Some Notes on the Cinchona Industry.” Bernard F. Howard, F.I.C. 2s. net. “Lessons learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” Sir T. Legge, C.B.E., M.D. 29. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. 2s. net.* “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.” J. Vargas Eve, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C. 28. net.t “Chemistry and the Community.” Sir Frank E.Smith, K.C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S. 2s. net. “The Relation of Food to Disease.” Stanley Dixon, M.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Outline of an Electrochemical (Electronic) Theory of the Course of Organic Reactions.” Robert Robinson, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.I.C. 2.9. 6d. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A. J. Allmand, M.C., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. 28. 6d.net.* “Rubber.” W. A. Williams, F.I.C. 28. net. t “Chemistry and Life.” Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., M.A., M.B., D.Sc., LL.D.,F.R.S., F.I.C. 29. net. “Joseph Priestley: 1733-1804.” (Illustrated.) R. M. Caven, D.Sc., F.I.C. 29. 6d. net. “Science and the Community.” Alexander Findlay, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. 2s. net. “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods.” Norman Strafford, M.Sc., F.I.C.28. 6d. net. “A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry.” Sir G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc.,F.R.S., F.I.C. 2s. 6d.net. “Alchemists, in Art and Literature.” (Illustrated.) Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar and Secretary of the Institute. 28. 6d.net.* “Beer.” H. F. E. Hulton, F.I.C. 2s. net. “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.’’Samuel Glasstone, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d.net.7 “The Chemist as a Directing Force in Industry.” Herbert Levinstein, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. *Streatfeild Memorial Lectures. t Qluchtein Mernora Lectures. Publications :continued-“Micro-chemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice.” (Illustrated.) H.V. A. BriScoe, A.R.C.S., D.Sc., F.I.C., and Janet W. Matthews, A.R.C.S., Ph.D., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “New Indicators and other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis.” A. D. Mitchell, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s.net. “Fifty Years of Chemistry.” Arthur E. Everest, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. t “Chemistry and the Body Politic.” Sir William H. Bragg, O.M., K.B.E.,F.R.S. 2s. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams, O.B.E., M.A., Ph.D.,F.I.C. 2s.net,. “Laboratory Organisation.” Leslie H. Lampitt, D.Sc., M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. t “An Experiment in Co-operative Research in the Cotton and Textile Industries.” Sir Robert H. Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C.2s. net.* “A Chapter in the Chemistry of Essential Oils.” John Read, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. 2s. net.. “Our Money.” W. H. Coates, Ph.D., LL.B., B.Sc. 2s. net. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C. .2s.net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstone, D.Sc.,F.I.C. 2s.net.* “Chemical Changea and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Court.” C. Ainsworth Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Practical Aspects of Absorption Spectrophotometry.” R. Alan Morton, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d.net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1856-1938).” F. M. Rowe, B.Sc., F.I.C. 5s. net.* “Opium.” J.R.Nicholls, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. t “Research in the Iron and Steel Industry.” W. H. Hatfield, D.Met., F.R.S. 2s. 6d. net. “Ludwig Mond, F.R.S.: 1839-1909.” F. G. Doman, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. 2s. net. FOR THE ADMISSION ASSOCIATESREGULATIONS OF STUDENTS, AND FELLOWS. Oratis. EXAMINATIONPAPERS.Annual Sets. Is. post free. JOURNALPROCEEDINGSAND (1920 and after). Six Parts annually. 2s. each net. OFFICIAL CHEMICAL APPOINTMENTS.9th Edition (1937). 5s. net. (To Registered Students, 2s.) THEPROFESSIONCHEMISTRY. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar. OF 4tk Edition (1938). 2s. 6d. net. Gratis to Bellows, Associates and Registered Students. OF FELLOWS, AND STUDENTS,REGISTER ASSOCIATES 1938. 5s. net. * Strwtfeild Memorial Lectures. Qluckstein Memorial Lecturm.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9396300351

出版商:RSC    

年代:1939

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1939. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B.PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. October, 1939. Publications Committee, 1939-40, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), W. A. S. CALDER (President), w. M.AM€& A. L. BACHARACH, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, H.E.COX, G. M. DYSON, A. FINDLAY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, Ha HUNTER, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T.J. NOLAN, F. M.ROWE, 8. B.WATKINS. 415 Editorial.War.-When war was declared on 3rd September, Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute was actually printed and ready for despatch, together with the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture ticket, “Laboratory Precautions, No. 3,” and leaflets relating to the Proposed Supplemental Charter and to National Service. Posting was delayed for several days, however, for the enclosure, on behalf of the Home Office, of a preliminary notice to Fellows and Associates in Great Britain to the effect that chemists would shortly be required to volunteer for part-time service as Gas Identification Officers in various localities throughout the country. The distribution of the Journal to the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad was entirely withheld, pending the permission of the postal censorship.In consequence of the outbreak of war, with the possibility of air-raids, in anticipation of which many institutions and corporations had left London, and because of other circumstances affecting not only candidates, some of whom would have been obliged on account of the nature of their work to withdraw their entries, but also the Examiners and Assistants, it was decided to postpone the September examinat ions. The Council has, however, since made arrangements for all candidates who are available to take the examinations, and is making preliminary enquiries with regard to the possibility of holding future examinations. In view of the situation of the premises of the Institute, their use as a public air raid shelter, the “black-out” regulations and the discomfort of travelling at night, it was also considered desirable to avoid evening meetings for lectures at headquarters.The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, which was to have been given by Mr. A. W. Comber, Fellow, on 20th October, and for which he had chosen as his subject “The Magnesite Industry,” has, therefore, been printed, and will be published at the same time as this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Further consideration of the Proposed Supplemental Charter is postponed for six months. Matters relating to National Service, including the recruit- ment of chemists as Gas Identification Officers, in connexion with the Air Raid Precautions organisation throughout the country, are referred to in the proceedings of the Council in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.416 Proceedings of the Council. Emergency Council Meeting, 22nd September,1939.-An Emergency Meeting was held on 22nd September, to consider the functions of the Institute during the period of hostilities. The order of business of the Council and of the Committees was generally reviewed. The Council decided that, so far as possible, the Council meetings should be held on the dates already arranged, and that the hour of meeting be changed to z p.m. The Council appointed an Emergency Committee consisting of the honorary officers, with power to co-opt, to deal with any emergency that may arise in connexion with the affairs of the Institute.It was decided that a meeting of the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Committee be held on 13th October at z p.m., and that the Council should consider, at its meeting to be held on 20th October, whether the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee should thereafter meet on the same day as the Council, possibly in the morning at 10.30. It was reported that the arrangements for the September Examinations had been cancelled. The Council discussed the possibility of giving powers to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee to consider the circumstances of each individual candidate with a view to waiving part of the regulations without lowering the standard of the Institute’s requirements.Eventually, however, it was decided that no special direction be given to the Committee in the matter, except that there should be no relaxation in respect of candidates taking Branch E-the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water-of the Examination for the Fellowship. The Council directed that enquiries be made to ascertain, so far as possible, from the candidates who were to have pre- sented themselves in September when and where they could at tend for examination. It was mentioned that offers of accommodation had been received from several quarters. 417 On the suggestion of the Honorary Treasurer, it was agreed that meetings of the Finance and House Committee and Bene- volent Fund Committee be held in alternate months,-matters of exceptional urgency being referred to the Emergency Committee.It was agreed that the publication of the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS be continued, having due regard to the requirements of the Press Censor, and that the question of publishing lectures be referred to the Publications Committee. It was reported that the service of the Appointments Register was being continued, but that few vacancies were being notified at the present time; on the contrary, a number of Fellows and Associates had lost their appointments owing to the war. The Ministry of Labour was being informed of the names of Fellows and Associates who were thus immediately available for work of national importance. With reference to Legal and Parliamentary matters, the Council was informed that the Parliamentary Science Committee had been temporarily dissolved.In this connexion, a letter was submitted from the Association of Scientific Workers deploring the dissolution of the Committee, and asking the Council to support the proposal that the Committee should not suspend activities without consulting its affiliated bodies. The Council was unanimously of opinion that the Committee should be kept in being in order that its influence might be exercised inconnexion with legislation in which scientific matters were involved. It was agreed that the further consideration of the Proposed Supplemental Charter be brought to the notice of the Council in six months’ time.It was agreed that Local Sections should decide for themselves how far it was possible to proceed with their programmes having regard to the local circumstances. On a request from the British Standards Institution to appoint two representatives of the Institute in the place of the late Mr. Burgess and the late Dr. Dunn, to the Technical Committee C/S Scientific Glassware and Laboratory Ware, the Council decided to ask Dr. E. H. Farmer and Mr. W. G. Messenger to fill the vacancies. Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., was re-appointed representa- tive of the Institute on the British National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society. The Council was informed of the action taken in assisting the Home Office with the recruitment of Gas Identification Officers.418 Professor Hilditch referred to the arrangements made in the Merseyside area, where the organisation was under the direction of the Chief Constable. It was stated that, in the local organisation, efforts were being made to secure provision for compensation in the case of the disablement or death of such officers during actual raid service; and the question was raised as to whether Gas Identification Officers should be paid for their services.* Mr. King mentioned that in Birmingham the organisation was under the city analyst. He understood that compensation for Gas Identification Officers, in the case of death or accident, would be the same as for the special police. A short discussion ensued on the subject of the poster ex- hibited at Labour Exchanges calling for the recruitment for service with the Forces of chemists and engineers under 25 years of age, who had degrees or were in the last year of their training for the Associateship of the Institute.It was understood that they were required for professional work and that facilities existed for drafting them by Recruiting Boards and by the Ministry of Labour to the services to which they were to be attached. It was also reported that the Ministry of Labour was making arrangements for the decentralisation of the work of the Central Register, in case of need, by appointing panels to deal with regional requirements. The report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education re National Certificates in Chemistry was received.Council Meeting, 20th October, 1939.-Arising from previous Minutes,-it was reported that Dr. E. H. Farmer and Mr. W. G. Messenger had consented to act as representatives of the Institute on Technical Committee C/S Scientific Glassware and Laboratory Ware of the British Standards Institution. The Council learned with regret of the death of Sir William Jackson Pope, K.B.E., F.R.S., a Past Member of Council and Past Examiner of the Institute. * The Home Office, Air Raid Precautions Department, subsequently directed attention to Statutory Rules and Orders, 1939, No. 1143:Pension-Personal Injuries (Civilians) Scheme made by the Ministry of Pensions, under which certain provisions are made in the case of organisations for Civil Defence, including Gas Detection Services. 419 On receipt of a letter from the Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland, the Council concurred in a suggestion that Mr.J. C. A. Brierley, Fellow, be re-appointed Examiner in Inorganic Chemis- try (3rd year), Organic Chemistry (4th year), and Chemical Analysis (3rd year), for the Examinations for National Certificates in 1940. The Council discussed a letter from a firm of consultants expressing the opinion that the Government was not making use of the abilities and resources of independent practitioners to any appreciable extent, while the departments were known to be recruiting staffs for work which could well be done by existing organisations.In the particular instance quoted by the cor-respondents, communications had taken place between them and the department concerned, with satisfactory results; it is realised, however, that, in other instances, prevailing conditions are adverse to private practice, that work is being centralised on grounds of economy, and that which is regarded by the Government as being less essential has been discontinued. The Council is watching the matter. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Finance and House Committee recommended certain allowances to members of the staff who are serving with the Forces. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the known commit- ments of the Committee for regular payments to the end of the year were estimated at fl150, whereas the balance in hand on current account was only 421 9s.~d.Unless, therefore, further funds could be raised, the Committee would be compelled to borrow temporarily from capital account. The Council asked the Publications Committee to issue a statement on the position of the fund with the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee dealt with a large number of applications which had been received since July. The elections are recorded in this part of the JOURNAL. The Committee also reported on arrangements which were being made for holding Examinations of the candidates who were prevented from presenting themselves in September. The thanks of the Council were accorded to the authorities of various institutions for affording facilities for the Examinations.The Report of the Publications Committee contained a reference to offers received from a publishing company in the United States regarding the re-publication of certain lectures given before the Institute, and of the handbook The Profession 420 of Chemistry. With regard to the lectures, the Committee had referred the publishers to the authors, in whom the copyright is vested. The Committee recommended that the publication of The Profession of Chemistry should remain entirely in the hands of the Institute. The Publications Committee also reported that the Registrar had offered the Institute the copyright of What Irtdztstry Owes to Chemical Scieme, a book consisting of about twenty articles contributed to The Engineer during 1916-17, subsequently published by Messrs.Constable and Co., in 1918, a second edition appearing in 1923. The object of the book was to illustrate by examples what chemists had actually done to advance various branches of industry, each chapter being devoted to a definite industry or group of industries. The publishers stated that they continued to receive numerous enquiries for the work which had been out of print and unobtainable for some years. They sug- gested that it might be re-written to incorporate modern advances. The Registrar, with the concurrence of his co-author, Mr. Frank Butler- Jones, Associate, suggested that the Publica- tions Committee should supervise the general production of a new edition of the book; that the copyright should be vested in the Institute and that its share of any profit from the publication should be devoted to the Benevolent Fund.The Committee recommended the suggestion to the favourable consideration of the Council, by whom it was approved subject to satisfactory arrangements being made with the publishers. The Committee has also had before it requests to issue leaflets relating to new books, but in view of the number of enclosures which the Committee had already decided to issue with Part LV and of the decision of the Council not to receive advertisements for the JOURNAL after December, 1939, the Committee felt obliged to decline the request.The Council proceeded to consider the activities of the Institute in connexion with National Service and matters arising theref rom. Sir Robert Pickard, as the representative of the Institute on the Advisory Council of the Ministry of Labour, reported on the organisation and work of the Central Register for service in war time, and particularly of the Industrial Chemistry Committee. Sir Robert said that the Government and industry were generally well supplied with chemists and, so far, comparatively few 421 chemical vacancies had been notified. There were opportunities for physicists. The attention of Sir Robert was directed to the circumstance that a chemist selected as suitable to fillany particular post was given the opportunity of stating whether he was willing to be considered as a candidate for the post and, on a card for the employer’s observations, the words post offered by Central I‘ Register ” occurred.Some misunderstanding had arisen owing to the use of the word “offered ” and the Ministry had been asked to modify it. It was also mentioned that there was some ambiguity about the Schedule of Reserved Occupations published by the Ministry in September. Against the word Chemist was the reference see Scientific Worker. Under ScientiJic Worker were the items Biochemist (plant and animal) (other than member of the medical 9rofession) with the limit of age fixed at 25 years. Against Chemist (analytical, research, etc.), e rcluding pharmacists, 21years; against Metallurgist, 25 years ; and against Scientific Research Worker (full-time in a University, Technical College, Research Associcction, Research Institute or Research Laboratory), 25 years.Sir Robert said that it was for the Recruiting Boards to report to the Ministry of Labour Central Register, who decided, in each case, the category in which any scientific worker under 25 years of age should be placed, according to his qualifications, experience, and the work in which he was engaged,-whether he should be retained to complete his training in a university or college, reserved for work of national importance or allowed to remain in his present occupation. Employers had the right of appeal to retain the services of their chemists.It was realised that there would be hardships, as in the case of qualified chemists who were temporarily out of work. In some instances, such chemists had been refused enlistment with the Forces, but those who persisted in their applications were not likely to be rejected. On the other hand, it was known that certain chemists who had been embodied in the Territorials or Militia before the war had been recalled from the Colours on representation being made to the Technical Committees of the Local Joint Recruiting Boards, application being made through the local office of the Ministry of Labour. It was reported that the Ministry of Food had had under consideration the question of the detection of the possible con- tamination of food by poison gases during air raids.In view of 422 the importance of ensuring that the responsibikty of passing or condemning food should be placed in experienced hands, the Council was of opinion that such questions should undoubtedly be referred to public analysts, and agreed to support any repre- sentation that might be made by the Society of Public Analysts on the matter. The Council was also of opinion that public analysts should be represented on any organisations appointed to deal with such matters. The necessity of ensuring adequate supplies of gas and electricity in chemical laboratories was also considered, but the need for immediate action did not arise in view of the announce- ment, by the Government, on the same day, of the removal of restrictions regarding these supplies.As the result of the economies in consumption due to the black-out, a new order was issued raising the rationing figure to IOO per cent., but the Government also urged the importance of rigid economy because future requirements could not be foreseen. It was reported that the Institute had assisted the Home Office, Air Raid Precautions Department, in the recruitment of volunteers for service as Gas Identification Officers. The reponse to notices issued by the Institute had been very gratify- ing, and the services of the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections in this connexion had been most valuable. In regard to the question whether such services should be paid for and special compensation should be allowed in the event of injury or death, the general opinion was that the service should be voluntary, seeing that those who offered themselves for it were already in paid employment, and would not be required after the initial training to devote a great deal of time to the service, but would only be called out after an air raid in which it was suspected that gas had been used.They could well give this service when others with the fighting forces and with the A.R.P. were taking far greater risks and giving so much more of their time. With regard to compensation, however, it was stated that Statutory Rztles and Orders, No. 39, No. 1143,provided the same compensa- tion for Gas Identification Service as for other Civil Defence Organisations.Correspondence had passed between the Institute and the British Broadcasting Corporation regarding the use which had inadvertently been made of the Corporation as an advertisement medium for a body offering to undertake professional work for fees, The Corporation, in reply, had stated that it would 423 certainly exercise vigilance on the point raised, the force of which was appreciated. It was also reported that a letter had been addressed to the Ministry of Health regarding the action of certain local authorities in offering public appointments to tender. It was decided that future meeting of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee be held on the same day as the Council meeting.Benevolent Fund.-The time may not be very favourable for making an appeal for the Benevolent Fund, but the majority of Chemists are well employed, in comparative security; so that it is hoped that those who are able to do so will help the Fund, which is concerned with the widows, children and other dependents of their professional brethren, as well as with those who are past work or have fallen on bad times. The present regular recipients of the Fund include seventeen widows of members (most with young children), two aged members, a daughter of a deceased Fellow, the mother of a deceased Fellow, and several members in temporary distress. At the recent meeting of the Council, the Benevolent Fund Committee, after expressing its thanks to all supporters of the Fund, reported that about fI150 more would be required for regular allowances up to the end of the year.A closer calculation of the present needs brings the estimate nearer k200,while the balance on Current Account is now exhausted; so that Fellows and Associates, particularly those who have not so far contributed to the Fund for this year, are strongly urged to send their Cheques or Post Office Orders now to the Hon. Treasurer (Mr. J. C. White, O.B.E., M.C.), 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. 424 Local Sections. [The Institzcte is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Belfast and District.-The Committee of the Section does not find it practicable to arrange the usual programme for the present session, but hopes to arrange a few meetings, one of which may be of a social character and be held on a Saturday afternoon, Birmingham and Midlands.-The proposed Supplemental Charter, as revised, was discussed at three meetings held during last session.At the first, Sir Robert Pickard, then President, recorded the events leading up to the Proposed Supplemental Charter in-its original form, and its rejection, and then described the New Supplemental Charter. From the discussion which followed, it was evident that many members were still not convinced of the need for the proposed Charter, and believed that, if alterations were to be made in the existing Charter of the Institute, the opportunity should be taken to make changes which had been asked for by the Sections.The Annual Meeting of the Section provided another occasion for discussion on the same subject. It was then decided to call a special meeting at which objections to the Proposed Supplemental Charter could be discussed again, and suggestions could be received for further alterations in the Charter. At this Special Meeting one resolution called for an alteration in the By Laws, so as to admit, as Non-Corporate Members, candidates with qualifications such as an ordinary Pass Degree. It was pointed out that facilities already existed for their admis- sion to the Institute. The resolution was defeated. The suggestion-contrary to the intention of the proposed Charter-that Fellows and Associates should be able to drop back to Non-Corporate Membership and later apply for readmis- sion to their previous grade met with some support, but a 425 resolution calling for a definite decision on the question was defeated.The following resolution was carried by a large majority: “That this meeting proposes that, in the amendment of By Laws consequent on the Supplemental Charter, the necessary alteration be made to ensure the holding of the Annual General Meeting of the Institute of Chemistry in centres such as London, Birming- ham, Liverpool, etc., in rotation.” It was proposed “That the relevant By Laws be redrafted to make Associates eligible for election to the Council of the Institute, such redrafted By Laws, after discussion by the Sections, to be submitted to the Privy Council for its approval at the same time as those attached to the Proposed Supplemental Charter.” This was carried.At the Annual Meeting the following were elected to serve for next Session-Chairman, Mr. J. R. Johnson ; Vice-chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Thomas; Committee, Dr. S. R. Carter, Mr. G. Dring, Prof. R. H. Hopkins, Mr. G. King, Dr. D. F. Twiss, Mr. F. G. Broughall, Dr. W. M. Hampton, Mr. R. S. Hayes, Mr. E. H. Steer and (ex oficio) Mr. D. W. Parkes, District Member of Council. Mr. H. A. CauIkin and Mr. W. T. Collis were elected Hon. Auditors. Dr. Twiss gave notice that at the next Annual Meeting he would propose that the local subscription be discontinued. No programme has been arranged for the winter.Members will be notified of future meetings in due course. