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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING, 19th November, 1937 STATEMENTBY THE PRESIDENT. You have all received copies of the proposals, and the resolu- tion standing in my name is also before you, but in order to enable you to visualise the situation with which these proposals are meant to deal I want to tell you something of the proceedings from which that situation has arisen. In the Pharmacy Act, 1868, the principle was established that it was necessary for the safety of the public that medicines containing poisons should be prepared and delivered to the public by a person who was both qualified and responsible to some authority for his professional conduct. At that time most of such medicines were compounded in the retail pharmacists’ and d,ruggists’ establishments.Since then, however, a large proportion of such medicines containing poisons have been compounded in wholesale houses to be sent to the retail phar- macists ready packed. When a new Pharmacy and Poisons Act was in contemplation in 1927 it was thought necessary for the safety of the public to provide that the manufacture of such medicines containing poisons should be supervised by a qualified and answerable person wherever they were made. When the Bill was being considered by an Interdepartmental Committee it was suggested that this work should be restricted to Registered Pharmacists; but it was felt that this might be unfair to members of our profession who were in charge of general manufacturing operations under conditions where the supervision of the preparation of medicines containing poisons was only incidental to their other work.In the Act, therefore, power was taken to restrict these duties to-“ Registered Pharmacisits, or persons possessing the prescribed qualification in chemistry.” After the Act became law the Poisons Board, appointed under it, were faced with the difficulty of deciding upon a “prescribed qualification in chemistry.’’ It seemed necessary to this Board that the persons included should not only possess adequate qualification, but should also be under professional discipline. The Poisons Board pointed out, quite correctly, that the only qualifications fulfilling these requirements were the Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute.At the same time the trade was invited by the Board to make any further suggestions as to persons who might be included. It will be obvious to you that this decision immediately raised the thorny question of *‘Registration.” Your Council felt that it would not be wise to take this as an opportunity of bringing pressure upon chemists, who were not members of the Institute, to apply for admission if they were unwilling to do so. It was felt that the strength of the Institute lay very largely in the fact that it was a voluntary association, that its objects were supported by men and women who took a pride in their membership of a professional body, and that a great deal might be lost if it were felt that some of them were only members under compulsion.When consulted by the trade, therefore, the Council suggested that the position of graduates in chemistry, who were not members of the Institute, might be dealt with by a system of personal individual licensing. It appeared, however, that there was no power under the Act to introduce such a system, and when the Rule dealing with this point was actually promulgated by the Home Secretary, the necessary qualification stood, namely,-that a person en- trusted with the supervision of the manufacture of medicines containing poisons should be either a Registered Pharmacist or a member of the Institute, provision being made for persons who had been previously engaged in this kind of work for a number of years, and for medical practitioners, in connection with the manufacture of certain gland extracts, etc.After this Rule had been made, some perturbation was shown, 2 notably on behalf of the Universities, that the Rule was unfair to their graduates in Chemistry, that it might be taken as a precedent in any future legislation, and that it was “the thin end of the wedge’’ to general compulsory Registration for our profession. At a later date the Council was approached on behalf of the Universities in order to ascertain whether the Institute would be willing to do anything to meet their point of view. I think that I should say here that this approach was of a perfectly friendly nature. I was not myself at that time Vice-Chancellor of a University, nor a member of the Council of the Institute, but I can assure you that there never has been, from the start of these negotiations, any suggestion of pressure being put upon the Institute by, or on behalf of, the Universities.As a result of the negotiations which ensued between the Council and the Com- mittee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of Universities, appointed by the Universities’ Bureau of the British Empire, the proposals which are now before you were drawn up. At this stage, I want to remind you of the duties and responsi- bilities of a Chartered professional body. Charters granted to such bodies contain not only privileges but obligations.They are not granted only for the interests of the members, but they are granted mainly in the interests of public service, and the recogni- tion of such bodies by the State depends upon the services they render. I regard the proposals now before you largely a matter of public service. At the same time, I think it is hardly necessary to remind Fellows and Associates that the Council is a thoroughly repre- sentative one, of which the members are very conscious of the duties of the Institute to the State, and the proposals now submitted have not been put forward without very careful deliberation. I want you also to understand that the Council fully realises its duties to you as Fellows and Associates of the Institute. These proposals would not be put before you if the Council felt that in any way your interests would suffer.I hope that you will remember, however, that the Institute is very largely, if not primarily, an examining and qualifying authority, and it seems to the Council most desirable that there should be as close touch and association as possible between the Institute, acting in this capacity, and the Universities, which are the most important teaching organisations. 3 The principle has been established for twenty years that the Institute should admit to its membership Honours Graduates in Chemistry, who have complied with certain conditions, without , it being thought necessary that the Institute should itself formally examine them.It is a fact that a very large proportion of our present membership has been so admitted. It should be clear to you, however, that if the Institute is to be generally and permanently accepted as the proper Registration authority, so far as any such Registration may be necessary for our profession, it is essential that this should be done with the goodwill of the Universities, and you, as members of the Institute, have everything to gain by the increased recognition of your professional qualifications. I will now proceed to deal with particular parts of the pro- posals, in the light of comments made by Fellows and Associates, which have been brought to my notice. THE PROPOSEDNEW MEMBERSOF COUNCIL. In the actual document before you the references to these are-In the Petition, p.4, “that there should be more direct association of the Universities with the Institute”; and in the actual proposed Charter, p. 10,“that the Institute shall have power to modify the constitution of its Council to provide for the direct association of the Universities with the said Council, through the nomination (subject to the provisions of any By-law) of six Fellows of the Institute holding Professorial Chairs in some branch of chemistry in such Universities.” We were advised that it would be better not to put into the proposed Charter itself, the actual mechanism by which such members of the Council should be elected, because, if any such mechanism were afterwards found to be inconvenient, it would be difficult to alter it.If the Charter is actually granted this mechanism must be the subject of a new By-law, and I may remind you that the new By-laws cannot come into force until they have been submitted to and approved by you in general meeting. I think, however, that it is right that I should inform you that when the Universities agreed to support the Petition for the pro- posed Charter, and they have individually and collectively done so,it was suggested that the Council should prepare a list of twelve eligible Fellows and should then ask the Vice-Chancellors of the 4 Universities to indicate by vote their preference for six of these. The suggested By-law provided that the six so nominated should be declared elected, and should not be voted upon by the general body of members of the Institute. It was felt that the Universi- ties would thus feel that they had a more direct association with, and interest in, the work of the Council.If the Charter is granted the new By-law will of course have to be thought out very carefully, and the views expressed by any members of the Institute will be very carefully considered. I suggest there- fore that any of you who may feel doubts on this point might reserve your criticisms until the new By-laws are under con-sideration. NEW CATEGORYOF MEMBERS. Since the Council first issued the proposals to you, an im- portant alteration has been made, namely,-that it is now suggested that the new category of members may be entitled to describe themselves as “Graduates Registered by the Institute” instead of “Registered Members of the Institute.” I will take you into my confidence on this matter.The Council was never very pleased with the term as originally suggested, because it was felt that, in the minds of some imperfectly-informed persons, the term “Registered Member’’ might even be thought to be more important than Fellow or Associate of the Institute. The new term, however, should make the position quite clear. I think I should also inform you why it was thought necessary that the persons to be registered should be actually corporate members of the Institute at all. The reason is that a Chartered body cannot have any disciplinary control over a person who is not a member of it, but such a body can eject a member from its membership. We are informed that a Charter cannot give power to keep a Register, and to remove from such a Register persons who are not members of the Chartered body. Now I would remind you that the only privilege granted to this new category of members will be to have their names on a Register; but they will be required to accept exactly the same obligations towards the Institute, and to the profession as a whole, as the Fellows and Associates now do.They will not merely be pledged to comport themselves properly as regards any particular branch of work, but they will have to conform to the Institute’s standard of ethics in all matters. In view of the fact that they are to have none of the ordinary privileges or services rendered to the 5 Fellows and Associates, it is clear that they should not be asked to pay the full entrance fee or subscription.I leave it to you to make up your minds as to whether this new category is likely to be attractive to a large number of persons. My own feeling is that it will not. It is frankly a device to avoid the sting of compulsion, and I firmly believe that any person coming initially within the new category will soon wish to be “one of us ” by transferring to the Associateship, which-by definition-he will be eligible to do without examina- tion. OF PASTFELLOWS FOR ADMISSIONINELIGIBILITY OR ASSOCIATES TO THE NEW CATEGORY It has been suggested that it is unfair that persons who have been Fellows or Associates, and have ceased to be for any reason, should not be eligible for admission to the new category.would like to explain the reasons for this provision. It arises largely out of the Censorship system. I would remind you that if, in the opinion of the Censors, any Fellow or Associate has been guilty of professional misconduct, they may call upon him to resign. If he does so, nothing more can be said, nor may the reasons why he has resigned be disclosed. It would obviously be unfair to you as members of the professional body that a person who had, in the eyes of the Censors, professionally disgraced himself, should be eligible to be in any way associated with the Institute. Furthermore, the Council felt that there may be some slight tendency for a few persons to seek admission to the Associateship in order to obtain some particular facility, and then after the desire for that particular service had been satisfied, wish to transfer to the new category; then at a later date having a desire perhaps to use the Institute’s Appointments Register, or the Benevolent Fund, might wish to become again an Associate.In other words, the position of the Institute would not be fairly protected if a man were to think that he could “hop in and out” from one category to another as it suited his immediate and rather short-sighted views of his interests. It has been suggested to us that the new category should be extended to include persons other than graduates of Universities, and in this connection I want to make a few points clear:- The application and credentials of any person who desires to come into this new category will be individually scrutinised by 6 the Institute, in exactly the same way as in the case of applica-tions for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship.The Institute cannot give professional recognition to any body of persons without such individual scrutiny. It has been suggested that because the Diplomas of one or two colleges are at present accepted as exempting from the Institute’s examination, persons holding such Diplomas should be eligible for admission to the new category, but I hope that you will agree that it would be impossible to include in a Charter, as a general principle, any provision dealing with such cases.Diplomas of Technical Colleges vary so greatly that it must remain for the Council of the Institute to decide from time to time as to which of these may be so accepted. In conclusion, I would like to refer to a few suggestions which have been made with regard to procedure in calling this meeting. It appears that a few Fellows and Associates feel that these proposals have been rather “sprung” upon them. I would remind you, therefore, that the general nature of the proposals was explained at the Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections held on the 26th June, and that the Council decided that copies of the proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter should be sent to all Fellows and Associates early in September, so that Local Sections would have time to meet to consider the proposals if they wished to do so. With regard to the actual issue of notices of the meeting, etc., all I can say is that the correct procedure is laid down in great detail in the present By-laws, and that the Council has followed this procedure in every particular, as it was bound to do. 7 PRINTEDBY W. HEFFER I SONSLTD. CAMBRIDGE

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG93761BB001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1937

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART PI: 1937. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrnr and Secretary. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, APyzl, 1937. Publications Committee, 1937138. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHA'RD, H. E. COX, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (How. Treuswer), EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, ADAM TAIT, E.A. TYLER, A. W. M. WINTLE. Officers and Members of Council, 1937-38. PRESIDENT : ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : HAROLD DOUGLAS ELKINGTON, M.Sc. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, D.Sc., PH.D. JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S HON. TREASURER : BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: JAMES BELL, M.A., M.D., Sc.D.: Irish Free State. OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A., D.Sc.: London. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. : London. HAROLD BURTON, D.Sc., PH.D. : Yorkshire. WILLIAM JOHN ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. : London. WILLIAM ALEXANDER SKEEN CALDER : Birmingham and Midlands.FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. GEORGE ROGER CLEMO, D.Sc., D.PHIL. : Newcastle upon Tyne. ALBERT COULTHARD, Prr.D. : Manchester. HENRY EDWARD COX, D.Sc., PH.D.: London. CECIL JOHN TURRELL CRONSHAW, B.Sc. : Manchester and District. WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc. : Glasgow.WILLIAM AETHELBERT DAMON, B.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: Portsmouth. BERNARD SCOTT EVANS, M.B.E., M.C., D.Sc., PH.D.: London. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, D.Sc. : Aberdeen and North of Scotland. ALBERT EDWARD FINDLEY, B.Sc., M.ENG. : Liverpool and North-JAMES BRIERLEY FIRTH, D.Sc. : Nottingham. [West Coast. ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, D.Sc. : London. ISIDOR MORRlS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S.: Manchester. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. : Liverpool.WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, B.Sc., PH.D. : Northern Ireland. JOSEPH ROBERT JOHNSON : Birmingham.PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY : London. EDGAR LEWIS, M,I.CHEM.E. : Bristol and South- Western Counties. PERCY LEWIS-DALE, B.Sc., PH.D. : London. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. : London. HAMILTON McCOMBIE, D.S.O., M.C., Sc.D. : Cambridge.BASIL GEORGE McLELLAN, A.R.T.C., M.I.CHEM.E.: York. JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, B.Sc. : London and South-Eastern Counties. FRANCIS MARTIN POTTER, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London. PERCY LUCOCK ROBINSON, D.Sc. : NewcastEe upon Tyne and ROLAND EDGAR SLADE, M.C., D.Sc. : London. [North-East Coast. SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: London. ADAM TAIT: Edinburgh and East of Scotland.HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.B.E., D.Sc. : The Overseas [Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad. DOUGLAS FRANK TWISS, D.Sc. : Birmingham.ERNEST ALHFRT TYLER, M.A.: Wales and the County of Monmouth. JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, O.B.E., M.C., A.M.I.CHEM.E. : London. FORSYTH JAMES WILSON, D.Sc., PH.D. : Glasgow and West of Scotland. ALBERT U'ATKINS MAGGS WINTLE : Liverpool. 104 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1937: APRIL 23~~. 1937: NOVEMBER 19~~. MAY 21s~. DECEMBER 17~~. JUNE 25~~. 1938: JANUARY 21s~. JULY 23~~. JANUARY 28~~. OCTOBER 15~~. FEBRUARY 18~~. CENSORS: 1937-1938. Tm PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Xc., F.R.S.JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1937138. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT, WITH 0. L. BRADY, HAROLD BURTON, W. A. S. CALDER, A. COULTHARD, W. A. DAMON, A. E. EVEREST, T. P. HILDITCH, W. HONNEYMAN, BERNARD F. HOWARD*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, EDGAR LEWIS, R. E. SLADE, JOCELYN F. THORPE, E. A. TYLER, AND J. C. WHITE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT*, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. A. S. CALDER, F. H. CARR, C. J. T. CRONSHAW, H. D. ELKINGTON, BERNARD F. HOWARD, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, B. G. McLELLAN, C. A. MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, R. ROBINSON, AND H. A. TEMPANY. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, W.J. A. BUTTERFIELD*, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, W. M. GUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, W. HONNEYMAN, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, E. LEWIS, C. A. MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, ADAM TAIT, E. A. TYLER, AND A. W. M. WINTLE. 105 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : Tm PRESIDENT, BERNARD F. HOWARD (HoN. TREASURER)*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H. G. COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, C. PROCTOR, AND G. RUDD THOMPSON. APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, G. R. CLEMO, H. E. COX,H. W. CREMER, C. J. T. CRONSHAW, W.M. CUMMING, I?. G. EDMED, H. D. ELKINGTON, B. S. EVANS, A.E. EVEREST, A. G. FRANCIS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, R. E. SLADE, AND H. A. TEMPANY. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT*, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, W. M. CUMMING, A. FINDLAY, J. J. FOX, I. M. HEILBRON, T. P. HILDITCH, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT, J. I. 0. MASSON, H. McCOMBIE, E. K. RIDEAL, R. ROBINSON, SAMUEL SMILES, JOCELYN F. THORPE, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH : THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES): THE PRESIDENT*, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. EVEREST, AND LEWIS EYNON; THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THEPRESIDENT, WITH R.BRUCE, W. M. CUMMING, A. FINDLAY, P. F. GORDON, G. G. HENDERSON*, J. MACLEOD, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, J. WEIR, AND F. J. WILSON; THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND : THEPRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, SIR GILBERT T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER PRICE. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL: W. A. S. CALDER, F. G. EDMED, AND JOCELYN F. THORPE. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, J. J. FOX, AND ERNEST VANSTONE 106 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1937-1938. Chairman : THE PRESIDENT.Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Inslitutiona Committee: 0. L. BRADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. E. COX, J. J. FOX, AND ROBERT ROBINSON. Examiners for the Associateship : JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:WILLIAM HENRY MERRETT, A.R.S.M. Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY :JOSEPH KENYON, D.SC. (LoND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY: HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water: GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, D.Sc. (BIXM.). THERAPEUTICS, ANDPHARMACOLOGY, MICROSCOPY: CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc.(LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CREMISTRY: NORMAN MEDERSON COMBER, D.Sc. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY(General Chemical Technology) : ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as re- quired. HON. AUDITORS, 193748 : WALTER CHARLES HANCOCK, B.A. (CANTAB.)AND JOSEPH HENRY LANE. AUDITOR, 193748: DAVID HENDERSON, in association with MESSRS.J. Y. FINLAY & CO., Chartered Accountants. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS: THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C. 1.REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.),F.I.C. 107 Editorial. THIS Part contains the account of the Fifty-ninth Annual General Meeting. Special attention is directed to the President’s Address (pages 133-141). This Part also contains the first contributions to the discussion on the teaching of general science in schools, received in response to the invitation to discuss the matter, extended to the Fellows and Associates, and introduced in a note by Professor H. V. A. Briscoe in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I. Further contributions to this discussion should be received not later than Thursday, 15th April. The Council, at its next meeting, to be held on the 23rd April, will proceed to review the subject. The Teaching of General Science in Schools.INresponse to the suggestion that members should be invited to express their opinions on the Report of the Sub-committee of the Science Masters’ Association on the teaching of general science, the following communications have been received :-Professor G. R. Clemo supplements Professor Briscoe’s Note, published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I (pp. 4 and 5), with the following information :-The school which began to teach General Science in 1931, when he (Professor Briscoe) was Secretary of the School Examinations was Heaton Secondary School (Girls), and it dropped the course after the examinations in June, 1935. The following table gives the number of candidates offering chemistry, physics and general science for the Durham School Certificate from 1931.DTJRHAM CERTIFICATE.SCHOOL Candidates taking Ch,emistry, Physics and General Science. 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Gen. Science .. 43 19 19 40 70 30* tChem.withPhysicsChemistry. . . . Physics , . .. * 97 423 390 92 436 463 96 524 481 80 508 455 147 493 459 122 601 554 Heaton Secondary School dropped out. t Paper taken from time examination started. 108 In 1935, General Science was first offered by Blyth Secon- dary School, which is now the only school in the Newcastle area teaching the course. The senior science master who introduced the course at Blyth is opposed to the recommenda- tions in the Report of the Sub-committee of the Science Masters’ Association, which suggests that chemistry is to have only about one-sixth of the time allotted to the course.His view is that General Science should be optional, and that chemistry, physics and biology should each occupy about one-third of the time given to the course. Professor Clemo himself regards the proposed step as un- desirable from the educational point of view and contrary to the national interest. One of the features of current chemistry is the intensive investigation of natural raw materials by both Japan and Russia and, by comparison, the efforts of this country are quite inadequate. He has found that some 80 per cent. of the best boys on the science side in schools have decided to study honours physics.The position of chemistry in this country must decline unless more of the best boys decide to read chemistry. He had understood that, when the case was presented by Mr. Savage, H.M.I., Board of Education, General Science was to be optional and that boys who wished to concentrate on chemistry and physics would be able to do so. The optional character of the course would ensure that at least 33 per cent. of the time would be devoted to the study of chemistry. Mr. G. Fowles, of Latymer Upper School, contributes the following:-If the scheme of ‘‘General Science ” is to replace the present school science course, it is retrograde in its incidence. Moreover, in that it makes the study of a boy’s body its be all and end all, it is wrong in its fundamental principle; for surely a boy should study his environment first and his responses and reactions to his environment later.Concentration on his responses and the drawing of attention to other matters which should be allowed to sleep are far from salutary for most boys between the ages of 12 and 17. What is needed is a re-fashioned General Science Course, wide in scope, cultural in outlook, to supplement, not to supersede, the usual basic sciences. The “General Science ” now under consideration arranges for three hours’ instruction per week. The chemistry share of this instruction is to be on the average less than half-an-hour per week. It would be a sheer waste of time to discuss a chemistry scheme based on such a ridiculously inadequate time allowance.109 What has attracted journalists and others to the scheme, and evoked fulsome and uncritical praise, is a brilliantly written preamble to the syllabuses detailed in the broadsheets. In this preamble, along with much that will be generally accepted, is an exultation of biology as a school subject and a suppression of the cultural worth of chemistry and of the value of its study for inculcating the scientific method. The preamble belittles quantitative work-a great asset in chemistry, but absent from biology; it suggests the severe curtailing of arithmetic and of numerical examples; in short, it depicts a science, interesting but requiring no intellectual effort.The glaring disparity between the principles of scientific investigation and rational presentation urged in the preamble and the practice as outlined in the broad- sheets is apparent to all who have taught science. To give but two examples: molecular formulae and equations are not to be reached as deductions from experiments, but are to be given as shorthand and for revision. Apparently the spirit of enquiry, the instilling of which is so powerfully urged in the preamble is to be crushed. Has not one member, of those who drew up the course, ever been asked why we write NaCl but CaCl,? The biology syllabus is chock-full of items such as the chemical elements in protoplasm which are to be taught, not by scientific investigation, but by telling, telling, telling. The detailed syllabus in chemistry is lamentably shallow compared with that of biology.It consists of an introductory study of air and water and elementary ideas on acids, bases, and salts. Meanwhile such comparatively advanced work,-as im-munity against disease, intracellular parasites, the spinal chord as the seat of nervous reactions, cell division, fossil forms and other evidences of evolution,-is to be done in biology. No one of these items can be made the subject of an investigation under school conditions. Chemical principles, generalisations and manufacturing pro- cesses, comparable in depth with the study of fossil forms and with translocation in biology, are entirely absent. Despite the “har- monious integration” the Sub-committee claims, the chemistry syllabus omits phosphorus, yet the biology deals with fertilisers and manures; it omits silica, but deals with radiolarians, diatoms and the formation of sedimentary rocks; it omits colloids, yet treats of subjects so rich in colloidal matter as soil, the living body and plant organisms.The scheme makes no allowance for those schools desirous of 110 giving more time to science. Furthermore, the meagre allowance of time given to chemistry, entailing the complete absence of practical work, makes an entirely inadequate preparation for those pupils who remain at school and take the Higher Certificate Examination. Mr. T. E. Gregory feels that Professor Briscoe is justified in voicing a suspicion that the influence of biological specialists predominates in arranging the General Science syllabus, in support of which he quotes the analysis of the papers set by the Northern Universities Joint Matriculation Board in July, 1936 :-Physics. Chemistry.Biology. General Science I 11 9 General Science I1 6 1 17 General Science Alternative Syllabus I 9 11 10 General Science Alternative Syllabus I1 9 7 -8 Total questions in each science 35 28 44 In terms of percentages these figures show that