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and Fellows of the Chemical Society, was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, on 2nd November, when Mr. A. T. Green gave a lecture on ‘‘Modern Trends in Refractory Materials.” A report will be published in due course. Cardif€ and District.-The programme of meetings and lectures which had been arranged for the session 1939-40, has been cancelled, but the Committee of the Section hopes to provide a modified programme in due course.The first meeting 426 will take the form of a gathering of local chemists, organised jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and it is hoped that those chemists who have newly arrived in the district, will be able to attend. This meeting will be held in Cardiff. Further details will be communicated to members when arrangements are completed, and particulars of other meetings will be circularised from time to time during the session. East Ang1ia.-The trip on the Broads, in which the members of the Section were invited by the Chairman to participate and which was arranged to take place on and September, was can- celled owing to the National Emergency. The programme arranged for the present session has been cancelled.East Midlands.-The programme for the current session has been suspended, but the Committee will resume proceedings if conditions become favourable. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-An attractive pro- gramme had been arranged for the present session, but it is doubtful if any of the meetings will take place. Pressure of war work and difficulties of transport will make it practically impossible for the lecturers to attend as all of them reside south of the Border. The same causes, added to by the complete- ness of Glasgow’s “black-out ,” would probably render attendances very small and not worth the cost of calling the meetings. In view of these difficulties the Committee’s opinion is being sought. If it is decided to abandon the present session’smeetings, members will receive copies of the Reports of the Hon.Treasurer and Hon. Secretary by post. The Ramsay dinner will not be held this year. Huddersfie1d.-The Committee of the Section will endeavour to maintain the activities of the Section during the War, and hopes to notify the members of a meeting,-possibly of an informal and social character,-to be held before the end of the year. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, 427 Liverpool, on 9th November, at 6.30 p.m., Dr. L. J. Burrage will give a lecture on bb Active Charcoal,” Mr. B. D. W.Luff, in the Chair. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The second annual Golf Meeting, held at the Addington Palace Country Club, on 17th May, was attended by some 30 members and friends. Although rain fell in the morning, it did not interfere with the programme or with the enjoyment of the meeting. A medal round was played in the morning for the Government Laboratory Cup. The winner was Dr. H. G. Smith (18) with a net score of 74, so that the cup still remains with the Government Laboratory. H. S. Bolton was the “runner-up.” After lunch a round of greensome foursomes was played. The winners were 0. C. Ellington and J. F. Stansfield, C. A. Adams and J. A. Heald tieing with A. H. Bateman and B. C. James for second place. Mrs. F. G. H.Tate presented the cup to Dr. Smith, and golf balls, kindly given by the chairman of the Section, to the other successful competitors. Dr. Smith, on behalf of all the members present, thanked Mr. Adams for making the arrangements for this pleasant meeting and expressed the hope that more members of the Section would find it possible to attend future meetings. A joint visit to the Works of British Industrial Solvents, Ltd., and the Research establishment of the Distillers Co., Ltd., was made by a party of 40 members on 14th June, by permission of the respective managements. The works of British Industrial Solvents are situated in sylvan surroundings, close to the banks of the river, and consist of several buildings in which units for the production of various esters are installed.Methyl, ethyl and amyl acetates are manufactured in continuous rectification stills, while other alkyl esters, which are not in such great demand, are made by batch processes in suitable stills and columns. The water is eliminated from the reaction mixture by azeotropic distillation, using benzene. Esters of phthalic acid are also manufactured in stills of different design, owing to the high boiling points of these derivatives. The plant used for the production of ethly aceto-acetate and 428 sodium oxalacetate was viewed, and the pump and boiler houses were inspected. The methods employed for storage, packing and dispatching added their share to the interest of the visit. The thanks of the visitors are tendered to Mr. Pemberton and his colleagues who acted as very informative guides.A motor drive of a few miles then brought the visitors to the laboratories, where they were welcomed by Dr. Vargas Eyre. Divided into small parties, they were led through laboratories devoted to bacteriological and yeast research, a well-equipped dark room and a fractional distillation laboratory, and to a refectory for tea. The tour was continued into small-scale plant laboratories devoted to plastics production, chiefly in connexion with poly- styrenes (“ Distrene”), the catalytic pyrolysis of alcohol for the production of ethylene oxide and derivatives therefrom, and fractional distillation. A unit plant for yeast manufacture, one-tenth the size of those situated at various parts of the country, was in operation, and the methods adopted for control and tests made during a “run” were explained.The yeasts produced are tested practically in dough in a well- equipped model bakery, fitted with instruments adequate for recording the features of panary fermentation. Before dispersal, the company was given ample opportunity to test in a practical way, the tasteful products of their hosts, and to drink to the prosperity of the company, and the health of its research director and staff. In his reply, Dr. Eyre emphasised the importance which he attached to the scheme upon which they operated, whereby a chemist, having perfected his laboratory experiments then applied his technique to a small-scale unit plant for production. Many “snags” were encountered, and these in due course were overcome by modifications made necessary by larger scale working.Owing to prevailing conditions, it will not be possible for the Section to proceed in detail with the full and interesting pro- gramme planned for the 1939-40 Session. The Committee will be meeting early in November to decide upon the war-time activities of the Section. If lectures are held, it is likely that the meetings will take place in the early afternoon, in order to avoid as much as possible the inconveniences of the “black-out,” 429 Manchester and District.-The Advisory Committee of the Manchester Chemical Societies have decided to hold the programmes of the Constituent Societies in abeyance until further notice.Newcastle upon Tyne and North East Coast.-Dr. P. L. Robinson, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2, is acting as Honorary Secretary in the temporary absence of Dr. E. E. Aynsley. In view of prevailing conditions, the Committee of the Section finds it impracticable for the present to hold formal meetings, but will notify members of future arrangements. South Wales.-The Committee of the Section has decided that, if possible, meetings of the Section shall be held on dates approximating to those originally arranged and that a local lecturer might be obtained if the visiting lecturer should be prevented from attending. An informal Joint Meeting with the Local Fellows of the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was arranged for 21st October to welcome chemists who had been transferred to the district.It was decided that arrangements should stand for a meeting on 16th November, the twenty-first anniversary of the inaugura- tion of the Section, although the holding of a formal Celebration Dinner, as originally planned, will be abandoned. 430 Notes. The Central Register.-The Ministry of National Service and Labour has published the following statement on the Central Register and its use in war-time :-“The Central Register contains particulars of scientific, technical, professional and higher administrative personnel of the country who have volunteered for suitable work in war-time either in the Public Services or with employers engaged on work of national importance.The Central Register has been compiled by the Ministry of National Service and Labour with the assistance of an Advisory Council and Expert Committees representative of the professions concerned. “The object of the Central Register is to ensure that, in war- time, work of national importance for which specialist qualifications are necessary, is performed by those persons best qualified to undertake it. There is no obligation on employers to notify their vacancies to, or accept persons from, the Central Register, but it is hoped that many employers whose firms are engaged on work of national importance will find the Central Register of great assistance.No charge is made for the service. “Orders should be sent to the Central Register on the enclosed card, additional copies of which can be obtained as indicated overleaf. A separate order card should be prepared for each post involving a di’erent type of experience. A Classification Guide to the persons on the Central Register is also available for free distribution to employers, and in making requests employers should, wherever possible, give on the order card the classification number of the persons required as shown in the Guide. Employers are asked to give the Central Register as long notice as possible of the date on which it is desired to fill the posts notified and, in order to facilitate selection of suitable candidates, to give the fullest details of the qualifications required and of the nature of the work on which they would be engaged.“A Panel of experts, made up largely of technical and professional persons, will assist in selecting for submission to employers candidates who appear suitable for the posts notified. It will be appreciated that most of the persons whose names are on the Central Register are already in employment. In selecting such persons, therefore, account will have to be taken of the 431 importance of the work offered, from the point of view of the national interest, as compared with that of the person’s existing employment. No candidates will be submitted who have not expressed their willingness to be considered for the posts oflered and an opportunity will invariably be given to their existing employers to forward their observations.The circumstances of both present and prospective employers will then be fully taken into con- sideration before submissions are made. “The Central Register will submit full particulars of the qualifi- cations and experience of the persons selected to the prospective employer. The employer will make his choice from amongst the persons so submitted. Should he desire to interview any of the candidates he should make the necessary arrangements direct with them. ” It is clearly advisable, however, that chemists selected as candidates for vacancies should not only consider carefully the terms and conditions offered,-whether permanent or temporary, subject to short notice, and so forth-but ascertain definitely that they have been actually appointed to the vacancies concerned before relinquishing or endangering their present positions.In the statement issued by the Ministry of Labour, it will be observed that there is no obligation on the part of employers to notify vacancies only by means of the Central Register. The Appointments Register of the Institute is still in operation, and Fellows and Associates who are disengaged will not, for the time being, be asked to make any contribution towards the cost of preparing and posting the list of vacancies. The Ministry of Labour will be informed that such members are available. Fellows and Associates, who are in the position to notify suitable vacancies, are asked to communicate with the Registrar.Advisory Research Council of the Chemical Society. -The Council of the Chemical Society have formed an Advisory Research Council, the main function of which will be, when approached, to bring to the notice of Fellows and others engaged in chemical research subjects for investigation likely to be of potential value to the nation at the present time. In the first instance such advice will be made available to unremunerated research workers (that is, unremunerated as research workers for some specific purpose) in Universities, 432 Colleges and other Research Institutions, and to research students in receipt of grants not definitely related to any par-ticular topic or in regard to which the topic can be changed.It is hoped to effect liaison with Government Departments and Industrial Organisations so that the Advisory Research Council may be cognisant of pressing problems needing investigation and thus be able to suggest lines of research of national value. The work of this Council will be strictly confidential and no acknowledgment will be made of any research undertaken at its suggestion. It will not be a function of this Council to exercise control over any research that may be undertaken. The field to be covered will embrace every branch of pure chemistry including biochemistry and metallurgy. Chemists and various organisations (industrial and otherwise) will be invited to send in suggestions for research, and a list of topics for research considered of national importance will be drawn up and will normally be available to those wishing to make use of it for the purpose of initiating an investigation.The Council, however, may be the repository of confidential information ; this may often suggest desirable broad lines of research without the necessity of disclosure of the precedents. It is hoped that many chemists not fully employed in work directly connected with the prosecution of the war will make use of the services offered by the Advisory Research Council. The following Fellows of the Society have been appointed members of the Advisory Research Council :-Sir Robert Robinson, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. (Chairman).Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., F.I.C. Professor C. H. Desch, DSc., F.R.S., F.I.C. Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., F.I.C. Professor A. C. G. Egerton, M.A., Sec.R.S., F.I.C. Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., F.I.C. Professor C. R. Harington, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. Professor W. N. Haworth, D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. Professor C. N. Hinshelwood, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S. Professor C. K. Ingold, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. Dr. L. H. Lampitt, F.I.C. Dr. W. H. Mills, M.A., F.R.S. Professor J. C. Philip, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C. 433 Professor E. K. Rideal, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C. Dr. E. H. Rodd, F.I.C. Professor N. V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.Dr. R. E. Slade, M.C., F.I.C. Dr. G. S. Whitby, LL.D., D.Sc. With Mr. S. E. Carr as Secretary. Enquiries and suggestions may be sent to the General Secretary, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccaduy, London, W.I. Mr. W. A. S. Calder, President, represented the Institute at the International Conference of Leather Trades’ Chemists held in London on qth-zgth August. The Parliamentary Science Committee has been dissolved pending hostilities, on an undertaking being given by several Members of Parliament to consider and bring forward matters which any of the contributing Institutions and Societies may wish to be represented to any Government Department or brought to the notice of the House of Commons. (See Report of Council Meeting, p.417.) The Institute of Fuel has presented a Petition to H.M. The King for the grant of a Royal Charter. The Head Office of the Institute of Fuel has been moved temporarily to 30, Bramham Gardens, London, S.W.5. Tele-phone : Frobisher 3649. The Institute has suspended its meetings, but will publish in its Journal the papers which would have been presented, and will invite discussions on them by correspondence. Chelsea Polytechnic.-Associates desirous of preparing for the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch E-the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs-may obtain particulars of courses from Mr. J. E. Woodhead, B.Sc., F.I.C., Chelsea Polytechnic, Manresa Road, London, S.W.3. The Sir John Cass Technical Institute.-Chemists and Students who wish to take evening courses in electrical methods of chemical analysis, microchemical analysis, spectroscopy and bacteriology are advised to address an enquiry to Dr.E. de Barry Barnett, F.I.C., Sir John Cass Technical Institute, E.C.3. Chemical Engineering.-The Ramsay Laboratory of Chemical Engineering at University College, London, has re-opened. 434 National Certificates in Chemistry. ENGLANDAND WALES Assessom-Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., F.I.C., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., F.I.C., Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., F.I.C. The Council has received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education on the examinations for National Certificates, England and Wales.The following is a brief abstract of the Report. During the present session two schools' have submitted candidates for the first time in the Advanced grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 326, of whom 196 passed, compared with 287 in 1938, of whom 151 passed. In the Advanced grade there were 88 candidates, of whom 58 passed. In 1938, there were 82 candidates, of whom 62 passed. Of the 88 candidates, 56 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 58 successful candidates 35 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. It is not easy to make a true comparison between two successive years, but the Assessors have the impression that the work of the candidates was not quite so good as last year.As usual, the practical work reached a higher standard than the theoretical. SCOTLAND Assessor.-Dr. F. D. Miles, F.I.C. For the Ordinary Certificate 15 candidates entered and 11 passed and for the Higher Certificate 10 candidates entered and 6 passed. Liaison with the English scheme has, as in previous years, been maintained by consultation between the Assessors. NORTHERNIRELAND In Northern Ireland, the examinations have been held, but the results have not yet been determined, 435 Obituary. ALFREDCOLLEYdied at Wolverhampton, on 5th March, in his 79th year. His early training was obtained in the laboratory of the Weardale Iron and Coal Co., Ltd., Spennymoor, Co. Durham, where he worked for six years; next with the Frodingham Iron Co., as chemist for over five years; then at Messrs.Brown, Bayley’s Steel Works at Sheffield, where he was chief metallurgical chemist for five and a half years. Aftersome experience in private practice with the late A. E. Tucker, Fellow, at Birmingham, he was appointed, in 1893, chief chemist to Alfred Hickman, Ltd., later a branch of Stewarts and Lloyds, Ltd., also acting as consultant to Tarmac, Ltd., Wolverhampton, and as analyst to the Haunchwood Collieries, Ltd., Nuneaton. He carried on research for Sir Alfred Hickman on a variety of chemical and metallurgical problems and introduced important improvements in metallurgical industry. He remained with Sir Alfred’s Company until his retirement a few years ago.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. FRANCIS JENNISONHERBERT died at Forest Hill on 11th September, in his 71st year. From 1886 to 1889 he was trained under Smithells at Yorkshire College-now the University-Leeds, and thereafter specialised in dyeing, pursuing his studies under Hummel, until January, 1892, when he was appointed chemist to the First Moscow Cop-Dyeing Co. At that time he devoted particular attention to lakes, regarded by some as the most difficult to manipulate, and the dyeing of leather, feathers and fur. From 1895 to 1908 he was chemist and manager to the Craighall Colour Manufacturing Co., Maryhill, Glasgow; from 1908 to 1911, chemist to the West of England Ochre and Oxide Co., Ltd., at Bilton, near Bristol; and from 1911 to 1915, chemist to the Crown Chemical Co., Stratford, London.During the remainder of the war period, until 1919, he was engaged in the Inspection Department at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich; from 1919 to 1924, he acted as technical adviser to Messrs. W. H. Holmes & Sons, Paint Manufacturers, Portland Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, and from 1925 to 1929, he was adviser and research chemist to Alexander Ferguson & Co., Ltd., of Ruchill, Glasgow. He was author of The Manufacture of Lake Pigments from Artijickal Colours (Second Edition, 1926). He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1891 and a Fellow in 1894. EDWARDLODGE died at Huddersfield, on 14th September, at the age of 75 years. Born at Bailiff Bridge, near Brighouse, Yorks, he was the nephew of Mr.Joe Frost, of Mold Green, Huddersfield, one of the pioneers of the dyeing industry, under whom he received his early training in this craft. He attended classes in chemistry under the late George Jarmain, Pellow, and in other subjects, at the Huddersfield Technical College, gaining many awards from the City and Guilds of London Institute and the Department of Science and Art,and subsequently joined the staff of the 436 college a~ mistant to Mr. Frost, who wa8 then in charge of the dyeing department. He then had some experience in the dyehouee of Messrs. G. Raynor & Sons, Woollen Manufacturers, and as manager ofthecotton dyeing business of Messrs. E. Sutcliffe & Sons, and also assisted Mr.Dan Dawson, one of the earliest British colour manufacturers, when the latter organised classes in synthetic colouring matters at the local college. Mr. Lodge was for nine years head of the dyeing and organic chemistry sections of the college, but from 1901 he devoted his time entirely to the dyeing department. He held this position until 1916, when he joined the cloth department of the War Office in Bradford, as dyeingconsultant in association with Sir Charles Sykes. Later, he became associated with the dyeing firm of Messrs. F. Mellor & Co., and was there- after consultant and district representative to Messrs. J. B. Wilkinson of the Dudley Hill Chemical Works, Bradford, with which firm he remained until two years ago.During the many years that he was on the staff of the Huddersfield Technical College he proved to be a most inspiring teacher, who endeared himself to several generations of students. He was bilingual in the sense that he could expound chemistry and dyeing either in English or in West Riding dialect. In the latter diction he had a vast fund of entertaining and humorous anecdotes. He was the author of numerous papers contributed to the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and to the Journal of the Textile Society; he was Patentee or Joint Patentee of processes and machinery utilisable in dyeing. His original contributions to the science and practice of dyeing related notably to the application of sulphide dyes to wool and other animal fibres, and to improvements in ;he dyeing of wool as effected by preliminary treatment with hypochlorites.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916. (G.T.M.) SIR WILLIAMJACKSONPOPEdied at Holmleigh, Cambridge, on 17th October, in his 70th year. Educated at Cowper Street Schools in the City of London, he studied chemistry at Finsbury Technical College from 1885 to 1887 under H. E. Armstrong, whom he followed to the City and Guilda Central Technical College, South Kensington, where he con- tinued as a student until 1890 and as assistant in the chemistry department until 1897, also from 1895 acting as lecturer on crystallography. From 1891 to 1899, he was a frequent contributor to the Transactions and Proceedings of the Chemical Society, of papers, several dealing with the chemistry of camphor, of which he was author or joint author with H.E. Armstrong or F. S. Kipping or S. J. Peachey. In 1895 he trans- lated and edited A. Fock’s “Introduction to Chemical Crystallography,” and, in 1896, presented a paper to the Royal Society on “The Angular Measurement of Optic Axial Emergence,” which was the first of a series leading to an advance of knowledge of atomic structure by crystallo- graphic study. From 1892 to 1899, he also contributed, chiefly in-dividually, but sometimes jointly with H. A.-later Sir Henry-Miers or F. S. Kipping or S. J. Peachey, a series of “Mitteillungen am dem Krystallographischen Laboratorium des Central Technical College’’ to the Zeitschrift fiir Krystallographie.His work at this time culminated in the discovery of the optical activity of compounds of nitrogen, sulphur, selenium and tin, due to asymmetry of their atoms. In 1897 he was appointed head of the chemistry department at the Goldsmiths’ Institute, New Cross, while he continued as lecturer on crystallography at the Central. From 1901 to 1908 he was professor of chemistry and head of the chemistry department at the Municipal School-now College--of Tech- nology, Manchester, during which period he published with W. Berlow 437 a series of original papers on crystal structure and chemical constitution. In 1908 he succeeded G. D. Liveing as professor of chemistry and director of the chemical laboratories at the University of Cambridge, which position he held until his death.During the war, in collaboration with Dr. W. H. Mills, F.R.S., he did aome remarkable work on colouring matters for visual screens and for photographic sensitizers and, when the Germans employed mustard gas, he developed a process for the direct synthesis of this substance, far in advance of that employed in Germany. In 1902 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, from whom he received the Davy Medal in 1914. He received honorary degrees from Manchester, Cambridge, St. Andrews, McGill, Melbourne, Calcutta and Brussels Universities. He was a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and of the Imperial College of Science and Technology.He was a member of many British and foreign chemical and other scientific societies. From 1917 to 1919 he was President of the Chemical Society, and from 1920 to 1921 President of the Society of Chemical Industry. From 1922 to 1925 he was President of the Inter- national Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry, and from 1919 to 1935 Chairman of the Federal Council for Chemistry.He received the Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society in 1903, the Dumas Medal of the Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle in 1921, and the Messel Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1932. He was Prime Warden of the Goldsmith’s Company 1928-1929. He was created a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1919, and wa also a Grand Officier de 1’0rd.m de L6opold.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899,---on which occasion, it is interesting to record, Professor-later Sir-William Tilden, in a letter to the Institute, wrote “I feel confident that he will take a highposition among scientific chemists hereafter.” He served on the Council of the Institute from 1903-1906, and 1909- 1912, and as an Examiner in organic chemistry from 1913-1919.STANLEYTHOMASHILL,Registered Student, died aa the result of a motor cycle accident on 11th October, in his 26th year. He was educated at George Dixon Secondary School, and waa studying at the Birmingham Central Technical College. 438 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-‘‘Analysis, A Text-Book of Quantitative Inorganic.” Theory and Practice.Arthur I. Vogel. Pp. xx + 856. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 18s. The theoretical basis of quantitative chemical analysis ; volumetric analysis ; theory of gravimetric analysis ; experimental technique of quantitative analysis ; general apparatus, reagents and operations ; technique of volumetric analysis ; technique of gravimetric analysis ; volumetric analysis; acidimetry and alkalimetry ; precipitation and complex formation reactions ;oxidation-reduction titrations ;oxidimetryand reductimetry ;miscellaneous volumetric determinations ;gravimetric analysis ; simple gravimetric determinations ; systematic gravimetric analysis ; electrolytic determinations ; analysis of complex materials ; colorimetric analysis ; gas analysis ; gas-volumetric methods of analysis for solids and liquids; appendix.This book will be reviewed in Part VI. British Chemicals” and their Manufacturers, 1939. Pp. 394. (London: Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers.) The Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manufac- turers (Incorporated), with a classified list of British chemicals, and lists of proprietary and trade names and of proprietary and trade marks. ‘‘Chemistry, General and Inorganic.” P. J. Durrant. Pp. x + 548. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 8s. Introduction; the atomic and molecular theories; states of matter; molecular, equivalent and atomic weights ;atomic structure, the periodic classification, valency ;solution ;velocity of reaction, law of mass action, equilibria; electrolysis ;acids, bases, salts ;oxygen and ozone ;water and hydrogen peroxide; Group IA: sodium and potassium; group IB: copper, silver and gold; Group IIA: magnesium, calcium, and barium; Group IIB: zinc and mercury; Group IIIB: boron and aluminium; Group IVB: carbon and silicon; tin and lead; Group VB: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony; Group VIB : oxygen and sulphur; G~oupVII: the halogens; Group VIII: transition series of the first long period.439 Id Composition Flooring and Floorlaying." A. W. Comber. Pp. xii + 124. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 4s.Introductory and historical; calcined magnesite ; Sorel's discovery of magnesium oxychloride cement ; the oxchloride reaction ; physicalcharacteristics of calcined magnesite ; magnesium chloride ; accessorymaterials; foundations and sub-floors ; works and field equipment; the dry mix; the wet mix; laying procedure; after-treatment and defects; properties of composition flooring ; the position of the composition flooring industry. Appendix. Index. 16 illustrations. (( Ultra-Violet Light, Fluorescence Analysis in." J. A. Radley and Julius Grant. Vol. VII of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry, edited by E. Howard Tripp ;3rd edition. Pp. xvi + 424. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 22s. 6d. Theory and technique of fluorescence analysis; the production of ultra-violet light ;filters; measurement of the intensity of sources of ultra- violet light.Applications of fluorescence analysis : agriculture ; bacteriology ; botany ;constructional materials and glass; drugs ;foods and food products ;fuels and lubricants ;inorganic chemistry ;leather and tanning ;legal and criminological work ; medical and biological science ; minerals and gems; museum work; organic chemistry; paints and varnishes ; paper, cellulose and allied industries; rubber industry ; textiles ;waters and sewage; the dyestuffs industries. Gases, the Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform." Sydney Chapman and T. G. Cowling. Pp. xxiv + 404. (Cambridge: University Press.) 30s. An account of the kinetic theory of viscosity, thermal conduction, and diffusion in gases.Introduction; vectors and tensors; properties of a gas; definitions and theorems; the equations of Boltzmann and Maxwell; Boltzmann's H-theorem and the Maxwellian velocity-distribution; the free path, the collision-frequency and persistence of velocities ; the elementary theory of the transport phenomena; the non-uniform state for a simplegaa; the non-uniform state for a gas-mixture; viscosity, thermal con-duction, and diffusion ;general expressions ;viscosity, thermal conduction and diffusion: theoretical formulae for special molecular models; the rough spherical molecule ; viscosity : comparison of theory with experiment ; thermal conductivity : comparison of theory with experi- ment; diffusion: comparison of theory with experiment; the third approximation to the velocity-distribution function; dense gases; quantum theory and the transport phenomena ; electromagneticphenomena in ionised gases.Appendix A, Enskog's method of integra- tion; Appendix B, the general Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of velocities. ldLavoisier." J. A. Cochrane. Pp. xiv + 264. (London: Constable & Co.) 3s. 6d. A biography of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1784), with an account of his scientific work. 440 "Magnesite as a Refractory." A. W. Comber. Pp. xii + 114. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 4s. Early experiments with magnesite as a refractory : nomenclature; com- pact and crystalline magnesite: breunnerite; sources of the raw material; calcination considerations; calcination methods ; manufacture of magnesite bricks ; firing of magnesite bricks ; chemical and physicalproperties;electrically fused magnesite ;magnesite in the steel industry; other refractory uses of magnesite; magnesite in the British Empire.Appendices A and B. Index. 17 illustrations. Plastic Gold." The Story of Rubber in the service of mankind. Pp. 62. (London: Reliance Rubber Company, Ltd.). A brochure published by the Company to celebrate its Jubilee (1889-1939)relating the story of rubber, the genesis of the trade and the applications of rubber. "The Raman Effect and its Chemical applications." James H. Hibben. With a Theoretical Discussion by J. H. Hibben and Edward Teller.Pp. 54. (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.) 66s. net. A new volume in the American Chemical Society Series of Scientific and Technologic Monographs. Part I: A general discussion of the Raman Effect: its practice and'its theory; Part 11: the Raman Spectra of Organic Compounds; Part 111: the Raman Spectra of Inorganic Compounds. Bibliographies and Indexes. This book will be reviewed in Part VI. "Elementary General Science." J. M. Harrison. Book 11. Pp. ii + 304. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. 613. Continuation of the course in physics, chemistry and biology given in Book I by the same author, with additional chapters on geology and astronomy. ''Historic Tinned Foods," contains-an Historical Introduc- tion by Professor J.C. Drummond and Mr. W. R. Lewis; Chemical Investigations, by Prof. Drummond and Mr. Thomas Macara; Bacteriological Investigations, by Professor G. S. Wilson and Mr. H. L. Shipp; Investigations of the Metal Container, by W. R. Lewis, and Special Apparatus used for opening cans, by Mr. Macara. Publication 85 (Second Edition) of the International Tin Research and Development Council, Fraser Road, Greenford, Middlesex. The British Leather Manufacturers Research Asso-ciation has published a report of trials made by the Association in conjunction with the Chemical Defence Research Department, 441 on the decontamination, by means of warm water, of leather goods contaminated by blister gas. The Report contains instructions for the decontamination of leather articles : method ; plant; procedure; practice; limitations; etc.The British Standards Institution has published recently :-No. 210-1939. Lubrication Oils (Revised September, 1939). 2s. net; 2s. zd. by post. The Institution has also published a series of Specifications (2d. each; 3d. by post) relating to Air Raid Precautions, including :-BS/ARP I (July, 1939) .-Aggregates for Concrete Shelters constructed in situ. BS/ARP 2 (August, 1939) .-Bituminous Paint and Bituminous Compound for the protection of Steelwork. BS/ARP 4 (September, 193g).-A fitted Cistern suitable for the Decontamination of Anti-Gas Oilskin Clothing. BS/ARP 5 (September, 193g).-Chemical Closets for use in Shelter Accommodation. BS/ARP 12 (September, 1939) .-Petroleum Jelly for sealing Gas-tight doors, etc.The Detection and Identification of War Gases=- The Ministry of Home Security-Air Raid Precautions Depart- ment-has recently issued a new handbook entitled, “The Detection and Identification of War Gases-Notes for the Use of Gas Identification Officers,” (H.M. Stationery Office, price IS.). As the sub-title implies, this hand-book is intended primarily for the use of Gas Identification Officers, but it will also be found to be of value to chemists, who are called upon to take measures for the protection of factories, etc. It is addressed to chemists and is obviously not intended for the use of the lay public. The opening chapters give a general account of the physical and chemical properties and the physiological effects of the war gases, which are sub-divided as follows:- Lung Irritants, e.g.Chlorine, Phosgene. Lachrymators, e.g. Bromacetone. Nose Irritants, e.g. Diphenyl Chlorarsine. Vesicants, e.g. Mustard Gas, Lewisite. Paralysants, e.g. Hydrocyanic acid, 442 Chapter IIIconsists of a general survey of the principles and the methods of gas detection available, both by the use of the senses and by chemical and physical methods, and there is a sub-chapter on field testing and sampling. Chapter IV deals with the duties and responsibilities of Gas Identification Officers, the approach to gassed areas, diagnosis, delineation of contaminated areas, assessment of danger, etc.Chapter V deals with the more detailed chemical investigation of war gases. It is realised that under active service conditions it is improbable that gas identification officers will normally have either the time or opportunity for carrying out chemical work on the identification of gas, apart from such tests as may be performed by the portable equipment. It is deemed advisable, however, that they should act as advisers to the local authorities and that they should, therefore, be thoroughly conversant with the characteristics of any gases likely to be encountered, in order that they may be in a position to offer advice or to undertake such work if called upon to do so. It is provided, therefore, that any detailed chemical work will be done in special laboratories under the supervision of the Senior Gas Officers.There are short references to the examination of contaminated foodstuffs and water. Appendix I includes a list of the G.1.0.’~ sampling and testing equipment and an account in great detail of the method of its use. A specimen Report Form is also included. Air Raid Precautions Memorandum No. 11 gives an outline of the organisation and duties of those A.R.P. services engaged in the detection, examination and identification of war gases that may be used in attack by hostile aircraft (H.M. Stationery Office, 3d. net). Dr. J. W. Whitaker, Principal of Huddersfield Technical College, has forwarded a copy of his paper on The Composition of a Fuel, and the Quality and Quantity of the Exhaust Gases,” reprinted from the Journal of the Institute of Fuel, August, 1939.443 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 20th October, 1939,3 new Fellows were elected, 10Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 73 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 20 students were admitted. The Council reports with regret the deaths of 4 Fellows and one Student. New Fellows. Applebey, Malcolm Percival, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Hon. D.Sc. (Dunelm), 106, High Street, Yarni-on-Tees, Yorkshire. Rayner, John Wilfred Richard, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 30, Redwing Lane, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Summers, Robert Ernest, 80, Gloucester Place, Portman Square, London, w.1. Associates elected to the Fellowship.Atherton, William, M.Sc.Tech., M.Ed. (Manc.), University Union, Barlington Street, Manchester, 15. Braithwaite, Frederick George, 80, Fairfield Road, Hillary, Natal, S. Africa. Chalk, Leslie James, M.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Brunswick Road, London, W.5. Challinor, Sydney William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), Bacteriology Department, University New Buildings, Teviot Place, Edinburgh. Cottrall, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. A. E. Reed & Co., Ltd., Aylesford Paper Mills, Larkfield, Maidstone. Davidson, George, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Shell Oil Refinery, Wood River, Illinois, U.S.A. Dixon, Bertram Eastwood, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, Strand, London, W.C.2. Douglas, Gordon Watson, M.Sc.(Leeds), West View, Sutton Courtnay, Berks. Kay, William Whittle, M.Sc., M.B., Ch.B. (Manc.), 116, Raleigh Drive, London, N.20. .Pollard, Alfred George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. New Associates. Allen, Ronald Lewis, BSc. (Lond.), 116, Fabian Crescent, Shirley, Warwks. Allison, Edward Chisholm, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Acre, Whitburn, nr. Sunderland. Bailey, Harold Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Boundaries Road, Feltham, Middx. Banks, John, A. H.-W. C., 22, Paisley Avenue, Edinburgh 8. Bell, Peter Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, Ridgeway Road, Isleworth. Bibby, Charles Leslie, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), The Pines, Vyner Road South, Birkenhead. 444 Booth, Stanley, B.Sc.(Lond.), 14, Laura Street, +Souls’ Road, Halifax. Bowe, Clarence Keith, B.Sc. (Birm.), 17, Weoley Avenue, Selly Oak, Birmingham 29. Brown, Norman Cooper, B.A. (Oxon.), Elm House, Ampleforth, York. Brown, Thomas, A.R.T.C., 3, Green Meadow Road, Weoley Hill, Birming- ham 29. Byme, Landon Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Pleasant View, Heath Bank Road, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire. Caraffi, Arnolfo John, 13.S~. (Lond.), 16, Penn Road, London, N.7. Chisholm, Archibald Little, B.Sc. (Glas.), 74, Speirs Road, Bearsden, Glasgow. Christian, John, B.8c. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 2, Thurleigh Mansions, Thurleigh Road, London, S.W.12. Davey, Edward Philip, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 39, Sherington Road, Hatch End, Middx. Davies, Philip Morey, B.Sc.(Lond.), 27, RadcliRe Road, London, N.21. Downer, John Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 42, Wernbrook Street, London, S.E.18. Esrle, Kenneth John Beaumont, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Ingleholme, Central Avenue, Eccleston Park, Prescot. Emley, Edward Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Alderley Road, Gateshead 9, Co. Durham. Evans, Ronald Major, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Springfield Street, Wigan. Fell, John Benton, M.A. (Cantab.), Rendcomb College, Cirencester, Glos. Fowler, Ronald George Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Hoadly Road, London, S.W.16. Gerty, Lionel Hinton, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), St. James’ Rectory, 8, Eildon Street, Edinburgh. Gill, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 90, McGregor Avenue, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Gillespie, William Thomson, B.Sc.(Glas.), c/o Chary, 13, Skaethorn Road, Glmgow, N.W. Golberg, Leon, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), D.Phil. (Oxon.), Department of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, S. Africa. Hammond, Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), Fairholme, Manchester Road, Hapton, nr. Burnley.Hancock, Douglas Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Falcon Road, Hampton, Middlesex. Harrison, Arthur Denwood Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Belmont Road, Beckenham. Harvey, Stephen Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Riley Road, Brighton 7. Hickman, Albert Charles Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Rothbq Road, London, E.9. Horner, George Milnes, B.Sc. (Lond.), Dunelm, Trebor Avenue, Farnham, Surrey.Huggill, Henry Percy Wynne, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), Greengates, Dyeerth, Flintshire. Jacobs, Abraham Arnold, A.R.C.S., 44, Becmead Avenue, London, S.W.16.Jenner, Victor George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Queens Mead Avenue, Ewe11 East, Surrey.Kefford, Jack Frederick, MAC. (Melbourne), 18, Eccles Avenue, &Meld, N.S.W., Australia. King, Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.),252, Shortheath Road, Erdington, Birmingham 23. King, Ralph William, BSc. (Leeds), Textile Chemistry Research Depart-ment, The University, Leeds 2. 445 Krishnan, Tarakad Subramhnia Iyer, B.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Animal Nutrition Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., India. Liddell, David Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 19, Strathmore Road, Hamilton, Lanarkshire. Logan, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 25, Mount Stuart Street, Glasgow, S.l. Milne, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 11, Irongray Street, Glasgow, E.l.Milne, Stephen George Mount Stephen, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 21, Birchfields Road, Rusholme, Manchester. Mitre, Sachindra Nath, B.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Parliament Hill, London, N.W.3. Morris,John Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 335, St. Margarets Road, Twickenham. Muir, Thomas Allison, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/oAllison, 29, Bank Street, Greenock. Mukerjee, Lokendra Nath, M.Sc. (Lucknow), Ph.D. (Lond.), Isabelle Thoburn College, Lucknow, India. Norton, Albert, B.A. (Oxon.), 46, Grantham Drive, Acomb, York. Penney, John Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 56, The Vale, Southgate, London, N.14. Pinnell, Charles Ross, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2a, Brook Parade, Chigwell, Essex. Rangaswami, Srhivasa, M.A. (Madras), Ph.D. (Andhra), Department of Chemistry, The Andhra University, Waltair, S.India. Redmond, Nathan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 79, Hall Mead, Letch- worth, Herts. Rigby, Charles Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 209, Main Street, Newthorpe, Notts. Risbey, John Samuel, A.H.-W.C., 90, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh. Scott, Franklin Clermont, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Marlborough Road, Beeston, Notts. Sellers, Miss Gladys, B.Sc. (Manc.), 14, Queens Grove, Chorley, Lancs. Sharples, Kenneth Strang, M.Sc. (Mane,), A.M.C.T., Lauriston, Woodford Road, Bramhall, Cheshire. Shaw, Samuel Hubert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 21, Nursery Hollow, Ilkeston, Derby- shire. Shuttleworth, Stanley Gordon, M.Sc., Ph.D. (S.A.), Procter International Research Laboratory, The University, Lee&. Smith, Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Kenilworth Avenue, Cottingham Road, Hull.Taylor, Wallace, M.Sc. (Manc.), Carrington Cottage, Leigh Road, Leigh, Lancs. Thomas, Clifford John, BSc. (Wales), 87, Lone Road, Clydach, Swansea. Thornley, Derek George Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), The Khandala Hotel, Montpelier Row, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Tysall, Leonard Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 90, Redbridge Lane, London, E.ll. Underwood, Alfred Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Cadogan Gardens, London, E.18. U'agg, Raymond Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 8, Berthwin Street, Cardiff. Ward, Victor John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 20, Forest Court, Forest Side, London, E.4. Watt, James Dennis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Morley Road, Southsea, Hants. Webb, Charles Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 75, Benedict Street, Glastonbury, Somerset.Westlake, Herbert George, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 70, Lansdown Street, Hove. Willcocks, Reginald Gerald Wallace, B.Sc. (Lond.), 90, Bury Park Road, Luton. Williams, Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 308, Park Road, Cwmparc, Treorchy, Rhondda, Glam. Wilson, Donald Vernon, B.A. (Cantab.), 9, Marloes Road, London, W.8. 446 Re-elected Associate. Holland, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Lichfield Drive, Prestwich, Man-cheater. New Students. Bangert, Norman Roy, 26, Harrington Square, London, N.W.l. Claret, Paul Arthur, 17, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol 8. Crowder, Norman Frederic, 50, Higher Lane, Lymm, nr. Warrington. Denton, Peter Moss, Danebank, Woodhouse Hill, Fartown, Huddersfield. Dowdeswell, Dennis Alan, 36, Beacon Road, Loughborough. Hutchence, John Dalzell, 5, St.Andrew’s Drive, Blundellsands, Liverpool 23. Jarman, Basil Richard, 34, Second Avenue, Teignmouth, Devon. Nicholl, Herbert Guy, The Knoll, Jackson’s Lane, Billericay . Owen, Clifford Alfred, 85, Kiln Lane, St. Helens. Partridge, Miss Ruth May, 32, Junction Road, Brentwood, Essex. Pope, Gerald, Great Haseley, Oxford. Rice, Frederick George Robert, 41, Woodcock Hill, Ksnton, Middx. Sands, George, 20, Abbotsford Road, Redland, Bristol 6. Sewell, Eric James, 8, Elmwood Avenue, Coventry. Slack, Ronald, 31, Byrons Lane, Macclesfield. Spencer, William, 128, New Street, Blackrod, nr. Chorley, Lanes. Swedler, Charles Henry, 62, Burges Road, London, E.6. Thomas, John Duncan, Rhostrefor, Benllech, Anglesey, N.Wales. Thresh, Ronald Fletcher, 14, Bankfield Road, Shipley, Yorks. Turner, Wilfrid, 38, Hove Park Road, Hove 4. DEATHS. Fellows. Alfred Colley. Francis Herbert Jennison. Edward Lodge. Professor Sir William Jackson Pope, K.B.E., Hon. M.A. (Cantab), Hon. LL.D. (St. Andrews and RlcGill), Hon. D.Sc. (Melbourne and Calcutta), Dr. honoris causa (Brussels), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), F.C.G.I., F.R.S. Registered Student. Stanley Thomas Hill. CHANGE OF NAMES. Laurence H. Fredrickson, Fellow, to Laurence H. Sensicle-by Deed Poll. Miss Dorothy Lilian Fox, B.Sc., Ph.D., Associate, to Mrs. Richards,-on her marriage. William Ellenberg, Associate, to William Ellenburgh. Miss Beryl Rose Hamilton, Associate, to Mrs. Davies,-on her marriage.Professor Isidor Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Fellow, to Professor Ian Morris Heilbron. 447 General Notices. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army or Air Force, are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars, etc., as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Examinations, 1940.-Information regarding arrangements for Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be communicated to intending candidates direct. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work sho.ws the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1940. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1939, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, is due to be awarded in January, 1940, and to be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of firofessional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. 448 Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1939, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of the Council, to take office from 1st March, 1940, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 11th December, 1939. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921,amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935, and on 1st March, 1937:-Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall.East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rotherham, Sheffield, and district immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South Yorkshire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Cheater and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, SufYolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hats, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands, 449 Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lmcaster and Chester aa lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii)above. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine, and Angus (Forfar). Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dumbarton, Redrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv), the County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined by the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto.The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within anyone District, as defined and adopted by the 1nst.itute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, aa such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered ddr0SS) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XV should be received not later than 31st August. 111. (1) On or before the fXth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any,ofthe candidates 450 has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in t.he case of District XV this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2).The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the thud Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose.(4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting.If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (XV),such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. 451 The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated, Those whose names are given in italics will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands: Deric William Parkes, M.C., B.A., B.Sc.Bristol and South-Western Counties :Edgar Lewis,M.1.Chem.E. East Midlands and South Yorkshire: Qeoyge Malcolm Dyson,B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Liverpool and North-West Coast: Raymond Renard Butler, M.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties :Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S. Manchester and District: Joseph Henry Lester, MSc., F.T.I. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Archibald Alexander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D. Yorkshire: Henry Webster Moss, A.R.C.Sc.1. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A.,B.Sc. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: WilliamGodden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc. Wales and the Country of Monmouth: Sidney Bevan Watkins, M.Sc., A.M.1.Chem.E. Northern Ireland :William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D.Irish Free State: Thomas Joseph Nolan, B.A., D.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: Harold AugustimTempny, C.B.E., D.Sc. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the Regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their 452 positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of sixmonths. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s.6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 5 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books.Owing to the war, the Library cannot be available during the usual hours. It will be open daily from 10 a.m. to I p.m. and from z p.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to I p.m.) Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Librarian is authorised to close the Library when, in his opinion, conditions render it necessary. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. 453 Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March.The subscription rates have been raised from 5s. to 6s. 6d., for Class B, and from 15s. to 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained €rom the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of The Profession of Chemistry’’ (Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. The Annual Chemical Dinner will not he held this year. 454 The Royal Institution.-At the Royal Institution on 7th and 14th December, Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., will give lectures on the History of the Vaczczcm Flask; on Ist, 8th, 15th and aznd November, Mr.A. R. Ubbelohde will give four lectures on Thermodynamics and the Strzccture of Matter : on 3rd, Ioth, 17th and 24th November and Ist, 8th and 15th December, Dr. W. H. J. Childs and Dr. H. A. Jahn will give lectures on Infra-Red S9ectra and Strzccture of Molecules. The Fuel Luncheon Club holds monthly meetings at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, Kingsway, W.C.2, between October and May each year, at which prominent speakers are selected to give addresses. On Thursday, 16th November, Mr. W. A. Tookey will deal with “The Development of Modem Engines in Liquid and Gaseous Fuel”; on 14th December, Professor A. C. G. Egerton will give a talk on I‘ Possible Fuels.” Particulars of membership can be obtained from the Secretary, Fuel Luncheon Club, 30, Bramham Gardens, London, S.W.5.Telephone, Frobisher 3649. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions, except when numbers are restricted, tw in the cme of works visits. Members travelling abroad, if they desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute, are dvhdto notify the Registrar. sectioraa Hm.Sw&& Aberdeen and North of W. M. Todd, A.R.T.C., A.I.C., 4, Deemount Scotland: Terrace, Aberdeen. BirminghamandMidlands: Gdeld Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, B.Sc., F.I.C., 64, Falcondab Counties: Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.Cape of Good Hope: F. E. A. Leibbrandt, M.A., A.I.C., 14, St. John’s Road, Sea Point, Cape Town, South Africa. Cardiff and District: Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, F.I.C., 81, Hml-y-den,Rhiwbina, Cardiff. East Angh: Dr. J. W. Corran, F.I.C., 1, Church Avenue, Eaton, Norwich. East Midlands: J. Ratcliffe, B.Sc., A.I.C., Chemistry Depart- ment, Technical College, Derby. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.-W.C., A.I.C., Dalveen, Scotland: 43, Liberton Brae, Edinburgh, 9. Glasgow and West of J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., Chemistry Department, Scotland: Royal Technical College, Glwgow. Huddersfield: Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India: K. B. Sen, M.Sc., F.I.C., Messrs. Bird &Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta,India.Ireland (Belfast): C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belftwt. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Lee& Area: W. A. Wightman, M.A., A.I.C., The University, LeedS,2. Liverpool and North-Dr. F. J. Smith, F.I.C., City Technical College, western: Byrom Street, Liverpool, 3. London and South-Eastern D. M. Freeland, F.I.C., c/o Macfarltne Lang & Counties: Co. Ltd., Syon Lane, Isleworth. Malaya : Dr. Stanley G. Willimott, A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, S.S. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road,West Didebury, Manchester. Newcastle upon !Cyne and Dr. E. E. Aynsley, F.I.C., 46, Groavenor Road,North-East Co& : Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2.New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C.,Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1,New Zealand. South Wales: E. E. Ayling, M.Sc., F.I.C., University College, SingletonPark,Swansea. South Yorkshire: W. W. Stevenson, A.I.C., United Steel Companies Ltd., Central Research Dept., Stockabridge, Sheffield.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9396300413