biology, physics and chemistry are allotted 41 per cent., 33 per cent. and 26 per cent., respectively, of the total number of questions. Mr. Gregory expresses the opinion that the type of chemistry question set in the examination was of a very elementary standard, and that a not inconsiderable proportion, namely 32 per cent., of the chemistry questions were such as had a biological bearing and could have been answered by the information usually given in textbooks of biology.The biological questions were essen- tially descriptive. The physics portion alone made any demand for thought and was of definitely greater difficulty than the por- tions devoted to biology and chemistry. The General Science syllabus provided very little training in scientific method, which had perforce to be sacrificed to superficiality; it attempted too much and nothing well. Mr. J. A. Lauwerys, who was closely associated with the pro- duction of the interim report of the Sub-committee of the Science Masters’ Association, forwards a “semi-official reply’’ to Professor Briscoe’s Note.He reassures Professor Briscoe that the Sub- Committee was not unduly influenced by biological specialists. Though the advice of such specialists was readily available, only one biological specialist, sensu stricto, served on the Sub-Committee, and the majority were chemists. He points out that 111 the proportion of time actually allotted to chemistry in the pro- posed syllabus is rather larger than that suggested by the Panel of Investigators of the School Certificate Examination,-whose report first brought the matter to the notice of the Council. Biology includes both botany and zoology,-two subjects which many Universities consider as entirely separate disciplines.It is enlightening to compare the proportions of time devoted to life sciences (about one-third) with that devoted to physical sciences (about two-thirds). Looking at the matter like that few would contend that biology had been favoured; indeed, many biologists feel that they have been treated somewhat shabbily. Under physics, the Sub-committee listed many matters which are common ground to both physics and chemistry, or essential even for the most elementary study of the latter subject, -e.g., simple measurements of weight, volume, etc. ; pressure; density; thermometry; simple electrical ideas, etc. The need for such material involves allotting more periods to physics than to chemistry.If the total time available had been equally divided between the three main subjects, this would have given to chemistry another fifty-five periods of school time, and the question would have arisen as to what would have been done with that time. While it was easy to plan a well-rounded, though very elementary, course in chemistry that could be covered in about a hundred periods, very little more could be done with an extra fifty periods. The suggestions considered were mainly in the direction of extending previous work, without introducing new fundamental ideas. In practice, they were continually faced with questions of the following type: “Shall we cut out electro-magnetic induction in order to study the properties of hydrogen sulphide ? ” Mr. Lauwerys expresses the hope that critics of the scheme will remember that any suggestions they may make regarding the inclusion of new matter in the syllabus must necessarily be framed on the following lines--“Include the chemical topic X, which can be effectively taught in n periods, at the expense of cutting out topic Y, for which n or more periods are allowed.” Topic Y should preferably be physical and the total of new chemical material should not exceed fifty periods (this last condition would prevent, e.g., the study of Avogadro’s hy- pot hesis) .With regard to the fear that has been expressed, that the 11.2 widening of courses consequent on the teaching of general science may react unfavourably on the equipment of those who desire to take up the profession of chemistry, Mr.Lauwerys does not think that an additional ten hours of study a year would make much difference to anyone. Indeed, pupils who were unwilling to study chemistry voluntarily for an hour a month in their out-of-school time, ought not to think of becoming chemists. If it were urged that the scheme is contrary to the national interest, the Sub-Committee-Mr. Lauwerys is convinced-would reply that they felt it to be desirable from an educational point of view and calculated to serve the national interest. The mem- bers set out to construct a syllabus which, while it did no violence to the needs of a future specialist, did not sacrifice to his voca- tional needs the welfare of the ninety-and-nine sinners who would never carry their study of science beyond the School Certificate stage. They felt that, through courses in General Science, pupils would gain a better understanding of the process of scientific think- ing and develop a greater love of the subject than if they specialised prematurely.Such gains would more than compensate for smaller factual knowledge in any one branch, and future specialists would not find it difficult to extend their knowledge of the subject they preferred, either after the age of sixteen or during out-of-school hours. The scheme was not put forward for pupils who specialise in physical science, but for those who specialise in other subjects, or who are given a very meagre total time allowance.The Sub-committee is grateful for friendly and informed criticisms, such as those contained in Professor Briscoe’s Note. Mr. A. Mackie, from a careful study of the Report of the Sub-committee, has gained the general impression that too much time has been prescribed for physics and biology and too little for chemistry. The importance of chemistry having been dealt with in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1934,he prefers to direct attention to other considerations. He teaches pupils whose ages vary from 12 to 18,and he finds that their natural curiosity is awakened by the desire to know something of the stuff of which things are made. He deplores the suggestion that quantitative experiments should be curtailed, as they provide an excellent training in accuracy, manipulative skill and mental discipline.After perusing the biological section he finds it difficult to con-ceive how some of the biological processes mentioned could be 113 properly presented to pupils without assuming a fairly intimate knowledge of chemistry. The sections on the mammal and simple forms of animals and plants seem to be overloaded with detail. At the same time, he agrees that some biology should find a place in the school curriculum. He concludes,-the Sub-committee of the Science Masters’ Association should be con- gratulated on tackling the problem, but he holds that the syllabus would have been improved had there been no biological bias. Mr. J. A. Stevenson, referring to the proposal of the Sub- committee of the Science Masters’ Association that, of 453 periods taken by the boy from his first science lesson to School Certificate stage, 197 (43.5 per cent.) should be devoted to physics, 159 (35-1per cent.) to biology, and 97 (21.4 per cent.) to chemistry, expresses the view that the syllabus is much overweighted as to physics and that chemistry has not an adequate share of time.He mentions also that the new General Science syllabus of London University General School Examination appears to allot only about one-fifth of the total time to chemistry. He suggests that the time allotment should be equal for all three subjects. Next, he remarks that the Sub-committee recommends the same course for all boys,-non-scientists and future specialists alike.While such an amended syllabus might meet the require- ments of the science part of the education of average boys, it would in his opinion be a retrograde step to make all boys take that course, and would, in a short time, affect science teaching and progress, so that chemistry teaching might disappear from the schools, except as an insignificant part of the new subject of General Science. The importance of chemistry as a basic science, its share in the scheme of things in the world and its possibilities as an educational subject, should not be ignored. Mr. R. D. Strathdee quotes Lowell:- “New times demand new measures and new men. The world advances and in time outgrows The laws that in our fathers’ days were best.” Mr.Strathdee suggests that it may be regarded as imper- tinence for one who is north of the Border, to make observations upon the Report of a Sub-committee which is the sole concern of those south of the Border, but, he adds, “distance was ever a catalyst to valour.” The war served to emphasise the meagre position occupied 114 by science in our school curricula prior to 1914. Committee after committee was set up, report after report was issued until, ultimately, the physical sciences, at least, became established in the schools and colleges. Chemistry, probably on the strength of its “war service,” received every consideration. The report on “The Teaching of General Science” sets forth a syllabus for General Science in which a considerably greater proportion of time is devoted to the study of biology than to that of chemistry.‘‘ Has the association of chemistry with war, coupled with the prevalence of a spirit of pacifism, swung the pendulum towards the biological sciences ? ” The report suggests another probability. In a consideration of the reasons which justify the inclusion of any subject in the curriculum, the report sets forth that “of all the claims made, the strongest undoubtedly is that which stresses the cultural value which the subject possesses.” Another reason (p. 10)was -“ (b) disciplinarian-it teaches them (the pupils) to think.” Probably the low value placed upon the “ability to think” accounts for the reduction in the number of periods devoted to chemistry.In arriving at the suggested syllabus of work, the Sub- committee approached from two directions-(A) the contacts and interests of the pupils and (B) certain fundamental scientific ideas. The members who followed route (A) must have experi- enced considerable difficulty in maintaining direction through a rather dense undergrowth of youthful interests. There is the boy who loves to go bird-nesting or to “potter” in the garden; the boy who maintains in working order the Leclanche cells of the door bell; the boy with a camera whose interests lie in the reactions of the silver halides; not to forget the girl in a homely atmosphere of soap and soda, or probably the bicarbonate. The syllabus was founded, partly, on the ready-made interests of the pupils.“Was it not Thring who suggested that the crea- tion of interest was the hall-mark of a good teacher? ” The rate of educational advancement is proportional to the interest created. Route (B) lay along certain fundamental scientific ideas. The one fundamental idea on which chemistry is based is the Law of Conservation of Mass, which, intentionally or otherwise, has not been included in the itinerary. This, incidentally, leads to the consideration of the suggested syllabus of work for chemistry. “ Eighteenth-century ” probably describes it most 115 aptly. Boyle, in his Sceptical Chymist, published in t66t, suggested that the aim of chemistry was to “find out Nature, to see into what principles things might be resolved and of what they are compounded.” Such was chemistry before the balance was introduced and before the technique of measurement was acquired. Such is the scope of chemistry suggested in the 1936 Report.Must the quantitative side of chemistry be completely ignored merely because other work is “more easily remembered? ” Surely it is the duty of the teacher to present his subject in a form that can be assimilated and not merely remembered? Is the quantitative side of physics more easily remembered than that of chemistry? and yet the suggested course for physics contains much that entails calculation. The institution of a course in General Science is long overdue. Such a course may be developed along two lines. The syllabus may embrace a study and explanation of natural phenomena, without any classification of the facts into physics, chemistry or biology.The alternative appears to be to accept General Science as built up of physics, chemistry and biology, and to draw up complete courses of study in all three. These sciences are inter-related and inter-dependent, but no one science is the handmaiden of the others. Mr. George H. Turner,-after restating the view that the main object of education is to prepare children to become good citizens, able to work and able to make proper use of their leisure, -suggests that an aptitude for certain studies may be inborn, but that such an aptitude is more generally acquired. It is useless to expect a child to indulge in “self-expression” until a basis has been laid and material acquired, by means of which the self-expression may have some form.A school curriculum should cover as much of the field of human knowledge as is possible in a limited time, as a foundation for later specialisation and as a cultural background for the em- ployment of leisure. There is a tendency to increase the amount of work and also the standard to be attained in many subjects, and the difficulty lies in forming a syllabus which satisfies at once the requirements of a general education, meets the needs of individual children, and prepares them to take examinations of various kinds. It is agreed that biological science is an important and interesting subject and one with which many chemists would 116 like to be more fully acquainted, but it should also be recognised that chemistry is a basal science, touching the ordinary affairs of life at many points, and important for the solution and under- standing of biological problems.It is obviously a mistake, therefore, to cut down the time allotted to chemistry, in order to allow more time for biology, Elementary physics is more easily comprehended by children than chemistry, and furnishes much material and method useful to the chemist. He holds, therefore, that it is desirable that the study of physics should be begun before either that of biology or chemistry, and more time should be allowed for it (say 40 per cent.), while the time allowed to biology and chemistry should be approximately equal (say 30 per cent.each). The covering of a little less ground with greater thoroughness, and with more attention to fundamental principles, might be an advantage both to those who continue their education at Universities, as well as to those who finish their school education at about the age of sixteen years. Mr. F. H. Walker feels very strongly that the proportion of time proposed for the teaching of chemistry should not be so low as has been suggested by the Sub-committee. While in favour of including biology, he thinks that the proportion of time devoted to it should not be increased at the expense of chemistry, at least in the earlier stages. COMMENTS. Metric Reform.-The comments received from a Fellow, writing from New Zealand, should not be excluded because distance had necessitated delay in their receipt.He suggests that the number of members of the Institute who have resided in countries where the metric system is compulsory is com-paratively small. Being one of the minority, he asks that he may be allowed to express his opinion. From his experience of residence in Argentina, he is of opinion that the system facilitates the daily intercourse of works chemists with the engineers, accountants, managers, foremen and workmen, and that efficient commercial organisation is promoted through the facilities afforded by the system in the training of apprentices, clerks and 117 young workmen. An extract from Bayley’s Pocket Book, 1910, constitutes in itself an indictment of the imperial system :-“The fluid ounce being the measure of one ounce avoirdupois, i.e.of 437.5 grains of water, and 437.5 being a number not susceptible of convenient sub-division into aliquot parts, the minim has been introduced by analogy with apothecaries weight, in which system the oz. is larger than the oz. Av., and contains 480 grains.” Again, “The minim is the measure of 1/480 of an oz. A\-. of water.” “It is not the measure of one grain of water, but the measure of 0.9114583 grains of water.” “It is important to note this difference.” This laboured and apologetic definition of the relation between the fluid ounce and the minim provided a perpetual source of mirth for his Argentine colleagues.The correspondent adds that a large engineering firmin New Zealand engaged in water treatment has, during the last fifteen years, had all its water analyses stated in parts per million instead of grains per gallon. 118 Fif ty-Nin th Annual General Meeting. MONDAY, 1st MARCH, 1937. The Fifty-ninth Annual General Meeting was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Monday, the 1st March, 1937, at 8.0 p.m. Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S. (President) in the Chair. PRESENTATIONCERTIFICATESTO NEW ASSOCIATES.OF The PRESIDENT: Ladies and Gentlemen, before we commence the business of the annual meeting there are two little functions that we, by precedent, carry out now. The first is to distribute some certificates to gentlemen who have been recently elected by the Council to the Associateship of the Institute.The President distributed certificates to a number of recently elected Associates. PRESENTATIONOF MELDOLA MEDALS. The PRESIDENT:Ladies and Gentlemen, for some years past the Institute has commemorated the memory of one of its past-Presidents who, in his time, served the chemical community well. Professor Meldola was one of two past-Presidents of the Institute who have also, in their time, been Presidents of the Chemical Society, and of the Society of Chemical Industry. Shortly after Professor Meldola's death, the Society of Macca- baeans-of which Professor Meldola was a very distinguished member-arranged with the Institute to commemorate his memory in a somewhat exceptional way.The Society placed at the disposal of the Institute a Medal to be known as the Meldola Medal, which was to be awarded by the Council of the Institute of Chemistry to a chemist whose record of work done under the age of thirty years is, in the opinion of the Council, the most meritorious and the most promising of any of those brought to the notice of the Council of the Institute at the close of each year. I think that the Society of Maccabaeans, if they reflect, will be well pleased at the judgment displayed by the Council of the Institute in years gone by. On looking at the list, going 119 back for some twelve or fourteen years, I find in that list of Meldola Medallists at least three who are now Fellows of the Royal Society and hold important Chairs in the Universities of London, Oxford and Cambridge respectively.This, I think you will agree, is a striking commentary on the judgment of the Councils of by-gone years. For the year 1936 the Council had several names brought before it, and had considerable difficulty in deciding the award. It becomes increasingly difficult, and I think that it willbe more difficult as years go by, to decide between the relative merits of work in widely different fields. However, on this occasion, the Society of Maccabaeans has enabled the Council of the Institute to get over the difficulty in a way that will be very pleasing to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute. The Council found that it could not decide between the merits of two of the candidates and, in the circumstances, it was decided mutually between the Society and the Institute that there should be two medals given this year.I therefore now have the pleasing duty of handing the medals to Dr. E.D. Hughes andDr. A. R. Todd. Dr. Hughes, if I may say so, you had the very good fortune to commence your career as a chemist under the direction of the late Professor K. J. P. Orton. Professor Orton was known to many of us as a very careful worker, and one who displayed great enthusiasm. I feel sure that you, Dr. Hughes, would be one of the first to acknowledge your good fortune in having started on your career under Professor Orton. You then passed on to University College, London, and, working under Professor Ingold, you came to that school in this country which is using the tools of physical chemistry to elucidate the problems of organic chemistry in a way that has never before been attempted in any other school in this country.The Council is aware of the way in which you have collaborated with Professor Ingold, and is particularly impressed with the manner in which your work, which has been more independent in later years, has been brought to bear on the problems of aliphatic substitution as shown by the use of radioactive halogens. For this reason I am asked, on behalf of the Society of Maccabaeans, and on behalf of the Council of the Institute, to present you with this Meldola Medal, and to wish you aL future success in your career as a research chemist.(Applause.) (The President then presented the Medal to Dr. E. D.Hughes.) 120 Dr. E. D. HUGHES:Mr. President, I thank you very much for your kind words, and I wish also to thank the Institute of Chemistry, and the Society of Maccabaeans, for the great honour that has been conferred upon me by the award of the Meldola Medal. I am deeply conscious of my own inadequacy, but encouraged by this gift, and inspired by my teacher, Professor Ingold, whose enthusiasm for research cannot fail to influence those who come into contact with him, I will strive to uphold the traditions of this medal so nobly built up by its previous recipients. (Applause.) The PRESIDENT:Ladies and Gentlemen, I have said the Council of the Institute was not able to distinguish between the merits of the work of the gentleman who has just spoken and that of Dr.Todd. If I may say so, Dr. Todd has also been fortunate in his opportunities,-opportunities he has made full use of. Dr. Todd commenced his chemical career in the University of Glasgow, and later he went to the University of Frankfurt; from there to Oxford, then to Edinburgh, and at last he has come back to the hub of the universe, and holds an appointment at the Lister Institute. The Council of the Institute followed with very great interest the record of Dr. Todd’s work. They heard how he had been attracted from the study of optical activity, which is one of the still remaining attributes of substances derived from living organisms which the poor chemists have not yet succeeded in synthesising; how he proceeded to the examination of substances derived from the metabolism of moulds, to the independent work which he did in Edinburgh in Professor Barger’s laboratory, in the elucidation of the structure of vitamin B, and, finally, the synthesis of thiochrome,-con-stituting a record which, in the opinion of the Institute, merited to the full the award of a Meldola Medal.I have very much pleasure in handing to you, Dr. Todd, this Meldola Medal, and giving you our best wishes for the future success of your work. (Applause.) (The President then presented the Medal to Dr, A. R. Todd.) Dr. A. R.TODD: Mr. President, in thanking you, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Maccabaeans, for this award which you have conferred upon me, I feel that perhaps most of the credit ought to go to those who have trained me in research, beginning with Professor Patterson in Glasgow, with whom I 121 worked, as has been said, on optical activity, then to Professor Borsche, and finally to Professor Robinson at Oxford, with whom I worked for several years. It is to them that I really owe anything that I may have done. I can only say that if in the future I can manage to uphold the traditions of the Meldola Medal and the example set by past recipients, then, I feel that I shall at least have done something. (Applause.) ORDINARY BUSINESS.ANNUAL MINUTES.The PRESIDENTcalled upon the Registrar to present the Minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting, which, having been circulated, were taken as read. (The President signed the Minutes.) ACCOUNTSANNUAL AND REPORTOF THE AUDITORS. Before calling on the Hon. Treasurer to present the Annual Accounts, the President asked the Registrar to read the Report of the Auditors. After the REGISTRAR had read the Report, the President said that it was the first Annual Meeting for many a long year at which they had not seen Mr. Kirkaldy in his capacity as Honorary Treasurer. He would refer later to Mr. Kirkaldy’s services to the Institute, but he would like to express the views of all in the Institute at the good fortune of the Institute in having prevailed upon Mr.Howard, the son of a very distinguished former President of the Institute, to take on the onerous duties of Honorary Treasurer. (Applause.) He had much pleasure in calling upon Mr. Howard to present the Accounts. (Applause.) The HONORARY (Mr. Bernard F. Howard) said TREASURER that before proposing the adoption of the Accounts he wished to pay a very warm tribute to his predecessor. During the few months that he (Mr. Howard) had occupied the position of Treas- urer he had learnt to appreciate the enormous amount of thought and labour devoted to the service of the Institute by Mr. Kirkaldy over a long period of years. The appreciation of his predecessor’s unerring wisdom and foresight filled him with considerable mis- givings in attempting to carry out the task which Mr.Kirkaldy had been forced, through ill-health, to relinquish. He wished, therefore, to offer his grateful thanks to the President and the 122 Council for the support which they had given him, and to Mr. Pilcher, Mr. Collett and the staff, for their help. With such assistance and encouragement he would endeavour to do his utmost to emulate very humbly the example set by Mr. Kirkaldy. Dealing, in the first place, with the general accounts for the year 1936 as set forth in the Report, the Honorary Treasurer reviewed the statement in the Report, emphasising that the need for careful budgetting-which had been foreshadowed in the previous Report-still remained.Turning to the Benevolent Fund, he expressed, on behalf of the Committee, grateful thanks to all who had contributed to this Fund during the year; he would like them to feel assured that all contributions, great or small, found their way to the right goal. The investigation of applications for help required an enormous amount of thought and correspondence, and a great many personal interviews of a very confidential nature. To this cause Mr. Pilcher devoted a great deal of his available time. From the personal knowledge that he (the Honorary Treasurer) had of his work in this direction he wished to pay the warmest tribute to the wisdom, tact and unfailing human kindness with which Mr. Pilcher dealt with the cases which came before the Committee.The Honorary Treasurer then directed attention to the accounts of the Benevolent Fund in the Report of Council and referred to the special appeal issued at the close of 1936. In response to this special appeal for Coronation year, the figures to date showed an increase of &+17on the contributions received, in the corresponding period last year. (Applause.) He knew that some members of the Benevolent Fund Committee hoped for a rather more widespread response, from a larger proportion of our members, but the Committee was none the less deeply grateful to all who had made this special effort on behalf of their less fortunate brethren. He moved: “That the Statement of Accounts be received and adopted, and that the best thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Mr.J. H. Lane and Mr. Walter C. Hancock, and also to the Accountants, Mr. David Henderson, and Messrs. J. Y. Finlay and Co. for their services.” (Applause.) Mr. F. M. POTTER,in seconding the motion, said that the Institute was indeed fortunate in that Mr. Kirkaldy was succeeded by a Fellow of such financial acumen as Mr. Bernard Howard. Those who had been connected with the Institute for a long period had realised the very great care that was taken of the funds of the Institute, and their careful investment. There was one point to which, in passing, he thought that attention might be drawn, namely, the drop in the income from advertisements in the JOURNAL.He thought that it was disappointing that there was a drop, considering the increasing circulation of the JOURNAL. There were many firms of scientific instrument makers and others, who might make use of the JOURNAL because, after all, the JOURNAL of the Institute reached all members and registered students, totalling over 7,500. The PRESIDENTsaid that Mr. Howard would bring the matter mentioned by Mr. Potter to the notice of the new Council. He invited any member who wished to ask a question, or to raise any further points on the Accounts, to do so. Dr. E. B. HUGHES said that he would like to have theoppor- tunity of making some comments with reference to the method of presentation of the accounts,-the form in which the accounts was presented, asking the President’s permission before proceeding.With the consent of the President, Dr. E. B. Hughes, con- tinuing, said that it was his contention that the statement of accounts should indicate clearly at least certain main results, namely, what money had been spent of that which might be spent on the current costs of the year. They should also indicate what surplus or deficit had resulted, what had been done with the surplus, or how the deficit had been met. Such results were seen at a glance from a revenue account, that is to say, an account of in- come and expenditure, which was not the same as an account of cash receipts and expenditure, such as that before them. It should show what funds the Institute possessed, and that the money speci- fied for investment had been so invested, or at least had been put aside so that it might be invested.It was desirable to have an ac-cumulated fund, and a proper balance sheet should be shown in the accounts which would give obvious evidence of the liabilities, in- cluding particularly the accumulated fund and the corresponding assets. The accounts before them did not show any of these require- ments clearly. The results might be obtained, to some extent, 124 by a careful study of the figures, and the use of pencil and paper, and, no doubt, quite fully on explanation by the Honorary Treasurer, but they were not clearly evident from the published statements. He asked that he might give them a few examples. Turning to “Surplus Assets over Liabilities” at page 28 of the JOURNAL, the figure in italics for the surplus assets over liabilities at the 31st December, 1935, was given as L30,51g 19s. 8d.;but the Accounts for 1935 gave the surplus as &30,523 13s. zd.,-a difference of L3 13s. 6d. This was a small difference, but it might equally well have been a large difference. It was a difference of a sum that had been altered after the accounts had been presented. It indicated an alteration, or a modification, which would not have been possible without explanation if there had been a proper balance sheet with the previous year’s surplus to carry forward as a liability. Again, since the previous year ,68,950 3Q per cent. Conversion Loan had been sold.There was nothing to indicate for how much this had been sold, or how much was the gain or the loss, although the figure, of course, could actually be obtained. He found it to be a gain, over the cost price, of L418 10s. 8d., which might have been entered as an apprecia- tion on sale. Incidentally, it was not clear to him why the sale of this Conversion Loan and its re-investment in 3B per cent. War Loan had been made. Both stocks bore interest at 36 per cent., and the price difference was small. Moreover, the former was a longer dated security than the latter, the former being 1961 and the latter 1952. The surplus of assets over liabilities was based on a valuation of investments at current market prices. He maintained that not only was that not sound practice-at any rate, it was not commercial practice, except for those who were dealing in shares -but it disguised what they really wanted to see readily, namely, the continuity of the capital and the savings added thereto.If one had to have this switchback record of valuation of invest- ments, it could be done by giving the figure at cost, and then one figure for appreciation or depreciation, as the case might be, or better still, a separate schedule of investments. As an ideal example of accounts, he referred to the accounts of the Chemical Society. The investments of the Institute showed a depreciation during the year of &569 9s. 4d.