出版商:RSC    

年代:1939

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1939. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. December, 1939. Publications Committee, 1939-40. W.J . A. BUTTERFIELD (Chaivman), W. A. S. CALDER (President), W.M.AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, M. BOGOD, R. R.BUTLER, H.E. cox, G. M. DYSON, A. FINDLAY, A. A. HAU, J. W. HAWLEY, H.H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, H.HUNTER, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL T. J. NOLAN, F. M. ROWE, S. B.WATKINS. 457 Editorial. Central Register.-Some misapprehension still appears to exist as to the purpose and function of the Central Register of the Ministry of Labour. The Register deals solely with personnel and is not concerned with the conduct of scientific or technical research or with the apportioning of work to particular persons or firms.The names of all persons who filled up the formssent out during last spring and summer by the various societies and institutions are included on the Register, and the classification is based on branches of work indicated on the forms. When requests for personnel are received from Government departments or from industrial employers, the panels operating the Register make a selection of names of persons prima facie suitable to fill the vacancies notified.Each individual selected by a panel is then asked to state, after consultation with his employer, whether he wishes to be considered for the vacancy in question. The names of those who reply in the affirmative are then forwarded to the prospective employer (Government Department or industrial concern) with whom the final appoint- ment rests. In selecting names, the panels give prior con-sideration, so far as is practicable, to those who are known to be disengaged. AIL chemists, therefore, who are disengaged should at once notify the Institute in order that the information may be passed on to the Register. Except for work of national importance, it is not desired to disturb chemists who are at present engaged on important work or who are in employment satisfactory to them- selves.Receipt of notice of a zacautcy should not be regarded by a chemist as any indication that he is expected to change his present employment unless he so desires. Chemists selected as candidates for vacancies notified by the Central Register of the Ministry should consider carefully the terms and conditions offered,-whether permanent or temporary, subject to short notice, and so forth,-and ascertain that they have been actually appointed to the vacancies concerned before relinquishing or endangering their present positions. 458 This War.-Statesmen and others repeatedly voice the opinion that "this war is different ";and so it is, so far as British chemists are concerned with it.It will be recalled that during 1914-18,qualified chemists and students of chemistry participated to good purpose, both in industries concerned with the production of munitions and with the active forces, and that the Institute was the chief agency for recruiting chemists. During the past five-and-twenty years, the profession of chemistry in this country has increased fivefold, and industries have been firmly established which could scarcely be said to have existed here in 1914. At the outbreak of this war, the Government and industries were generally far better staffed with chemists than they were in 1914,and it seemed at first that the number of vacancies required to be filled would be insignificant compared with those occurring during the early years of the previous conflict, when hundreds of chemists were released from the forces for work in munition factories.It now appears probable, however, that a large number of chemists will still be required. The Institute has been the chief agency in enabling the Ministry of Labour to accumulate a very substantial card index of qualified chemists, and has borne much of the preliminary expense and labour in providing the pool from which such services may be secured. Moreover, the Ministry is aware that the full experience of the executive officers of the Institute, in the working of its Appointments Register, is available, through its representatives on the Advisory Council and the Industrial Chemistry Committee and its Panels. The names of all Fellows and Associates known to be at present disengaged are communicated to the Ministry, and it is understood that, so far as it is practicable, priority is given to these in filling vacancies.The free use of the Appointments Register of the Institute is allowed to Fellows and Associates at present disengaged, and this service is also available at a fee of IO/-for six months to those who are in employment but who desire to improve their positions. Such members are informed of suitable vacancies which come to the notice of the Institute by schedules issued usually twice weekly, and, in all cases, the prospective employers themselves, at their own discretion, have the selection of those who are desirous of becoming candidates for the appointments.459 Prospective employers need not disclose their identities, in the first instance, if they do not desire to do so. Gas Identification Officers.-The Institute, with the valuable help of the Honorary Secretaries of its Local Sections, has been instrumental in assisting the Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office in obtaining a very ready voluntary response to the call for Gas Identification Officers in all parts of the country. Ministry of Supply.-The Minister of Supply, Mr. Burgin, has set up an Advisory Council on Scientific Research and Technical Development to advise him on scientific and technical problems. The Council, of which Lord Cadman is Chairman, includes the following Fellows of the Institute :-Professor Ian M.Heilbron, F.R.S., Sir Robert Robertson, F.R.S., Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S., and Mr. John Rogers, O.B.E. The Admiralty, the Air Ministry and the Ministry of Home Security are represented on the Council. Address.-A1 though it was deemed expedient, in September, to give an alternative address for communication to the Institute, all its business since then has been carried on uninterruptedly at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. (Telephone: Museum 2406.) In any unusual emergency, enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar at 9, Westbury Road, North Finchley, London, N.12. (Telephone: Hillside 1859.) 460 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 17th November, 1939.-The Council received an intimation from Mr.F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., that, in view of the urgency of his official duties, he should be allowed to resign his place as representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council. The Chemical Council, having decided that, in the circumstances, they had no alternative but to accept Mr. Edmed’s decision in the matter, the Council of the Institute concurred, and Dr. Harold A. Tempany, C.B.E., was nominated to fill the vacancy. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. Edrned for his valuable services. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B.,and Dr. E. Vanstone were reappointed representatives of the Institute on the Joint Library Committee. Letters of thanks were received from members of the staff who are serving with the Forces, to whom allowances are now being made by direction of the Council. In accordance with the decision arrived at, at the meeting held on the 20th October, the Council supported the representa- tion made to the Ministry of Food that the defection of the possible contamination of food by poison gases during air raids should be referred to public analysts, and that such analysts should be represented on any organisation appointed to deal with the matter.It was learned that, although the Society of Public Analysts was not invited to send a delegate to the conference of representatives of local authorities at which the matter had been raised, the Ministry had by no means overlooked the importance of the services of public analysts in relation to the possible contamination of food during air raids; also, that negotiations were proceeding satisfactorily.It was reported that a well-attended meeting of representatives of professional and technical bodies had been held at the House of Commons on 8th November, when a new Committee styled “The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee ” was constituted to watch measures and matters of public interest before the House of Parliament, on which science has a bearing. The Registrar 461 of the Institute was appointed a member of the Executive Committee. Attention was directed to the resolutions passed by the Birmingham and Midlands Section referred to in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V (page 425).The first suggested that the Annual General Meeting of the Institute should be held in various centres in rotation; the second, that Associates should be rendered eligible for election to the Council. The consideration of these suggestions was postponed pending further discussion of the Proposed Supplemental Charter. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E. ,Vice-president, was reappointed and consented to act as representative of the Institute on the Poisons Board under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. A communication was received from a Fellow suggesting that a meeting might be called to consider a proposal that the Institute might receive ideas which would be useful in connexion with war and when peace was declared, and that representations from the Institute on such matters might help to secure that proper attention was directed to them.The communication had already been referred to the Emergency Committee, who felt that it was not necessary or desirable that the Institute should call a meeting on the subject, although the majority agreed that the Institute might receive, in confidence, suggestions from members and others relating to lines of enquiry in connexion with the war, and that the executive officers might suggest the departments to which such matters might be referred. The Council concurred. The attention of the Institute, having been directed to another case in which a public appointment had been offered to tender, the matter was brought to the notice of the Ministry of Health by whom a protest was addressed to the local authority.The Ministry confirmed its view that the offering of public appointments on the basis of tender is a practice which is open to considerable objection as being unlikely to secure the services of the best qualified candidates. The Clerk to the local authority in question endorsed the view expressed in the representations made by the Institute and promised that they would receive careful attention. The Council was assured that the appointment would be made not only of a properly qualified person, but also on terns which would be approved by the Ministry of Health. It was reported that letters had been addressed to the War 462 Office and the Ministry of Supply in support of appeals for the release from active service of men essential for the production of chemical and porcelain laboratory ware. The attention of the Council was directed to the fact that Emergency Public Health Laboratories had been established in anticipation of possible troubles resulting from the evacuation of the population,.and that representatives of such laboratories finding that they were not called upon to render any very substantial service had approached local authorities and their officials soliciting analytical and pathological work, which they offered to do free of charge. The Council directed that the matter be investigated. A report was received from the Ministry of Education (l3elfast) on the examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry.Eight candidates had presented themselves, of whom one reached the necessary standard. After obtaining advice from Sir Gilbert Morgan, Chief Assessor for the corresponding scheme in England and Wales, the Council concurred in the award of the certificate to this candidate. Reports were received from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committees and the Publications Commit tee. (The names of candidates who were elected are included in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,page 513.) The Publications Committee reported that Mr. Comber's lecture on "Magnesite "-the zznd Streatfield Memorial Lecture -was being printed and would be issued with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V.The President mentioned that he had attended the celebration of the 21st anniversary of the foundation of the South Wales Section. Council Meeting, 15th December, 1939.-The Council appointed Professor William Wardlaw as an Assessor, with Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., Chief Assessor, for the Examina- tions for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales). A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor T. Slater Price, F.R.S., for his valuable services on his retirement from the office of Assessor. Professor Slater Price was one of the Institute's representatives at the Conference with the Board of Education at the time of the initiation of the scheme in 1920, and had served as a Member of the Joint Committee in an honorary capacity from that date until 1928,when he was appointed an Assessor.463 The Council received a letter from the PIIinistry of Health regarding the suggestion that Emergency Public Health Laboratories were encroaching on the practice of private consult- ing and analytical chemists and pathologists. The Ministry enclosed a letter which had been addressed to medical officers of health early in September on the subject of Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service, in which it was clearly stipulated that it was not intended that the scheme should interfere, in any way, with the operation of normal services, where such could be maintained. The Ministry undertook to give close considera- tion to specific instances of any encroachment brought to its not ice.The Council received a communication from Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Secretary, Indian Advisory Committee, reporting that Professor P. S. MacMahon had consented to act as a member of the Indian Advisory Committee and he was appointed accordingly. Letters were received on matters relating to the Gas Identifi- cation Service under Air Raid Precautions Schemes. It was unfortunate that, in some instances, chemists who had been selected for this service in 1937had not been eventually selected for service by the Local Authorities. The matter had been represented at headquarters and investigated. Reasons had been given that, in some instances, chemists who were anxious to serve in that capacity had not been able to attend the course of training or were unable to serve where and when they were required.A letter was also received from a member who had been appointed a Gas Identification Officer directing attention to the special retaining fees given to medical men serving in Air Raid Precautions organisations. He suggested that if the Government had announced that medical officers would be unpaid, their profession would have protested; but the Council held the view, that the conditions of practice in the two profes- sions differed, and adhered to the opinion, expressed at the meeting held on 20th October, that volunteers as Gas Identification Officersshould not seek to be paid for their services. The medical man, usually an independent general practitioner, often gave much for nothing, and he was not in the same position as a chemist in whole-time employ.It appeared that Gas Identifica- tion Officers were glad to render this service where it was not possible for them to undertake other voluntary duty in the present emergency. 464 Correspondence was also received regarding the general relationship of students of chemistry to the Joint Recruiting Boards. There appeared to be much doubt as to the meaning of the terms of reference to the Joint Recruiting Boards, particu- larly with regard to part-time students, who might be liable to be called up in their age groups for military service. The doubt seemed to exist not only in the minds of the students themselves but also in those of the Heads of the Chemistry Departments of Colleges and of employers of juniors in chemical laboratories.The information showed that such men had no tendency to shirk their obligations as citizens, but that it was desirable that their position should be made, if possible, clearer and more definite. The Ministry of Labour had recently announced an extension of the terms of reference of the University Joint Recruiting Boards and their technical committees which interviewed men under the age of twenty-five years with certain prescribed technical or scientific qualifications, and made recommendations on how such men could best be used. The officers of the Institute were directed to communicate with the Ministry with the object of obtaining modifications in the above terms of reference and, if possible, further information which might be communicated to enquirers. (Meanwhile, students engaged in chemical work in industry are advised to consult their employers as to whether they are justified in describing themselves as “Chemists” for the purposes of the “Schedule of Reserved Occupations.”) Following on the considerations referred to above, the Council discussed the position of post-graduate research students, and passed the following resolution :-“That the Council of the Institute records its concern about the future supply of properly qualified research chemists, and desires to call the attention of the Government and all training authorities to the present danger of diminution in the number of students of post-graduate standing.” On the Report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council agreed to share equally with the Society of Public Analysts the expense incurred in the petition against a clause in the Metropolitan Water Board Bill.It will be recalled that the petition was heard by a Committee of the House of Lords which decided that the clause in question could not stand. 465 The Council, under the powers conferred by the Annual General Meeting, adopted a Deed of Trust making provision for members of the staff of the Institute who could not be included under the main staff pensions scheme. A sum not exceeding &jo a year, at the discretion of the Council, will be placed to reserve for this purpose.The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee included a Report on Examinations held in October and November. In considering the preliminary arrangements for the election of the new Council to take office on 1st March next, the Council received a nomination, in favour of Dr. Allan Cuthbertson Monkhouse, as District Member of Council for Bristol and South- Western Counties, and a nomination, in favour of Dr. Edwin Gregory, as District Member of Council for the East Midlands and South Yorkshire. 466 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussions .] Dublin.-A meeting of the Local Section was held on 25th October, in University College, Dublinl-Prof.A. O’Farrelly presiding. Dr. T. S. Wheeler delivered an address entitled “Feathering the Chemical Fledgling.” Dr. Wheeler mentioned the magnitude of the field covered by chemistry at the present time and remarked that chemistry was not a static subject but one which was continually and rapidly growing. The problem for the universities was how best to teach such a subject in three or four years. In his opinion a minimum of four years was essential to enable a student to obtain a sound working knowledge of chemistry and allied sciences. He thought it unwise to foster specialisation in any particular branch of chemistry in a four-year degree course but considered it much wiser to give students a general training so that on graduation they should be competent to apply their knowledge to whatever branch of the subject in which they might subsequently engage.He made a plea for the teaching of English in the early part of the course, as in his experience many chemists suffered from inability to express themselves clearly in writing. Early study in physics and mathematics was essential for subsequent work in physical chemistry. He would like to have both these subjects taught by the physical chemist. Referring to practical organic chemistry he thought that the quantitative side might be emphasised with advantage. Modern developments had introduced new technique, and students would benefit from courses in micro-chemical and chromatographic methods.Unfortunately, the provision of such courses involved expense in equipment and multiplication of staff, but competition among graduates from different universities 467 u7as keen, and the aim of a. teaching body should be to produce a graduate able to compete with the best. On completion of his four-year course the graduate would be well advised to undergo a course of training for a further two years either in chemical engineering, if he intended to engage in industry, or in research if he intended to teach. Dr. Wheeler gave it as his opinion that special training for a particular industry was inadvisable: a man trained for a further two years in the general principles of chemical engineering and in unit processes should be able to adapt himself readily to any particular industry he might eventually enter.Manufacturers who advertised for chemists with experience in a particular industry did not appreciate the value of a more general training. Speaking of research workers, he felt that such students were inclined to neglect the reading of general chemistry in favour of the literature on their own particular research. Such an attitude might possibly be changed by a suitable examination test. Dr. Wheeler finally appealed to the university teacher to take more interest in the development of the student’s character. Chemists as a whole were employees, and therefore sound discipline with regard to punctuality and general conduct should be insisted on during their training.. A short discussion followed. The Annual General Meeting was held on the aand November, in Trinity College, Prof. A. O’Farrelly presiding. The report of the Honorary Treasurer, which showed a credit balance, was adopted. The Committee of the past year was re-elected. The question as to the hour at which future meetings should be held was referred to the Committee for decision. Professor Alphonsus O’Farrelly presided at a meeting in University College, Dublin, on 13th December, when Professor Bayley Butler, M.B., delivered a lecture on “Pests and their Prevention. ” Professor Butler confined his remarks, briefly summarised below, to some common pests occurring in human habitations. Fleas.-Fleas, like many other parasites, are descended from free living winged insects, which have undergone profound modifications in structure.Prevention is best effected by rigid 468 attention to household cleanliness. The standard remedy is the powdered buds and flowers of pyrethrum. Dr. Carroll, of the Albert College, Glasnevin, has demonstrated the possibility of cultivating the pyrethrum in Ireland, and Professor Butler found that the insecticidal value of the home-grown plant was equal to that of plants imported from England and Turkey. Bed Bugs.-The bed bug is a parasite of human habitation which is sometimes introduced when antique furniture is purchased. It has been known to migrate along water pipes and eave gutters from house to house and hides in minute crevices in bedsteads. Bugs can live for nearly a year without food.Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid is more effective in destroying bugs than sulphur dioxide, but it is a very dangerous substance, Ortho-dichlorobenzene has been found very effective, as has also coal-tar naphtha. Lice.-There are two common species of lice-the head louse which lives on the head and attaches it eggs to the hair; and the body louse which lives on the clothing, periodically attaching itself to the body for feeding purposes. In order to complete their life history, lice require to be almost constantly in contact with the body, and seldom therefore propagate on people who change their clothing at night. Among the most effective preventions of lice are petrol, benzine and paraffin. Professor Butler described how in the 1914-18 war he established suitable baths for troops and sterilisers for their clothing, 6 tons of the latter being treated daily so as to free the men and clothing from lice.Moths.-Moths lay their eggs in animal fibres-wool, hair, fur. The egg hatches into a grub which feeds on the animal substance and eventually becomes an adult moth. These adults do not feed, but pair and lay eggs and so on. Naphthalene has been widely used against moths, but unless used in high concentration is not effective in killing grubs and eggs. Para-dichlorobenzene forms the basis of a number of proprietary an ti-mot h preparations. In Chemistry and Indmtry of 3rd December, 1938, there is an interesting account of moth proofing by Dr.C. S. Whewell. Organic compounds such as the varieties of Eulan developed by I.G. Farbenindustrie A.-G. are extensively used. The molecules of these reagents have a definite affinity for the fibre, resulting in 469 improved fastness to washing, rubbing, etc. Other compounds used are :-(I) Derivatives of thio-urea, and compounds of the type R s+<-, (R= &yI, ql, or aralkyl, R' = H or alkyl.) (2) Halogen-containing hydroxy di-or tri-aryl methane. (3) Compounds of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or tin linked directly to carbon. (4) Sulphonium salts of the type S.R' R", R"'.X where R', R" and R"' are aromatic residues, and X is the radical of an inorganic acid.(5) Aryl sulphonic acid amides in admixture with phosphoric acid esters. (6) Acids and salts of selenium. Another interesting process, devised by Lowe, is treating the material with chromium fluoride. This renders the chromium- keratin complex indigestible. Unfortunately the material is of a pale green colour. To reduce the staining a double salt of chromium fluoride and sodium antimony fluoride is claimed to give an excellent proof without the objectionable green colour. In conclusion, it is interesting to mention a theoretical side of this problem of mothproofing. It has been shown that the ability of the clothes moth to digest keratins depends upon the secretion in the digestive system of a proteinase together with a reducing agent of the thiol type.The proteinase itself is unable to degrade the keratin, but can only act after the wool, hair, etc., has been reduced by the thiol compound. Since animal hairs are composed of long peptide chains linked across by salt linkages and sulphur linkages of the type R-S-S-R, it is probable that the first process involved in digestion is a fission of the sulphur link by the thiol compound. The modified protein is then attacked by the proteinase and is degraded into products sufficiently simple for assimilation by the grubs. If the hairs can be tredted in such a manner that one of the above reactions is prevented, the keratin should be immune to attack, since the grubs could not live on food which is indigestible.Boring Beetle.-We are all familiar with the effects of the furniture beetle. The adult lays its eggs in crevices of rough 470 wood, the eggs hatch into a grub which tunnels into the timber, and after a period varying from one to three years approaches the surface of the wood, becoming a chrysalis or pupa from which the adult beetle develops in the months of July, August and September. Effective remedies are ortho-dichlorobenzene with soap, corrosive sublimate, and copper salts. An important point in the treatment of buildings infected with wood-worm is to determine how far the structural strength of the timber has been destroyed. Professor Butler demonstrated two instruments which he had introduced for the purpose. In the case of very heavy beams it is difficult to get sufficient penetration to destroy the furniture beetle completely with a single application, and he put forward the following suggestion to the research staff of the Forest Products Research Station.It is well known that X-rays are very lethal to actively dividing and young tissues. X-rays have been used in certain American States for sterilising the unfit. The suggestion is that infected timber should be exposed to X-rays. Heavy dosages could be given and the apparatus could be operated from a distance, the plant and running costs need not be excessive. Wood is com- paratively transparent to X-rays. In the larvae of the beetle the tissues are active in growing, and while reproductive organs are not present the precursor cells which are set aside to form the reproductive organs of the adult are recognisable.If the radiation is sufficient merely to kill these precursor cells without killing the grub it is reasonable to zssume that when the grubs formed adult beetles the latter would be sterile and the decay would come to an end. This might be a fantastically wild proposal, but Professor Butler put it forward some three years ago; a recent publication states that experiments are now in progress on the lethal effect of radiation in controlling insect pests; it is an interesting line of attack. Dry Rot and Wet Rot.-Dry rot is a disease of timber, due to the growth of a fungus which digests the cellulose.The name is misleading as it is always associated with moist conditions, at least in the early stages. Wet rot is merely another form arising in very wet or semi-sodden timber. Attack cannot occur if the moisture content is below fibre saturation point, that is zjto 30 per cent. of the oven-dry weight of the wood. Wood which has been thoroughly air-seasoned contains from 15 per cent. to 18 per cent. of moisture and, in a properly ventilated house, this falls to 12or 14 per cent. 471 Thus wood, in a well-constructed building, should always be below fibre saturation point. Unfortunately, many buildings are not well constructed, or, if originally so, have been neglected so that water has been allowed to get in. Treatment with a solution of magnesium silico fluoride and sodium fluoride has proved effective in checking the growth of the fungi. East Ang1ia.-As a temporary measure it has been decided to hold monthly meetings both in Norwich and Ipswich.Travel-ling between these two main centres of the Section is difficult owing to restrictions. In general, it is proposed to hold meetings of an informal character and to deal with subjects of a topical nature. The first meeting, held at the Great White Horse Hotel, Ipswich, on 25th November, was well attended by members from the Ipswich, Manningtree and Stowmarket areas. Among the subjects considered were future meetings and the Gas Identifica- tion Service. The first meeting at Norwich, held at the Strangers’ Club, 15th December, was called primarily to discuss future arrangements in that city.It was suggested that the next meeting should be held during January and that Dr. Corran should present a paper on “Gas Warfare and the Civil Population,” to which the loca! city and county A.R.P. officials and police should be invited. It was also agreed to endeavour to hold monthly meetings as in I pswich. At the second Ipswich meeting, held on 16th December, Mr. R. S. Colborne, opened a discussion on “The Chemist in Wartime ” He said that the present war was in many ways a continuation of the war of 1914-1918. In the previous war chemists were called upon to solve urgent problems-(a) the production of drugs, dyestuffs and fine chemicals previously not made in this country, (b) the enormous expansion of the explosives industry, (c) the manufacture of war gases.These problems were in the main solved by 1918 and no such developments were to be ex- pec t ed, although relatively minor developments would continue. If the war of 1914-18 could be called a chemists’ war, then the present conflict might be a physicists’ war, but chemistry would continue to play a considerable part. 472 Owing to the comprehensive demands of the fighting forces and essential services, a large number of firms employing chemists were already to some extent either directly or indirectly em- ployed in Government work, but a proportion of chemists might have to face changes in employment. These changes might arise from (a) restriction in production of non-essential com- modities, (b) shortage of certain raw materials, (c) local disturb- ances as a result of air raids.Mr. Colborne suggested that the Central Register of the Ministry of Labour should be used as a means of transferring chemists to new employments if they were available, but should not be used to call up chemists already employed on work of national importance. East Midlands.-At a meeting held at the Victoria Station Hotel, Nottingham, on 2nd December, the Committee decided to carry on with the remainder of the programme for the current session so far as it is found practicable. Meetings are to be held in February, March and April, and notification of these will be issued in the circular announcing the first meeting.A Joint Committee Meeting with the South Yorkshire Section was held also on 2nd December to receive the report from the District Member of Council and to nominate the District Member of Council for 1940-41. Glasgow and West of. Scotland.-Under the auspices of the chemical societies and associations’of Glasgow and the West of Scotland, a Progressive Whist Drive, followed by a Supper and Dance, was held in the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 2nd December. This function took the place of the annual Ramsay Chemical Dinner and, despite the war-time discomforts and difficulties of transport, an attendance of 170 fully justified the experiment and the faith of the committee. Mr. W. A. S. Calder, President of the Institute, occupied the chair at the Supper.The toast list was very brief. After “The King,” the Chair- man called upon Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., Regius Professor of Chemistry at Glasgow University, to propose “The Memory of Sir William Ramsay.” Professor Cook prefaced his remarks by stating that although he had had no personal contact with Sir William Ramsay, he 473 could nevertheless pay high tribute to his work and likewise to Glasgow’s contributions to chemistry. He dealt with the position of chemists in war-time, pointing out that, while the services of industrial chemists were probably being very fully utilised, in his opinion the same could not be said of chemists in Universities, Colleges and Research Institutions. Chemists could make large and valuable contributions to the intellectual wealth and strength of the nation.He hoped that this would soon be officially recognised and the call made on such contributions as speedily as possible. The President of the Royal Society had recently voiced similar opinions in connection with the utilisation of scientific workers in general, about 6,500 of whom had registered with the Society and had indicated their willingness to place their services at the Government’s disposal. A comparatively small number of these had so far been called upon and this appeared to indicate that full use was not being made of our national resources of brain power. He also reminded the company of the suggestion made by the late Mr. Wm.Trotter, the famous surgeon, that it is chiefly in the realm of the mind that we have a superiority of strength over present-day Germany. The toast was honoured in silence. The Chairman voiced the regret of the company that the Lord Provost, Mr. P. J. Dollan, had been unable to be present. Com-menting on the remarks of Professor Cook, he said that the truth of his remarks about the worth of the scientific worker was fully recognised by the Authorities. He felt that, before long, a much fuller use of our resources in that direction could be looked for. The health of Miss Andross, the Convenor, was toasted, and Professor T. S. Patterson proposed the health of Mr. Calder, thanking him for his good offices as Chairman. During the dancing which followed the supper, short cabaret, ventriloquial and conjuring entertainments were given and the guests were invited to take part in several competitions. Charges were made for these “side-shows,” and as a result of this, together with a collection and the allocation of part of the ticket charge, the committee hope to be able to give a sum of over thirty pounds to the funds of the Red Cross.Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 29th November, when the chair was taken by Dr. A. E. Everest. Three films were shown illustrative of microchemical technique, namely :-“ Chemical Work on the Microscope Slide,” 474 “Chemical Work on the Centrifuge Cone” and “Old Masters of Microchemistry.” The films were much appreciated, and the Chairman expressed the appreciation and thanks of the meeting to the Microchemical Club, for the loan of the films, and to Mr.D. Hanson for kindly providing the projector and showing them, A brief discussion was held on the future activities of the Section, and it was agreed that the attendance at that meeting justified a further meeting, which would be held about the middle of January, providing that a suitable lecture could be arranged. The meeting concluded with a brief account by Dr. Whitaker of the course of training undergone by Gas Identification Officers. India.-Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee of the Institute, has directed attention to the proceedings of the Society of Biological Chemists, India, which has been formed to co-ordinate the work of biological chemists in various parts of the Indian Empire, to hold meetings, and to publish reviews and abstracts of the biological work done in India.Part I of Vol. IV of the Proceedings of the Society, published in August, gives particulars of the papers read at a symposium held at Lahore in January last, jointly with the Indian Science Congress, and another held at Bangalore in April, jointly with other bodies, including the Indian Section of the Institute. The subject in each case was that of organic manures,-composting of waste materials, economic and hygienic methods for the disposal of city refuse, the use of compost and green manures on tea estates, and similar matters.(The Proceedings are obtainable from the Honorary Secretary, Society of Biological Chemists, India, Hebbal P.O., Bangalore, India. Price 2s.) Leeds Area.-Owing to the transport and lighting restric- tions which make it particularly difficult for members to come together from the wide area served by this Section, it has been decided to suspend the usual programme of meetings for the present. The position will be reconsidered early in the New Year, or sooner if circumstances warrant. The Honorary Secretary will be glad to hear from members at all times, andit 476 is hoped that advantage will be taken of every opportunity of maintaining personal contact. Dr. J. W. Baker, Dr. H. Burton, Mr. L. Cocker and Dr.L. Ellis have been elected to the vacancies on the Committee, and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey have been re-elected as Honorary Auditors. Liverpool and North-Western.-The outbreak of war caused the Committee of the Local Section to abandon, with regret, the programme arranged for the 1939-40 session, but in order, so far as possible, to maintain continuity of the working of the Section, an Emergency Joint Committee representing the Institute and the Liverpool Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists was formed, and arranged a limited programme of joint meetings covering the period up to the end of December, 1939. The first of these meetings was held at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, on 19th October.Mr. R. R. Butler, who occupied the chair for the formal opening of the meeting, outlined the proposed programme, and the approval of the meeting was given to the action of the Emergency Joint Committee. Mr. Butler then expressed his pleasure in introducing Mr. G. W. Beaumont (until recently Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the Institute) as Chairman for the ensuing session. Mr. Beaumont gave an address entitled “The Private Practitioner” of which he has supplied the following abstract:- The title of “Analytical and Consulting Chemist ’’ provided the description of that branch of the profession which the Institute was founded to promote. A more recent title might be taken from the proposed Supplemental Charter where private prac- ‘I titioners and consultants” were mentioned, now only as one of the many branches of the profession.Seeing that analytical chemists of this kind were usually prepared to undertake, for any person, work which came within their scope, it was not surprising that the term ‘I public analyst ” was occasionally applied to them by mistake. There was here the distinction between the needs of the individual and those of the community, though there were many chemists whose work combined a private practice with public appointments. 476 It was a matter of interest that this one title was borne by persons whose work in analytical chemistry varied greatly. This feature of specialisation, which, by causing a fuller study of a restricted field, raised the standard of analytical work, was a point to be borne in mind by a young man who considered setting up in practice for himself.It would be helpful if he could form an opinion beforehand as to the general class of work he wished to undertake, so as to obtain, if possible by service in works laboratories or those of private practitioners, that full and specific training which would serve him best. For those who set up a laboratory with only a short post-graduate experience and without a chosen field, there was a great deal of hard work to be done in study and research if they wished, in the early lean years of their practice, to undertake miscellaneous work. In his connexion it was felt that many textbooks on analysis and other sources of similar information would have enhanced value, particularly to the less experienced worker, if the pro- cedures could be given in greater detail and there were more information available concerning the practical applications and limitations of such procedures.As an example of a very good type of textbook, in this respect, there was one which dealt, in its 180 odd pages, solely with rock analysis and devoted four pages to discussion on the question of divergence of duplicate estimations and summation. Dealing with professional practice within his own experience, Mr. Beaumont gave a few examples where trade usage had established the employment of methods which did not give scientifically correct results.Included in these were the testing of alkali by the use of thc “32” equivalent, which was based on an atomic weight of 24 for sodium, also the technical estimation of the sucrose in raw sugar by “polarisation,” a procedure not taking into account the presence of interfering impurities. After referring briefly to such matters as fees and advertise- ments, Mr. Beaumont considered the question of the future of the private practitioner, mainly from the standpoint of com-mercial work. There were some forms of progress which lessened the demand for his services, and among these might be men- tioned: the increase in the number of firms who some years ago would have had analytical work done for them, but who now employed their own chemists ; the establishment of analytical and research laboratories by different industries ; the fusion of business firms; and the use of tank steamers for certain products whereby the homogeneity of large bulks could be attained.There were also factors tending to maintain the need for the practitioner’s services, though in some instances to a diminish- ing extent. Raw products of many kinds would always require analysis since nature was not an exact manufacturer; there were consumers of manufactured products who made a practice of having the composition of their deliveries checked by an analyst. Many business firms concerned preferred to call in the services of an analyst, as and when required, possibly because the intermittent nature of their requirements did not warrant the setting up of a laboratory and the inclusion of an analyst in their staff.There was also, in many cases, the. preference for an independent opinion. Taking these points into consideration with the practitioner’s accessibility foi investigation and con- sulting work, one might say that there was reason to suppose he would continue as a member of the family of analytical chemists, though perhaps it was in commercial work of this kind that his more permanent sphere of usefulness lay. It must be borne in mind, however, that local conditions and individual practices varied greatly, and opinions as to the future of this branch of the profession should be given with reserve. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr.B. D. W. Luff (Chairman of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry), who referred to the excellence of Mr. Beaumont’s work as an Honorary Secretary and expressed himself as in complete agree- merit with the lecturer’s plea for the inclusion of clear and essential detail in the description of analytical methods. He instanced how a change in solvent used for extraction caused variation of the result in the case of determination of dirt in palm oil. The second of the joint meetings arranged as part of the Emergency Programme was held at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool, on 9th November, under the auspices of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, with Mr. 13. D. W. Luff (Chairman of the Section) in the Chair.Dr. L. J. Burrage (of Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., and Honorary Secretary of the Section) gave a lecture on “Activated Charcoal.” The following summary has been kindly supplied by the lecturer :- 478 Since the work on adsorption of vapours by activated charcoal had grown to such a vast extent since the last war, the author proposed to deal with one or two aspects of the subject and would confine his remarks to details of a possible mechanism of the activation of charcoal and some factors influencing the adsorption of vapours by charcoal. The whole of the subject matter, however, had been previously published in a number of papers in various journals. Mention was made of the more common activation agents, such as air, steam, zinc chloride, etc., and their action on soft wood, nut shell and peat.The mechanism of activation suggested that in all forms of activation it is the cellulose or the charcoal formed from the cellulose which is pitted, giving rise to areas of high adsorptive potential, whereas lignin or the charcoal formed from lignin is practically untouched. Curves were shown, demonstrating the effect of increased activation on the isothermals of CCl,, as deduced from the hypothesis and experimental data quoted, which bore this out. Figures were given which showed that it was possible to “over- activate” a charcoal to such an extent that it was practically inactive. The author then dealt with the poisoning effect of the surface carbon-oxygen complex which could not be completely removed by evacuation.“Flushing out” with vapour was shown to remove a large amount of combined oxygen, but it was not claimed that the surface even then was oxygen-free. The interesting point was that, following this treatment, the adsorption of vapours was now instantaneous and the resultant isothennals were shown to consist of a very large number of rectangular steps, providing that sufficient experimental points were obtained. The author then dealt with the adsorption of vapours by unactivated charcoal and showed that very marked differences existed, some vapours being readily adsorbed and some scarcely adsorbed at all. This was particularly the case when considera- tion was given to the quantities of the various substances which were adsorbed in a quasi-chemical manner.The subject of hysteresis and “drift” was also briefly dealt with on the basis of the present hypothesis. Finally, to summarise, the mechanism of adsorption by unactivated charcoal was very complex and could be classed under a number of headings:- (I) At high pressures adsorption takes place according to (2) The higher the vapour pressure of the substance con- the magnitude of the dielectric constant. 479 cerned the more effective will be the removal of the surface complex, which may either increase or decrease the amount adsorbed. (3) Certain definite amounts of adsorbed vapour are quasi- chemically held, the amount being dependent on certain atoms and their position in the molecule.(4) Some substances can combine with the complex itself and only remove the C,O, very slowly. A vote of thanks to Dr. Burrage for his paper was proposed by Mr. L. J. Corbett (Chairman of the Liverpool Branch of the British Association of Chemists), and seconded by Mr. G. W. Beaumont (Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute). London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on 22nd November. Dr. E. B. Hughes presided and, in opening the proceedings, called the attention of the meeting to the presence of Mr. W. A. S. Calder, President of the Institute, as a member of the Section.Mr. Calder, who was warmly greeted, briefly acknowledged his reception. The Annual Report of the Committee and the Hon. Treasurer's statement of accounts were received and adopted. The following gentlemen were elected as Committee for the year :-Officers : Chairman, Mr. J. R. Nicholls" ; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. R. F. Innes, Dr. J. Grant*; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. C. A. Adams; Hon. Secretary, Mr. D. M. Freeland: ex-officio, as District Member of Council, Mr. M. Bogod. Committee: Fellows, Mr. C. T. Abell, Dr. H. Baines, Dr. L. E. Campbell, Mr. R. C. Chirnside, Mr. R. L. Collett, Dr. D. C. Garratt*, Mr. R. L. Kenny*, Mr. E. Q. Laws, Dr. G. L. Riddell*, Dr. E. A. Rudge*, Mr. G. A. Stokes, Mr. W. 0. R. Wynn. Associates: Dr. M. P. Balfe, Dr. A.Batley, Mr. F. Green*, Mr. D. J. Saxby, Mr. S. Stevens, Mr. A. W. H. Upton". The Hon. Auditors, Messrs. C. L. Claremont and P. Bilham, were accorded a vote of thanks and re-appointed. The meeting agreed to an amendment of Local Section Rule 5, whereby members of Committee secured nominative powers, the alteration having met with the approval of the Council at an earlier date. * An asterisk (*) indicates a new officer or member of committee. 480 The Chairman expressed thanks to the retiring members of the Committee and referred to the interesting programme which had been arranged prior to the outbreak of war, which it would be the endeavour of the Committee to carry through so far as possible in the circumstances. On the proposal of Mr.C. L. Claremont, a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Hughes, the retiring Chairman, for his arduous work for the Section over a period of nearly 14years, during which time he had served, with only one short break, either as an officer or member of Committee. Owing to the outbreak of war, the Committee empowered its officers to constitute an emergency panel to reorganise the pro- gramme for the new session. Dr. J. M. Martin, Associate, has kindly consented to give an address entitled “ Plant Insecticides.’’ An endeavour will be made to hold the meeting in Central London and to commence proceedings at 5 p.m., in the hope that members will be able to attend at that hour. The success of this meeting will determine the arrangements for a lecture in February.On the invitation of Mr. F. Courtney Harwood, Fellow, Director of the British Launderers’ Research Association, members of the Section again visited the laboratories of the Association at Hendon on 13th December. Each branch of the laboratory work was described by the member of the staff responsible for it, and the visit included the inspection of the model laundry. In March, a joint meeting of the Section with the London Branch of the Institute of Physics will be held in the Lecture Hall of Messrs. Kodak, Ltd., at their Wealdstone Works, when Dr. D. A. Spencer, Fellow, will give an addIess upon “Recent Advances in Colour Photography.” It is hoped that visits to other works will be maintained. The directors of Messrs. Whitbread’s Brewery and Kodak, Ltd., have kindly consented to receive parties in March and June respectively.Newcastle upon Tyne and North East Coast.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Conservative Club, on 11th November, it was decided to hold two further luncheon meetings-on 28th November and 19th December, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. About fifty members and friends were present at the meeting held on 28th November, when the chair was taken by Professor 481 H. L. Riley, supported by the Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, Dr. W. M. Madgin, and the speaker was Captain J. G. Bennett, Director of the Coal Utilisation Research Association, whose subject was- (( Producer Gas-a Petrol Substitute.” Captain Bennett gave an interesting account of the application of the small-scale producer to the production of gas for consumption in petrol-driven vehicles.The subject provoked a lively discussion, in which many participated. The Officers and Committee for the forthcoming session will be :-Chairman, Dr. 14‘. M. Madgin ; Honorary Treasurer, Dr. P. L. Robinson; Honorary Secretary, Dr. E. E. Aynsley; Committee, Dr. A. A. Hall (District Member of Council), Dr. W.S. Patterson (Member of Council), Mr. A. J. Prince (Member of Council) Dr. S. A. Wikner, Dr. G. E. Stephenson, Mr. F. H. Walker, Mr. W.G. Carey, Dr. F. R. iliilliams, and Mr. A. Bailey. During the temporary absence of Dr. E. E. Aynsley, Dr. P.L. Robinson is acting as Honorary Secretary. At the beginning of the New Year, meetings will be held in the evening at the Mining Institute, Neville Street, Newcastle, where there is a convenient lecture theatre which has been very kindly placed at the disposal of the Sections by the Secretary of the Mining Institute. South Wales.-The first meeting of the session took the form of a social gathering of local Fellows of the Chemical Society, Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and members of the Society of Chemical Industry, those who had recently been transferred to the district being specially invited. The meeting was held on the afternoon of Saturday, 21st October, at the Hotel hletropole, Swansea. Members and guests were received by Prof.J. E. Coates, representing the Chemical Society, and hlr. J. Christie, Chairman of the Local Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. After tea, Mr. Christie and Prof. Coates welcomed the visiting members and indicated that every effort would be made to carry on the local activities of the societies during the present session. Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., replied on behalf of the guests. 482 The Twenty-first Anniversary of the Inauguration of the Local Section of the Institute was celebrated on 16th November, by the holding of an Informal Dinner at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea. The present Chairman of the Section, Mr. J. Christie, who was the first Chairman of the Section and largely responsible for its inception, presided.Seventy-two members and guests were present to welcome the President, Mr. W. A. S. Calder, who proposed the toast of “The South Wales Section,” to which the Chairman replied. The Mayor of Swansea, Councillor J. R. Martin, and Mr. W. C. Mitchell, President of the Swansea Chamber of Commerce, replied to the toast of “The Town and Trade of Swansea,” proposed by Dr. C. A. Seyler. S3r Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., proposed the toast of “The Guests,” coupling with it the names of Mr. J. Rogers, O.B.E., Deputy Director-General of Explosives, Ministry of Supply, and Dr. H. E. Quick, President of the Royal Institution of South Wales. Other guests who were present in addition to the speakers included the Mayoress of Swansea; Dr.C. A. Edwards, F.R.S., Principal of the University College, Swansea; Mr. G. Thompson, Principal of the Technical College, Swansea; and Dr. N. M. Cullinane, Chairman of the Cardiff and District Section of the Institute. South Yorkshire.-The activities of the Local Section have been temporarily suspended. 