-that was on the basis of market prices-since the 1935 accounts. This, of course, was only a paper loss, as the income was not altered. 125 With regard to funds for investment, certain receipts were stated as being reserved for investment, namely, entrance fees and life compensation fees.In 1936 there was also a sum of fT160 received from the University of London which made a total of fl1,100 16s. od. of funds for investment. That sum should have been invested. Investments, amounting to E4,068 6s. zd., during 1936 included fl3,202 IS. gd. brought forward from 1935, from the redemption of an investment ;so that a sum of k867 4s. gd. only had been invested from the year’s receipts, and not the ~I,IOO 16s. od. There was thus an amount of L233 11s. 7d. which should have been invested, but which had not been invested, and, therefore, appears in the balance at the bank as cash.What was there in the form of these accounts to ensure that the amount for investment appearing amongst the cash would not be used instead of its being invested? If it had gone to an accumulated fund it would have been there whether it was wholly invested or not. With further reference to the point of mixing capital and income, there was a balance in the General Account of ;63,445 8s. 3d. brought forward from 1935, but of this E3,202 IS. gd. really belonged to the capital of the Institute. At page 12 in the Report of the Finance and House Committee it was stated that a sum of ;61,045 7s. IId. was due for investment at the close of the year. He was unable to make out from the presented accounts how this sum was arrived at.According to the statement it appeared to be EI,IOO 16s. od. With regard to extraordinary expenditure, there were items marked as “due from the Gluckstein Memorial Account,” and so on. He did not understand how “due from” could be an expenditure, but possibly “advanced to ” or “advanced for ” might be. He presumed, therefore, that these items were looked upon as of certain return, and, therefore, were considered as equivalent to cash at the bank. He had indicated sufficient to show that the accounts were not clearly presented, and to support his contention that the statement should take the form of a revenue account, and a balance sheet with an accumulated fund. Such accounts would render it possible for the auditors to give a more comprehensive certificate than was issued at present.He did not know whether it would be in order to move a motion with respect to the matter? If in order he would do so. 126 The PRESIDENTsaid that he did not know what motion Dr. Hughes proposed to move, Dr. HUGHES replied that the motion was with reference to the form in which the accounts should be presented in future. The PRESIDENTsaid that the Institute was much indebted to Dr. Hughes for the trouble that he had taken. It seemed to him that the question of the form of the presentation of the accounts was a matter which had been before the Council of the Institute for many years. In view of the increasing body of opinion in the Institute of which he was aware, and with which, when he was not in a position of responsibility, he agreed, the matter might be presented to the next Council with a view to a Report being drawn up and considered.He thought that many of the points raised by Dr. Hughes could be met, but it might be remembered that this form of accounts had been adopted by the Institute for many years during a period in which the Institute had continually advanced. It was a very much bigger business than it was when that form of accounts had been adopted. He thought that instead of moving a resolution or an amendment, which might or might not be adopted, the suggestions put forward by Dr. Hughes should be referred to the Council for discussion, and reported at the next annual meeting (see Proceedings of Council, p.146). Dr. HUGHES concurred. The PRESIDENTsaid that he could answer several of the questions put by Dr. Hughes offhand, and he agreed that there might be a better form of presenting the accounts. Therewere several forms which could be adopted. Mr. EDWARD HINKS said that he would like to endorse what Dr. Hughes had said. Dr. Hughes was a very experienced honorary treasurer, and any words falling from him should be most seriously considered. He would like to link up his thesis with a word that fell from the lips of the Honorary Treasurer himself. He said that the accounts showed the need for careful budgetting. Dr. Hughes felt, and he (Mr. Hinks) felt, that the accounts did not show what they wanted to see readily.The accounts did not show exactly how the Institute stood from year to year, and whether it was running at a loss or at a profit. Therefore, they could not show, except from a very careful examination, whether it required careful budgetting, or whether it did not. There was one thing that occurred to him for further 127 comment. The Register cost f1800; the Register was published every two years, and the List of Official Chemical Appointments every three years. In 1935, fortunately, neither fell due, and so apparently the Institute could pay for the Charter Jubilee Celebration. That was a very promiscuous way of going on. They could not see precisely the position from year to year.Perhaps some means of debiting to each year’s accounts a share of the expense on the two substantial publications might be devised. Perhaps that point has been brought up before. The main point was that the members could not see what the tendency was from year to year, and they ought to be able to do so. He was glad that the matter would be brought to the notice of the Council. (Applause.) The PRESIDENT, having invited further remarks on the accounts,without response ,called upon the Honorary Treasurer. The HONORARY said that he would have liked TREASURER to have had notice of the question that Dr. Hughes had put. It was rather a big subject. He had acquired a good deal of infor-mation by going through the accounts with a friendly critic, a chartered accountant. He had spent a whole evening with him, anticipating the criticisms such as those that Dr.Hughes had advanced. If Dr. Hughes would be kind enough to let him have his questions he would be very glad to give him after- wards a full report, rather on the lines which he had suggested, which had been prepared by his chartered accountant friend. (Applause.) On the understanding that Dr. Hughes’ views would be considered by the Council, the President submitted the motion, and it was Resolved: “That the Statement of Accounts be received and adcpted, and the best thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Honorary Auditors, Messrs. Lane and Hancock, and also to the Accountants, Messrs. David Henderson and J.Y. Finlay, for their services.” THEREPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The PRESIDENTsubmitted the Report of the Council, and in doing so delivered an Address on “Fellows of the Institute as Men of Affairs.” At the conclusion he moved “that the Report of the Council for 1936-37 be received and adopted.” (See page 133.) 128 Dr. F. H. CARR, in seconding the motion for the reception and adoption of the Report, said that he would like, at the same time, to move that the thanks of this meeting be accorded to the President for his Address, and that he be requested to allow it to be printed in the PROCEEDINGS.He had some doubt, how- ever, whether any report could reproduce just what the President had conveyed to those who were present.Dr. Pickard was inimitable, and what he had said from the fulness of his wisdom was of great value. His remarks had come from wisdom accompanied by grey hairs, as he had said, but certainly not accompanied by the decrepitude to which he had referred. Dr. Pickard had a way, when he has something to say, of thinking first. Then he added a “buffer,” and said what he thought without any further hesitation, feeling sure that the buffer would enable his thoughts to go home to the heart of the people to whom he spoke. To-dayJ and always, whether it be as President in the Committee, or in the Council Chamber, or whether it be on an occasion such as this, he always set the minds of his audience thinking and their hearts beating by the kind of inspiration of which they had an example that evening. He had given them something to carry away, and to think about.Dr. Carr continued, that, for his part, at least, he could see a great deal that might be done, if only they applied themselves to such problems as the President had suggested, and endeavoured to think them out clearly and conscientiously as he had done. It was an inestimable advantage to the progress of our science that those who at one time held academic positions, exercising their powers on a science which was second to none in developing inductive reasoning and thought should later apply themselves to the affairs of science as they affected humanity, or as they were applied to practical purposes. The President was an outstanding example of that.It was equally to be desired-and the presentation of the Meldola medals reminded them of it-that the reverse process should take place, and, as in the case of Professor Meldola, some who had occupied themselves with the application of our science should turn to academic life to inspire the youth who were going to be the leaders of the future. He (Dr. Carr) was sure that the meeting would join with himin expressing very sincere thanks to the President for the work that he had done during the year, and for the inspiring address that he had given them. (Applause.) 129 Dr. BERNARDDYER,in supporting the vote of thanks to the President, said that, as he supposed he was the senior member of the Institute in the hall, he would like to express his apprecia- tion of the services of the President.He had heard addresses from all the Presidents of the Institute from the beginning. (Applause). After that experience, one ought to be critical about presidential addresses, but he could assure those present that there need be no compunction at all in regarding Dr. Pickard’s address as worthy to take its place with the addresses of the distinguished Presidents who had gone before him. (Applause.) Although he had not been a member of the Council lately, as a constant reader of the proceedings of the Council he was im-pressed with the always growing importance and complexity of the work of the Institute. They were fortunate in having a man of Dr. Pickard’s attainments and experience, as well as scientific status, to help them in the next few years in carrying on that important work.(Applause.) The PRESIDENT,having acknowledged the vote of thanks, put the Resolution to the meeting and it was carried. OFELECTION OFFICERS, MEMBERS OF COUNCIL,AND CENSORS. The PRESIDENTcalled upon the Registrar to read the Report of the Scrutineers, which was as follows:- The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1,034. The following were elect,ed:- President: It. H. Pickard (1,032). Vice-presidents: H. Douglas Elkington (1,019), A. E. Everest (1,018), J. J. Fox (l,022), C. A. Mitchell (1,028), Robert Robinson (1,022), J. F. Thorpe (1,022). Hon. Treasurer: Bernard F. Howard (1,034).The number of votes cast for General Members of Council was 1,031. The following were elected:- T. P. Hilditch (835), G. Roche Lynch (817), I. M. Heilbron (797), H. V. A. Briscoe (747), F. H. Carr (743), P. H. Kirkaldy (742), D. F. Twiss (730), S. Smiles (715), W. M. Cumming (691), B. G. McLellan (685), G. R. Clemo (684), A. Coulthard (684), A. G. Francis (683), 0.L. Brady (680), F. G. Edmed (679), P. Lewis-Dale (672), B. S. Evans (657), J. B. Firth (651), W. A. Damon (643), H. E. Cox (642), F. M. Potter (630), W. J. A. Butter-field (629), J. R. Johnson (613), R. E. Slade (603), H. McCombie (599), J. C. White (589), A. W. M. Wintle (563). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 961. The following were elected:- Sir Gilbert T.Morgan (810), Sir G. C. Clayton (750), Robert Robinson (749), J. F. Thorpe (719). 130 The PRESIDENTdeclared the candidates whose names had been read to have been duly elected Officers and Members of the Council and Censors, and suggested sending a Special memorandum to the sixty-six members whose votes were disallowed. The President also expressed the thanks of the Fellows and Associates to the two Scrutineers for their services to the Institute. It had meant more than a day’s work. The Institute was very much indebted to Messrs. C. A. Bassett and J. A. Heald for that work. (Applause.) OF AUDITORSELECTION AND ACCOUNTANTS. The PRESIDENTsaid that it was customary for the President to nominate one honorary auditor and to ask for a second nomination from the body of the hall. He re-nominated from the Chair the appointment of Mr.J. H. Lane as Honorary Audit or. Professor R. ROBISONproposed that Mr. Walter C. Hancock be re-appointed Honorary Auditor. The Resolution was put to the meeting and was carried. On the motion if the Honorary Treasurer, seconded by Dr. T. H. Durrans and supported by Dr. J. T. Dunn,-Mr. David Henderson and Messrs. J. Y. Finlay and Co., Chartered Accoun- tants, were re-appointed Auditors for the ensuing year at a fee of forty guineas. The President put the Resolution to the meeting and it was carried. SPECIALBUSINESS. The PRESIDENTsaid that there was an item of “Special Business” which was a little complicated. Notice had been given that a Resolution would be moved from the Chair re- defining the districts which send District Members to the Council.Unfortunately, while it was stated quite correctly in the Report of the Council, in the printed Agenda for the meeting, the matter has been confused in an attempt to indicate the areas of the Sections comprising the new District. The motion, amended to accord with the intention of the Council as stated in the Report, was seconded by Dr. A. E. Everest, and put to the meeting as follows:- “That the Resolution of the Extraordinary General Meeting, held on 7th March, 1921,as amended at Annual 131 General Meetings held on 1st March, 1923, and on 1st March, 1g3pdefining Districts for the election of District Members of Council-be rescinded, and the following be substituted therefor:-(i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Staff ord, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwsll. (iii) East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncaster, Rotherham, Sheffield, and districts immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South York- shire Section; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln.(iv) Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. (v) London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. (vi) Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid.(vii) Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast, including the Coun- ties of Northumberland and Durham. (viii) Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. (ix) Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. (x) Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine and Angus (Forfar). (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll, Dunbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries.(xii) Wales, excluding the County of Flint, 8ee (iv), the County of Monmouth. (xiii) Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xiv) Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xv) The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Doniinion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empim of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad.” The Resolution was carried. 132 TO RETIRING VICE-PRESIDENT VOTE OF THANKS AND MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. Dr. C. AINSWORTHMITCHELL proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring Vice-President-Dr.H. H. Hodgson-and the retiring Members of Council. He had followed the work of those who were retiring, having been closely associated with them. He knew the care and the amount of time that they had given to the Institute continually during their years of service. Many of them had to come long distances to attend the meetings, and they had given up their own work and their own time. Those who were in London also had to put in a great deal of time for interviewing-committees, on which the London members served more than the country members. In any case, as the President had said, it was not a light task to be on the Council, for there were continual problems whieh had to be discussed: (Applause.) The PRESIDENTsaid that he would like to second the motion from the Chair.He did not wish to particularise, but he wanted to say that the Institute was very deeply indebted to Mr. Eynon for the work that he had done as Chairman of the Publications Committee. (Applause.) Dr. Mitchell had proposed a vote of thanks to those of his colleagues on the Council who were retiring in accordance with the By-laws. Those who had given such meritorious and arduous service to the Institute were well deserving of thanks. (Hear, hear.) The vote of thanks was curried, with acclamation. The PRESIDENTthen declared the meeting closed. 133 The President’s Address. BY DR. ROBERT H. PICKARD, F.R.S. THEReport is in your hands, and I do not propose to deal with it in detail, but there are some matters to which I want to call your attention.In the first place, the number of members of the Institute has progressively increased. As you will see, there is an increase this year of 266. The Institute still con- tinues to grow. If I may say so, taking the form of accounts, such as it is, there is one point which seems to come out with arithmetical clarity by the subtraction of one figure from another figure, and that is that the total assets over liabilities have increased by k1,400. I do not know whether that is a matter of debate or not, but whether the figure is EI,OOO,or whether it is E1,400,is immaterial to the point that I now wish to make, namely, that the great asset of the Institute, which is progres- sively growing, is the influence which the Institute possesses, and which is continually increasing, among the ranks of chemists and in the ranks of those who employ chemists.I think that that is one of the most gratifying results of the recent history of the Institute, not only its growth in numerical strength, but its growth in influence. We have to regret, as usual inevitably, the loss by death of several very distinguished Fellows. I do not propose to refer to them, with the exception of the loss of Sir Herbert Jackson. Sir Herbert Jackson was one of your past-Presidents, who was distinguished in the very great service that he gave to the Institute at the time of its greatest growth. The rate of growth during the years when Sir Herbert Jackson was President was greater than at any other time.The Institute owes a very great debt to Sir Herbert Jackson for the way in which he guided the destinies of the Institute, and the way in which he smoothed its path during the troublesome years after the war. Then there is a list of the number of Council and Committee meetings which have been held. I want to put in a personal plea and an explanation. Membership of the Council entails very hard work, and it is very hard work being President. There is no Trade Union for Presidents, and as a President I deprecate the prevailing practice which has grown up of recent 134 years of expecting the President to go to all the Local Sections and to talk or to lecture at each of them.I do not propose to attempt to do it, and physically I cannot. I hope that the Local Sections will be content with a small modicum of presi- dential oration. The Institute is deeply indebted to the various gentlemen who represent the interests of the Institute on the various committees. The Honorary Treasurer has dealt with the working of the Finance and House Committee and, apropos of what I propose to say in a few minutes, I would call your attention to the working of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. It watches the movements in the country which affect the interests of chemists, and the interests of chemistry as a science. Perhaps I may stress the point that the Council on one or two occasions refused to intervene in matters which were questions of political dispute.It is no part of the province of the Institute to take part in matters which are the subject of political dispute. The long list of meetings of the Local Sections is particularly impressive if you look at the list of subjects which have occupied the attention of the Sections. The Institute, through the work of its Sections, has not confined itself to the individual or pro- fessional interests, but there is a function of the Institute,-which has been growing up and increasing of recent years, and a move-ment with which I am in very great sympathy,-to act in provid- ing refresher lectures and reviews of current topics and research in such a way that its members may be brought face to face in a convenient form with any advances which are made.personally very much welcome the part which the Sections take in that respect. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee meets nearly every month, and has done very hard work and held regular sittings. When I became President I expected that Mr. Kirkaldy (whose compulsory cessation from his excep- tionally regular attendance at our meetings we all regret) would take the Chairmanship of that Committee, but it has fallen to the lot of the President, and whilst the work has been very interesting, it has been very arduous. It may be worth while stressing the fact that the examinations of the Institute still seem to play a very large part in providing machinery by which young chemists can obtain some additional qualification, or some qualification which they do not otherwise possess through graduation.The evidence for that is that there is almost a 135 record number of candidates for the examinations which are going to be held next month. Over ninety-two candidates have entered for the examinations in this coming month. Good work has been done by the Appointments Committee, and it is very satisfactory to be able to emphasise the fact that at the moment very few members of the Institute are out of employment. At the moment there are only eighty-eight mem- bers of the Institute who are lacking employment. It does not follow that the others are in satisfactory employment, but, at any rate, they are in employment.The Publications and Library Committee set out in the Report of the Council an account of their proceedings. There is one feature to which I would like to call attention, and that is that some of the brochures and reports of lectures which have been issued indicate to Fellows a desire on the part of the Council to make it possible for members of the Institute to take a greater interest in affairs outside the laboratory than the majority of chemists are in the habit of doing. The lectures, such as that which I was privileged to give, the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, the lecture given by Dr. Coates to the Manchester Section, and others of that type, are an indication of the feeling of a good many members of the Council that is just going out of office, that it is desirable for members of the Institute to have their attention drawn to the benefit of taking a somewhat wider view than a narrow professional interest in their science, and in their science only.The only other matter on the Report of the Council to which I wish particularly to call your attention is a brief report of the doings of the Chemical Council. The first Report of that Council has been issued, and its work is proceeding well. Although I am Chairman of the Chemical Council, I am not the repre- sentative of the Institute thereon, so that I can quite well report to you the keenness with which the representatives of the Institute, Mr. Edmed, Professor Thorpe, and now Mr. Calder (in place of Mr.Kirkaldy who retired) have watched the interests of the Institute as one of the constituent bodies of the Chemical Council. As Chairman of the Chemical Council, I would like to say that all members of the Council are imbued with the idea and with the certainty that all members of the constituent bodies-there are 11,000 individuals in the three constituent bodies-desire that the work of the Chemical Council shall be such that co-operation in every possible way within the 136 ambit of the Charters of the three bodies, should be undertaken to enhance the status of chemistry as a science, and the interests of those who profess the science. The work is proceeding well. The main thing which has been done during the last twelve months has been that the Institute, along with the Society of Chemical Industry, have undertaken to go equal shares with the Chemical Society in the maintenance of the main library, Every individual in the three bodies contributes through his subscriptions an equal amount to the maintenance of the Chemical Library, which is housed in Burlington House. Further announcements about the work of the Chemical Council will be made in the near future, but at the moment I am not able to give you further details beyond a general statement that the work is proceeding very smoothly, and I think that it will be to the ultimate satisfaction of all the members of the three constituent bodies.I should, however, like to say, and it is an appropriate place at which to say so, that the Chemical Council work has been very much facilitated by the offer which the Council of the Institute made some two years ago to provide the secretariat for the Chemical Council. The Chemical Council has had the great advantage of the advice of Mr.Pilcher, and the services of the adminis- trative staff of the Institute. That has been a very considerable contribution to the work of the Council, and one which has given satisfaction to everyone. There has grown up a precedent that the Presidents of the Council of the Institute of Chemistry take the opportunity, in presenting the Report of the Council, to make some uncensored and unedited remarks on some topic, on which they feel that they would like to express their own opinions.I am not going to burden you for long, but I have had in my mind for some time past a desire to say something to the younger generation in the Institute who, in due time, will be called upon to take a more prominent part in promoting the interest and maintaining the prestige of their profession. This year, on the and October, we celebrate, not officially but unofficially, the sixtieth anniversary of the original incor- poration of the Institute. The ideas of our founders have been steadily pursued; we have enjoyed the privilege of a Royal Charter for over half a century, and we are honoured by the patronage of the Crown. In the meantime, during the life of the Institute, the tuition in chemistry given by the Universities and institutions of university rank has altered very considerably.137 Much more instruction is being given in practical chemistry, while the amount of research done in the universities and elsewhere has grown at an amazing pace. During the time that the Institute has been in existence, chemistry has established itself among the learned professions. Its practitioners are to be found in industry and commerce, in government and the public services, and in all affairs of the life of the people. Chemists, by the very nature of their calling, in which, however, the majority are employees rather than employers, have been for the most part of a retiring and modest disposition, peace-loving and philosophical. In the past, their science would seem to have been their all-absorbing interest.Those among us whom we know best are known for their scientific work, and they are elected to our Councils very largely on that work and on the place they occupy among us as chemists. This is all to the good. Happily, too, there are not a few among us who have developed a measure of business acumen, and it has been remarked lately that, among chemists generally, those who are also men of affairs are coming to the fore in increasing numbers. This, to my mind, is of very great significance and importance. I feel that we must do everything possible to encourage in our profession a continued supply of men of this type. Such men at the moment are in far greater demand than the supply: in recent times, within my knowledge several organisations have been seeking men of the character to which I refer and are prepared to reward them on a very high scale; but there is not as yet a sufficient supply to meet demands of this kind. When a name is suggested for such a prospective vacancy, an enquiry may result in the discovery that the individul is already well-established and assured of good prospects, or he is wedded to a particular branch of work and disinclined to make a change.Sometimes, of course, the requirements of the prospective employer are of a very special character, or insome way too exacting. Men who have attained positions of great responsibility after experience of many years are apt to measure younger men against themselves.They look for the same essential and particular kind of ability and expect more than is reasonable from those who are eager to be given opportunities of seeing what they can do and proving their worth. How can we meet this attitude? Those who hope to secure the higher positions must be ready for the opportunities, and I am not without hope that they will come forward. We need to encourage 138 a sturdy individualism: not the individualism of the hermit, but that of the man of marked character, who can stand up for himself without being obnoxious about it, and is, above all, devoted to good service. I am more and more convinced, when I attend meetings of chemists in various parts of the country, that there are amongst us young men, many as yet little known, who have courage and initiative to come forward with new work, to read papers, and to make useful and sensible contributions to discussions. To be able to express themselves clearly and with assurance on matters on which they can claim to know something is a valuable asset in itself, and I would suggest to our younger members that much can be done to acquire this ability by good reading, by cultivating the habit of mixing with men of other professions, and taking an active interest not only in the proceedings of the societies devoted to our science, but in the world of affairs generally. I would emphasise that this may entail sacrifice of time and money; but in a professional man who looks for success in life, such sacrifice is, in my opinion, a sound and profitable investment.The broad outlook which it engenders teaches us to be tolerant to those who know as little of our busness as we know of theirs, and enables us more clearly to see the other fellow’s point of view. That, of course, is stressing the point of view of the individual, but I think that I should be wrong, even addressing the Institute of Chemistry, which is largely concerned with the interests of the professional chemist, if I stressed too greatly the interests of the individual. There is the far wider outlook, the national outlook. Just cast your minds round the country and see what is happening in the universities. The chemical departments have been growing larger and larger within the memory of nearly everybody here and they are getting more diverse.The supply, not so much of the professors, but the supply of men who will act efficiently as the directors or the administrators or organisers of these large swollen departments, is becoming a very urgent national problem. I am looking at it from the outsider’s point of view, but, side by side with the growth of these enormous chemical departments in the universities there have grown up large research organisations, some run by large firms or large corporations and others run by associations of finns. The supplying of the men and women to act as directors of these large research organisations is a very difficult problem, and the supply of suitable candidates for any vacancy for the directof- ships of these large organisations is a very difficult question.Probably, in the majority of cases, a man becomes a director of a large organisation at an advanced age when he is grey-haired and decrepit. If he does his job properly-I am now speaking from experience-in the first year after he has been appointed he should look round to see who is going to succeed him. It sounds a terrible thing to say, but if you are appointed to a large and important organisation and you have views about its develop- ment, the first thing I’ do is to ensure that the organisation is vigorous, that it is growing, and that it will go on after you leave it. I am just putting this forward as my view. In other words, you must provide for your successor, and it is an extra- ordinarily difficult problem.In these research organisations, just as in the swollen university departments, it generally happens that the man who is chosen to administer them, or to organise them, is chosen because he has a reputation for carrying out research well. Those of you who came in contact with directors of research in your younger days ought to realise that it does not follow that because a man has a reputation for research he is necessarily going to be a good administrator or organiser. The system by which dis-tinguished young men have been afforded facilities for getting research experience-by means of scholarships and fellowships- is not always, in my opinion, necessarily the best for bringing out any latent ability to organise or to administer.We have various systems. The scheme with which I am most familiar is that known as the 1851 Exhibition, to which I, in common with many others in the country, owe a great deal. Stress is always laid upon the recipient of the fellowship going to another university, and he has to follow the usual procedure of sending in a report on the research work that he is doing. In many cases the individual becomes obsessed with the idea that he must turn out research results to intrigue the people who have awarded the fellowship. To use an old phrase, his research studies are definitely expected to interfere with his education. I have come across many cases where people have gone to other universities with a research fellowship and, such has been the stress of the scientific study, that they have not been able to take cognizance of what has been going on around them.One thing that is noticeable of late, taking our membership of nearly 7,000, is that really a very small proportion of the fellows and associates are occupied in making chemicals. Knowledge of chemistry is required in so many pursuitsand in somany industries that the great majority of qualified chemists are not occupied in making chemicals. The large research schools, and particu- larly the large industrial research associations, can be run only by a system of team work, because the problems are so complex and the drive to produce results is so great.In the academic work there is a very strenuous drive on the individual to prcduce results for the type of publication on which most rewards and appointments seem to follow. Team work seems to discourage initiative. One of the great problems of the people who have to supervise the work is to find out to what extent the juniors can overcome that somewhat deadening effect that team work has on the individual. That deadening effect is paralleled by the deadening effect that the system of committee work has on the administrator ! Some of us who are responsible for the direction of huge research establishments have to attend many committees per month. Whilst the officials generally do all the routine work, unless one sits and listens only, one has to do a tremendous amount of study of the work before attending the meetings.I am quite conscious of the fact that that deadens the interest which the administrator has in the research itself. It is a very great difficulty for the administrator to give those revivifying words of encouragement to the laboratory worker which is so necessary, in my opinion ,in running a large research establishment. One is obsessed with-the idea that the individuals chosen for positions of responsibility are often chosen, in the first instance, haphazard. I am now talking of the posts between what I call the first post and the post held at the end of one’s professional life. On looking back one sees how haphazard has been the choice of the individual from step to step.We have really no machinery. Our Appointments Board here functions like the appointments boards of the universities. It is very helpful to employers who are on the look-out for individuals starting their careers, but there is no machinery of which I know by which there can be an interchange arranged, between different organisa- tions, of men, ten or fifteen years on, for the less junior posts. Some people will say that no machinery is required and that it is better, on a large staff, continually to promote juniors and to have a gradual promotion of the best on your own staff. That is all right from the point of view of the individual, but it does not seem to me to be good from the point of view of the organisation.141 In my experience, an organisation gains very greatly if it gets new ideas at different stages and not only from the bottom. A new chemist often provides a stimulus to the older members of the staff. We have no method by which we know the people who are available and what square pegs are in round holes or vice versa. As I realise from experience of my own organisation, and from the experience gained by talking to those who are in charge of other large organisations, the difficulty is that there is no method by which one hears of bright individuals. It is very difficult to define on paper or for anybody to state what are the qualities required for a given position. One talks rather glibly about personality, but it does not follow that the man who would impress me with his personality would impress the next individual. Personality is a very indefinable thing.While I have made these very desultory remarks, which are really based on my own experience and on what I feel is a very urgent want in this country, I can only repeat to the younger men that they should take every opportunity of becoming acquainted with interests wider than only the interests of their profession. The position at the moment is that the senior posts in chemistry go to those who prosecute research, but the more lucrative posts go to those who can take a wider view. As I said at the beginning of my remarks, to attain success in both those fields, to become proficient by the output of your research and at the same time to develop that wider interest in things outside your immediate responsibility, requires a very great physical effort.Possibly only some of the stronger physically can make such an effort. In any event, I welcome the action that the Council has been taking in calling the attention of its Fellows and Associates to the desirability of taking a wider interest in affairs, as evidenced by some of the brochures recently pub- lished, and thereby encouraging the members of the Institute to study the management of people and affairs, in that way quali- fying themselves to take positions where they can influence the development of the science in which we are all interested. I believe that these are very urgent matters.Before moving the adoption of the Report of the Council, I want to take the opportunity, at the termination of my first year of office as your President, to pay a tribute to the officials of the Institute for the way in which they have one and all supported me as President, and to congratulate the Institute in having the loyal services of such an eficient staff. (Applause.) 142 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 19th February, 1937.-In response to an invitation from the City and Guilds of London Institute, Technological Department, to nominate a representative on the Advisory Committee on Petroleum and Petroleum Products and Oils, Fats and Waxes, the Council nominated Mr. William Henry Simmons, on the understanding that Mr.E. R. Bolton, who had previously acted as representative of the Institute in that capacity, had expressed the desire to retire from the Advisory Commit tee. A request was received from the Air Raid Precautions Department, Home Office, for the appointment of representatives to attend a conference to consider steps to be taken to secure the services of gas detection officers. The Department asked that the representatives of the Institute should be prepared with suggestions on the subject. A draft scheme was therefore sub- mitted and generally approved, in order that it might form the basis for discussion at the conference, to which Messrs. W. J. A. Butterfield and Lewis Eynon and the Registrar were appointed as the representatives of the Institute.A letter was also received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section transmitting a resolution in favour of a register being compiled of names of members who are willing, if called upon, to place their services at the disposal of local authorities concerned with Air-Raid Precautions. A letter was received from the Leeds Area Section concurring in the suggestion that the Halifax members be attached to the Huddersfield Section. Professor Irvine Masson submitted his resignation from the Council as from 1st March in order that the new Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad might be eligible for re-election for the full period of three years. Professor Masson’s period would have expired in April.A nomination having been received during 1936 from the Malaya Section in favour of Dr, H. A. Tempany, C.B.E., it was agreed 143 that he be elected District Member of Council in the place of Professor Masson. Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Finance and House Committee, on a reference from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, recom- mended that candidates who were asked to present themselves for examination at centres other than London, should not be required to pay the “local fees” which had hitherto been charged to defray the expenses of holding local examinations. Such examinations were usually conducted at a loss, but it was deemed desirable that the Institute should afford all possible facilities to the candidates desirous of taking the Examinations, and the proposal was adopted.Also, on the Report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council considered the desirability of celebrating the “Diamond” Jubilee of the Institute,-the original incorporation having been accomplished on the 2nd October, 1877. The Council, however, in view of the appeals made on behalf of the Benevolent Fund, and by the Chemical Council, the additional call on the Institute to support the Joint Chemical Library, and the heavy expense involved in holding a celebration on a scale worthy of the occasion, decided against the proposal. On a Report from the Benevolent Fund Committee, it was decided to make grants and allowances to several new cases.The Publications Committee reported that they had arranged to issue Mr. J. Davidson Pratt’s lecture on “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist,’’ which had been given before the Glasgow and the West of Scotland and the London and Sout h-East ern Counties Sections, The annual appointments of Officers and Examiners were confirmed. Dr. Joseph Kenyon was appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch C, Organic Chemistry, in succession to Dr. 0. L. Brady, who had completed his term of office. On the retirement of Colonel B. J. Eaton, O.B.E., Mr. Robert Westrup Blair was appointed Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the Straits Settlements and the Far East. On the motion of the President, a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Vice-president, Dr.H. H. Hodgson, and the retiring Members of Council for their services. Dr. Hodgson and Mr. T. F. E. Rhead replied. 144 Council Meeting, 12th March, 1937.-The President welcomed the new Members of Council who were in attendance for the first time-Messrs. W. A. Damon, Edgar Lewis, R. E. Slade and H. A. Tempany; and those who had served on the Council before and had been re-elected-Messrs, W. J. A. Butter- field, F. H. Carr, J. R. Johnson, F. M. Potter, and A. W. M. Wintle. Arising from previous Minutes,-the representatives of the Institute reported on the conference held at the Air-Raid Precautions Department on the 23rd February, and the proceed- ings subsequent thereto. A circular had been issued to members of the following Societies in Central London, Birmingham and Liverpool :-Association of Principals of Technical Institutions, Chemical Society, Institute of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Society, Science Masters’ Association, Society of Chemical Industry, Society of Public Analysts.The circular related to the gas detection service which it is proposed to organise eventually in most urban areas, the service to be part of the Air-Raid Precautions organisation of the local authorities. The purpose of the circular was to secure the services of persons qualified for selection as gas detection officers. It was necessary to take immediate action to assist the Department to make arrangements for the training of the first groups of Officers at the end of March and early in April.Copies of Mr. J. Davidson Pratt’s lecture on “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist,” containing considerable information regarding the probable duties of gas detection officers, were issued with the circular, and the circularisation was completed by Friday, 26th February. More than sufficient applications were received before Monday, 8th March, and were handed over to the Department. The Council of the Institute subsequently received informa- tion that the Society of Chemical Industry had passed a resolution urging the Department to ensure that the Officers selected were given a status corresponding to that of commissioned officers in the military services.Although gas detection officers will be civilian, the Council agreed to support the resolution of the Society and to urge that the Department should define more closely the conditions of service of such officers. In reply to an invitation received from the City and Guilds of London Institute, Department of Technology, to nominate a representative on an Advisory Committee on the Dyeing of 145 Textiles, Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., who had been Chairman of the Committee for some years past and was willing to continue the work for a further period, was reappointed. On a suggestion received from the Chemical Council, it was agreed that, subject to the concurrence of the Councils of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, the three Chartered Chemical Bodies should co-operate in forwarding an address of congratulation and good wishes to His Majesty The King on the occasion of his Coronation.A communication was also received from the Chemical Council to the effect that it was proposed to refer to a Special Committee the consideration of a scheme for the publication of a weekly journal to be circulated to the members of all three Chartered Bodies. The Chemical Council invited the Council of the Institute to appoint two representatives to the Committee which would also be asked to review the question of publishing lectures or monographs, such as have been published for many years past by the Institute. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Mr.W. J. A. Butterfield were appointed representatives of the Council on the proposed Committee. Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., was asked to deal with an enquiry received from the British Standards Institution regarding the Specification for Steam Jacketed Pans, issued in 1923. On receipt of a letter from the Council of the Society of Public Analysts regarding the tenure and the conditions of appointment and termination of appointment of official agricultural analysts, the Council agreed to address a letter to the Ministry of Agri-culture in support of the views expressed by the Council of the Society. The Standing and the Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed, and the dates of future Council Meetings were fixed (see pp.103 et seq.). The President, with Dr. 0. L. Brady, Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Dr. H. E. Cox, Dr. J. J. Fox and Professor R. Robinson were appointed as representatives of the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Committee on the Board of Examiners for 19374938. The suggestion advanced by Mr. F. M. Potter at the Annual General Meeting, namely, that an endeavour should be made to secure further advertisements for the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute, was referred to the Publications Committee. 146 The consideration of the views expressed by Dr. E. B. Hughes, regarding the form of the Financial Statements presented at the Annual General Meeting, was referred to the Finance and House Committee.Lecture.-On the evening of 12th March, in the Hall of the Institute, Professor Eric K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., gave the first of two lectures on ‘‘Recent Work on Monomolecular Films,” -Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. At the conclusion, the President invited discussion, but owing to Professor Rideal having to return to Cambridge the same night, it had to be limited. Members were, therefore, invited to communicate any questions which they might desire to ask, in order that Professor Rideal might deal with them at the second lecture, which will be given at the Institute on Friday, 23rd April, at 8 p.m. Professor A. Findlay, Member of Council, in expressing the thanks of the meeting to Professor Rideal, said he hoped that it would be possible for a report of both lectures to be published in due course.Mr. J. W. Davidson Pratt’s Lecture on ‘‘Gas Defence from the point of view of the Chemist ” will be issued with this part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSto Fellows, Associates, and Students who have not already received it. Dr. S. Glasstone’s Lecture on ‘‘Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications,” which was given before the London and South Eastern Counties and East Midlands sections of the Institute, will also be issued with this part. 147 Local Sections, [The Institute is .rzot responsible for the views expressed ifi papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-Mr. W. Godden presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 5th March, when a paper was read by Mr. John Duckworth, entitled (‘Some Aspects of Blood Chemistry.” In a brief introduction, it was emphasised that in addition to the function of transporting materials to and from the cells of the organism, the blood represents the real environment in which the cells live.For this reason it was apparent that close attention should be given to the physico-chemical system within the blood. The various theories regarding the physico-chemical state of serum calcium were presented. From the work of other investiga- tors and from the results (published and unpublished) of Godden and Duckworth, it was concluded that the calcium of serum is present in four physico-chemical forms : ionic Ca, an ultrafiltrable Ca-phosphate-bicarbonate complex, a non-ultrafiltrable Ca complex and Ca in combination with serum proteins.Evidence was presented to show that the Ca in combination with serum proteins is not a simple matter of combination with carboxyl groups. The protein-bound Ca was found to act as a circulating reserve of readily-available Ca ions owing to the labile nature of the linkage between the Ca and the serum proteins. The problems of ossification and decalcification were discussed. It was suggested that the process of ossification involves the adsorption of the ultrafrltrable Ca-phosphate-bicarbonatecomplex by the calcifying cartilage. The action of the enzyme phos- phatase on the ester phosphorus of the blood plasma results in the liberation of phosphate ions at zones of ossification where a high concentration of the adsorbed complex is reached, This results in the precipitation of the complex Ca phosphate bone salt owing to its solubility product being locally exceeded.Faulty calcification, as in rickets, was thought to be a result of a diminution in blood calcium or phosphate to a point where the formation of Ca-phosphate-bicarbonate complex was reduced to a 148 level such that calcifying cartilage can only imperfectly adsorb the complex. The r61e of the parathyroid glands in controlling the Ca and P metabolism of the organism was discussed and the changes following dysfunction of the glands were presented.From recent contributions in the literature on the mode of action of the parathyroid hormone and the vitamin D it was considered that both were connected, in their essential actions, with membrane permeabilities. Belfast and District.-A meeting was held in the Royd Belfast Academical Institution, on 19th January, when Mr. W. Ken, M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., read an interesting paper entitled- “ Ancient Remedies and Cures for Farm Animals.” Mr. Kerr gave an outline of the history of the various treat- ments used*in attempting to cure sick animals, and emphasised the part played by superstition in the application of these so-called “cures.” He then cited cases wherein recent scientific research work had shown that many of the old remedies were fundamentally sound.A meeting of the Section, devoted to practical demonstrations, was held, on 4th March, in the Agricultural Building, Elmwood Avenue, Belfast. Mr. G. R. Perdue gave a short lecture on- “ Measurements of Hydrogen Ion Concentration.” Mr. Perdue explained the determination, described the apparatus used and mentioned several applications. Other practical demonstrations were given as follows :-Mr. H. C. Tait-Use of Glass Electrode with Emulsions. Mr. P. Clarkin-H Control of Bacteriological Media. Mr. G. R. Perdue-Determination of PH in Hypochlorite Solutions and Bleached Cloth. Mr. J. Baird-Measurement of PH of Soils of Quinhydrone Electrode. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr.F. E. Needs, F.I.C., presided over a meeting of the Section held on 19th February in the chemical department of the University of Bristol. The proceedings opened with the presentation of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal to Mr. Arthur Walter Lewis. 149 Following the presentation, a lecture on u Fluorescence Analysis as an aid to the Chemist ” was given by Dr. Julius Grant. The nature and properties of filtered “invisible” ultra-violet light were first described and methods of producing it were outlined. Among the latest of these are electronic arc tubes, the electrodes of which are coated with salts of a rare earth and are activated by means of a rare gas; these present distinct advantages as regards efficiency and convenience.The general technique of the method was then outlined, with special reference to recent developments such as fluorescent microscopy and fluorescent indicators. Applications to numerous branches of science and industry (including agriculture, biology, medicine, mineralogy. criminology museum work, and the food, rubber, glass, paper and printing, textile and paint industries) were then outlined. It was shown how, in many cases, falsification could be detected much more easily and rapidly than by existing methods, use being made of the characteristic fluorescence produced in ultra-violet light. Some of the most interesting of these examples refer to criminological and museum work. For example, the radiation enables written or printed matter which has been erased deliber- ately, or has faded owing to age, to be seen.Fraudulent antiques,” imitation watermarks on paper, re-touched paintings and forgeries of all kinds have yielded their secrets to the radia- tion and the method is in regular use by the police and by collectors. Its use for identifications of blood-stains and poisons; to render fingerprints visible on coloured surfaces; and for the examination of clues of all kinds, has made the method of particular value to the forensic chemist. The lecture was illustrated with photographs. The Chairman, Messrs. R. H. Ellis, H. G. Tribley and J. L. Wild participated in the ensuing discussion. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, on 19th March,- Mr. F.E. Needs in the chair. The Secretary’s Report showed that six ordinary meetings had been held during the past year,-five at Bristol and one at Exeter. In addition, a visit had been paid to the works of Messrs. Ucal, Ltd., at Cheltenham, and members had been kindly entertained on the invitation of Dr. Fryer at a tea party, in November. 150 The programme of the Section was issued jointly with that of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society,-a policy of co-operation which it is proposed to continue. After the adoption of the Secretary’s and Treasurer’s Reports, Dr. E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse were elected to fill the vacancies on the Committee.Dr. H. F. Dean was re-elected Honorary Auditor and Mr. F. P. Hornby, Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The Chairman referred to the sudden passing of Mr. R. D. Littlefield, the members standing in silence as a mark of sym-pathy and respect. A vote of thanks was accorded the University authorities for facilities granted during the past session. Following the general meeting a lecture on “The Evidence of Inks and Pencil Pigments ” was given by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, a Vice-president of the Institute. After a description of the different types of writing inks, Dr. Mitchell showed how it was possible by chemical and optical methods to distinguish between them. Although carbon writing inks, still widely used in India, were commonly regarded as “fast” to light and opaque to infra-red rays, both terms were relative.Inks containing impure lamp-black could fade, and infra-red rays could penetrate a layer of carbon ink if not too dense. Iron-gall writing inks had changed in character since the war, and could no longer be readily distinguished by differences in the dyes that were used as the provisional colouring matters. Speaking broadly, they contained less iron tannate than formerly, and aniline black dyes were now more extensively used. There were also inks containing rapidly evaporating constituents such as esters, which dried somewhat more rapidly than the old type of iron-gall ink. These changes introduced an element of un-certainty into the deductions as to the age of the ink, which could previously be drawn from the microscopical appearance of intersecting strokes.The method of Heess, depending upon the rate of diffusion of soluble salts from the ink strokes, into the surrounding paper, enabled some judgment of the age of the writing to be formed, but the results were influenced by the moisture in the atmosphere and by the character of the paper, and were thus more trustworthy 151 when the test was applied to different parts of the writing on the same piece of paper rather than to separate documents. The study of the sediments in ink had enabled Mitchell and Ward to distinguish between the writing done with the same kind of ink, but made at different times or exposed to different conditions.Thus, if an ink were prepared from galls containing an excess of gallic acid, crystals of that acid might appear in the writing, or if the ink had been decomposed in the ink-pot by acting upon a steel pen, the writing done with such ink would have a characteristic appearance under the microscope ;accidental contamination of an ink might also show in the writing. Ultra-violet light was not of much use for distinguishing between blue-black and iron-gall inks, but might be valuable for the examination of typing inks, which might contain not only aniline pigments and lamp-black, but also vaseline or oils which might fluoresce in a different way. On the other hand infra-red photography enabled numerous coloured writing or printing inks to be rapidly differentiated, the iron-blue pigments, such as prussian blue, being opaque to the rays, while cobalt was transparent and ultramarine trans- parent in thin layers.Similarly red-lead, vermilion and red ochre were transparent, while some of the earth pigments were almost opaque. Plotnikow’s discovery of the reflex scattering of rays afforded a satisfactory explanation of the mechanism of this phenomenon, which was connected in some obscure way with the size and complexity of the molecules of the substance. It was sometimes impossible to decipher dirty, grease-stained documents by any of the methods described, and it was then necessary to clean the paper in such a way as not to remove the pigment of the writing. Special care was needed when the document had been written with copying-ink pencil, the pigment of which was soluble in various solvents.Cards and District.