483 Examinations, October-November, 1939. Report of the Board of Examiners. As previously notified it was necessary to cancel the examina- tions which had been arranged to be held in September. By the courtesy and willing co-operation of a number of Fellows of the Institute, and of the authorities of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, of the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London, and the Proprietors of Glaxo Laboratories, Limited, Greenford, it was found possible for the examinations to be held during October and November, and the Council is glad to record that the majority of the candidates who had previously entered were able to present themselves. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held as under :-For the Associateship in General Chemistry- Entered.Passed. At the Institute, at the Sir John Cass Tech- nical Institute, London, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow-Monday and Tuesday, 30th and 31st October ;Tuesday-Friday, 7th-10th November, inclusive. (Some candidates took their theoretical papers under the supervision of Fellows of the Institute at a number of local centres) 46 * 2a* For the Fellowsh+-Branch C.Organic Chemistry : at Battersea Polytechnic, London-30th October-3rd 4 November .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute, and at the Glaxo Labora-tories, Greenford, Middlesex-2 3rd-2 8th October, inclusive .. .. .. ,. 6 -3 -52 32 * Four candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the examination and 7 candidates satisfied the Examiners in those pasts in which they bad previously failed. 484 The following papers and exercises u-ero set :-Examination for the Associateship in GeneralChemistry. MONDAY, 30th OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Giew formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Discuss and examine critically the classification of valency bonds in inorganic chemistry. 2. What is meant by “hydrolysis”? Outline methods by means of which the extent of hydrolysis of a salt can be measured. The dis- sociation constant of hydrocyanic acid is 1.3 x and the ionic product for water is 10-14. What is the percentage hydrolysis of aN/100 solution of sodium cyanide ? 3. How is the existence of isotopes generally explained? Give an account of some of the methods which have been used to effect a separation of isotopes and indicate any new prospects in isotope separation. 4. Describe the preparation of any FOUR of the following on a manu- facturing scale and indicate their chief propertios and uses :-(u) phosphorus ;(b) white lead; (c) ammonium molybdate; (cl) Portland cement; (e)potas-sium nitrate; (f)ammonium persulphate. 5.Discuss TWO of the following :-(a) Fractional distillation; (b)the quinhydrone electrode; (c) solid solutions; (d)solubility product. 6. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:-(a) The value of the study of the history of chemistry; (b)surface films; (c) the detection of inorganic substances by spot-tests. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer concbely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Deduce, from the laws of thermodynamics, an expression for calculating the molecular weight of a dissolved substance from observations of the depression in the freezing-point of its solution.0.1350 gram of camphor C,,I-E1,O dissolved in 5 grams of p-toluidine(melting point 42.1” C.) depresses the freezing-point 0.940”. Calculate the freezing-point constant I< and the latent hoat of fusion for p-toluidine. 2. Indicate in tabular form the relationship of the alkali metals as exemplified by tho characteristics of those elements and by the properties of their typical compounds. 3. Compare the characteristic features of homogeneous and hetero- geneous reactions. Show how the velocity constants may be derived in each case. 4. Discuss, in detail, the structures you would assign to THREE of the following:-(a) CoC1,,6NH3; (b) PtC12,2NH,; (c) B&,; (d) sulphurous acid; (e) metal derivatives of substituted glyoximes.5. Give a detailed account of the chemistry of EITHER (a)chromium and its compounds, OR (b) selenium and telluritim and their compounds. 6. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:-(a) Hydrogen; (b) persulphides and peroxides; (c) the part played by free radicals in chemical reactions. 485 TUESDAY, 31st OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equatiom where possible.) 1. By means of equations and short notes describe how you would prepare the following compounds from _benzene :-(u) p-nitroaniline ; (b) p-bromoaniline; (c) p-chloronitrobenzene; (d) anisole; (e) quinol (hydroquinone); if) iodobenzene; (9) ethylbenzene. 2. By means of equations and short notes describe how you mould prepare the following compounds :-(u) chloroform; (b) methylene iodide; (c) di-acetyl; (d) acctylacetone; (e) diethylamine; (f) adipic acid; (9)pinacone; (h) pinacoline.3. In the light of more modern work discuss Kekulis’s postulation of the invariable quadrivalency of carbon in organic compounds. 4. Give the evidence (analytic as well as synthetic) on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based :-(a) camphor;(b)nicotine; (c) atropine. 5. By means of typical examples illustrate the uses of FIVE important oxidising agents in organic chemistry. 6. Give TWO examples of the uses of each of the following reagents in organic chemistry :-(u) ethyl magnesium bromide; (b)metallic copper; (c) sodium ethoxide; (d) acetic anhydride; (e) amyl nitrite; (f)selenium dioxide.7. Describe the commercial preparation of ONE of the following compounds :-(u) indigo, OR (b) alizarin (from naphthalene). 8. A substance C,,H,,O,N, (A) is decomposed by hot dilute mineral acid into an acidic compound C,H,O,N, (B) and a neutral compound C,HlOO*(C).Acid-reducing agents convert (B) into anthranilic acid while sodium hypobromite converts (C) into bromoform and n-butyric acid. Give the structural formula of (A) and suggest a method of synthesising it. T UESDA Y, 7th NOVEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Identify and characterise as completely as time allows compounds (A) and (B). (A = Benzalaniline OR o-cresyl carbonate; B = n-butylfonnate OR ethylchloracetate.) WEDNESDAY, 8th NOVEMBER, 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. -4ssign compounds (C) and (D) to their respective classes and charac- terise them as completely as possible. (C = Chloramine T oRp-nitrotoluenesulphonic acid (Na salt) ; D = Nethylcarbonate OR ethylacetoacetate.) THURSDAY, 9th NOVEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the constituents of the mixture (E). (E = Manganese2. Determine by a gravimetric method the percentage of molybdenumchromate and boric oxide.) in the sample (F)which contains sodium and ammonium molybdates. The results of both exercises must be handed in to-day. 486 FRIDAY, 10th NOVEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine volumetrically the weight of ferric oxdate and the weight of potassium oxalate in 100 grams of the mixture (G) provided.2. Identify (H) and (K). (H = Potassium sulphate and potassium tungstate; K = barium sulphate and vanadium oxide.) Examinations for the Fellowship. Branch C : Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, 30th OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Answer FOUR questions. 1. Outline and discuss the experimental evidence on which the constitutions of the following compounds are based :-Limonene, a-terpineol, terpin hydrate, cineole and carvone. Indicate clearly the structural inter-relationships of these substances. 2. Give an account of the reactions of conjugated systems with special reference to the Diels-Alder type of reaction. 3. Discuss the bearing of the conception of resonance on structural chemistry.4. Give an account of the characteristic reactions of compoundscontaining the keto-methylene group. 5. Give an account of the experimental evidence on which the structures of fructose and glucose are based. 6. Give an account of aliphatic diazo-compounds. 2 to 5 p.m. Write essays on TWO of the following topics:- (a) The Walden Inversion. (b) Optical activity due to restricted rotation. (c) Molecular rearrangements. (d) The theories bearing on aromatic substitution. (e) The application of the electronic theory of valency to the reactions of organic compounds. TUESDAY, 31st OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. From the benzaldehyde provided prepare specimens of :-(i) Benzylalcohol; (ii) benzoic acid; (iii) benzoin; (iv) benzil; (v) benzilic acid; (vi) benzylidene p-toluidine; (vii) dibenzyl acetone; (viii) azi-benzil; (ix)benzyl p-nitrobenzoate. These exercises may be completed to-morrow.WEDNESDAY, 1st NOVEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p,m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the three components of the mixture (A) and state approximately the proportions in which they are present (A = Toluene, phenol and p-toluidine.) This exercise may be completed to-morrow. 487 THURSDAY, 2nd NOVEMBER, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify compound (B). (B = n-butyl hydrogen phthalate.) FRIDAY, 3rd NOVEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Investigate as completely as possible compounds (C) and (D).(C = Ethyl malonate; D = Congo Red.) Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water.MONDAY, 23rd OCTOBER, 10 to 11.30 a.m. Not more than THREE questions to be attempted. 1. Describe how you would estimate the composition of a sample of sausage. 2. The following figures have been brought to you by an assistant as having been obtained by the analysis of a sample of fresh milk:- F.P.D. 0.558” C.; Ash 0.62 per cent.; N x 6.38, 3-52 per cent.; lactose 4-12 per cent. What action would you take and why? 3. What do you understand by the ‘‘titre’’ of an oil. How is it determined? 4. Describe in outline the large-scale methods which are now available for the purification of drinking water and its preparation for passage through service pipes.11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. Not more than THREE questions to be attempted. 1. Give an account of the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of (a) potassium bromide; (b) acetarsol; (c) oil of chenopodium;(d)atropine sulphate; (e) opium. 2. Name the official preparations of mercury, and describe briefly the purposes for which each is used. 3. Describe the principal features of acute poisoning by (a) oxalic 4. Describe the principal diagnostic microscopic structures of the acid; (b) a coal tar disinfectant; (c) barbitone; (d)strychnine. following powdered drugs:-(a) nux vomica; (b) ergot; (c) senna leaf; (d) ginger. TUESDAY, 24th OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Assume that specimen (A) is a sample taken under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act and described as cream cheese.Examine and report upon the official form provided. (A soft cheese made from partially skimmed milk.) WEDNESDAY, 25th OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Examine the sample of castor oil (B) and report on its purity. THURSDAY, 26th OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Determine the [a]: of the sample of impure lactose provided (C). 2. The sample of fat (D) contains coconut oil and/or palm kernel 488 oil mixed with lard. Determine the nature and estimate the quantities of the ingredients present. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. PRIDAY, 27th OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Continue the examination of the fat (D). 2. Determine the nature and the amount of the adulterant contained in the sample of cream of tartar (E).SATURDAY, 28th OCTOBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a microscopical examination of the drug (F). Submit preparations and annotated sketches to show the principal structures present. 2. Examine the “Tonic Tablets” (G) and report as to their position under the laws and regulations governing the sale of poisons. 3. Determine the proportion of reducing sugar in the urine (H). EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry .-The work done by the candidates in the theory papers calls for little special comment. The questions proved well within the range of the candidates’ knowledge and most of them attempted the required number. The least satisfactory answers were returned to the questions involving calculations, viz., Paper I, Question 2, and Paper 2, Question 3.It was evident that many candidates had paid very little attention to chemical calculations during their courses, and this is to be deplored. The practical work was well done generally, but the volumetric analysis proved a stumbling block to a number of the candidates. Organic Theory.-With the exception of the problem, all the questions were attempted by approximately an equal number of candidates, many of whom showed a sound grasp of the subject. Unfortunately, some of the candidates were so obviously ill- prepared that they ought not to have presented themselves for the examination. Organic Practical.-Many candidates went wildly astray early in their exercises through referring to tables of melting and boiling points before they had adequately assigned a particular substance to its class.Attention has been drawn on previous occasions to the results which follow these unhappy attempts to defeat the main object of the examination, but the practice appears to be increasingly prevalent. In the hope that it may have a salutary effect, three illustrations of its futility are chosen from the present examination: (i) a candidate, having found a crystalline compound to be neutral and to contain nitrogen, decided that it was p-nitrotoluene and stated that he was able to prepare (impure !) p-nitrobenzoic acid from it by oxidation. The compound was benzylidene aniline.(ii) Similarity of melting points led a second candidate to believe that his neutral, nitrogen- and-halogen-free, compound was benzophenone, and he records the preparation of its phenyl hydrazone possessing the correct melting point. The compound actually under examination was o-cresyl carbonate. (iii) A candidate having ascertained that a compound underwent smooth hydrolysis concluded correctly that it was an ester. He then took its boiling point and, having referred to a table of boiling points, concluded that it was a formic ester of somewhat similar boiling point. This candidate, apparently a careful worker, had made the acute observation that considerable effervescence occurred when he acidified the sodium hydroxide used in the hydrolysis of his ester.So greatly had the injudicious reference warped his judgment that he stated that the evolved gas must have been due to the decomposition of the liberated formic acid. The ester was methyl carbonate. On the other hand, it was possible to award good marks to a number of candidates who did not succeed in completely identi- fying the compounds set for examination. These proceeded by a systematic process of elimination, and although they did not arrive at a final result, at least they avoided reaching an incorrect one. Translations.-On the whole these were fairly well done, although some candidates relied too much on the help of a dictionary to overcome a lack of acquaintance with the elements of German grammar.BRANCHE. THECHEMISTRY,INCLUDING MICROSCOPY,OF FOOD AND DRUGSAND OF WATER. The written work was, on the whole, well done, the successful candidates giving evidence of wide reading and sound knowledge. The manipulative work in the practical examination was well 490 done, the experimental results reaching a good standard of accuracy. Familiarity was also displayed in tackling problems. In therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy a good standard was obtained, but it is still necessary to remind some candidates to pay careful attention to microscopy. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Baird, Kirk, City Technical College, Liverpool. Beardall, James Alfred, Ph.C., University College, Nottingham, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London.Birtwistle, William Kenyon, A.M.C.T., Municipal Technical College, Blackburn, and College of Technology, Manchester. Chandler, Norman Charles, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Corker, Alfred Eric, Ph.C., Bradford Technical College. Dabin, John Walter Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Queen Mary College and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Denley, Philip George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Elwell, William Thomas, Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough. Ganday, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Handy, Kenneth Hailstone, B.Pharm. (Wales), Technical College, Cardif€. Harris, Roy Clifford, Technical College, Cardiff. Hart, Gerard, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester.Hayes, Herbert Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Leicester. Hind, George, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Hyams, Montagu, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Kerrigan, Vincent, Royal Technical College, Salford. Kulanayagam, Vallipuram, University College, Colombo, and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Lomax, Frank Stephen, Birkbeck College, London. Macpherson, David Archibald Whyte, Ph.C., University College, Dundee, and Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle upon Tyne. McKay, Alan, Municipal Technical College, Hull. Palethorpe, Louis George Whybrow, University College, Nottingham. Robinson, Eric John, Ph.C., Bradford Technical College. Selfe, Francis Leslie, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.Sharman, Ivan Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic and King's College, London, and The University, Cambridge. Soar, Denis Godfrey, Derby Technical College. Wallace, Eben Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), City Technical College, Liverpool. Waller, Leo James, Ph.C., Acton Technical College and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Warner, Lionel William Jeffrey, Sir John Cass Technical Institute and Battersea Polytechnic, London. Examinatiom for the Fellowship. In Branch C: Organic Chemistry. Tebbit, Reginald Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C. In Branch E :The Chemistry, incwng Micrmcqpy, of Food and -8, and of Water. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, Ph.C. Waterhouse, Charles Edward, Ph.C. Williams, Edmund (hrdmx, MA. (oantiab.). 491 Notes.A Memorandum has been prepared by the Secretary of one of the principal scientific Institutions, for the guidance of publica- tions committees and others concerned with the production of scientific and technical journals and papers. Its object is to avoid publication of information which might prove useful to the enemy. The Memorandum suggests that subject-matter which the ordinary layman would consider to be harmless might be re- garded as undesirable by one of the Service Departments, whose opinions can be obtained with little delay through the centralised machinery of the Press and Censorship Bureau. Infringement of the Defence of the Realm Regulations by the publication of matter which, in the view of one of the Service Departments, is likely to be of strategic value to the enemy, may lead to prosecution.It is emphasised, therefore, that the attention of all concerned should be drawn to the necessity for caution, and referees, to whom scientific papers may be referred, are specially asked to affirm that no questionable matter is contained in papers submitted to them. If a referee draws attention to any particular point, this should be brought to the notice of the Censor, who should also direct attention to any mention of a Service Department or official organisation. The editors and editorial Secretaries of Institutions are advised to examine discussions, notes, advertisements and similar matter, before sending them to Press. Abstracts of articles must be examined, and authors warned at an early stage in the prepara- tion of their papers, so that they may avoid the inclusion of undesirable material. These injunctions refer especially to papers dealing with methods of manufacture or on new practice; reference to exten- sion of works and new plant; reference to the authorisation of funds for tenders for such extensions; the localities of new works.Advertisements should exclude such phrases as “Contractors to the Government” or “Engaged on work for the R.A.F.” Aerial views should not be reproduced, nor photographs of important buildings. No mention should be made of camou-flaging buildings or equipment unless passed by competent authority. PaperSuppliesinWar-Time.-Messrs. Spalding and Hodge, Ltd.lately produced a brochure to celebrate the 150th anniver- sary of the establishment of the firm, which included not only a brief history of the progress of the business, but some interesting information regarding the supply of paper during 1914-zo. At the outbreak of the previous war, the price of a single variety of book-paper made at a particular mill, was zid. a pound. At the beginning of 1916,it had risen to 32d. and it advanced to 5d. by the end of that year; during 1917,it rose to rod., and in 1918to IS. Id.; in 1919it fell to 74d.r but during 1920 touched IS. Gd. a pound! It is to be hoped that, with paper control, this experience will not be repeated, or it will very seriously hamper, if not render impossible, the continued publication of many scientific and other journals.Scientific Films.-The London Scientific Film Society proposes to hold four performances of scientific films this season. The Society hopes to have the first show early in January, prob- ably on Sunday afternoons at thc Academy Cinema, Oxford Street, London, W.I. Last year thi: Society was so well supported that it was able to run five shows, although only four were guaranteed. It is hoped to include films Gn chemical subjects; but the number of films of this kind appears to be small. The Society would like to hear of any such films, either completed or in process of production. The subscription will be the same as before, namely IOS., or 15s. for the better seats. Information and applications for membership should be sent to The Secretary, London Scientific Film Society, 30, Bedford Row, London, W.C.I.Sir Robert Robinson, F.R.S., FeZZozu, has received the degree of D.Sc., hoitovis cazisa, from the Senate of the University of London. Mr. Thomas Edward Wallis, Fellow, Reader in E'harmacognosy in London University, has been awarded thc Hanbury Gold Medal of the Pharmaceutical Society in recognition of research on the Natural History and Chemistry of Drugs extending over thirty years. 493 The Chemical Council. Under Deed of Agreement between The Clzeinicnl Society , The Institute of Chemistry, and The Society of Chemical Industry.-~st July, I939. FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT. The Chemical Council was constituted in July, 1935, the object being to raise and administer a fund for the followng purposes-(I) to assist the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry to meet the cost of their publications, (2) to promote research, (3) to provide for the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, and (4) eventually, to provide adequate premises ; also to co-ordinate the activities and adminis- tration of the Chartered Chemical Bodies in relation to the above object and purposes.The Financial Statements for the year ended 30th September, 1939, are attached. The Second Annual Report published on 6th December, 1937, cont;tined the list of contributors to zznd November, 1937. A short supplementary list was included in the Third Annual Report published on 26th January, 1939.The Council is gratified to be able to report that it has received from Sir Robert Mond’s Executors a payment of E6,500 in respect of his generous promise. This will be invested for the Endow- ment Fund, the interest on which is made available for current purposes. No further appeal has been issued, and the time is hardly opportune, but the Council feels it incumbent on it to repeat the opinion that the cost of chemical publications should be borne more substantially by chemists themselves, and that every chemist should take his share in defraying the cost of publications which are so essential to his professional work. In the Third Annual Report the Council stated that its efforts had been mainly directed to the evolution of a scheme, the object of which was to distribute the burden of the cost of puhlications more equitably over the membership of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies.In the hope that something definite and useful might result, that scheme was submitted to the Councils of the 494 three Bodies as a basis for discussion; but practical considerations necessitated a review of the whole subject, and the Council has now prepared a new scheme whereby chemists who join more than one Body may derive additional benefits, at less cost than the combined subscriptions to two or three Bodies, in addition to other privileges. With certain reservations the new scheme has been received with general approval by the Councils of the three Bodies.Before the outbreak of war the Solicitors to the Council were asked to prepare the heads of agreement governing the proposed extended scheme of co-operation. The Council hopes to complete the Agreement and have it ready for submission to the three Bodies for their final approval as soon as conditions appear favourable for launching the scheme. Contracts were negotiated for printing and paper supplies during 1939, but in the prevailing circumstances, with rapid fluctuation in costs, the Council considers it more practicable for the Societies to conduct this business for themselves. A Joint Committee collaborated early in the year on means to be taken for the safe preservation of essential and valuable property of the Societies in the event of war, in the arrangements with regard to meetings, lectures and examinations; also with regard to paying allowances, in appropriate instances, to members of the staffs on their being called up for active service or becoming engaged on work of national importance.The Council has also had under further consideration the problem of centralising routine office work and the distribution of publications. The Council has continued to deal with reports received from the Joint Library Committee and has provided for the representa- tion thereon of the various contributing societies :-Representative. Asscn. of British Chemical Manufacturers .. .. Dr. F. H. Carr, C.B.E. Biochemical Society . . ..Dr. W. Robson. Faraday Society .. . . Prof. J. R. Partington, M.B.E. Institute of Brewing .. .. Mr. H. W. Harman. Institute of Chemistry .. .. Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Dr. E. Vanstone. 495 Society of Chemical Industry . . Dr. H. E. Cox, Dr. L. A. Jordan, Dr. Rudolph Less- ing. Society of Dyers and Colourists. . Mr. J. Blair. Society of Public Analysts .. Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. Chemical Society .. .. Prof. A. J. Allmand, F.R.S., Prof. H. Bassett, Dr. 0. L. Brady, Prof. C. H. Desch, F.R.S., Mr. M. B. Donald, Dr. H. J. Emelh, Dr. C. F. Goodeve, Dr. Paul Haas, Prof. C. R. Haring-ton, F.R.S., Dr. T. A. Henry, Dr. E. W. Mc-Clelland, Dr. E. E. Turner, F.R.S., Prof.Wm.Wardlaw, Dr. J. C. Withers. The contributions of the three Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance cost of the Chemical Library during 1938 were calculated proportionately on the number of members respectively who had paid their annual subscriptions for that year,-taking into account donations received from other sources and a sum of E250 contributed by the Council itself under Section 7 of the Constitution. The amounts received from the three Chartered Bodies were:-The Chemical Society, E346 16s. Id.; The Institute of Chemistry, E715 5s. gd.; The Society of Chemical Industry, E382 18s. 8d. The pressing necessity for further accommodation for the Library has been temporarily relieved through the kindness of Messrs.Edward Arnold & Co., who have provided storage for a quantity of less-used serial publications, without charge or cost to the Chemical Society. The thanks of the chemical profession are proffered to the firm and to Mr. F. P. Dunn, one of the partners, to whose good offices the arrangement is due. Grants have been made to both Societies towards the increas- ing cost of publications, and loans have been advanced to meet current needs. The Council has also agreed to contribute l500 to the cost of the Collective Index of the Bureau of British Chemical and physiological Abstracts, of which E250 has already been paid. 496 In view of the importance of economy in the production of journals and the need for paper restrictions, the Council welcomed an article on “Presentation of Original Publications” contributed by Sir Gilbert Morgan to The Journal of the Institzite of Brewing and reproduced in other scientific and technical journals.The Council has been informed that the representatives of the publishing societies have held conferences, with a view to their mutual co-operation, in the problem of recruitment of member-ship. Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., one of the representatives of the Chemical Society, has retired from the Council on completing his term of office, and the Council of the Chemical Society has been asked to nominate a representative to fill the vacancy. Mr. F. G. Edmed, O.B.E., who has served as a repiesentative of the Institute of Chemistry from the formation of the Council, has retired, and Dr.Harold A. Tempany, C.B.E., has been ap- pointed as his successor. Dr. A. E. Dunstan and Dr. R. E. Slade, M.C., who have been Members of Council since 1935 and 1936, respectively, as repre- sentatives of Industry, have also retired, and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has been asked to nominate candidates to fill the vacancies thus caused. The Council, will proceed to the appointment of Officers for the ensuing year when nominations for the vacancies referred to above have been received. The Council has recorded its appreciation of the services rendered by its retiring colleagues. The Council records its indebtedness to Mr. F. P. Dunn for advice on matters relating to printing and paper supplies.The Council again wishes to express its great appreciation of the services given by Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, as Honorary Secretary, and by the staff of the Institute of Chemistry,-services which have been to the good of the chemical profession as a whole. LESLIEH. LAMPITT, Ckairman. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. December, 1939. 497 THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. SUMMARY OF CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED AND PROMISED TO 30th SEPTEMBER, 1939. s. d. f: s. d. s. d. ENDOWMENTACCOUNT-Received and receivable to 30th Septem- ber, 1939, per Balance Sheet : Under Deeds of Covenant . . .. 12,237 16 0 Donations .. .. .. .. 7,822 1 2 20,059 17 2 Amounts outstanding : Under Deeds of Covenant Under Promise .... .. .. 3,366 468 1 7 2 3 3,834 8 5 BUILDINGACCOUNT- 23,894 5 7 Received to 30th September, 1939, perBalance Sheet .. .. .. 60 0 0 Amount outstandingCovenant .. under .. Deed .. of .. 45 0 0 105 0 0 CURRENTEXPENSESACCOUNT- Received and receivable to 30th Septem-ber, 1939, per Balance Sheet Under Deeds of Covenant .. .. Donations .. .. .. .. 10,408 2,698 0 6 0 0 Amounts outstanding: Deeds of Covenant .. .. 13,633 15 13,106 0 6 0 Promises .. .. .. .. 309 14 0 13,943 9 0 27,049 15 0 Total .. .. 1. .. &51,049 0 7 498 499 THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30th SEPTEMBER, 1939 RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS. s. d.jG s. d. s. d. s. d.To Contributions for Current Expenses from Mem- By Purchase of Investments :-bers of A.B.C.M. and Allied Associations :-f;2,000,39% War Loan . . .. .. 1,931 9 0 Under Deeds of Covenant . . .. .. 3,445 1 3 jG1,OOO 3*% Conversion Stock . . .. 953 4 6 Less Income Tax .. .. .. .. 945 14 11 2,884 13 6 Loans :-2,499 6 4 Chemical Society .. .. .. .. 2,382 14 3 10 0Donations .. .. .. .. .. --0 2,509 6 4 Society of Chemical Industry . . .. 1,200 0 0 3,582 14 3 Contributions for Endowment Account :-Advances to Societies on Paper Accounts . . 2,123 8 2 Under Deeds of Covenant . . .. *. 926 12 1 Grants :-Less Income Tax .. .. .. .. 286 10 11 Chemical Society . . .. .. . . 1,000 0 0 Journal Abstracts . . .. .. 150 0 0 640 1 2 Society ofChemical Industry .. . . 1,000 0 0 Donations ., .. .. .. .. 384 17 7 Bureau of Chemical Abstracts . . . . 250 0 0 1,024 18 9 2,400 0 0 Contributions for Building Account :-Printing and Stationery . . .. .. .. 11 16 7 Under Deed of Covenant . . .. .. 15 0 0 Postage . . .. .. .. .. .. 300 Bank Deposit Interest . , .. .. .. 29 2 8 Auditors’ Honorarium . . .. .. .. 10 10 0 Interest on Investments . . .. .. .. 383 15 0 Sundry Expenses . . .. .. .. .. 276 Less Income Tax . . .. .. .. 95 18 2 27 14 1 287 16 10 Balances at 30th September, 1939, carried forward:-Income Tax Repaid . . .. .. .. 2,851 10 6 Bank Current Account .. .. .. 270 17 11 Repayment of Loans :-Bank Deposit Account . . .. . . 2,850 0 0 Chemical Society . . .. .. .. 2,000 0 0 Society of Chemical Industry .. .. 400 0 0 3,120 17 11 2,400 0 0 CashinHand .... .. .... 3 Repayment of Advances on Paper Accounts :--3,120 18 2Chemical Society . . .. .. .. 925 2 10 Society of Chemical Industry . . .. 1,760 19 7 .___--2,686 2 5 Balances at 1st October, 1938, brought forward :-Bank Current Account . . .. .. 802 3 5 Bank Deposit Account . . .. .. 2,128 0 0 2,330 3 5 Cash in Hand ........ .. 573 2,335 10 8 ;t;14,139 8 2 #4,139 8 2 500 601 THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30th SEPTEMBER, 1939 to ;di s. d. L s. d. s. d. To Printing and Stationery .. .. .. .. By Income for Current Purposes from Members of Postages . . .. .. .. .. .. 300 A.B.C.M. and Allied Associations:-Auditors’ Honorarium .. .. .. .. 10 10 0 Under Deeds of Covenant . . .. .. 3,422 18 9 Sundry Expenses .. .. .. .. .. 276 Donations .. *. .. .. .. 10 0 0 26 1 9 3,432 18 9 Grants to Chemical Society .. .. .. 1,000 0 0 Deposit Interest .. .. .. .. .. 29 2 8 Grant to Journal Abstracts .. .. .. 1-50 0 0 Interest on Investnaents Received during Year . . 383 15 0 Grant to Society of Chemical Industry .. .. 1,000 0 0 Add Interest accrued to 30th September, 1939 134 17 11 -I__Grant to Bureau of Chemical Abstracts. . .. 250 0 0 518 12 11 2,400 0 0 Balance, being Excess of Income over Expendi- ture, for year .. .. .. .. .. 1,554 12 7 f;3,980 14 4 L3,980 14 4 502 603 THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL. BALANCE SHEET 30th SEPTEMBER, 1939 f; s.d. ;tI s. d.s. d. L s. d. Endowment Account- Investnzents-At Cost-Balance, 1st October, 1938 .. .. *. 12,259 3 0 3% Mortgage Loan, County Borough of Stock-Deeds of Covenant, 1938/39 .. .. .. 7,415 16 7 port, 1942 .. .. .. .. .. 5,000 0 0 Donations, 1938/39 .. .. .. .. 384 17 7 f;1,500, Manchester 3% Stock, 1958/63 .. .. 1,451 8 0 20.059 17 2 ;tI1,500 3tY0 Birmingham Loan, 1957/62 .. .. 1,471 1 9 Building Account- ;tI3,000London County Council Consolidated 3i%, Balance, 1st October, 1938 .. ,. .. 45-0 0 1968173 . . .. .. .. .. .. 3,048 2 3 Deed of Covenant, 1938/39 .. .. .. 15 0 0 L2,OOO 3iy0 War Loan . . .. .. .. 1,931 9 0 60 0 0 ;tIl,OOO 3&% Conversion Loan .. .. .. 953 4 6 13,855 5 4Creditors . . .. .. .. .. .. 16 16 3 Income and Expenditure A ccount-Deeds of Covenant-Balance at Credit, 1st October, 1938 .... 7,841 7 9 Instalments outstanding at 30th September, 1939: Surplus Income for Year ended 30th September, Endowment Account .. .. .. .. 3,366 1 2 1939 .. .. .. .. ... .. 1,554 12 7 Current Expenses Account (Members of -9,396 0 4 A.B.C.M. and Allied Associations) .. .. 13,633 15 0 Building Account .. .. .. .. 45 0 0 k17,044 16 2 Less Reserve for Instalments not yet due .. 17,044 16 2 Loans-Chemical Society .. .. .. .. .. 2,000 0 0 Society of Chemical Industry ., .. .. 800 0 0 2,800 0 0 Advances to Societies for Purchase of Paper .. 1,717 7 7 Accrued Interest on Investments .. .. .. 134 17 11 Debtors under Deeds .. .. .. .. .. 6,550 12 7 Income Tax Recoverable .... .. .. 1,352 11 0 Balance at Bankers- Current Account .. .. .. .. .. 270 17 11 Deposit Account . . .. .. .. .. 2,850 0 0 3,120 17 11 Cash in Hand .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 3,120 18 2 JOCELYN THORPE,Hon. Treasurer. ;629,531 12 9 k29,531 12 9 We have examined the books and accounts of the Chemical Council for the year ended 30th September, 1939, and we certify that the foregoing Receipts and Payments Account, Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet dated 30th September, 1939, are correct and in accordance with the books. J. Y. FINLAY, PEARSON & CO., Chartered Accountants. 8th November, 1939. 504 Obituary. HENRYCHARLESBROWNdied at Yoxford House, King’s Lynn, on lGth November, in his 78th year. The son of Sir Thomas Brown, founder of the West Norfolk Farmers Manure and Chemical Co., he was educated principally in Germany, matriculating at Strasbourg. After passingthe examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1884, he became chemist and under-manager of the sulphuric acid, chemical manure and tar distillation works of his father’s company, of which, in due course, he succeeded to the managing directorship.He was for two years National President of the Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Association and, for nearly forty years, served on the Borough Council of King’s Lynn. He was Mayor of the borough in 1936. He was elected a Fellow in 1892. WILLIAMCOLLINSFORSYTHdied at Edinburgh, on 13th October, in his 40th year. Educated at Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow University and the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, he was awarded the University medal in chemistry, prizes in mathematics and physics, and graduated B.Sc.with special distinction in chemistry (1912). He gained a Cariiegie Research Scholarship, worked with Dr. T. S. Patterson on optically-active derivatives of lactic acid, and proceeded to M.A. (Edin.) in 1917. During 1913-1914 he attended the classes of the Glasgow Provincial Committee for the Training of Teachers, and in July, 1914, was appointed assistant science master at George Watson’s Boys’ College, Edinburgh, where he was principal teacher of chemistry at the time of his death. During the Great War he served for a period with the Royal Engineers, until May, 1917.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. RICHARDVERNON WHEELER died at Sheffield, on 28th October, in his 57th year. The son of R. J. Wheeler, Chief Inspector of Machinery, Royal Navy, he was educated at Plymouth College and at the University of Manchester, where he was Dalton Scholar, and graduated with honours in chemistry in 1902. He was elected to a University Fellowship in 1903, proceeded to M.Sc. in 1905, and D.Sc. in 1910. In 1907 he became scientific adviser and, a year later, gas plant manager to Messrs. Monks, Hall & Co., Iron and Steel Works at Warrington, and in 1910 was appointed scientific adviser to the British Coal Dust Experiments Committee of the Mining Association of Great Britain; in 1911, chief chemist to the Explosives in Mines Committee of the Home Office; and in 1914 Director of the Home Office Experimental Station at Eskmeals, Cumberland, later becoming Director of the Research Stations, at Buxton and Shefield, of the Safety in Mines Research Board of the Mines Department.He was also Professor of Fuel Technology in the University of Sheffield, and Honorary Research Director of the Sheffield, Rotherham and District Smoke Abatement Research Committee. In collaboration with Professor W. A. Bone, F.R.S., he devised a form of gas analysis apparatus, described in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (15th January, 1908) ;and 505 he was joint-author with Professor Bone of contributions on gas producer practice, published in the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute in 1907 and 1908.He was joint author with Marie C. Stopes of The Constitution of Coal (1915) and with R. A. Mott of Coke for Blast Furnacea (1930) and of The Quality of Coke (1039); he was also Editor of Fuel in Science and Pmctice. His numerous papers dealt mainly with original research on combustion, flame and coal, and the ignition and explosion of gaseous mixtures of coal dust clouds, sometimes in collaboration with one or other of his staff, contributed generally to the Journal of the Chemical Society, from 1910 onwards, or, in later years, incorporated in official Reports of the Safety in Mines Research Board. He was a member of the Fuel Research Board (1924-29) and of the Gas Poisoning Committee of the Board of Trade (1929-30).He was President of the Midland Institute of Mining Engineers (1929-32). In 1938 he received the Goltl Medal of the Institution of Miningand Metallurgy for outstanding work in the application of scientific know- ledge to industrial problems, and the Melchett Medal of the Institute of Fuel for services to science. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. Books and their Contents-contimed from 9. 508. “Vitamin E.” Report of the Symposium held under the auspices of the Food Group (Nutrition Panel) of the Society of Chemical Industry: 22nd April, 1939. Edited by A. L. Bacharach and J. C. Drumniond. Pp. viii + 88. (Published by the Society.) Part 1.-The chemical structure and properties of tocopherol (Vitamin E),-including papers by A.R. Todd, P. Karrer and F. Bergel; A. Emmerie and C. Engel; and E. Lester Smith and R. Bailey. Part 11.-Physiological Action of Vitamin E and the consequences of Vitamin E-deficiency,-including papers by J. C. Drummond; K. E. Mason; S. W. F. Underhill; T. Moore, A. J. P. Martin and K. R. Rajagopal; A. M. Copping and V. Korenchevsky; and A. L. Bacharach. Part 111.-Clinical and Veterinary Uses of Wheat-Germ Oil and Vitamin E Preparations,-including papers by P. Vogt-Moller; Evan Shute ; D. W. Currie; C. R. Macdonald; and F. J. Browne. References. 506 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Inst it ute :-“Coke, The Quality of.” R.A. Mott and R. V. Wheeler. Foreword by W. J. Brooke. Pp. xxxvi + 464. (London: Chapman and Hall.) 36s. net. The volume constitutes the Second Report of the Midland Coke Research Committee, Iron and Steel Industrial Research Council. The First Report, entitled “Coke for Blast Furnaces,” was published in 1930, giving the results of work completed up to the end of 1929. The present Report deals with work to the end of 1937. Standards for commercial coke; stages in the formation of coke; characteristics of coals which influence the formation of coke from them ; influence of carbonising conditions on the formation of coke; size of coke; structure of coke; sampling and analysis of coke; density and porosity of coke; abradability of coke; hardness of coke; reactivity of coke; specification of coke; composition of coal; decomposition of coal; softening and swelling of coal; plasticity of coal and the formation of semi-coke; formation of coke from semi-coke; mechanism of coke formation; measurement of the swelling power of coal; influence of the size and purity of the coal; influence of the method of charging an oven; influence of the rate of heating an oven; influence of blending the coal charge. Indexes.“Copper and its Alloys, The Machining of.” Pp. 108. (London: The Copper Development Association.) Classificationof copper alloys ;general machining practice ;miscellaneous machining operations; selection of copper alloys for machining purposes; bibliography.(The publications of the Copper Development Association can be obtainedfTee by persons giving evidence of responsible status and genuine interest, from the Copper Development Association, Thames House, Millbank, London, S.W. 1.) Definitions and Formulae for Students (Metallurgy).” Compiled by E. R. Taylor. Pp. iv + 52. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 6d. net. Defining the terms used by metallurgists, with information illustrating the definitions. General metallurgy; pyrometry; iron and steel; foundqmork; fuel and refractories; formulae and tests. 507 Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis : A Theoretical and Practical Treatise for Students and Analysts.” Henry J. S. Sand. Pp. viii + 134.(London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltcl.) 4s. 6d. net. Electrolysis-the Ionic Theory ;conduction of the current in the interior of the electrolyte; applications of the law of mass action to the Ionic Theory ; electromotive force and heat of reaction ;activity-theories of interionic attraction; electrode potentials-liquid junction potentials; irreversible electrolyte processes : polarization, structure of electrolyticdeposits. Addenda; index. ii Inorganic Chemistry.” (Fritz Ephraim.) Third English Edition by 1’. C. L. Thorne and A. M. Ward. Pp. xii + 912. (London and Edinburgh: Gurney & Jackson.) 28s. net. The elements ;halogen compounds ;oxides of hydrogen and of the metals; the compounds of sulphur, selenium and tellurium; the nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic group; the elements of the fourth group (and boron).Appendix; tables; inex. The whole of the text has been thoroughly revised. Some sections have been re-written entirely ;established advances have been included, and free use has been made throughout of modern concepts and notation of valency. “Lead-Acid Accumulator Technique,” An Introductionto. Herbert E. Clarke. Pp. x + 82. (Birmingham: Joseph Lucas, Ltd.) A volume dealing with the main questions of principle which arise in connection with the manufacture of lead acid accumulators. Part 1.-Theory and practice of accumulator manufacture : Atoms, electrons and ions; ions of charge and discharge; containers and con- tainer materials ; cell lids and outside components of batteries; wood separators ; separators other than of wood; grids, their manufact.ure and operation; the active materials: paste stage; formation stage;features of battery assembly.Part 11.-Treatment, testing and diagnosis : The finished battery goes into service ; the electrolyte ; filling and initially charging ; systems of battery charging; testing of batteries; check on production ; maintaining the battery in a healthy state; correct and incorrect charging; self discharge; control of the electrolyte; the use of cadmium in the deter- mination of cell voltage; the diagnosis of battery troubles. “Metallography, Practical Microscopical.” R. H. Greaves and H. Wrighton. 3rd Edition-revised and enlarged. Pp. xii + 272. (London: Chapman and Hall.) 18s.In this new edition, various sections dealing with the structure and the constitution of alloys have been re-written and expanded, and additions have been made to the chapter dealing with the microscope and method of microscopical examination as well as the practical notes on particular materials. Preparation of specimens for micro-examination;microscope and method of microscopical examination ; low-power photomicrography and 608 macrography; structure of pure metab and of alloys; structure and properties of ingot iron and wrought iron; structure and properties of normalised and annealed carbon steels, and the effect of hot- and cold-work; structure and properties of hardened and tempered carbon steels; structure and properties of alloy steels, and the effect of heat-treatment; non-metallic inclusions and defects in steel; structure and properties of pig iron, cast iron and malleable cast iron; effect of im-purities in copper; structure and properties of alloys of copper with zinc, tin, silicon, aluminium and nickel; structure and properties of alloys of aluminium and of magnesium; structure and properties of alloys of zinc, tin, lead and of bearing metals. Index of photo-micrographs.Subject index. '' Statistical Thermodynamics : A version of Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Chemistry. R. H. Fowler and E. A. Guggenheim. Pp. x + 694. (Cambridge: The University Press.) 40s. Values of important physical constants; the fundamental assumptions of statistical mechanics ;the general theorems for assemblies of permanent systems; permanent perfect gases ; crystals ; chemical equilibria and evaporation. Nernst's theorem, Grand partition functions and their applications;imperfect gases ;liquids and solutions of non-electrolytes ; solutions of electrolytes ; surface layers ; elementary electron theory of metals ; chemical kinetics ; lattice imperfections, order-disorder in crystals; electric and magnetic properties ;index.No. 3 of Vol. I of the Papers and Discussions of the Association for the Study of Snow and Ice was pub1ished.h September, containing summaries of papers and discussions, at a meeting held at the Royal Geographical Society, London, on 12th July.Mr. G. Manley submitted a report on the Snow Survey of the British Hills, July, 1g38-July, 1939. Mr. A. J. Bull submitted a paper, illustrated by lantern slides, on "Nivation in the South Downs.'' This number also includes a discussion on a Programme of Glaciological Research for Admiral Byrd's Third Antarctic Expedition. "Vitamin E."-see p. 505. Reviews. "Analysis, A Text-Book of Quantitative Inorganic." Theory and Practice. Arthur I. Vogel. Pp. xx + 856. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 18s. Some time ago Dr. Vogel published a book on qualitative analysis which has received a most cordial reception from teachers and reviewers alike. Now he submits a text-book of quantitative inorganic analysis, suitable for university and 509 college students of all grades, which can be bought for a moderate sum.The author is well qualified to deal with this important subject, for he is an enthusiastic and successful teacher, with wide experience of teaching quantitative analysis. Moreover, in association with his colleagues and senior students, he has tested in his own laboratories the methods he describes and so is able to testify to their accuracy and reliability. There is no doubt that the most difficult question confronting the author of a text-book of quantitative analysis is what to include and what to exclude. In the opinion of the reviewer Dr. Vogel has solved this difficult problem in an admirable way. He has succeeded in striking a balance between the classical and modern procedures and so presented his subject as it should be,-full of absorbing interest and with unlimited opportunities for the development of new experimental methods.No student can hope to appreciate the full significance of experimental details unless he is familiar with the theoretical ideas underlying them. In his first chapter, therefore, Dr. Vogel deals with the theoretical basis of quantitative chemical analysis. This occupies 193 pages and is a valuable part of the book. Then follows the technique of qualitative analysis. Here are discussed such important topics as balances, weights and weigh- ing, general apparatus and reagents. This chapter is full of useful advice to the budding analyst and there are few experienced analysts who will not find in these pages or in the footnotes something new or interesting.Chapter 3 is devoted to volu- metric analysis. The author must be congratulated on the successful way in which he blends the classical and modern methods. He deals with acidimetry and alkalimetry, iodimetry and iodometry, oxidations with potassium permanganate and dichromate. The more modem oxidation processes are adequately represented in the sections dealing with the use of ceric sulphate and chloramine-T, potassium iodate and potassium bromate. The familiar estimations by titanous salts are mentioned and the important reduction methods with amalgamated zinc and liquid amalgams are carefully described. The student who works through the various exercises detailed in Chapter 3 will have had a good grounding in the practice of volumetric analysis.Chapter 4 is headed "Gravimetric Analysis" and occupies nearly zoo pages. In this section of the book are described with great clarity suitable methods for the estimation of a wide range of metals and non-metals together with various common anions. 510 Electrolytic determinations of selected metals are discussed and the chapter ends with an account of the analysis of complex materials such as a felspar and Portland cement. It will be obvious that the author must discuss some of the colorimetric methods which provide such a simple way for rapidly determining minute quantities of substances. In recent years analytical practice has been enriched by many very sensitive and often very specific reagents.A full account of colorimetric analysis would demand a book to itself. Dr. Vogel has assigned some 60 pages of his voltme to colorimetric analysis and makes good use of the space at his disposal. The final chapter of 38 pages is devotcd to gas analysis. It will be inferred from the reviewer’s remarks that this new volume is a well-written and balanced production, worthy to take its place amongst the best known text-books of quantitative inorganic analysis. It is attractively produced and reflects credit on the publishing house from which it comes. There is no doubt that this book will be widely adopted as a text-book in English-speaking colleges and universities throughout the world.-W.W. “The Raman Effect and its Chemical applications.” James H. Hibben. With a Theoretical Discussion by J. H. Hibben and Edward Teller. Pp. 544. (New York: Keinhold Publishing Corporation.) 66s. net. Most chemists are doubtless familiar with the Raman effect, at least in principle, but probably few have had occasion to make any dractical use of it in the course of their work. Since 1928, Raman spectra have been used mainly for studying the interaction between molecules and radiation in rather an academic manner, but there is no reason why considerable use of the Raman effect should not be made in attacking quite ordinary chemical problems. Hibben’s book supplics the data required for this purpose, with sufficient theory to give the reader a good understanding of the fundamcntal principles involved.A discussion of Raman spectra without adequate reference to the complementary irifra-red data is liable to be a little one-sided, but the great mass of Raman data (nearly 2,000 references are given) makes this unavoidable. An obvious application of Raman spectra is the comparison of compounds to be investigated with others of known constitu- tion and, to facilitate this comparison, Hibben (in common with many workers) allocates definite frequencies to the various 511 linkages in molecules. In the view of the reviewer this method approach should not be pushed too far, since it ignores the possibly serious effect on a bond frequency of the rest of the molecule. To overcome this objection, the force constant of the linkage may be calculated, making due allowance for the rest of the molecule, and all similar linkages in a variety of molecules will have the same force constant. Hibben calculates a few force constants by rather crude methods, but does not sufficiently stress the limitations of bond frequencies.As an illustration of this point it may be observed that tile C-C frequency is 993 cm.-l in ethane and 1,332 cm.-I in diamond: on the strength of this difference, Hibben regards the two C-C bonds as different. This frequency difference is, however, almost entirely due to the totally different nature of the “molecules” containing the two types of C-C bond, and if the force constants are calculated rigorously, the same value is obtained in each case.Similar considerations apply to C-H bonds, and since there are at least eight slightly different varieties of this bond, it is important to know whether a small frequency difference is due to a change in the linkage or to effects arising from other parts of the molecule. In view of these considerations, the statement on page 138, that the C-H frequency in CHC13 is displaced to higher frequencies by the influence of the chlorine atoms, clearly requires further investigation. A few minor criticisms can be made of a work which is in many respects admirable. The experimental section could be improved with very little increase of space. In particular, the use of a microphotometer in assessing Raman spectra is barely mentioned, while the important practical question of the best photographic plate to use for recording a given Raman spectrum receives scant aitention.In this connexion, when the Hg line 4358 A is used for excitation, many Raman lines occur in the blue-green region, where most photographic plates have a poor response, and a special type of plate must be selected to overcome this deficiency. Values of physical constants given on page 43 are rather out-of-date, and the statement, on page 44, that a non-linear molecule has 3n-6 normal vibrations which are Raman active, is not always true. An alphabetical general index giving page numbers would be a great help to readers of the book.-A. E. M. 612 The Register.At the meetings of Council held on 17th November and 15th December, 1939, 3 new Fellows were elected, 13 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 83 new Associates were elected, 3 Associates were re-elected, 34 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of z Fellows, I Associate and I Student. New Fellows. Bergel, Franz, Ph.D. (Lond.), D.Phil.Nat. (Freiburg), 12, Guessens Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. Dodds, Professor Edward Charles, M.V.O., D.So., M.D. (Lond.), Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital, Medical School, London, W.l. Todd, Alexander Robertus, D.Sc. (Glas. ), D.Phi1. ( Oxon.), Dr. Phil.Nat. (Frankfurt),17, Broadway, Withington, Manchester, 20.