-Professor W. E. Gamer has kindly provided the following resumd of the address on ‘‘The Decomposition of Solids,” which he gave to this section at the University College, Cardiff, on 10th December, 1936. The decomposition of solids commences at nuclei and the rate of decomposition is intimately related to the rate of formation and growth of these nuclei. The shape of the nuclei depends on the crystal structure, being more complex in triclinic than in 152 cubic crystals. Copper sulphate pentahydrate on dehydration gives rise to star-shaped nuclei on the IIO face and these extend into the interior of the crystal along a plane making an angle of 56" with this face.Nickel sulphate heptahydrate gives nuclei with one main direction of growth on the surface and extending along a plane into the interior. Isotropic crystals like chrome alum give spherical nuclei. There is an induction period in nuclei formation which can be interpreted as indicating that when the nuclei are small they grow extremely slowly. It is probable that this slow rate of growth is due to the presence of a tension in the interface between the hydrate and its product. When the nuclei are above 10-3 cm. in size the rate of growth is usually linear, but exceptions occur as in the case of chrome alum. The number of nuclei formed on unit area varies widely from crystal to crystal and crystals are sometimes prepared which do not yield nuclei in a high vacuum.This points to nuclei forming either on impurities embedded in the lattice, scratches on the surface or else lattice discontinuities. Usually, the number of nuclei increases linearly with the time, but an exception is found in the case of nickel sulphate penta- hydrate, where the numbers increase as the square of the time. Substances decomposing with absorption of heat give rise to solid nuclei, but the experimental evidence shows that in exothermic changes the nuclei possess a diffuse character. For mercury fulminate the crystals show no visible nuclei but go yellow throughout before the reaction has proceeded very far. The rate of chemical change in the latter case is in agreement with the hypothesis that the reaction spreads as a chain throughout the solid.Marked induction periods are shown in the decom- position of explosives which are followed by a period of accelera-tion of the reaction in which the rate of chemical change varies with the time to a high power. Where the products of the decomposition are both volatile, the crystals are eroded along the edges and corners and also along cracks. The activation energies for the growth of nuclei in exothermic changes is a highly specific property. Thus lead, potassium and sodium aide possess an activation energy of about 35 K.Cal., whereas calcium and barium azides have one of 20 K.Cal. There is no simple relationship between activation energy and sensi- tivity.The activation energies calculated for nuclei formation are generally higher, being in the neighbourhood of 80 K.Cal. Detonation may arise abruptly out of thermal decomposition. 153 The evidence is against the thermal theory of detonation and supports the view that detonation arises when there is a high local rate of reaction. For lead azide, the probability of detonation at any temperature is of the same order as that of two adjacent molecules decomposing simultaneously. We are thus justified in speaking of detonation nuclei. Detonation of crystals of nitrogen iodide occurs when the surface is cleaned in a high vacuum even at -2oOC. Detonation does not occur if the products of decomposition be allowed to accumulate on the surface.In this case, the reaction occurs by a reaction chain which is broken by the presence of adsorbed atoms. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Members of the Section were invited to a meeting of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held in the Royal Technical College, on 5th March, when a lecture on ‘‘ The Chemist and the Chemical Engineer in relation to the Commercial Development of the Gas Industry.” was delivered by the retiring Chairman, Mr. J. W. Napier. The lecture was reported in Chemistry and Industry. On 19th March a party of members of the Section visited, by courtesy of the Directors of Messrs. Colvilles, Ltd., the Clyde bridge St eel Works. The visit was thoroughly enjoyed and proved both interesting and instructive .Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 12th February in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, the Registrar of the Institute gave his lecture entitled: “From Boyle to Priestley,” the continuation of his “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated with lantern slides. Dr. A. M. Smith presided. At a Joint Meeting of the Chemical Society, with the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the North British Hotel, on 19th March, Professor C. N. Hinshelwood, F.R.S., gave a Lecture on “Some Fundamental Laws of Chemical Change.” Dr.E. B. Ludlam presided. East Midlands.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Theatre of University College, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, on 4th March,-Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson in the Chair. 154 Dr. Samuel Glasstone gave a lecture on Oxidation and Reduction Potentials.” The subject matter dealt with was the same as that given last year before the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section. The lecture will be printed and published separately. A discussion followed in which the Chairman and Messrs. Hall, Powell and Prideaux participated. Huddersfie1d.-At a meeting held in Field’s Cafd, Hudders- field, on 9th February, Mr. W. D. Scouller presided and intro- duced Dr. H. D. Kay, Director of the National Institute for Research in Dairying, who gave a lecture entitled- “The Control of the Chemical Composition of Cow’s Milk.” The lecturer described the experimental methods employed in the work under review.It was not possible to examine the effect of the various factors merely by analysis of samples of milk, since the composition of such samples was affected by such factors as method of milking, etc. The experimental method finally adopted was to determine, by analysis of samples of arterial and Venus blood obtained practically simultaneously, the change in composition of arterial blood on passing through the mammary gland. A number of interesting facts emerged from these experi- ments,-for example, it was found that for the production of I vol. milk, 240-480 vols.blood passed through the mammary gland. It further emerged that the constant freezing-point of milk was due to the fact that milk is isotonic with blood plasma. The methods of control used were:- (I) Variation in diet. (2) Effect of light. (3) Effect of temperature. (4) Effect of hormones. When trying the effect of variations in diet, it was found that addition of considerable quantities of sugar had no effect on chemical composition. Indeed no appreciable effect was found by any of the variations tried, although the quantity of milk and time of lactation were affected. For example it was found that dried grass was much more valuable than hay as a winter food, 155 When the cow was exposed to light an improvement in the quality of the milk resulted.Exposure of the food to light had little effect. Only preliminary experiments had so far been carried out on the effect of temperature, but a reduction in solids-not-fat had been observed by keeping the cows at a temperature of 80" F., although it was possible that the validity of the results was vitiated by other factors-such as humidity. The most notable results had been obtained by feeding cows with thyroxin. There was a marked improvement in quality as judged by the content of solids-not-fat and further there was an increase in quantity of milk. So far as could be ascertained there was no decrease in time of lactation and there appeared to be no ill-effect on the cow herself either during the course of the experiments or afterwards.The 17th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 9th March,-Mr. W. D. Scouller in the Chair. The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were formally adopted. The Hon. Secretary mentioned that the session 1936-37 had been noteworthy because of the visit of the President at the opening meeting, the occasion being also marked by the presence of two vice-presidents, Dr. A. E. Everest and Dr. H. H. Hodgson. The following members were elected to the Committee:- Mr. H. Webster Moss, Mr. H. H. Gray, Mr. D. Hanson and Dr. A. Y. Livingstone. Mr. N. Hall was re-elected Hon. Auditor. Votes of thanks were accorded to the retiring Chairman and members of Committee. Dr.A. E. Everest gave an account of Institute affairs as they had progressed during the year. He made particular reference to the work of the Institute in co-operation with the Board of Education, on the matter of the standardisation of syllabuses and in formulating the standard of work required for the National Certificate. Dr. Everest made a special appeal on behalf of the Benevolent Fund and stressed the value of the work carried out during the year and of the assistance given to those in need. If every member were to give at least IS. per annum, it would go a long way towards putting the Fund in a strong position. Dr. H. H. Hodgson, who supported Dr. Everest's remarks regarding the Benevolent Fund, also discussed the present 156 position with regard to the teaching of chemistry in schools.He attached great importance to an early grounding in chemistry, pointing out the usefulness of the subject to the very large number of students who proceeded to take courses in chemistry in the technical colleges and in the universities. Dr. Hodgson strongly deprecated the modern tendency to substitute a course in biology for chemistry in the curricula of secondary schools. A discussion followed on the best way of helping the Benevo- lent Fund, and the following motion, proposed by Dr. A. Y. Livingstone and seconded by Mr. H. W. Moss, was adopted. "That the Huddersfield Section respectfully suggests to Council that a special appeal should be made at an early date to all members asking for the contribution of a minimum sum of IS.to the Benevolent Fund." Dr. A. E. Everest and Dr. H. H. Hodgson were elected additional members of Committee. Huddersfield and Leeds Area Sections.-Fellows and Associates resident in Halifax and district, with their concur-rence, have been transferred from the Leeds Area Section to the Huddersfield Section. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, on 24th February,-Mr. B. G. Fagan presiding. Dr. P. S. Arup demonstrated the Hortvet apparatus for the determination of the freezing-point of milk, drawing attention to the details necessary in its use and discussing methods for preserving milk samples in this connection. Dr. G. Van B. Gilmour exhibited pure cultures on malt agar of species of the following genera :-Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Oidium, Phoma, Cladosporium, Hormodendrum, Tricho- derma Alternaria, Stemphyllium, Spicaria, Fusarium, Botrytis, Paecilomyces, Acrostalagmus, and Graphium. The classification and properties of moulds were discussed, and the importance of their exclusion from foodstuffs in general was emphasised.Reference was made to the industrial uses of moulds, such as the production of citric acid, and their application in the pre- paration of certain cheeses. The analytical value of Aspergillus Niger in soil analysis and of Pencillium brevicaule (Scopularzposis Brevicaulis) as a detector of arsenic were mentioned, as well as 157 the recent work of Smith and Cameron on the latter subject, also the identification by Challenger of the arsenical gas produced by brevicade as trimethyl arsine.The lecturer stressed the importance of the study of moulds as a useful field for chemical research. A new species of Paeczlomyces, first isolated by Dr. Gilmour, and later described by Kennelly and Grimes, was among the exhibits. Dr. Gilmour also exhibited a number of thermometers manufactured by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra. The ease with which they could be read and their strength were marked features. They were made from a special glass called “British Insulated,” and the scale was on an enclosed opal glass cylinder. A set of these thermometers was supplied by the makers with N.P.L. certificates, each thermometer having a range of about 40”and reading to 115”G.Prof. E. A. Werner read a paper on ‘‘The Interaction of Nitrogen Compounds with Sodium Hypobromide and Nitrous Acid respectively.” Prof. Werner pointed out that in the use of alkaline hypo- bromite and nitrous acid respectively as reagents in the analytical examination of organic nitrogen compounds, the usual practice was to take the volume of nitrogen evolved (or the weight) and draw a conclusion from this alone, In the case of the hypo- bromite reaction in particular, this is a very inadequate procedure, as proved by the following observations. Some years ago Prof. Werner (Trans. Chem. Soc., 1922) described a special technique, very simple in practice, whereby the cyanate formed during the decomposition of urea by “hypo- bromite ” could be estimated gasometrically.A demonstration of this method was given at the meeting. Prof, Werner has examined some seventy-seven different nitrogen compounds, and only four of these failed to give alkali cyanate. The following results illustrate the necessity of carrying out the “hypobromite” reaction in two stages, as recommended by Prof. Werner (Zoc. cit.), a few compounds of biochemical interest being selected. St,age(A) Stage (B) Nitrogen(N, evolved). cyanate formed. “fixed.” Glycine .. .. 12% 87% 1% Alanine .. .. 10% 5% 85% Glutaminic acid .. 10% Nil 90Yo Aspartic acid .. .. 6YO 11% 83% Amino-isobutyric acid 29 Yo 60YO 11% Asparagine .. .. 5Yo 15% 80% Ornithine .... 20% 21% 59% By “fixed” nitrogen is meant the nitrogen which is not further affected by the hypobromite. It will be seen that the primary reaction, commonly taken as Stage (A), becomes in many cases a result of secondary value. It is quite evident that the full value of the hypobromite decomposition of nitrogen compounds can only be obtained by recording the three different results which it can give, namely, proportion of nitrogen evolved, proportion oxidised to cyanic acid, and proportion remaining fixed in whatever may be the nature of the compounds formed as by-products in the reaction. In the case of the use of nitrous acid, a clear distinction should be made between the behaviour of the nitrogenous com- pound towards nitrous acid only, and towards the reagent when in the presence of more or less of a strong acid, such as nitric or hydrochloric, as the latter condition brings about a change in the molecular constitution of the compound under examination, so that a different effect may result.For this reason, it was pointed out that while the well-known Van Slyke procedure may be available for the analytical study of amino- compounds, it is not suitable where a study of the mechanism of the decomposition is under consideration. Prof. Werner gave a demonstration of the behaviour of thiourea toward nitrous acid to illustrate this point. The behaviour towards nitrous acid of the compounds given in the foregoing may be of interest for comparison.EquimolecularConditions HNOzN/5. Time :20 hours. proportions. Glycine . . .. 80.6% decomposed -CH,.NH, Alanine .. .. 78.3% 77 >CH-NH, Glutamiiiic acid .. 67.2% 37 >CH.NH, Aspartic acid .. .. 52.1% 7> >ONH, Amino-isobutyric acid 51.8% 97 3C-KH, Asparagine . . , . 37.1% 3) -CH-NH,I CO*NH, Ornithine .. .. 36.4% 93 >CH,+NH,*CHNH, The last column shows the form in which the NH, groups are present in the different compounds. 159 Leeds Area.-Mr. W. A. Wightman has been appointed Honorary Secretary to the Leeds Area Section in succession to Dr. Harold Burton who has retired after several years valuable service in that capacity. A meeting of the Section was held on 15th February at the University of Leeds,-Mr.H. M. Mason in the Chair. Dr. L. H. Lampitt addressed the meeting on ‘(Scientific Food Preparation.” Dr. Lampitt has kindly supplied the following precis:- At the outset of his lecture, Dr. Lampitt, rather deplored the fact that so many papers were being presented to scientific and other bodies on the impacts between science and food. Whilst it demonstrated the increasing interest shown by both the scientific worker and the lay person in the investigations into the funda- mentals of nutrition and of food preparation, the popular demand for such lectures could only result in the same thing being said in a different way. The lecturer proceeded to survey the effect of modern social and economic factors on the food and methods of feeding of the people.The urbanisation of the population, the increase in the number of dwellers of small flats, cheap pleasures and luxuries (a housewife could not be a cinema “fan” and cook at the same time!) are factors influencing the change over from individual cooking to mass production-the manufacturer slips in and supplies canned food and ready-cooked meats, and the restaura- teur provides meals to suit all pockets. Efficient mass production demands standardisation, and standardisation entails scientific control. Examples were then given of the economic, hygienic and psychological effects of scientific standardisation of food. Dr. Lampitt then referred to the advances made during the last two or three decades in food chemistry.He quoted the names of Heilbron, Hilditch and Howarth, whose work of a purely fundamental chemical nature had revolutionised our ideas of the structure of certain components of food and also instanced the work on applied problems, which he characterised as “less spectacular, but most painstaking.” Examples of such work were the studies of the Low Temperature Research Station at Cambridge on the post-mortem change in meat and fish, the work carried out under the zgis of the Food Investigation 160 Board by the aid of the experimental ship’s hold, and the storage of fruit. In his opinion such work demonstrated the advances which could be made by a proper blending of fundamental and applied work carried out under one authority.Dr. Lampitt criticised as immature much work produced by research workers in applied food-problems. “In their desire to do something ‘practical,’ something which will justify their salaries in the eyes of the commercial pundits, research workers have given prema- ture birth to work which cannot live, it can only exist in a mummified form in the journals which litter our libraries.” The lecturer stressed the necessity of investigation of methods of analysis. ‘‘Investigators apply somebody’s modification of somebody else’s method of determination to something for which it was not designed. Abnormal results which have been obtained through the use of bad analytical methods, thus form the basis of interesting but worthless hypotheses.” Dr.Lampitt next referred to the new factors which have been introduced into our conception of what food should be. “The mal-nutrition of a considerable proportion of the population has been impressed upon the non-too-impressionable consciences of the properly nutritioned.” In the past it was only necessary that food should be “pure” and “wholesome”; in other words, that it should be digestible and free from harmful constituents. Biochemists and physiologists have added a “positive” essential, the presence of constituents which are not included in the old definition, salts and vitamins, and perhaps many other ingredients which occur in food in small quantities. The new situation demands special consideration because it may be that the treatment of food to retain these substances may cut across our preconceived notions, it may be that “palatibility” may be affected.Are we to consume both sprouts and the cooking water in order to obtain full benefit from the vitamins and salts which pass into solution in the water? Or are we to change our methods of cooking? “Food manufacturers will do their utmost to provide any foods needed, but as a class they are not organised to give advice themselves, neither is it their function to usurp the duties of the medical profession.” Advice on the properties of food necessitated by this newer knowledge of nutrition must, and will, eventually come from our medical colleagues. The lecturer then referred to the survey of the present knowledge regarding the chemical methods of testing for vitamins presented by a number of authorities at a meeting of the Food 161 Group of the S.C.I.in October, and stressed the importance of the advances made lately in such methods of assay. The lecturer concluded: “Life will lose a lot of its glamour and pleasure if scientific feeding destroys the aesthetic aspect of food preparation, so let us hope that the investigations of the chemist, the biochemist, and all those other scientists interested will modify and amplify, not destroy the art of the chef.” Liverpool and North-Western .-A meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, on 11th March-Mr. L. V. Cocks in the Chair-when Professor W.H. Roberts, Analyst for the City of Liverpool, spoke on *‘The Function of the Analyst in the Detection of Crime.” Mr. V. Biske, Mr. A. E. Findley and Dr. W. F. Higgins par-ticipated in the discussion. A meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool, on 11th March, Mr. L. V. Cocks in the Chair-when Mr. G. E. Knowles spoke on (‘Leather.” Starting with the raw material, i.e. hides and skins, Mr. Knowles gave an account of the sources from which these are obtained. As the home supply is not sufficient for our needs, the bulk of the hides and skins are imported from various parts of the world. Besides importing his raw material, the tanner has to get the bulk of his tanning materials from abroad, the chief countries from which they are obtained being South America (Argentine, Paraguay and Bolivia), South Africa, India, France, Italy, United States, and Turkey.The principles underlying the various methods of preparing, tanning and finishing hides and skins were discussed, and many interesting exhibits of various kinds of leather were shown. Several important details of manufacture were illustrated by lantern slides. The relation of chemistry to the industry of leather manu- facture was also dealt with, and it was pointed out that the training of the leather trades chemist included some acquaintance with biology, bacteriology and dyeing. 162 That chemistry is being appreciated by the tanning trade is shown by the growth of the International Society of Leather Trade Chemists and by the fact that the trade supports two research associations, viz.The British Leather Manu-facturers’ Research Association and the Boot and Shoe Manufacturers’ Research Association. Illustrations were provided by lantern slides, and specimens of leather and skins were exhibited. The Chairman, Mr. D. N. Grindley, Mr. J. F. Hardwick, Dr. W. F. Higgins, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, Mr. G. H. Turner, and Mr. A. W. M. Wintle participated in the discussion. London and South-Eastern Counties.-In the unavoid- able absence of Dr. E. B. Hughes, Chairman of the Section, Mr. Mark Bogod presided at a meeting held in the Hall of the Institute, on 17th February, when Professor Jocelyn F.Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., gave an address entitled *‘The Past and Future of the Institute.” Professor Thorpe said that his friend Ira Remsen, while lecturing on organic chemistry, on one occasion failed to carry through successfully an experiment. He was addressing a class of medical students who expressed their joy in the usual manner, whereupon Remsen said-“Gentlemen, you will find, if ever you have to lecture on this science, that it is better to be a historian than a prophet.” Continuing, Professor Thorpe said he found himself in the position of having to fulfil the dual r81e of historian and prophet, and to record historical facts and interpret them while some of those who took part in the occurrences relating to those facts were still alive.It was amazing how views differed and how diverse might be the account of eye-witnesses of an occurrence immediately after it had happened. It was easy to realise this if one tried to ascertain the facts after, say, a motor-car accident. Twenty-four hours were quite sufficient for the human imagina- tion, coupled with outside suggestion, to obscure the issue completely and to render futile all attempts to ascertain what really had happened. The wise historian confined himself to the task of research into occurrences long past and the preparation of a digest of contemporary records. For example, the history of the Spanish 163 Armada might be right or wrong, but there was no one to dispute the facts, as gathered by the contemporary historian and inter- preted by him.The safest plan was to rely on documents which constituted the official record of the actual occurrences made at the time. He had relied for his information almost entirely on the Council Minutes of the Chemical Society, placed at his disposal through the kindness of the President and Council, which were made when there was a movement among its Fellows towards securing the acceptance of the idea of chemistry as a profession. It appeared that, in the year 1876, chemists were in much the same state as they are to-day; the great essential aim was co-operation, in order that those concerned with chemistry might speak with one voice. The Chemical Society had then been in existence for 35 years, the expenses for publication were increasing and money for that purpose could only be provided by Fellows of the Society. It was inevitable that the proportion of those publishing new work must be very small compared with those who did not publish, and the expense of publication could only be met by increasing the number of members who paid subscriptions but did not publish.In these circumstances, no very strict require- ments could be imposed on membership, and membership of the Society could not be accepted as a professional qualification. The questions were :-(I) Should the Chemical Society remain an open body admitting all who took an interest in chemistry? or (2)should it close its doors to all but those who could legiti- mately be regarded as qualified chemists; or (3)should it form a section within itself to which only those who were regarded as qualified should be admitted.The suggestions contained in (I) and (3) were feasible, but (2)was obviously impossible for financial reasons. The movement to form a body which would include only qualified chemists began on 20th April, 1876, when Dr. Alder Wright received the permission of the Chemical Society to use its meeting room for a discussion on “Organisation amongst Chemists.” It appeared to have been recognised that some such action was essential in the interest of chemistry and chemists generally. It would be difficult, perhaps, for the present generation to realise the condition of science and particularly of chemistry in those days, for there was no real provision for education in the science at the universities.Many of those who wished to study 164 chemistry went to Germany where the famous names of Bunsen and Victor Meyer and others were attracting students who wished to gain instruction which could not be obtained at home. The meeting of 20th April, 1876, led to a further discussion at a meeting of 18th May in the’same year, when a committee was formed to enquire “whether it would be advantageous for an organisation of chemists to be effected in connexion with the Chemical Society and if so what means should be adopted.” This committee reported on 15th June when a resolution was carried by the Council of the Society, “That it is desirable that the Chemical Society should take such steps for the establish- ment of an organisation of professional chemists as are compatible with the terms of the Society’s Charter and the full control of the Council over the proposed organisation.” There seemed to be a general agreement that the problem could be solved by the formation within the Chemical Society of a group of members qualified to practise chemistry, who would be called practising chemists.The ruling of Counsel (Mr. Wm. Cracroft Fooks, Q.C.) on this suFgestion was to the effect that the proposal was in no way repugnant to the Charter, and his general conclusion led the committee to report :-“ We are, therefore, of opinion that whilst it is clearly within the object of the Charter, it is also desirable for the Chemical Society to recog- nise a distinct class of Fellows of the Chemical Society to be called ‘Practising Fellows’ and that the Fellows of the Chemical Society should be asked to sanction this recognition and the necessary alterations in the Bye-Laws at a special general meeting to be called as early as convenient.” The committee drew up draft Regulations, which among other things provided for the appointment of a Board of no less than fifty examiners to determine the qualifications of all those who sought to become members of the group.It was evident, however, from some of the correspondence which has survived that many eminent chemists were doubtful of the practicability of the proposal: for example, was it possible to have two classes of members within the Society? Many of the members were then, as now, distinguished members of other societies, though in no sense chemists, but interested in chemistry and in the Society which fostered the science.Would Fellows of this type consent to be, in effect, something less than full members and, on the other hand, would not a number of Fellows not qualified to be “Practising Fellows” give the impression to the 165 public that they were fully qualified? There was always a risk that these Fellows, feeling that they were intruding in a strictly professional organisation, would abandon their membership and leave the Society in a state financially which would have prevented it from carrying on its essential work of publication.Professor Thorpe quoted Mr. Fook’s opinion :-“I am of opinion that the Society can within the scope of its present constitution legally establish the distinctive title of ‘Practising Fellow’ for such of its Fellows as may desire to bear such title and can legally prescribe the conditions upon which such title should be created, conferred and held. “ I am of opinion that an Examining Body can be lawfully constituted by the Society to test the knowledge and proficiency of Fellows who may desire to bear the distinctive title of ‘ Practis-ing Fellow ’ and the Members of the Examination Board, though Fellows, but not being in the Council may lawfully receive remuneration by way of Salary or Fees for their services as Examiners such Salary or Fees being defrayed exclusively out of payments to be made as the Council of the Society may prescribe by the Fellows who may be Candidates for the title of Practising Fellow.“The Bye-Laws of the Society will require alteration and addition in order to provide efficiently for the creation and recognition of the distinctive title of Practising Fellow’ and for the constitution and regulation of the Examining Body and the conditions under which the distinctive title of ‘ Practising Fellow ’ may be created conferred and held.” On zznd June, 1876, the following memorandum by the Council of the Society was submitted to the Chemists’ Organisa- tion Committee :-“The Council of the Chemical Society, recognising that it is desirable, if possible, to carry out a scheme for the organisation of practising chemists by creating a distinct section of Fellows of the Society, are prepared to recommend to a General Meeting of the Fellows the adoption of the following measures as being compatible with the terms of the Society’s Charter, and as calculated to meet what are considered to be the essential points for securing an efficient organisation of the profession.‘‘ 1. That a distinct class of Fellows be created, to be termed practisingFellows of the Chemical Society. “2. That Fellows be admitted as practising Fellows on fulfilling certain qualifications to be hereaft,er laid down. “3. That, for tho purpose of examining into the claims of Fellows of the Chemical Society to be admitted as practising Fellows, a Board of Examiners be in the first instance appointed by the Council: to consist of not more than 50 members, of whom not more than 20 shall be countrymembers of the Society. The Board of Examiners so nominated becoming and remaining practising Fellows by virtue of their nomination.“4. That not less than one-fifth of this Board retire annually and that such retiring members shall not be eligible for re-election for the term of one year. “5. That the Board of Examiners annually recommend to the Council a sufficient number of practising Fellows to fill up the vacancies occasioned by the retiring members; such recommendations being confirmed or other- wise by the Council.“6. That the names of the proposed new members of the Board as approved by the Council be annually submitted to a General Meet,ing of the practising Fellows for election. “7. That the Board of Examiners first appointed shall prepare a scheme of regulations to be submitted to the Council for approval or other- wise. “8. That such regulations be understood to include regulations for the payment of fees by practising Fellows. “9. That the funds accruing from such fees may be applied to the payment of fees to special examiners, not being members of Council or Officers of the Society, who are selected by the Board from among their number, or appointed from the body of practising Fellows. The scale of fees to be recommended by the Board and approved of or otherwise by the Council. “10.That the election of Practising Fellows by the Board of Exami- ners, in accordance with the regulations determined, be confirmed by the Council. ‘‘11. That the Board of Examiners have the power of recommending to the Council the removal from the list of practising Fellows of any Fellow who shall have been guilty of misconduct in a professional sense, or whose admission shall have been proved to have been obtained by means which are not in accordance with the regulations laid down. “12. That the funds arising from the payment of fees by candidates or by practising Fellows upon admission be in charge of the Treasurer of the Society, on the understanding that the payments recommended by the Board of Examiners and approved of by the Council under Clause 9 be made by the Treasurer from those funds.“It was resolved that the foregoing proposals be at once communicated to the Chemists’ Organisation Committee.” The Organising Committee did not like the term “Practising Fellow,” as is shown by the following letter, dated 3rd July, 1876, from W. N.-later Sir Walter-Hartley to F. A,-later Sir Frederick-Abel. ROQENDALEROAD, WESTDULWICH,S.E. MY DEARSIR, I have to communicate to you the result of the meeting of the Organisa- tion Committee which was held on Saturday last July 1st. All the mem-bers of the committee were present. It was proposed by Mr. Wanklyn and seconded by Mr. Carteighe “That the proposal of the Council of the Chemical Society be printed for dietribution at the adjourned general meeting.” Carried.167 Proposed by Mr. Wanklyn and seconded by Prof. Tuson “That it is essential to alter the title of ‘Practising Fellow of the Chemical Society’ to ‘Fellow of the Chemical Institute of the Chemical Society’.” Carried. Proposed by Mr. Carteighe and seconded by Dr. Wright “That the best thanks of the committee be conveyed to the Council of the Chemical Society for the care and consideration shown in framing the scheme submitted to this committee.” Proposed by Mr. Carteighe and seconded by Professor Tuson “That this committee while approving generally of the propositions submitted, considers it essential that the title ‘Practising Fellow of the Chemical Society’ be changed to that of the ‘Fellow of the Chemical Institute of the Chemical Society’ and that the scheme be referred back to the Council of the Chemical Society with the view of ascertaining whether the Society can make the proposed alteration.” Carried.Believe me, dear Sir, Yours very truly, (Signed) WALTERNOELHARTLEY. F. A. ABEL, Esq., F.R.S., President of the Chemical Society. Monday, July 3rd, 1876. The opinion of Mr. Joshua Williams was then sought, and his opinion is given below:-Opinion. We agree with the opinion already given by Mr. Fooks. We are of opinion that Resolutions and arrangements can be made in accordance with and for giving effect to proper Bye-Laws to be passed as prescribed by the Charter which will authorise a classification of Fellows bearing the distinctive title of “Fellows of the Institute of the Chemical Society” but we consider such a title calculated to mislead and on that account objectionable and that the title of “Practising Fellow ” as origin- ally proposed would be preferabla.We are of opinion, however, that the Society have no power to organise a separate Body of its Fellows under either of the titles indicated or anyother title which shall have authority to confer upon its members any special privilege as incident to the distinctive title they may bear or which shall have authority to exercise powers of self management regulation control and discipline (as appears to be contemplated) by some of the foregoing suggested proposals or any other powers which shall over-ride or be otherwise than subordinate and subservient to the powers of the general meetings of the Fellows and those of the Council as prescribed by the terms of the Charter.The Bye-Laws to be passed as well as any resolutions or arrangements consequent thereon or to give effect thereto will require careful considera- tion. (Signed) JOSHUA ~VILLIAMS. The Council of the Chemical Society then passed the following resolution :-“That the Council of the Chemical Society having taken Counsel’s opinion on the proposition to alter the proposed title ‘Practising Fellow of the Chemical Society’ to ‘Fellow of the Chemical Institute of the Chemical Society ’ and having fully discussed its bearings with reference to the powers of the Chemical Society are of opinion that such alteration is undesirable.” 168 It was clear by now that the general suggestion to form a Chemical Institute within the Chemical Society could not be effected,and the following letter from Sir E.Frankland to Sir F. Abel indicated the implied acceptance of this point of view:- ROYALCOLLEGEOF CHEMISTRY, SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. Oct. 16th, 1876. MY DEARABEL, I am requested by the Chemists’ Organisation Committee to convey to yourself, and to the Officers and Council of the Chemical Society, their thanks for the cordiality with which you and they have endeavoured to institute a scheme for the organisation of Professional Chemists within that Society. The Committee regret that the obstacle to carrying out within the Chemical Society the wishes of the promoters of the Organisation Scheme appear after mature deliberation to be so formidable as to render it un-desirable to prosecute the attempt further; but they trust that any inde- pendent scheme which may be inaugurated will be carried out in friendly alliance with the Society and will receive the sympathy and support of its Fellows.Believe me, Yours sincerely, (Signed) E. FRANKLAND. THEPRESIDENT SOCIETY.OF THE CHEMICAL Two other mentions of the Institute are made prior to the consideration of the Charter. On 15th November, 1877,it is referred to in the Minutes of the Chemical Society as the “Insti-tute of Professional Chemists” and on 16th May, 1878, as the “Institute of Chemistry.” 15th November, 1877.“Permission was granted to the Institute of Professional Chemists to use the Society’s Council and Meeting rooms during the present session on the usual terms.” 16th May, 1878. “Permission was granted to the Institute of Chemistry to make use of the Society’s rooms during the coming session on the previous terms.” Six-and-a-half years later-on 6th November, 1884-there is another reference :-‘‘A copy of a draft of a Charter of Incorporation which had been petitioned for by the Institute of Chemistry was laid on the table together with a letter from the Privy Council Office requesting that their Lordships may be informed whether the terms of the draft charter would in any way interfere with the rights of t.he Chemical Society as conferred on that body by royal charter’.’’ “On the motion of Professor Odling, it was resolved: ‘That in the opinion of the Council of the Chemical Society the terms of the draft charter of incorporation which had been petitioned for by the Institute of 169 Chemistry would not in any way interfere with the rights of the Chemical Soeiety as conferred on that body by Royal Charter’.’’ A discussion took place on the terms of the Charter.It was pointed out that it contained numerous expressions which appeared to indicate that it was the intention and desire of the Institute to acquire powers to act not merely as an examining and certificating body, but also to establish a school of its own for general training in chemistry.Professor Frankland explained that such was not the intention, but that it was desired to obtain power to give whenever necessary or desirable higher and special instruction in the form of occasional lectures or short courses of lectures or lessons. Professor Odling was understood to say that the question raised should be taken into consideration by the Council of the Institute. Professor Thorpe commenting on this, said that although Counsel’s opinion in the .scond case was probably bad-because, for example, the Charter of the Chemical Society contained provision for the establishment of a class of associates which could have been accorded special privileges and could be asked to pay a special fee,-yet it is probable that the failure of the scheme rendered good service not only to the Chemical Society but also to the large body of professional chemists subsequently to be included in the Institute.Having thus reviewed the foundation and early days of the Institute, Professor Thorpe said that the question which had now to be answered was “Does the advantage lie in the formation of a single body, or in the foundation of a number of affiliated societies closely allied to one another and in touch as regards policy and activity?” In his opinion there could be only one answer to the question, namely, that decentralisation, with close co-operation on essential matters, was the ideal to be attempted.Even if there were a single body devoted to chemistry? it would have to be sectionalised in order to accomplish its work. Its Council would be composed of chairmen of sections, presided over by a titular president whose post would be for the most part a sinecure. The whole structure would be top heavy. He thought that the existing system was best, under which the subject was divided into two chief groups: (a)pure chemistry, (b) applied chemistry, although the line of demarcation between them was not clearly defined. These chief groups were repre- sented by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry,-the Institute forming a group by itself which con- tained the qualified members of each of the Societies.Qualifica-tions for practice had to be defined, and the existing Institute examinations served as a criterion of standard ; moreover, they had served the very useful purpose of enabling many who, for various reasons, had been unable to pass through the University curriculum, or who had failed to reach the required standard in the University examinations, had been given a chance, after further study, to become qualified. The formation of the Chemical Council had been justified. The Chemical Council had already accomplished excellent work and had raised a sufficient sum of money to relieve the chemical publications from some of the restrictions under which they had been hampered; but, as yet, one of the main issues, namely, that of subscriptions, had not been tackled.Professor Thorpe suggested that it would be advisable to adopt the American system, under which persons would be required to pay a nominal sum for membership of a Chemical Union, which would carry with it membership of all the groups and sections already founded by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, but would not be entitled to receive any publications, except on payment for those which they required of an extra sum in accordance with a scale to be determined. Such members, however, could not be Fellows or Associates of the Institute unless they were duly qualified, in accordance with its Regulations, in which case they would be required to pay an additional sum to the Institute.The scheme which he had in mind was as follows:-The Chemical Council, constituted aa at present, would be the Council of The Chemical Union. Every member of the constituent Bodies of the Union would pay a sum of, say, 10s. for membership of the Chemical Union. This sum would be increased to, say, 30s. if the member were qualified for admission to the Associateship of the Institute and wished to join as an Associate, and to, say, 40s. as a Fellow. In accordance with the covenant constituting the Chemical Council, Societies could join the Union as affiliated bodies. Each of these societies mould have its President and Council and would control its own affairs, subject to the general co-ordination of the Chemical Council. The publications of each Society would be controlled, as regardsmatter, by the Society concerned.Each member, on joining the Chemical Union, would be asked what publication or publications he required, and such publication or publications would be sold to him by the Chemical Council at a price to be determined by the affiliated bodies. The money so obtained would be allocated to the society concerned. The Chemical Council would by means of annual grants make good any deficits incurred by the societies. (10) Groups dealing with special-subject.s would be found within the relative constituent bodies, but such groups would be subject to the Council of the body in which they were formed. 171 The Institute as an examining body had done admirable work in the past and it was undoubtedly due to its activities that the profession of chemistry had reached its present position.The formation of the Institute had met a real want, because the Universities had not then taken the question of science teaching seriously. All that had now changed, and the science degrees with high honours of most Universities were recognised, and very properly recognised, by the Institute as adequate qualifications. Professor Thorpe said that, so far as he knew, there was no tendency or desire on the part of Fellows and Associates of the Institute to question in any way the proper functions of the Universities to impart knowledge and to give qualifications to those who satisfied the requirements of their examinations; but the examinations of the Institute would in the future to a greater and greater extent be taken by those who had either failed to attain the requisite honours in the University examinations, or such as had been unable to take the full University course. Professor Thorpe said that he personally held the view most strongly that every qualified chemist should pass through a University.Public authorities were beginning to recognise this and the provision of scholarships was year by year becoming greater, so that the schoolboy of even moderate attainments could usually secure a scholarship to enable him to pass through a University curriculum. If this were not the case, the boy should be advised to become a laboratory assistant, or hold a similar position.There was nothing to be said against a system which provided a youth with a second chance, which was, in fact, what the Institute could do; neither was there anything wrong in the Institute providing a practical examination at the severity of which no one could cavil; but he hoped that the Council would always, as hitherto, “see that the mesh of the net was kept small enough.” The Institute, with its expert staff and the accommodation at its disposal, might house the general secretarial office of the Chemical Union. The office could provide such printed matter as might be required for circularisation, and might take in hand such work as the provision of micro-photographs of papers, which would save the trouble and expense of posting library books about the country. It would seem to him that a considerable amount of matter might be removed from the ordinary scientific papers, such as, for example, the great number of experimental details.It had been said, and he thought with some justice, 172 that the experimental details usually given were not sufficiently complete to enable other workers to follow them. On the other hand, it had been stated with equal emphasis that the amplifica- tion of the experimental details was undesirable, indeed that they were wearying to the ordinary reader. He suggested, therefore, that the experimental portion should be written briefly in the main paper, such details as were given being those which would usually be found in an abstract.Full experimental details would then be typed separately and converted into micro-films, which would be placed in the archives, so that when anyone desired to repeat the work he would be provided at small cost with a copy of the film. (The apparatus for this work was exhibited during the evening.) Dr. Robert H. Pickard, President, said that he had heard Professor Thorpe speak of his suggested Chemical Union before, but he would not then commit himself to an opinion on the proposal. He felt that something might be said for the suggestion regarding the provision of micro-photographs of extracts from scientific papers, but there was one point touching the question of the enormous increase of scientific literature which he felt might be considered.Many books for the main part, contained matter which had already appeared in published papers and often very little else. Some books, no doubt, consisted of useful collations of useful information, but a great many might be destroyed to make room for those that were really valuable and of frequent use. The President then briefly reviewed the work of the Chemical Council, emphasising that the Fellows and Associates of the Institute and members of other bodies ought to take an interest in the proceedings of that Council and in its endeavour to promote their common good. Professor J. C. Philip, having remarked on the part which the Institute was taking in the work of the Chemical Council, said that many professors and other academic chemists continued to support the Institute from a feeling of loyalty to the profession and it was fitting that the Institute should support, directly or indirectly, the work of publication of new knowledge in chemistry.The Registrar, having been called upon by the Chairman, referred to the wide powers granted to the Institute in the Charter which gave the Council, if it thought fit, the right to 173 appoint professors and lecturers and to establish and conduct classes. The Council had not established a college, but was very desirous of giving its members reports of useful lectures, especially such as would enable them to keep their knowledge up-to-date. He was diffident about commenting on Professor Thorpe’s proposed Chemical Union, but he felt obliged to remark that he could not see the possibility of obtaining, under the scheme, the necessary income for the publications of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry.With regard to the remarks of Professor Philip, the Registrar said that he would like to emphasise that the Institute had always recognised the great value of the support of the Professors of Chemistry. The actual founders of the Institute and the first Council consisted of more professors than any other class of chemists, and the same might be said of those whose names appeared in the Petition for the Charter. There were a few consultants and a few engaged in industry, but the professors were very strongly represented, Without them, the Regulations prescribing the training and the syllabus for the Examina- tions, could hardly have been adopted, and-without them-it was difficult to imagine how the profession could have arrived at the position which it occupied to-day.Mr. C. E. Barrs, Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary, and Mr. E. M. Hawkins also participated in the discussion. In reply to the Registrar, Professor Thorpe said that the money subscribed to the Chemical Council had put an entirely new aspect on the financial position. The scheme he had outlined could now be tried. It would prevent persons who wished to belong to a society from being compelled to pay for literature they did not require. On 10th February a party of members of the Section visited the Battersea Power Station.This annual visit is so popular that a ballot has to be held on each occasion; the number of applicants always exceeds the number allowed, and many, therefore, are unfortunately disappointed each year. On 3rd March a party of members visited the laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd., Hammersmith Road, London, W.14. The members met in the Library, where they heard an address by Dr. E. B. Hughes on the lay-out, organisation and work of the laboratories; after which each visitor was supplied with a printed list showing the situation and activities of the 174 various departments, and was at liberty to take his own route and time, finishing in the refectory where tea was served.This scheme gave every visitor the opportunity for a close examination of the details in which he was most interested, but afforded no opportunity for a united party to express its apprecia-tion to the Company and its officers for a very interesting and instructive afternoon. Malaya.-The 13th Annual General Meeting was held at Kuala Lumpur on 20th and zIst February. By the kind permission of the Managing Agents, Messrs. Henry Waugh & Co., Ltd., members were afforded the oppor- tunity of visiting the Nipah Distilleries of Malaya. The Annual Dinner of the Section was held in the evening, and the Annual General Meeting was held at the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, on the following day. The Section has lost two of its senior members, who have left Malaya on retirement-Colonel Eaton, O.B.E., and Dr.H. A. Tempany, C.B.E. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A joint meeting of the Section, with the North-East Coast Section of the Institute of Metals, was held on 11th January,-Mr. F. H. Walker in the Chair. Mr. M. A. W. Brown read a paper on- ‘‘ Shipyard Metals.” From the historical aspect, Mr. Brown referred to the great antiquity of shipbuilding and the comparatively recent applica- tion of metals thereto, dating from little over a century ago and then primarily in connection with the development of mechanical means of ship propulsion. He outlined, with several interesting examples, the transition from wooden ships-discussing the function of copper, brass or zinc sheathing-through wrought iron, cast or puddled steel, to the mild-steel vessel of to-day.He discussed various uses of and specifications for steels in modern shipbuilding and marine engineering, and gave an account of the various metals used in the “Queen Mary.” Noting that the finished products of the manufacturers are the raw materials of the shipyard, the lecturer then devoted attention to effects upon shipyard metals of various influences 175 encountered during “yard ” fabrication, e.g. , shearing, rivetting, various furnace treatments, and methods of welding. With regard to the latter he dealt particularly with spot-welding, showed interesting photomicrographs and discussed the undoubted efficiency of this mode of jointing.Mr. Brown next referred to certain aspects of the shipyard laboratory testing of metals, involving not only usual chemical and accepted metallurgical methods of testing, but occasionally specially devised tests, e.g., those required to indicate the ‘‘workability” of rivets or behaviour of white bearing-metals under varying loads. Turning to a consideration of corrosion, Mr. Brown discussed inter alia the effect of mill-scale and methods for its removal; differing electro-potentials in various parts of a ship’s structure; the deleterious effects of improperly “dried ” or incorrectly applied paints and proofing compositions-with a special warning here regarding de-scaling, and so-called anti-corrosion boiler compositions; also the use of copper-bearing and such special steels.In conclusion, and somewhat in the form of a challenge to non-ferrous metallurgists, Mr. Brown indicated that improve- ments in shipyard metals could still be looked for along lines where considerations of saving of weight without loss of strength (and safety) in the main structure would mean greater speeds and carrying capacities, and hence reduction of costs to the shipowner. He felt there was scope for a newer outlook in ship designing, with regard to the extending application of electric welding, which might in turn mean utilisation of metals other than those at present employed. Finally, he referred to the almost limitless possibilities suggested by the ever present problem with shipyard metals-marine corrosion.Members of the Section were invited to the Thirty-sixth Bedson Lecture delivered by Dr. M. Polanyi, Professor of Physical Chemistry in the University of Manchester, on 1st February, in Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne. Professor G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the Bedson Club, presided. Professor Polanyi took as his subject “The Transition State in Chemical Reactions,” and illustrated his remarks with particular reference to the ozone-oxygen transformation. 