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Beilenaon, Bernard, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Messrs. Kodak, Ltd., Wealdstone, Middx. Burrows, Edward Lister, Ph.C., 10, Woodberry Avenue, North Harrow, Middlesex. Butterworth, Samuel Walter, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 3, Montagu Crescent, Roundhay, Leeds, 8. Clarke, Herbert Edmund, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 4, Coppice Road, Moseley, Birmingham, 13. Evans, Sidney Ungoed, M.Sc. (Wales), 30, Shirley Road, Roath Park, Cardiff. Gabriel, Leonard Gowen, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.Inst.P., 58, Waldegrave Park, Twickenham, Middlesex. Healey, Arthur Charles, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 6, Christ Church Road, Surbiton, Surrey. Kerr, John William, B.Sc. (Glas.), Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., 4, Blythswood Square, Glasgow, C.2.Lord, Harry Dennis, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), P.B. 67, Rangoon, Burma. Lyons, Charles George, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), 108,Essex Road, Southsea. Settle, Richard Hardcastle, B.A. (Cantab.), 1, Vernon Walk, Tadworth, Surrey.Tebbit, Reginald Ernest, BSc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 10, Selwood Road, Addiscombe, Croydon, Surrey. Ward, Angus FitzCharles Henderson, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.),B.Sc. (Lond.),College of Technology, Manchester. 513 New Associates. Albans, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Church Street, New Lenton, Nottingham.Alexander, Daniel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Knollys Road, London, S.W. 16. Appleton, Henry Bielby, A.M.I.Chem.E., 3, Gledholt Road, Marsh, Huddersfield. Arden, Thomas Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Queensberry House, Friars Lane, Richmond, Surrey.Armstrong, Valentine, B.Sc. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., c/o New Zealand House, 415, Strand, London, W.C.2. Ashton, Walter Meredith, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), Agricultural Buildings, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Backhouse, Thomas, M.Sc. (Liv.), 15, Valencia Road, Liverpool, 15. Baird, Kirk, 6, Langdale Road, Wallasey. Beardall, James Alfred, Ph.C., 30, Rosslyn Hill, London, N.W.3. Bell, William, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 58, Woodbine Road, Gosforth, Newcastle- on-Tyne, 3. Bevan, John Colin, R.Sc. (Wales), The College Secondary School, Swindon. Birtwistle, William Kenyon, A.M.C.T., 126, Ormerod Street, Accrington. Boothroyd, Herbert, 15, Thornhill Avenue, Lindley, Huddersfield. Bonner, Trevor George, B.Sc.(Lond.), Maesyffrwd, Ynyswen Road, Treorchy, Rhondda, Glam. Burnop, Victor Charles Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 49, Attimore Road, Welwyn Garden City. Case, Edwin Martin, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), 71, Gillott Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. Chakravarti, Moni Oopal, MSc. (Lucknow), c/o Department of Biochem- istry, Imperial College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Chandler, Norman Cecil, 7, Ashburn Gardens, Gourock, Scotland. Cooke, Peter Randal Caesar, B.A., B.Sc. (T.C.D.), Baltray, Co. Louth, Eire. Cooper, Eric Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Riverside Gardens, Enfield, Middle- sex. Copeland, Jack Rochford, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Northbrook Road, London, S.E. 13. Corker, Alfred Eric, Ph.C., 40, St. John’s Crescent, Bilton, Harrogate.Dabin, John Walter Henry, B.S’c. (Lond.), 15, Azof Street, London, S.E.lO. Das Gupta, Subikas, B.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Dyeing De- partment, Raipur Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Ahmedabad, India. Denley, Philip George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, Claremont Road, London, E.7. Dent, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Fairway, Grand Drive, Raynes Park, London, S.W.20. Downer, Archibald Walter Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), Parkstone, Birchwood Park Avenue, Swanley, Kent. Earlam, William Trevor, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Graigfryn, Frodsham, Cheshire. Elwell, William Thomas, Rushyford House, Ripley Road, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Ganday, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 179, Derby Road, Long Eaton, Derby- shire. Greig, Robert, 16, Lochgreen Road, Falkirk, Scotland.Gupta, Rameshwar Dayal, B.Sc., (Allahabad), M.Sc. (Agra),3125, Kana-darcoaza Gokulpura, Agra, U.P. India. Handy, Kenneth Hailstone, B.Pharm. (Wales), Preswylfa, Gwyddon Road, Abergarn, Nr. Newport, Mon. Harris, Roy CMord, 7, Summerfield Avenue, Heath, Carclif3. 514 Hart, Gerard, A.M.C.T., Hillcrest, Radcliffe New Road, Whitefield, Nr. Manchester. Hartz, Lionel Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Cambridge Heath Road, London, E.l. Hayes, Herbert Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kingsbrook, Lutterworth Road, Blaby, Leicester. Hey, Vernon Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Campbell Road, Swinton, Manchester. Hide, Thomas George SBYIJIOUP, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Halford Road, Hillingdon, Middx. Hind, George, 48, Chestnut Road, Quinton, Birmingham, 32.Hindhaugh, Reginald Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Beulah Road, London, E.17. Holdsworth, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 16, Queens Gate Terrace, London, S.W.7. Howard, Thomas Were, B.A. (Cantab.), Pollards, Loughton, Essex. Hyams, Montagu, 16, Dene Mansions, Dennington Park Road, London, N.W.6. Illingworth, Frank Knowles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 125, Kingsway, Church, Accrington.Jewell, John Christopher, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Attock Oil Co., Rawalpindi, Punjab, India. Johnson, Alfred Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1372, Leeds Road, Thornbury, Bradford. Jones, David Aubrey, B.Sc. (Wales), 16, Victoria Gardens, Neath, Glam. Jones, Harold Wilfred, B.Sc. (Liv.), 472, Queens Drive, Stoneycroft, Liverpool, 13. Kerrigan, Vincent, 75, Laburnum Street, Seedley, Salford.King, Douglas William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), c/o Inkster, 16, Westhall Gardens, Edinburgh. Kitchin, John Blurton, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 10, Drummond Place, Stirling. Kulanayagam, Vallipuram, 8, Gordon Street, London, W.C. 1. Liddell, Hubert Francis, 80, St. Mark’s Avenue, Salisbury. Lomax, Frank Stephen, Proprietaries (Eire), Ltd., 17-22, Parkgate Street, Dublin. Macpherson, David Archibald Wyte, Ph.C., Highfield, Wormit, Fifeshire. Mandelson*, Benjamin Lewis, B.Sc. (Glas.), 43, Daisy Street, Govanhill, Glasgow, S.2. Markland, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Marcus Street, Chester Green, Derby. McGuigan, Henry, B.Sc. (Glas.), 102, Cambridge Street, Glasgow, C.3. McKay, Alan, 308, Cottingham Road, Hull. McLean, Donald Henry, B.Sc.(Edin.), c/o Taylor, 17, St. Mark’s Road, Salisbury.Mitra, Bhupendra Nath, D.Sc. (Dacca), Tezhnological Research Labora-tories, Indian Central Jute Committee, Regent Park, Tollygunge, Calcutta, India. Palethorpe, Louis George Whybrow, 7, Hill Vue Avenue, Newark, Notts. Palin, Arthur Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Lewis Street, Crewe. Parsons, Miss Ella Kathleen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Marlborough Road, Watford. Pittman, Rupert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Ringslade Road, London, N.22. Redd, Raymond, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), Daryngton, Mervyn Road, Whit- church, Cardiff. Robinson, Eric John, Ph.C., 28, Alexandra Villas, Gt. Horton Road, Bradford. Ryder, Stanley Howarth, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Garston Bottle Co., Ltd., Garston, Liverpool, 19.* Changed to Mansfield.515 Selfe, Francis Leslie, 4, Fallow Court Avenue, London, N.12. Shaman, Ivan Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), Low Temperaturo Research Station, Downing Street, Cambridge. Shotton, Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Wayville Road, Dartford. Smith, Peter Robert William, 29, Craigmillar Road, Glasgow, S.2. Soar, Denis Godfrey, Jhemph, Chellaston Road, Shelton Lock, Nr. Derby. Stuart, Robert Guy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, GlanviIle Drive, Hornchurch, Essex. Terry, William Moyes, R.Sc. (Glas.), 36, Cairn Terrace, Port-Glasgow. Thomson, John Archibald Marne, A.H-W.C., 6, Melville Street, Edin- burgh, 3. Wallace, Eben Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Chemistry Department,University College, Cork. Waller, Leo James, Ph.C., 37, London Road, Croydon, Surrey.Warner, Lionel William Jeffrey, 39, Limes Gardens, London, S.W. 18. Whalley, William Basil, B.Sc. (Liv.), 5, Curzon Avenue, Wallasey, Cheshire. Whitehead, Alan Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bankfield, Irby Road, Heswall, Cheshire. Winter, Ronald Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). 207, Park Crescent, Erith, Kent. Young, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 6, Roxburgh Street, Glasgow, 147.2. Re-electej Associates. Cast, George Dale, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23a, Kew Gardens Road, Richmond, Surrey.Soyka, Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 97, Conway Road, London, N. 14. Wightman, George Manderston, A.H-W.C.; 84, Redford Avenue, Edin- burgh, 13. New Students. Allan, Frederick James, 54, Leslie Street, Glasgow. Allenby, Kenneth George, Oswald House, Church Lane, Wistaston, Nr.Crewe. Baxter, John, 668, Bolton Road, Dnrwen. Booth, Alan, 7, Regent Road, Widnes. Borrows, Edward Teggin, 2 19, Langworthy Road, Salford. Burdon, Michael Leonard, 32, Park Avenue, Chelmsford. Butson, Peter Charlton, 78, Kenmore Avenue, Kenton, Harrow. Dean, Raymond Ernest, 14, Parkfield Avenue, Bradford Moor, Bradford. DUIHI, Anthony Kenneth, Hazel Lane, Gt. Wyrley, Nr. Walsall. Dyer, Roy Clifford, 263, Kenton Road, Kenton, Middx. Elkington, Raymond Harry Lewis, 131, Edwin Road, Rainham, Gillingham. Everett, Frederick Percy, c/o 39, Sandy Lane, Weston Point, Runcorn. Garnett, Eric Albery, 125, Dunbabin Road, Childwall, Liverpool, 16. Goode, Eric Victor, 2, Rushmere Avenue, Northampton.Hardman, Edward Albert, 57, Heath Road, Widnes. Hartley, Donald, 8, Woodbine Terrace, Halifax. Hillman, Lewis Joseph John, 100, Whittington Road, London, N.22. Holman, Leonard, 5, Waldron Road, London, S.W.18. Lawrence, Edward, 55, Ealing Road, Wembley. Lomax, William Arthur Barber, 106, Knutsford Road, Grappenhall, Nr. Warrington.Lythgoe, Norman Frank, 595, Woodchurch Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. Malcolm, Thomas, 56, Crags Road, Paisley, Scotland. Macfarlane, Harold Colin, 142, Swinton Park Road, Pendleton, Salford, 6. McGill, Eric Frederick George, 27, St. Stephen’s Road, Hounslow. Mills, John Eric, 21, Lyndhurst Avenue, London, N.W.7. 616 Pike, Ernest Richard, 346, Redditch Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham, 30. Potter, Peter Bridgman, Penn View, Burkes Road, Beaconsfield. Pryor, James Harvey, 109, Spring Grove Road, Hounslow.Reeve, Thomas John, 161, Longley Road, London, S.W.17. Schenkel, John Robert Harry, 108, Bristol Road, Edgbaston, Birming- ham, 5. Thexton, George Ivan, 28, Lancaster Road, Carnforth. Thompson, Gordon Vallins Elliot, 6-8, Harrington Gardens, London, S.W.7. Thompson, Wilfred Robert, 89, Church Hill, Walthamstow, London, E.17. Weinstock, Lewy Mnachen, 143, Richmond Road, London, E.18. Re-admitt ed Student. Griaths, Colin, A.M.C.T., 15, Westbury Road, Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. DEATHS. Fellows. Henry Charles Brown. Richard Vernon Wheeler, D.Sc. (Vict.). Associate. William Collins Forsyth, M.A. (Edin.), B.Sc. (Glas.). Registered Student.Arthur Stanley Moorey. CHANGE OF NAME. William Richard Jones, PeElow, to William Richard Owain-Jones,-bypublic announcement. Benjamin Lewis Mandelson, B.Sc., Amociate, to Benjamin Lewis Mansfield. 517 General Notices, Active Service.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force, are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Friday, 1st March, 1940. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.(2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form:- “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registeredaddress) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Membez of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election aa a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such personis elected m President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The Vice-president and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1940,in 518 accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:- Vice- President, Charles Ainsworth Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc.General Members of Council. Oscar Lisle Brady, B.A., D.Sc. William John Atkinson Butterfield, M.A. Henry Edward Cox, D.Sc., Ph.D. William Aethelbert Damon, B.Sc., M.1.Chem.E. Frank George Edmed, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Arthur Gordon Francis, D.Sc. Joseph Robert Johnson, M.I.M.M. Basil Gordon McLellan, A.R.T.C., M.1.Chem.E. Francis Martin Potter, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Roland Edgar Slade, M.C., D.Sc. Douglas Frank Twiss, D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 8 p.m. on 18th January, 1940. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:-(i) Birmingham and Midlands: Deric William Parkes, M.C., B.A., B.Sc.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Allan Cuthbertson Monk- house, B.Sc., Ph.D. (iii) East Midlands and South Yorkshire: Edwin Gregory, M.Sc., Ph.D. (iv) Liverpool and North-West Coast : Raymond Renard Butler, M.Sc. (v) London and South-Eastern Counties : Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S. (vi) Manchester and District : Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. (vii) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast :Archibald Alexander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D. (viii) Yorkshire : Henry Webster Moss, A.R.C.Sc.1. (ix) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A., B.Sc. (x) Aberdeen and North of Scotland: William Godden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc., A.M.1.Chem.E. (xi;) Wales and the County of Monrnouth: Sidney Bevan Watkins, M.Sc.xiii) Northern Ireland: William Honneyman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (xiv) Irish Free State: Thomas Joseph Nolan, B.A., D.Sc. (xv)The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: (vacant). 519 Examinations, 1940-Examinations for the Associateship will be held in January. The list of entries was closed in November. It is hoped that an examination for the Associateship will be held in the week, 1st-6th April, in London and Manchester, but exact dates and places cannot yet be given. Candidates who wish to enter for this examination should send their applica- tions and entries to reach the offices of the Institute not later than 5th February.Full information will be sent to them as soon as possible after their applications have been accepted by the Council. It is hoped to arrange examinations for the Fellowship in the same month. Exact times and places will depend upon the number of candidates and the districts in which they reside. As far as can be foreseen, examinations will also be held in September. Full information will be given at a later date. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six nionths and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fcllows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter 620 be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. For the time being the payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours. It will be open from 10a.m. to I p.m. and from z p.m. to 5 p.m.on week-days (Saturdays from 10a.m. to I p.m.). Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, .this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library.All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library will expire on 621 1st March. The subscriptions rates have been raised from 5s. to 6s. 6d., for Class B, and from 15s.to 16s.6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33)is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the sljdes are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of The Profession of Chemistry "(Fourth Edition, 1938)will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis- tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar.522 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES. 1sT MARCH to 15~11DECEMBER., 1939. Council in Council Committee Committees ,.-. =T! a.+. ,-. % 2 ... :g-03s; G 22 OBS gz gs 8 8F W.A.S .Calder. Pres... .. 9 4 21 14 H.V.A.Briscoe. V.-P. .. .. 3 3 17 '7 F.H .Carr. V.-P. .. .. 8 0 11 9 T.P.Hilditch. V.-P. .. .. 6 0 11 0 G.R .Lynch. V.-P. C.A.Mitchell. V.-P. .. .. .. .. 8 9 4 1 1 4 1 2 Sir R .H.Pickard. V.-P. .. 4 3 17 2 J.C.White. Hon.Treas. W.M.Arnes .. .. .. .. 6* 3 ? 10 5 9 0 A.L.Bacharach .... .. 7 4 4 3 0.L.Brady R .R.Butler M .Bogod .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 7 6 3 2 6 4 15 4 2 4 1 W.J.A.Butterfield .. .. 8 7 5 5 H.E.Cox .. .. .. .. 4 3 9 2 W.M.Cumming .. W.A.Damon .. .. .. .. .. 0 3 2 2 1 11 1 2 G.M.DysonF.G .Edmed . . .. .. .. .. .. 2 4 1 0 4 1 0 0 E.H.Farmer .. .. .. 7 5 4 3 A.G.Francis A.Findlay .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 3 4 2 5 0 1 0 W.Godden .. .. .. 7 2 0 0 P.F.Gordon . . .. .. 2 1 1 1 A.A.Hall .. .. .. 5 1 4 0 J.\V .HawleyH.H .HodgsonT.R.HodgsonW.HonneymanR.H .HopkinsH.Hunter J.R.Johnson .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 5 6 2 2 1 9 2 4 0 0 0 3 5 5 15 0 4 0 5 4 1 9 0 0 0 1 0 L.H.LampittJ.H.Lester G.King ... . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 7 3 1 2 11 11 0 0 2 0 E .Lewis . . .. .. .. 3 0 15 0 B.G.McLellan .. .. .. 3 0 0 0 H.W.Moss . . .. .. 4 0 0 0 T.J.Nolan . . .. .. 1 0 4 0 D.W.Parkes . . .. .. 5 1 1 1 W.S.Patterson . . .. .. 5 2 1 0 F.M .Potter . . .. .. 3 0 0 0 A.J.Prince . . .. .. 7 2 0 0 F.M.Rowe R .E .Slade .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 1 0 0 4 11 1 0 H .A .TempanyD.F.Twiss S .B.Watkins .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 5 7 5 1 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 J.Weir . . .. B.Wslam .. ..* Of a possible 6. .. .. .. .. i 2 f Of a possiblo 5 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE. Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions, except when numbers are restricted, as in the case of works visits.Members travelling abroad, if they desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute, are advised to notify the Registrar. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : W. M. Todd, B.Sc., A.I.C., Terrace, Aberdeen. 4, Deemount Birmingham and Midlands : Gafield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, B.Sc., F.I.C., 64, Falcondale Counties : Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Cape of Good Hope: F.E.A. Leibbrandt,M.A., A.I.C., 14, St. John’s Road, Sea Point, Cape Town, South Africa. Cardiff and District : Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, F.I.C., 81, Heol-y-deri,Rhiwbina, Cardiff.East Anglia : Dr. J. W. Corran, F.I.C., I, Church Avenue, Eaton, Norwich. East Midlands : J. Ratcliffe, B.Sc., A.I.C., Chemistry Depart- ment, Technical College, Derby. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.-W.C., A.I.C., Dalveen, Scotland : 43, Liberton Brae, Edinburgh, 9. Glasgow and West of J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., Chemistry Department, Scotland : Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : K. B. Sen, M.Sc., F.I.C., Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta, India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin.Lee& Area: W. A. Wightman, M.A., A.I.C., The Univer- sity, Leeds, 2. Liverpool and North- Dr. F. J. Smith, F.I.C., City Technical College, Western : Byrom Street, Liverpool, 3. London and South-Eastern D. M. Freeland, F.I.C., c/o Macfarlane Lang & Counties : Co., Ltd., Syon Lane, Isleworth. Malaya : Dr. Stanley C. Willimott, A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, S.S. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and Dr. E. E. Aynsley, F.I.C., 45, Grosvenor Road, North-East Coast : Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, M7ellington, C. 1, New Zealand. South Wales: E. E. Ayling, M.Sc., F.I.C., University College, Singleton Park, Swansea.South Yorkshire: W. W. Stevenson, A.I.C., United Steel Companies Ltd., Central Research Dept., Stocksbridge, Slieffield.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9396300455

出版商:RSC    

年代:1939

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

523 Index: 1939. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 18, 164, 263, 363 “Absorption Spectra, Applications to Organic and Biological Prob- lems,” 289, 366 Accounts, 29, 139. Adulteration (India), 275. Advisory Research Council (Chemi- cal Society), 431 Air Raid Precautions, 42, 337, 390, 459, 463 American Academy of Political and Social Science, 10 Annual Chemical Dinner, 453 Annual General Meeting, 137 Appointments Committee, 26, 131 Appointments RegisDer, 122, 249, 347, 409, 451, 458 Asphyxia1 Gases, Prevention of Accidental Deaths from, 321 Attendances, Council, 522 Auditors, 29, 132, 150 Awards, 26 Bankers, 132 Beilby Memorial Awards, 10 Belfast and District Section, 19, 59, 165, 264, 424 Benevolent Fund, 16, 130, 229, 423 Benzole Refining, 299 “Biochemistry and Medicine, Some Recent Advances in,” 178 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 19,424,461 Books and Their Contents, 109, 236, 335, 398, 438, 506 Boots’ Booklovers’ Library, 123, 251, 349, 410, 520 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 19, 169, 264, 364, 425 British Management Council, 10 British Pharmacopeia Commission, 383 British Standards Institution, 11, 110, 237, 337, 401, 418 Cape Section, 19, 170, 365 Carcinogenic Chemical Compounds, 179 Cardiff Section, 19, 172, 266, 425 “Catalysts, The Poisoning of,” 183 Censors, 130 Central Register, 96, 262, 418, 420, 430, 457 Charcoal, Active, 427, 477 Charter, Supplemental, 17, 41, 44, 47, 256, 258, 268, 280, 289, 354, 370, 377 Chemical Council, 10, 17, 131, 215, 460, 493 “Chemical Knowledge in the Corn-munity, The Level of,” 201, 290 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 11 “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Population,” 72 “Chemist in Wartime,” 471 “Chemistry and Bacteriological Problems,’’ 88 “Chemistry and the Museum Ser-vice,” 283 City and Guilds of London Insti- tute, 10 “Coal, Some Modern Ideas of,” 296 Colonial Chemical Service, 380 “Colour, Quest for,” 191 Coming Events, 115, 246, 345, 406 Committees, 130 Conference of Local Section Sec-retaries, 353, 372 Congress of Chemistry (Tenth), 10 Corrosion Research, Recent De-velopments in, 253 Council, 129 Council Attendances, 522 Council, Committees and Repre-aentatives, 9 Council, Nomination of the, 517 Council, Proceedings, 41, 133, 255, 357, 416, 460, 462 Council, Report of, 8, 140 Deaths, 8, 114, 245, 344, 406, 446, 516 “Dermatitis, Some Aspects of Chemical,” 281 “Diffusion Methods in Chemical Analysis, The Use of,” 165 District Members of Council, 46, 448, 518 Documentation, 14th International Conference for, 11 Dublin Section, 21, 173, 272, 466 “Dusts, Chemical Studies of Dan-gerous Siliceous,” 264 524 Dyes in Foodstuffs, etc., 358, 360 “Dyestuffs, Anthraquinoid, The Chemistry of Commercial,” 189 East Anglia Section, 19, 62, 174, 272, 426, 471 East Midlands Section, 20, 64, 175, 273, 426, 472 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 20, 177, 274 Editorial, 3, 353, 415, 457 “Egg, Tho Chemistry of the,” 59 Examinations, 25, 91, 121, 249, 301, 346, 407, 447, 483, 519 Examiners, Board of, 26, 132 “Feathering the Chemical Fledg- ling,” 466 Films, 100, 184, 492 Finance and House Committee, 12, 130 “Fine Chemicals, Manufacture of,” 187 Food and Drug Adulteration, 274 Food and Drugs Act, 1938, 44 Food, Ministry of, 460 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 26, 346, 408, 447 Gallium and Germanium, 87 Gas Identification Officers, 417, 422, 459, 463 Gases, Absorption of, 62 “Glass, Crystallisation of,” 85 General Notices, 121, 249, 346, 407, 447, 517 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 20, 65, 179, 426, 472 Gluckstein, S.M., Memorial Lec- ture, 367, 407 Harrison Memorial Committee, 10 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 11 “History, the Study of Chemistry,” 3 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 23 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 353, 372 Honours, 42, 103, 357, 392 Huddersfield Section, 21, 69, 366, 426, 473 Hull Development Committee, 392 Humour and Humanism in Chem-istry, 81 Hydrogen Bond, The, 179 Hydrogen Cyanide Fumigation, 11, 100 Hydrogen Sulphide, 257, 325, 357, 359, 381 India, Empire of, Section, 21, 274, 474 Indian Advisory Committee, 463 Institutions, 26, 361 Ions and Isotopes, 164 Kent Chemical Club, 232 Laboratory Apparatus, 461 Laboratory Organisation, 173 Laboratory Precautions, 101 Labour, Ministry of, 10, 11, 387, 457 Lancastrian Frankland Society,The, 391 Lantern Slides, 27, 124, 251, 349, 410, 453, 521 Leather, Decontamination of, 390 “Leather Industries, Problems in the,” 171 Lectures, 261, 271 Leeds Area Section, 21, 183, 280, 474 Legacies, 42, 229 Legal and Parliamentary Corn-mittee, 17, 130 Library, Boots’ Booklovers’, 123, 251, 349, 410, 453, 520 Library, Chemical Society, 10, 123, 348, 409, 452, 520 Library, Lewis’s Lending, 123, 251, 349, 410, 453, 521 Library, The Science, 123, 250, 348, 410, 453, 520 Library, The, 27, 122, 239, 250, 348, 409, 452, 520 “Liquids, The Viscosity of,” 196 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 21, 71, 191, 281, 426, 475 Local Sections, 18, 46, 50, 164, 263, 365, 374, 466 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties Section, 22, 79, 196, 287, 427, 479 Malaya Section, 22 Management Congress, Seventeenth International, 11 Manchester and District Section, 22, 81, 198, 289, 366, 429 Manchester Chemical Club, 495 Medals, 402 Mcldola Medal, 26, 137, 346, 407, 447 “Methylation, A Widespread Bio- logical Phenomenon,” 173 Metropolitan Water Board, 18, 43, 45, 257, 464 “blicro-and Semi-macro Methods of Organic Analysis,” 364 525 “Microchemical Analyses,” 15 1 Military Training Act, 374, 387, 464 Mond, Ludwig, Memorial Lecture, 261, 359 Motor Oil and Engines, 200 Museum Service, Chemistry in, 283 National Certificates in Chemistry, 27, 131, 376, 434,462 National Committee for Chemistry, 10, 417 National Service, 96, 159, 229, 262, 373, 386, 387, 420, 457, 464 Nationalism, Rights and Wrongs of Modern, 85 Notices, General, 97, 213, 307, 367, 517 Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section, 22, 84, 289, 429, 480 Ncw Zealand, 23, 200, 290 Nomination of General Members of Council, 517 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 24, 130 Notes, 96, 229, 320, 380, 431, 491 Obituary, 104,233,331,394,435,504 Officers and Council, List of, 129 Oil from the Earth, 64 Paper Supplies, 492 Parliamentary Science Committee, 10, 320, 417, 433, 460 Passports, 18 “Patents and the Chemist,” 175 Peat, 67 zedler Scholarship, 28, 46 Pests and their Prevention,” 467 Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Recent Advances, 65 pkard, Sir R.H., 2 Plants, Chemical and PhysicalFactors influencing Distribu-tion,” 79 “Plastics in Industry, A Surveyof the,” 174 Poisons Board, 11, 131, 461 “Presentation of Original Com-munications, 97 President’s Address, 154 Press Censor, 491 ‘‘ Private Practitioner,” 475 zroducer Gas, 481 Proton Transfer, Reactions In-volving,” 87 Public Analysts’ Regulations, 390 Public Appointments, 256,461 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 27, 130 Refractory Materials, Modern Trends in, 426 Register, 112, 243, 339, 403, 443, 512 Regulations, 26 Remuneration Statistics, 207 Reserved Occupations, 42 1 Reviews, 508 Roll of the Institute, The, 8 Royal Sanitary Institute, 10 Rubber, Synthetic, 172 Rubber Technology, Recent Ad-vances in,” 169 Science and Leadership, 487 “Science and Social and Economic Problems,” 180 Science in Parliament, 230, 384 Scientific and Industrial Research, Department of, 10, 224 Scrutineers, 149 Silicosis, 231, 264, 385 Snow and Ice, Association for, 391 “Soil-A Source of Plant Nu-trients,” 263 Solicitors, 132 South Wales (Swansea) Section, 23, 87, 205, 369, 429, 481 South Yorkshire Section, 23, 87, 203, 299, 482 “Spectrograph, Applications of, Quantitative Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals,” 203 Staff Pensions Scheme, 14, 141, 259, 362, 465 Standards, British, 110, 337, 237, 40 1 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 407 “Tasting Tests,” 62 Tendering, 355, 361, 461 Therapeutic Substances Act, 10 “Tin Recovery from Waste Materials,” 296 Toxic Gases in Industry, 321 Treasurer, 255, 259, 261 Vinegar, 173 War, 415, 458,461, 471 “What is Chemistry ? ”, 363 “Wood, Chezical Factors Govern- ingUseof, 199 World Power Conference, 10, 229 “X-Rays, Electrons and the Struc- ture of Metals, 70 “X-Rays in Organic Chemistry,Some Uses for,” 273 PRINTED BY W.HEFFER e SONS LTD.. CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9396300523

出版商:RSC    

年代:1939

数据来源: RSC