176 Molecules are closely packed groups linked by chemical bonds and separated by wider gaps from other molecules. The course of a chemical reaction between the molecules involves the breaking of these original chemical bonds with the formation of new ones.During this change, the gaps between the initial molecules disappear and new ones appear between the final molecules. Between these two states there must be an infinite number of atomic configurations : this was clearly demonstrated by a model showing the interaction of two molecules of ozone to yield three molecules of oxygen. At some point between the initial and final gaps separating the molecules, there is an intermediate state when no distinction can be drawn between the initial and final state. This is defined as the transition state of the reaction. Turning from the purely geometric to the energy conception of the transition state, the lecturer demonstrated how the potential energy in the reaction between the molecules rises to a maximum.The position of the maximum indicates the transition state, and further, the energy of the reaction must be sufficient to surmount this energy barrier. Hence the plotting of the energy changes occurring in the reaction of two particles will indicate the transition state and the energy of activation of the reaction. Professor Polanyi traced the evaluation of the energy changes and showed how it was possible to determine the heat of activa- tion by application of wave mechanics and molecular constants. He also indicated how various properties of the transition state determine the changes in reaction rate caused by varying con- ditions, such as hydrostatic pressure, change of solvent, etc.On 26th February, Professor H. L. Riley gave a lecture on ‘‘Colloids ” to a joint meeting of the Newcastle Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre at Armstrong College. Mr. F. H. Walker presided. Professor Riley said that the term “Colloid” should be used in an adjectival rather than a specific sense. This was clearly demonstrated by the preparation of colloidal calcium carbonate, a compound usually met with in the solid state. Colloid solutions fall between true solutions, which are monomolecular, and pre- cipitates, and the particle size ranges from ~ppto ~oopp. In 177 substances like proteins, for example, the moleculars are so large that a monomolecular solution is colloidal. In general, colloids can be divided into two classes, lyophilic (in which the particles are hydrated or solvated with a certain amount of the dispersion medium) and lyophobic (in which the disperse phase contains more of the medium, eg., gold hydrosols).Lyophilic colloids, e.g., ferric hydroxide, are usually reversible, while lyophobes are seldom reversible. The lecturer then dealt with the preparation of colloidal solutions, and illustrated his remarks with a wide and interesting selection of experiments. There are two general methods of obtaining colloidal solutions : by dispersion or condensation. Typical examples of the former are solution in a solvent, mechanical dispersion with the aid of a colloidal milk, and disper- sion by striking an electric arc under water.Examples of the latter method include such processes as reduction (preparation of a gold sol) and double decomposition. Varying the condi- tions may lead to different colloidal solutions of the same com- pound. The electrical properties of colloidal particles were then illustrated, the sign of the charge being determined by cata- phoresis. In conclusion, Professor Riley stressed the importance of colloid chemistry in a large number of industrial processes. A meeting was held at Sunderland Technical College, on 4th March, when Mr. Philip Hamer (Imperial Chemical Industries) delivered a lecture on ‘‘Recent Developments in Water Treatment.” Mr. F. H. Walker presided. Mr. Hamer said there were three main sources of water supply for industrial purposes, viz.:-river, well and moorland; and he proceeded to give the characteristics of each. The first two were alkaline and the third, acid. River water generally contained both temporary and permanent hardness, but the degree of hardness might vary rapidly because of weather conditions and the presence of effluents. River water also contained suspended matter. Well waters might be of two types,-the first being like river water, the second containing no permanent hardness. This type might contain free bicarbonate which caused difficulties, because of the liberation of carbon dioxide with subsequent corrosion of pipe-lines. The lecturer suggested copper piping 178 as a solution of this difficulty.Well waters often contained considerable quantities of iron. Unlike river water, well water was fairly constant in composition. Moorland waters had a$H value of 7.1 or 7-2, a low hardness which was entirely permanent and quite often a high colour. This colour could generally be removed by using sodium aluminate. Because there was no deposition of a protective scale, these waters tended to corrode mild steel. This could sometimes be prevented by the use of sodium silicate, though the protection was limited to some 200 feet from the point of application. The silicate could be introduced by simply passing the water through a vessel containing broken glass, and this method has proved effective in a number of cases.The lecturer then dealt in detail with the precipitation of hardness by the lime soda process. Precipitation was taking place from extreme dilution, and therefore time was a factor of importance. Usually at least three hours were allowed for the growth of the precipitate in the plant before filtering. Calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide precipitates were very different in nature-the latter tending to remain in the colloidal state and therefore pass out of the plant. The acceleration of precipitation could be brought about in four ways:- (I) Excess of reagents. This, however, was costly and detrimental to the final water, and was therefore not used. (2) Increased temperature. The maximum effect was at about 70' C., and this method was frequently used.It depended upon (a) increased rate of reaction, (b)decreased viscosity of water. (3) Seeding the liquid with precipitate previously produced. (4) Use of a coagulent. In this connection sodium aluminate had proved very successful. A solution of sodium aluminate showed colloidal particles and was probably partly a suspension of Al(OH), in caustic soda. These particles were shown to be negatively charged by cata- phoresis while Mg(OH), were positively charged particles. CaCO, is also positively charged but not affected by NGA~O,. The use of this coagulent was therefore only successful when Mg(OH), was present. The additional speed of precipitation 179 brought about by addition of NGA~O, was such as to increase the throughput of a softening plant by 25 per cent.Mr. Hamer then described the details of a softening plant which consisted of the following essential parts :-(I) Apparatus for adding reagents; (2) Reaction chamber; (3) Addition of preformed precipitate ; (4) Tank for three hours’ sedimentation ; (5) Filtration. The treatment of boiler feed water with a view to the elimina- tion of scale, corrosion and caustic embrittlement, was then discussed. Dr. Hall’s researches, on the relative solubility of co3calcium carbonate and sulphate and the ratio -in equilibrium so4 at various temperatures, was the first scientific investigation of this problem. The work of Straub and Clark and Hunter, in determining this ratio in the presence of other compounds, such as NaC1, NaOH and NsSO,, was also discussed.The lecturer described a quick method for checking the quality of the feed by testing the ratio of chloride in “blowdown” and feed and comparing this with the ratio of sulphate in “blowdown ” and feed. If no sulphate is deposited, the ratio should be the same, since the chloride content is unchanged in the softener. Because of the decomposition of Na,CO, to NaOH in boilers working above 225 lb. per sq. in., sodium phosphate was used for softening in high pressure boilers. The lecturer said that there was not much information available about silicate scale, but it was much more difficult to deal with than sulphate. Straub’s work on caustic embrittlement was then described.Failures were particularly noticeable using water high in NaOH and low in SO,. The cracking usually took place between rivet holes in the joining of two plates. The solution of salts would tend to concentrate in such points and the metal itself would be weakened in the first place before rivetting. Straub found that pure NaOH did not cause embrittlement, but the presence of small quantities of SO, with the caustic caused it. He found also that there was no embrittlement if solid Na$O, or carbonate were present when the concentration of NaOH was over IOO grams per litre. This condition varied, of course, when other salts were present. Cracks due to caustic embrittlement developed along the grain boundaries-i.e., along the line of maximum stress.180 An interesting discussion followed, in which Dr. W. S. Patterson, Dr. P. L. Robinson, Mr. Gordon Carey, Mr. Houston and others took part. New Zealand.-The Annual Conference of the Section was held on 14th January, at the University College, Auckland, when the Chairman-Mr. F. H. V. Fielder-gave a short address on-“ Science and Nationalism ” of which the Section has provided the following summary:- “From time to time statements appear in the daily press to the effect that the present-day troubles of the world are due to a surfeit of science and we are asked to believe that such things as war, unemployment, race for armaments, starvation in the midst of plenty, and high tariff walls that prevent the free inter- change of commodities, are engendered by too much scientific research.A more or less extended scientific holiday,” during which sc,ientific research should be forbidden, is advocated. To a scientist the idea of research being stopped, for even a short period, seems impossible. “Scientific knowledge is not wisdom and although scientific research may add to our store of knowledge it does not neces- sarily increase our wisdom, which, in this connection, means making the best and fullest use of a discovery, together with a full realisation of its effects on the community. “Knowledge must always precede wisdom and there must always be a gap between the two. It is when this gap lengthens unduly that troubles arise. Science has brought many great benefits to the world, and it is inconceivable that we should stop the march of progress.We can, however, make the onward movement orderly and make it take definite direction. “I see no reason to doubt that synthetic wool will be even- tually produced successfully. Will any thought be given to the effect on the wool-producing countries, the meat-freezing industry and in turn on the food supplies of meat-consuming countries? Synthetic indigo ruined indigo planters. My contention is that if wisdom were used in the application of the results of scientific research these things would not happen. “The use of applied science has always been restricted by patent laws or by secrecy. Discoveries in pure science have been 181 international property. The rise of intense nationalism has been responsible for tendencies in restrictions of the internationalism of pure science.“The imposition of high tariffs and other forms of prohibition of the free interchange of commodities have been made possible by science, but science cannot be fairly regarded as the cause. Sooner or later the supply of petrol will no doubt fail and the problem of finding a substitute will be of vital importance. In the case of synthetic rubber the position is different. Whythen should countries outside the tropics have need to produce synthetic rubber ? Chemistry and engineering have made this possible, but the wisdom of using the scientific knowledge is questionable. “In the references of the press to science and warfare, one would think that scientists were the cause of all the frightfulness. Here again it is a misuse of scientific discoveries.“Intense nationalism, based on fear, is more to blame for the world’s troubles than scientific research, which, if used rightly and wisely, can only be of the greatest benefit and service to mankind.” The Conference was arranged to coinicide with the meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advance- ment of Science. The papers read by Fellows and Associates of the New Zealand Section of the Institute, or, of which members of the Institute were joint authors, were as follows:- ‘‘The Combination of Wattle Bark Tannin with Collagen,” Dr. R. 0. Page; The Liversidge Lecture-“Soil Deficiencies in New Zealand,” Mr.T. Rigg; “Boron Status of New Zealand Fruit Soils,” Dr. H. 0. Askew, with Mr. R. Thomson and Miss Kidson; “Influence of Cobalt Top Dressing on Cobalt Status of Pasture Plants,” Dr. H. 0. Askew and Dr. J. K. Dixon; “Brown Heart of Swedes and Turnips,” Mr. T. Rigg, Dr. H. 0. Askew and Mr. E. Chittenden; “Cobalt Status of Animal Organs from South Island Drench Experiments,’’ Dr. H. 0. Askew, Mr. J. K. Dixon and Miss Bell; “Chemical Studies of New Zealand Soils with Particular Reference to the Leaching Process,” Dr. J, K. Dixon and Mr. A. C. Harris; “Recent Developments in Artificial Drying of Forage and other Crops, with Special Refer- ence to Nutritional Aspects,’’ Dr. M. C. Franklin; “Recent Work 182 on the Ripening of Cheddar Cheese,” Dr.H. R. Whitehead and Mr. I. R.Shenvood; “The Significance to the Cheese Industry of New Zealand of Payment for Milk in Cheese Making,” Dr. F. H. McDowall; “Scientific Tests applied to the Dairy Industry,” Dr. G. M. Moir; “The Determination of Essential Oils in Drugs and Spices,” Dr. Roy Gardner and Mr. W. B. Seymouth. The following were elected Officers and Committee for the ensuing year:-Chairman, Mr. F. H. V. Fielder; Hon. Sec. and Treasurer, Mr. P. White; Hon. Auditor, Mr. T. A. Glendinning; Committee, Dr. Roy Gardner, Mr. T. H. McCombs, M.P., Dr. G. M. Moir, Mr. A. D. Monro, Mr. M. L. H. Stewart, Mr. G. A. Lawrence, and Dr. H. 0. Askew. The Annual Dinner was held on 18th January, at the Hotel Auckland, and a very enjoyable evening was spent.Amongst the guests were the Australian visitors to the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science. 183 Notes. The Honorary Degree of LL.D, (Aberdeen) has been con-ferred on Mr. Olaf Frederick Bloch, Fellow, in recognition of his work in connection with the scientific applications of photo- graphy, and on Dr. James Frederick Tocher, Fellow, Chemist to the Highland Agricultural Society of Scotland. Dr. Frank Briers, Fellow, Lecturer in Chemistry at the Mining and Technical College, Wigan, has been appointed to succeed Mr. Joseph Yates, Fellow, as Head of the Chemistry Department of the Technical College, Derby. Dr. Albert Charles Chibnall, Fellow, of the Biochemistry Department of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, has received the title of Professor of Biochemistry in the University of London.Professor George Gerald Henderson, F.R.S., Past-President, has intimated his intention to resign, on 30th September next, from the Regius Chair of Chemistry, in the University of Glasgow, which he has held since 1919. Dr. Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, F.R.S., Associate, Meldola Medallist, has been appointed Professor of Physical Chemistry in the University of Cambridge, to fdl the vacancy caused by the death of Professor T. M. Lowry, C.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow. Mr. Leonard Beaumont Tansley, M.C., Fellow, who has been Assistant to the Director of the British Cotton Industry Research Association, Shirley Institute, Didsbury, has been appointed Assistant Director of the Testing House and Laboratory of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce.SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT: Rural Water Supplies.-In answer to a question raised in the House of Commons on 4th February, the Minister of Health 184 said that with the aid of a grant of jG~,ooo,ooo,under the Rural Water Supplies Act, 1934,schemes had been undertaken for 2,250 parishes at a total cost of over ~7,100,000. About one-third of the schemes had been carried out, and it was anticipated that work on the remainder would be completed by the end of 1938. Milk-Factory Emueats.-On the 18th February the Minister of Agriculture, in reply to a question, said that as a result of investigations carried out under the direction of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research with the co-operation of Rothamsted Experimental Station, two processes for treating milk-factory effluents had been evolved, which were considered to be satisfactory. This work had been carried out with financial assistance in the industry, through the English and Scottish Milk Marketing Boards and with the aid of certain facilities provided by United Dairies, Ltd.Full details of the investiga- tions to June, 1936, would be published in the Report of the Water Pollution Research Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Air-Raid Precautions.-On the 22nd February, Mr. Parker asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department “(I) whether he would make an investigation into the observations of the Cambridge scientists as the result of their examination of recommendations put forward by the Air-Raids Precautions Department of the Home Office; (2)whether he would cause to be published the full scientific evidence on which the proposals for the gas-proofing of rooms in private houses had been based? ” The Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs replied that he presumed the Cambridge Scientists’ Anti-War Group was referred to.This group should not be confused with the general body of Cambridge scientists. His Majesty’s Government were advised in regard to these matters by the most distinguished scientific experts, not only from Cambridge, but from Oxford and other Universities.The observations of the Cambridge Scientists’ Anti-War Group had been carefully investigated, with the result that both the experiments themselves and the deductions made from them had been proved to be open to grave criticisms. It would not be in the public interest to disclose details of the experiments upon which the Government’s plans were based, but these experiments had been conducted with 185 actual war gases liberated under practical conditions, and the measures proposed to be taken would be effective in affording a very great measure of protection. A specimen gas-proof room has been equipped at 17, Alder- manbury, in the City of London, by the Air-Raid Precautions Committee in conjunction with the St.John Ambulance Brigade. The room is open for inspection, and experts deliver lectures on precautions against poison gas. The room has doorways hung with blankets tacked to the lintel with wood strips, and the joints in the window protected with strips of felt. It has been demonstrated also that by pasting three sheets of transparent cellophane on the inside of a window pane the glass is less likely to splinter if struck with a hammer or exposed to concussion by explosion in the street. Cracks and crevices may be filled with paper soaked in water and squeezed to a pulp. A broken window may be made temporarily gas-proof by nailing an old carpet across the frame. In some cases the carpet or a blanket may be re-inforced with wire netting.The frames should be kept ready to be put in position in the event of a window being broken. The Department has never held out the hope that it could provide the public with IOO per cent. protection in time of war; but it is suggesting as much as is practicable in the way of protection. The output of respirators has now reached about IOO,OOO a day. There are signs that the public is increasingly interested in the subject and beginning to realise that apathy may be dangerous. On the 27th February, in his Presidential Address at the Annual Meeting of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Dr. Herbert Levinstein contrasted the unprepared condition of this country with that of Germany at the outbreak of war.The foreign policy of this country was a policy of peace : to make it effective it was necessary that the country be powerful. Industries quite unprepared for war could not be switched on to the requirements of war without delay and expense. If planned in peace time and spread over a number of years the process went forward methodically and comparatively quickly. 186 In the chemical industry they had difficulties owing to the many independent chemical firms without any central control; but to-day the industry was more closely knit and perhaps the best organised industry in the country. Coal Mines.-At the Annual Dinner of the Institution of Mining Engineers, held on 3rd February, Captain Cruickshank, Secretary for Mines, said that the Institution had taken a lead in-(I) the methods of dealing with underground fires, and (2) the use and methods of shot firing for bringing down coal.Accidents were still, unfortunately, numerous, but, on the whole, the total cost of the nation’s coal in life and limb was getting less. The total number killed in 1936 had fallen below 800 for the first time in a normal year, the actual figure being 777. Printing and Allied Trades Research Association.- On the 9th March H.R.H. the Duke of Gloucester visited and declared open the laboratories of the Printing and Allied Trades Research Association at Patra House, Robin Hood Court, Fleet Street, London, on which occasion His Royal Highness and a distinguished company were entertained to luncheon by the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers.The Association may be congratulated on having acquired such suitable and well equipped premises. The inception and estab- lishment of the Association is chiefly due to the initiative of its Director,-Dr. G. L. Riddell. It may be recalled, however, that Professor Smithells, then President of the Institute, when participating in the Inaugural Meeting of representatives of the trades concerned, advocated the formation of the Association and illustrated the advantages to be derived from co-operative scientific research in industry. The Association deals with technical matters concerning not only type, paper and ink, but illustration processes, en- graving, photogravure, book-binding and box-making,-industries representing enormous financial interests.Institute of Fuel.-On the occasion of the visit to this country of Dr. H. H. Lowry, Director of the Coal Research Laboratory at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, U.S.A., a meeting will be held in the Lecture Theatre of the 187 Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, on Monday, 19th April, at 6 p.m., when Dr. Lowry will give a lecture dealing with the work and future programme of his laboratory. Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to attend this lecture, for which no tickets of admission will be required. Sir Philip Dawson, President of the Institute of Fuel, will preside. Fuel Research.-The Director of Fuel Research announces that a visitors’ day is being arranged at the Fuel Research Station, East Greenwich, London, s.E.10, on Tuesday, 1st June, when an opportunity will be afforded a limited number of members of the Institute of inspecting the laboratories and large-scale experimental plants, and of obtaining a general insight into the whole range of the fuel research work.Applications for tickets should be addressed at once to the Institute, and invita- tions will be allotted in the order in which the applications are received, except that preference will be given to those who have not previously had an opportunity of inspecting the Fuel Research Station. For the convenience of visitors travelling by rail (from Charing Cross, Cannon Street or London Bridge, to Maze Hill, East Greenwich) a free service of motor coaches will be available.Canadian Institute of Chemistry.-The 20th Joint Convention of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry and the Canadian Chemical Association will be held in Vancouver, B.C., from 17th to 19th June, which will be attended by about 150 chemists from Eastern Canada. It is anticipated that they will visit the International Nickel Refinery at Sudbury, and also the great metallurgical and fertiliser plants of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company at Traill. The Canadian Institute and the Association will welcome other British chemists who may be visiting Canada in June, and look forward to meeting chemists in British Columbia who have hitherto been unable to participate in the Conventions. Enquiries should be addressed to Dr.R. T. Elworthy, Secre- tary of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry, 366, Adelaide Street West, Toronto, 2, Canada. Rubber.-Mr. S. A. Brazier, who was appointed to represent the Institute on the British Standards Institution Committee for 188 Standard Methods for the Testing of Rubber, reports that panels of the Committee have been formed, dividing the work into three sections :-(I) Latex, (2) Raw Rubber (including unvulcanised rubber), and (3) Chemical and Physical Methods for the Testing of Vulcanised Rubber. The groundwork has been almost completed, and the various recommendations are being collected and printed with a view to circulation for comment.Noses.-The following article reproduced from The Times-8th February-with the kind permission of the Manager, illus- trates the importance of the natural senses of the chemist in the practice of his profession :-THECHEMIST’SNOSE In a case concluded at the week-end, before Mr. Justice Charles, one of the witnesses, an analytical chemist, claimed to possess “a chemist’s nose,” and in reply to the Judge he admitted that it was the very one which he had brought into Court with him. The report gave no particulars of the appearance of the nose, which implies that there was nothing remarkable about it. It must have thrown a flood of light on many a dark problem; yet it was not, so far as we know, a luminous nose, like that of the Dong, or like the nose of Bardolph, which had saved Falstaff a thousand marks in links and torches, walking in the night betwixt tavern and tavern; nor was it like the nose of Slawkenbergius, about which the less said the better; nor like the nose of Edward Lear’s Old Man with a Nose.We are not even told whether it was aquiline, Roman, or, like the noses in novels, finely chiselled. It owed nothing, we must conclude, to outward show, and gave no visible sign of its exceptional quality. Its virtues lay within. And the virtue of a chemist’s-or at any rate of that chemist’s- nose is that which would naturally be expected in an analytical chemist. It is an analytical nose. Like number Two in Master Hugues of Saxe-Gotha’s fugue, it discepts and distinguishes.When the layman (the mere man with a mere nose), smells a composite smell, he only smells a smell. The analytical chemist’s analytical nose can analyse the smell into its parts. It is able, we can well believe, to determine even the percentages of the constituents, so that the analytical chemist may write them all down and add them up and make them come to one hundred. Compared with such super-noses the layman’s nose must 189 seem feeble enough to justify what G. K. Chesterton’s Quoodle sang about the fallen sons of Eve. They haven’t got no noses, They haven’t got no noses. And goodness only knowses The Noselessness of Man. Only a poor noseless creature could need or understand the warning that the most dangerous smells are the smells that he cannot smell.There may have been partial exceptions. Coleridge, a genius of many parts, claimed that in Cologne in the year 1828 I counted two-and-seventy stenches, All well defined, and several stinks! (the sharpness of his sense must excuse the bluntness of his language), which clearly implies some power of analysing his material, It is sad to think that he failed to cultivate that, with all his other gifts. Yet he was probably happier thus. A chemist’s nose must make life very exciting for the owner, but sometimes, perhaps, a little disappointing. A man with a chemist’s nose would never be content (supposing he were in a fit state to pronounce) to say that the night was “hellish dark and smells of cheese.” He would state what sort of cheese, and whether raw, ripe or over-ripe. There is no question but that the mere possession of knowledge gives pleasure to truly intel- lectual persons.But sometimes a heavy price must be paid. Imagine our chemist, with his nose, a guest at our dinner-table. He would cause more anxiety than a tea-taster at tea. He is almost certain to discern too much for his own enjoyment, and, however good his manners, for his host’s peace of mind. He raises his glass to his lips; he drinks, but without enthusiasm. His nose has already analysed the bouquet into constituents that prove our wine-merchant a fool or a rogue. So too with the coffee and the cigars. Unhappy the man who knows too much, unless he is content with knowledge for its own sake.The bearer of a chemist’s nose must suffer for his lonely greatness. The common run of the fallen sons of Eve will be happier with their measure of noselessness than they could be with the nose of the chemist, or of the dog. 190 Vitreosil.-The Thermal Syndicate, Ltd., has published a brochure-" About Vitreosil "-indicating the progress made in the production of pure fused quartz and silica ware, and its applications to the chemical, electrical and other industries, as well as to domestic purposes. The brochure deals with the chemical behaviour, physical properties, transparency to radia- tion, and electrical characteristics of Vitreosil ; with apparatus for research work, optical applications, its use for the envelopes of mercury vapour burners, and the construction of chemical and industrial plant, packing, cements, the electrical industry, lighting, cooking, etc.; and contains appendices dealing with chemical resistance, specific laboratory applications, properties and numerical data ;and a descriptive and historical bibliography. The Buff Book.-The Institute has an arrangement with the proprietors of the Buff Book whereby all members practising independently in the London telephone area are entitled to an entry free of charge. A new classified trades Telephone Directory is scheduled to appear under the auspices of the Stationery Office and the Post Office in November next, but this will not be amalgamated with, or supersede, the "Buff Book." The Buff Book, however, will appear twice yearly-in April and October- and will be distributed as heretofore, gratis, to every business- rate telephone subscriber in the London telephone area.191 Obituary. LESLIEFULLERTON died in August, 1936, in his forty-third DAVIDSON year. Educated at the Haberdashers’ Aske’s School, Hampstead, he became an apprentice in his father’s pharmacy and attended courses at Regent Street Polytechnic. In 1914, he received a Commission in the South Lancashire Regiment, serving in France and Salonica. He was awarded the Military Cross and Croix de Guerre avec Palme, maspromotedto the rank of Captain and appointed Battalion Gas Officer. On demobili- sation he entered King’s College, London, graduating B.Sc. in 1920.In November of that year he was appointed Assistant Chemist in the research laboratory of the Imperial Dry Plate Co., Ltd., and later became Chief Chemist to Selo, Ltd. At the time of his death was works manager of Messrs. Austin Edwards, Ltd. He was elected an Associate in 1922. HAROLD GOLDSBROUGHALBERT died at Hurstmonceux, Sussex, on 12th March, in his 54th year. He received his early training under the late A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., with whom he worked for three years, and from 1906 continued it at Finsbury Technical College, London. Thereafter he became Chief Assistant and later Associate Partner with Dr. PhilipSchidrowitz, with whom he published various papers in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry and the India Rubber Journal.In 1915 he enlisted as a Corporal in the Special Brigade of the Royal Engineers, later receiving a Commission in the same Brigade and being promoted to the rank of Captain. He returned to Dr. Schidrowitz, but was subsequently engaged with Messrs. J. B. Keeble & Co., and then with Hodge Sherriff Paper Co., in Canada, until 1932, when he returned to England and engaged in poultry farming. He passed the Intermediate Examination for the Associateship in 1908 and the Final Examination in 1910. He was elected a Fellow in 1913. ROBERTDEXTER died at Bristol, on 18th March, in his LITTLEFIELD 66th year. Born at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, and educated at Cranleigh, he studied under Dr.John Muter, F.I.C., before he entered University College, London, where he continued his training and subsequently worked as an assistant under Sir William Ramsay. He passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in 1897 and the Final for the Associateship in 1898. Later, he became engaged in investigations for the RoyalCommission on Sewage Disposal, with particular reference to the pollution of rivers by distillery waste liquors in Scotland. In 1909, he was appointed an Inspector under the Alkali, etc., Works Regulations Act, 1906. From 1920 to his retirement in 1931, he was in charge of the South-Western district. He was a Past Chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section of the Institute and of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1898 and a Fellow in 1911. He served as a Member of the Council from 1922 to 1925. 192 EDMUND died on 13th February at West Hagly, CHARLESROSSITER near Southport, in his sixty-ninth year. He was educated at Uppingham School, entering the City and Guilds of London Central Technical College in 1886. He gained the diploma of the College in 1889, and was awarded the Fellowship in 1932. For two years he acted as Honorary Demonstrator and Assistant to Professor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., with whom he published papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society. In 1892, he received an appointment with Messrs. Albright & Wilson, Ltd., at Oldbury, Birmingham. In 1893 he joined the staff of the British Cyanides Co., at Oldbury, with whom he was Head Chemist until 1928, when he retired, but was retained as Consulting Chemist.He was elected a Fellow in 1897. 193 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Biochemistry applied to Malting and Brewing.” R. H. Hopkins and C. B. Krause. Pp. 342. (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. Review of some important principles of physical chemistry; general chemistry of the raw materials of malting and brewing ;malting ;brewing processes, mashing, boiling, cooling; fermentation and the finished beer. “Chemical Principles with particular Application to Qualitative Analysis.” J.H. Yoe. Pp. ix + 311. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 13s. 6d. net. Fundamental laws, atoms and molecules, atomic and molecular weights, electrons, protons, and quanta ; elements, compounds and mixtures ; changes of matter ; mass, weight and density ; oxidation-reduction reactions ; gases; liquids ; solids; solutions; solutions of electrolytes; homogeneous equilibrium ;heterogeneous equilibrium ;units of weight, volume, and concentration used in equilibria calculations ; equilibriacalculations; solubility-product calculations; dissolving of precipitates;co-ordination theory ; complex ions ; pH scale, neutralisation and hydrolysis; oxidation-reduction equilibria ; chemical kinetics ; thermo-chemistry, electrochemistry, and photochemistry ; electrical theory of matter, radioactivity, and atomic structure ; colloids.“Chemicals, British, and their Manufacturers.” The Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Pp. 466. (London: Association of British Chemical Manu- fac turers.) “Enzyme Chemistry.” H. Tauber. Pp. xii + 243. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. Introduction and general considerations ;esterasea;proteolytic enzymes and peptidases ;arnidases; carbohydrases;catalase ;oxidizing enzymes ; flavin oxidation system of Warburg and Christian, and its relation to other dyes ; zymase complex and alcoholic fermentation ; carbonic anhydrase; luciferase. 194 “Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-Book of.” Edited by J.Newton Friend. Volume XI : Organometallic Compounds. Part IV : Derivatives of Selenium, Tellurium, Chromium and Platinum. A. E. Goddard. Pp. xix + 291. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 20s. The periodic table; general introduction to the series; list of abbrevia-tions; table of dates of issue of journals; aliphatic derivatives of selenium; aromatic derivatives of selenium ; miscellaneous organic derivatives of selenium; organic compounds of tellurium; organic compounds of chromium and platinum. “Soil Conditions and Plant Growth.” 7th Edition. Sir E. J. Russell. Pp. viii + 655. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 21s. Historical and introductory ; soil conditions affecting plant growth ; composition of the soil; the soil in nature; I.changes in its mineral composition; 11. changes in the organic matter; the micro-organic population of the soil and its relation to the growth of plants; biotic conditions in the soil; soil fertility in nature and in farm practice; bibliography of papers on soil conditions and plant growth ;bibliography of papers on analytical methods. The British Standards Institution has published a new edition of the Handbook of Information, including Indexed Lists of Specifications and Methods of Test. (B.S.I.: C.E.2400, obtainable from the Publications Depart- ment, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, price IS.) The Copper Development Association has recently published a brochure on brass pressings and other copper alloy products-cold-formed from strip and sheet ,-which includes an outline of the more important metal-working operations likely to be of interest to those concerned with the specification and ultimate use of brass and copper alloy strip and sheet.(C.D.A. publication 26, 1937: Copper Development Association, Thames House, Millbank, London, S.W.I.) Power Supply in South Africa.-The British National Committee of the World Power Conference has forwarded a copy of “Power Supply Industry in South Africa,” by Dr. H. J. van der Bijl, Chairman of the Electricity Supply Commission, Johannesburg, and of the South African National Committee of the World Power Conference. 195 Society of Chemical Industry.-The Proceedings of the Chemical Engineering Group (Volume 18, 1936) will be available shortly and obtainable from The Chemical Engineering Group, 56, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1 (21s.net, postage 6d.).REVIEW. ‘Gravimetric Analysis.” A Laboratory Manual with Special Reference to the Analysis of Natural Minerals and Rocks. W. Van Tongeren. Pp. xi + 278; 16 Figures and Tables., (Amsterdam: D. B. Centen’s Uitgevers-Maatschappij ; ob-tainable from H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd., 136,Gower Street, London, W.C.1.) 14s. net. Of the making of books on analytical chemistry there seem to be no end, nor in many cases does there seem to be much justification since but few have anything distinctive or original to commend them. The volume under review does, however, present something different in that it is written primarily as an introduction to mineralogical analysis, although, of course, the procedures advocated are useful in the analysis of other inorganic materials or of pure compounds.As indicated by the title, the manual deals with gravimetric analysis; this might be thought to circumscribe its usefulness for, particularly in routine analyses, volumetric, colorimetric and electrolytic determinations are widely used. Actually, short sections are dovoted to the two latter methods while reference is always made in those cases where titrimetric estimations are applicable or are to be preferred. The analytical schemes are conked to the usual common elements although methods of determining a few of the less studied elements, such as titanium, zirconium, molybdenum and beryllium, are briefly described.The author has also wisely confined himself to selecting only one or two of the many procedures now available for each element and has chosen those which are likely to prove most serviceable in the analysis of materials of widely differing composition. Nevertheless references are given to alternative methods and the original papers describing these are listed in an excellent and up-to-date bibliography. The book is divided into three sections which deal respectively with the analysis of: (a)silicate rocks and minerals; cements, slags, glasses and plant ash; (b) salt deposits and mineral waters; (c) ore minerals and alloys.In the treatment of each class of material there is given the most suitable method of attack, the general scheme of group separations, and the estimation of the elements in these groups.Descriptions of these procedures are clear and yet concise, although for a book intended mainly for students the chemical theory underlying the various steps might have received more adequate treatment. Nevertheless, the book is a very useful one and provides an excellent introduction to rock and mineral analysis. Although writing in a language which is foreign to him, the author has succeeded to a praiseworthy extent in overcoming that handicap, and it is only occasionally as, for instance, in the use of ammoniac for ammonia, rhodanide for thiocyanate, water vapour for steam and in one or two awkwardly constructed sentences that one is made aware of the fact that he is not employing his usual medium of expression.GILBERTT.MORGAN. 196 The Library, 1936-37. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1936,the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts : MESSRS. GEORGEALLEN& UNWIN, LTD.: Biochemistry applied to Malting and Brewing. R. H. Hopkins and C. B. Krause. London, 1937. ASSOCIATION BRITISHCHEMICALMANUFACTURERSOF : British Chemicals and their Manufacturers. London, 1937. MESSRS.BAILLIBRE, TINDALL & Cox: A Text Book of Applied Bio-Chemistry. F. Wokes. London, 1937. MESSRS. G. BELL& SONS, LTD.: Prelude to Chemistry. J. Read.London, 1936. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON, LTD: Elementary Practical Chemistry. A. I. Vogel. London, 1936. MESSRS. BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, LTD.: The B.D.H. Book of Reagents for “Spot” Tests and Delicate Analysis 5th Edition. London, 1936. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS: Essential Principles of Organic Chemistry. C. S. Gibson. Cam-bridge, 1936. Ions in Solution. R. W. Gurney. Cambridge, 1936. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL, LTD. : Chemical Principles with particular application to Qualitative Analysis. J. H. Yoe. London, 1937. Enzyme Chemistry. H. Tauber. London, 1937. MESSRS. CHEMICALRUBBERPUBLISHINGCo. : Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 21st Edition. Editor-in-Chief: C. D. Hodgman. Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., 1936. LIBRAIRIEARMANDCOLIN: Chimie GBnBrale.A. Bouzat. Paris, 1936. Blanchiment, Teinture et Impression. Georges Martin. Paris, 1936. C. E. C. FERREY, EsQ., O.B.E., F.I.C. Select Methods in Chemical Analysis. W. Crookes. London, 1871. MESSRS. FRY’S :METAL FOUNDRIES Printing Metals. London, 1936. 197 MESSRS.CHARLESGRIFFIN& Co., LTD.: A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. XI. Part 4. A. E. Goddard. London, 1937. MESSRS. W. HEFFER& SONS, LTD.: Inorganic Chemistry, A Survey of Modern Developments. Sir Gilbert T. Morgan and F. H. Burstall. Cambridge, 1936. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and its Products. 3rd Edition. London, 1935. MESSRS. H. K. LEWIS& Co., LTD.: Gravimetric Analysis.W. Van Tongeren. London, 1937. MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., LTD.: Absorption from the Intestine. F. Verzar. London, 1936. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. W. Mellor. Vol. XV. London, 1936. Applied Chemistry for Engineers. A. F. H. Ward. London, 1937. A School Physics. S. R. Humby and F. W. Goddard. London, 1937. Chemical Arithmetic. F. W. Goddard. London, 1937. Practical Organic Chemistry. F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders. London, 1936. Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry. A. W. Stewart. Vol. 11. London, 1936. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. 7th Edition. Sir E. J. Russell. London, 1937. Tables of Physical a. d Chemical Constants, and some Mathematical Functions. 8th Edltion. G. W. C. Kaye and T.H. Laby. London, 1936. MESSRS. MCGRAWHILLPUBLISHINGCo., LTD.: Solutions of Electrolytes, with particular application to Qualitative Analysis. L. P. Hammett. London, 1936. THE MERSEY AND IRWELL COMMITTEE:JOINT Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1936. Preston, 1936. MESSRS. METHUEN & Co., LTD.: Distillation. J. Reilly. London, 1936. MESSRS. THOMASMURBY& Co.: German-English Chemical Terminology. A. King and H. Fromherz. London, 1934. THEPHARMACEUTICAL:PRESS Poisons Law. H. N. Linstead. London, 1936. The Extra Pharmacopoeia. Martindale. 21st Edition. Vol. I. London, 1936. THE RIBBLE COMMITTEE:JOINT Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1936. Preston, 1936.S~TY BOARD:IN MINES RESEARCE Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. X. 1936, London, 1936. MESS=. E. & F. N. SPON,LTD.: Practical Everyday Chemistry. H. Bennett. London, 1936. THETECHNICAL LTD.:PRESS, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names. W. Gardner. London, 1936. Books Purchased. The Chemistry of Milk. W. L. Davies. London, 1936. Laboratory Manual for the Detection of Poisons and Powerful Drugs.W. Autenrieth. Authorised Translation by W. H. Warren. London, 1928. The Mineral Industry during 1935. Edited by G. A. Roush. London, 1936. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. VI. Part V. Antimony and Bismuth. W. E. Thorneycroft. London, 1936. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry.Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. XI. Part IV. Organometallic Compounds of Selenium, Tellurium, Chromium and Platinum. A. E. Goddard. London, 1937. THE REGISTER-continued. DEATHS. Fellows. Harold Albert Goldsbrough. Robert Dexter Littlefield. Edmund Charles Rosaiter, F.C.G.I. Associates. Leslie Fullerton Davidson, M.C., B.Sc. (Lond.). Sam Gaskell, B.Sc. (Vict.). 199 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 19th February, 1937, 4 new Fellows were elected, 4 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 19 new Associates were elected, and 42 Students were admitted. The deaths of 3 Fellows and 2 Associates have been reported New Fellows. Copenhagen, Wilfred John, Government Chemical Laboratory, Box 668, Cape Town, South Africa.Licence, Arthur Benjamin Cecil, Covar’s Mead, Toot Hill, Ongar, Essex. Roche, James William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 15, Coral Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport.Vernon, Herbert Ward, B.Sc. (Manc.), 111, Minchenden Crescent, London, N.14. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bird, Thomas Reid, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.H.-W.C., 43, Belsize Park Gardens, London, N.W.3. Harley, David, B.Sc. (Edin.), M.B., Ch.B., 44, Harley Street, London, W.l. Whitelegg, Cyril James, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.T.I., Hollin Cottage,Styal, nr. Manchester. Wilson, John Linley, M.Sc. (Vict.), Apsley House, Heywood Street, Bury, Lancs. New Aaociates. Ahluwalia, Gurcharan Singh, M.Sc. (Punjab.), Chemical Laboratory, Custom House, Calcutta, India. Borrows, William Leslie, B.Sc.(Lond.), Dept. of the Admiralty Chemist, H.M . Dockyard, Portsmouth . Boyd, Thomas Henry, B.A. (T.C.D.), Egremont, The Burrow, Sutton, Co. Dublin. Briggs, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Wellfield Road, Blackburn. Fenner, George Price, 106, Relmont Road, St. Andrews Park, Bristol, 6. Fitzgibbon, Maurice, 9, Haverbreaks Place, Lancaster. Fowkes, Francis Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Gaynesford Road, Carshalton. Griffin, Frank James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Coker Cottage, Newnham, nr.Baldock. Hollis, Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), Priory Lodge, Priory Lane, London, S.E.3. Hurran, Walter John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 588, Whitton Avenue, Greenford. Jones, Osman John, B.Sc. (Birm.), The Grafton Residential Club, Mount Ararat Road, Richmond, Surrey.Marke, Douglas John Burrows, B.Sc. (Bris.), Dundonald, Argyle Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Prigge, Arthur Chambers, B.A. (T.C.D.), Saint Pancras, Terenure, Dublin. Shorter, Alfred John, B.Sc. (Birm.), 50, Oakham Road, Birmingham, 17. Singh, Balwant, D.Sc. (Punjab.), Lecturer in Chemistry, Government College, Lahore, India, 200 Squire, George Victor Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Platanes, Champion Hill, London, S.E.5. Sundaram Ayyar, Komal Visvanatha, M.Sc. (Calcutta), Acting Govern- ment Analyst, King Institute, Guindy, s. India. Tozer, Bernard Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Bank Square, Tavistock. Varadhan, Cattancoletore, M.Sc. (Bombay), Government Industrial and Testing Laboratory, Malleswararn P.O., Bangalore, S. India. New Students.Battey, Alfred John Beckwith, 10, RIaryon Road, London, S.E.7. Bridger, Kenneth William, 42, Lullington Garth, Woodside Park, London, N.12. Briggs, George Edwin, 103, Teesdale Avenue, Billingham, Co. Durham. Burne, Oliver Ogelvy, Clarendon, Leigham Court Road, London, S.W. 16. Butcher, Kenneth Leopold, 79, Christchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea. Cathro, James, 55, Douglas Street, Carluke, Lanarkshire. Chatfield, Alee Bailey, 20, Broad Street, Crewe. Cleland, William James, 8, Elcho Street, Peebles. Cooper, Eric Leslie, 14, Riverside Gardens, Enfield. Cranstone, Harry, 22, Tintern Road, London, N.22. Davison, Hugh Lindsay, 354, Bearwood Road, Smethwick, Staffs. Deal, Alan James Aubin, 405, Shirley Road, Southampton. Ellis, Bernard, 259, Evering Road, London, E.5.Forbes, John Stuart, New Wickham, Little Sutton Lane, Sutton Coldfield. Graham, Kenneth Lindley, 188, Earlsdon Avenue, Coventry. Gregory, John Goodland, 32, Milson Road, London, W.14. Greig, Edwin Ian, 18, Canning Street, Liverpool, 8. Hartley, Arthur William, Aysgarth, Alderley Road, Wilmslow, nr. Man-Chester. Henley, Eric Douglas, 29, Woodlands Avenue, London, E.11. Holleyman, Wilfred Frank, Mill Hill Cottage, Mill Hill, London, S.W.13. Huggill, Henry Percy Wynne, Greengates, Dyserth, Flintshire. Jackson, Norman Frederick, 28, Turner Street, Higher Broughton, Salford, 7. Jessop, Edwin Charles, 108, Shelley Avenue, London, E.12. Kenyon, Robert Carlton, 163, Revidge Road, Blackburn. Knowles, Edward, Cromwell Cottage, Maldon, Essex.Lichtenstein, Daniel, 4, Melville Terrace, Newington, Edinburgh. Malcolm, James McLaren, 3, Clunie Road, Mosspark, Glasgow, S.W.2. McBain, James Alexander, 17, Victoria Road, Meikleriggs, Paisley. Moss, Miss Sylvia Constance, 17~,Queensmill Road, London, S.W.6. Oakley, Henry Brazenor, 39, Compton Road, London, N.20. Phasey, Norman William, 4, Bridge Street, W., West Smethwick, Staffs. Resuggan, John Charles Lovell, 17, Wilkins Road, Cowley, Oxford. Scott, Franklin Cleemont, Sutherland Cottage, Lower Camden, Chislehurst. Shaw, Albert Eric, 111, Woodhouse Road, Doncaster. Turnbull, Anthony John, 66, Hertingfordbury Road, Hertford. Tweddell, George Henry, 74, Coniger Road, London, S.W.6. Walker, Howard Eric, Corton, Hillcrest Road, Loughton, Essex.Ward, Joseph, 50, Cooper Street, St. Helens. Ward, Terence, The Breach, Holt, Trowbridge. Willmott, Ronald Fred, Duncairn, Chipstead Road, Banstead. Wilson, Kenneth Mackenzie, 64, Marlborough Road, Liverpool, 13. Worthington, Henry, 38, Brynn Street, St. Helens. 201 Coming Events. 1937 April. 7 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF CEEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) : Annual General Meeting. Informal Dinner at 6.45 p.m. Address by the President, at St’.James’ Restaurant, Derby, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Annual General Meeting: “Let’s Go Somewhere.” Mr.G. Brearley, at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF Annual General Meeting. “From Boyle to Priest1ey.”-The Registrar of the Institute,-at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (London Section) : “Paints Tests on Iron and Steel.” Dr. J. C. Hudson, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midlands Section): Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “The Service of Science to Industry.” Dr. J. T. Dunn, at the University Buildings, Edmund Street, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. 8-12 CONFEDERATION ASSOCIATIONSOF MANAGEMENT : 36th Week-end Lecture Conference :Recent Achievements in Scientific Manage- ment.At Balliol College, Oxford. Enquiries to Reginald Pugh, British Industries House, 499-501, Oxford Street, London, 137.1. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section): Annual General Meeting, at Swansea. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Yorkshire Section): “From Boyle to Priestley.” The Registrar of the Institute,-at the Doncaster Technical College, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION and SOCIETY OF CHEMICALENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : “Costing Problems in the Chemical Industry.” Mr. H. R. Odling, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, 137.1, at 8 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Glasgow Section) : Annual General Meeting and Smoking Concert,, at St.Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting and Smoking Concert, at Reynolds Hall, Manchester College of Technology. 202 1937 April 13 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group): “The Use of Rubber in Road and Building Construc- tion.” Mr. B. D. Porritt, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): Visit to Belfast Ropework Co., Ltd. SOCIETY (Food Group): Papers and Dis- OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY cussion on Protein Chemistry, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. 16 THE CHEMICAL and THE SOCIETY SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (London Section) : Discussion on “Physico-Chemical Problems involved in Distillation”-introduced by Professor J.Reilly,Dr. A. J. V. Underwood and Dr. E. H. Farmer,--at BurlingtonHome, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p,m. OF16 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Cardiff Section) : Annual General Meeting, at Queen’s Hotel, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) :Annual Meeting. Short papers and discussion, in the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OF19 INSTITUTEFUEL:Dr. H. H. Lowry, at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, Victoria Embankment, London, at 6 p.m.OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : Annual General Meeting, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : Annual General Meeting and Smoking Concert, at St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. ASSOCIATION19-24 INTERNATIONAL FOR TESTINGMATERIALS: Inter-national Congress to be held in London. Particulars are obtainable from Mr. K. Headlam Morley, Iron and Steel Insti- tute, 28, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. 1. (Membership Fee: Before 31st March, 21s.; after that date 309.) LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL : Annual20 MANCHESTER SOCIETY General Meeting, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Plastics Group): “Alcohol as aOB CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Potential Source of Plastics.” Mr.H. Langwell, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, w.l. OF21 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to the Paper Works of Messra. John Dickinson & Co., Ltd., Heme1 Hempstead. INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF CHEMICAL and SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) : “The Valuation and Insurance of Chemical Plant.” Mr. H. A. S. Gothard, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 6 p.m. 22 INSTITUTION ENQINEERSOF ELECTRICAL :The 28th Kelvin Lecture. Prof. J. Chadwick, F.R,S., in the Lecture Theatre of the Institu- tion, at 6 p.m. 203 1937 April.OF :23 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY“Recent Work on Monomolecular Films.” Professor Eric K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) and SOCIETY (NewcastleOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Section): Annual Chemical Dinner, at Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle. 28 INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties OF CHEMISTRY Section): Visit to the Paper Works of Messrs. John Dickinson & Co., Ltd., Heme1 Hempstead. 29 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Haber Memorial Lecture. Prof. J. E. Coates, O.B.E., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of Papers, in the Lecture Theatre of the New Chemistry Buildings, Leeds Univer sity, at 7 p.m.OF30 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting. “The Application of Chemistry to Living System.” Professor E. W.H. Cruickshank, at Marischal College, at 5.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group): Annual General Meeting and Dinner. 3 INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section) : Aniiunl General Meeting, held in the Physics Lecture Theatre, RoyalBelfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(London Section) : Annual General Meeting, followed by Joint Meeting with the Plastics Group. Symposium on “The Mechanism of Film Formation,” introduced by Dr. L. A. Jordan, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1.5 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Sewage Works, Mogden. SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 6 THECHEMICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, \T7. 1. 11 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group) : “The Fire Resistance of Modern Buildings.” W. W. Davies, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 12 CORONATIONOF H.M. KING GEORGE VI. 13 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (London Section) : Annual General Meeting. “Colours as Catalysts,” Prof.M. Polanyi, at 30, Russell Square, London, LT.C.1. 19 SOCIETY (Food Group) : Annual General OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Meeting, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C. 1, at 8 p.m. 20 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY: Discussion on “Synthesis and Stereo- chemistry of Condensed Alicyclic Systems,” to be opened by Dr. R. P. Linstead, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 204 1937 May 21 THE BEDSON CLUB: 38th Bedson Lecture. “The Chemistry of Food Production.” Sir John Russell, O.B.E., F.R.S., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 6.30 p.m. 28-29 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section and the Scottish Sections) :Joint Summer Meeting with Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry at Hexham, Northumberland.Headquarters : The Hydropathic, Hexham. Dinner and Dance on 28th May, at 8 p.m. Particulars may be obtained from Dr. W. E. Scott, Rossie House, Canning Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne; Mr. W. J. Skilling, Coal Survey Laboratory, Royal Technical College, Glasgow ; or Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, 30, Castle Avenue, Edinburgh. June OF2 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Ford Works, Dagenham. 3 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1. 10 THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Visit to Rothamsted ExperimentalStat ion, Harpenden. 19 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : Summer Outing.JdY 2-1 I ACHEMAVIII : Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort-on- the-Main. Particulars are obtainable from the Dechema, Potsdammerstrasse 103a, Berlin, W.35. OF3 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Annual Summer Meeting, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 5-9 SOC~ETY Annual Meeting, in Harrogate.OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: 12-17 ROYAL SANITARY : Health Congress, at Birmingham. INSTITUTE 1938: SCOTLAND’S EXHIBITION,EMPIRE at Glasgow. 205 General Notices. Regulations.-The Council has recently made the following amendment to the Regulations. On p. 29, under “General Instructions to Candidates for Examination,” Paragraph I, is now worded as follows.-“Examinations are held in the Laboratories of the Institute each year in January, April and September. Examinations for the Fellowship are normally held only in April and September. Exami-nations may be held in various other centres as and when the Council deems advisable, and candidates may be required to present themselves at any such centre. Examinations for the Fellowship involving special subjects, or special fields of work, will be held at such times and in such places as the Council may direct. The exact dates and places will be communicated to candidates at least one month prior to the first day of the Examination.” Examination for the Associateship.-Students intending to present themselves for the examination for the Associateship should bear in mind that they may be required to present them- selves for such examination at a centre to be decided upon by the Council.Arrangements will however be made so far as possible for candidates to take the examination at the centre nearest to their place of residence. Examination for the FelZowsh@.-In recent years a large number of examinations for the Fellowship in special subjects, or involving special fields of work, have been arranged for only one candidate, although several candidates have presented themselves in the same special subject within a period of one or two years. In future, the Council desires that such special examinations shall be arranged to take place at a time when several candidates are prepared to present themselves and that an examination in any particular special subject shall not be held on more than one occasion per annum.Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held from 13th to 18th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 5th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held from 13th to 18th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 206 5th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should be received before 1st June. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1938. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1937,to work of the character indicated. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, 207 and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m.to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circdation among research workers and institutions.Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the 208 Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements x928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Boots ’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, annual subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe dc utovo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute.Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (xs. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.41 The Profession of Chemistry” (Third Edition, 1935) , will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9376100101

出版商:RSC    

年代:1937

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1937. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, Jane, 1937. Publications Committee, 1937-38. W. J.A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), ROBERT H. PICK-(Preside?zb), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E.COX, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Tveasurm), EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, ADAM TAIT, E.A.TYLER, A. W. M. WINTLE. qe coronation On the occasion of the Coronation of His Majesty King George VI and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Councils of the Chemical Society, the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, co-operated in forwarding the following Loyal Address on behalf of the Members of the three Char- tered Chemical Bodies :-To HIS MOST GRACIOUS VI.MAJESTY KING GEORGE MAY IT PLEASE YOURMAJESTY,-The President, Council and Fellows of The Chemical Society (Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1848), The President, Council, Fellows and Associates of The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland (Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885), The President, Council and Members of The Society of Chemical Industry (Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1907),-Your Majesty’s loyal and dutiful Subjects Present their humble duty to Your Majesty and their faithful allegiance to your Throne and Person and unite in offering their wholehearted Congratulations on the occasion of THE CORONATIONOF YOURMOST GRACIOUS MAJESTYQUEEN ELIZABETH.MAJESTYAND HERMOSTGRACIOUS The Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, and the Society of Chemical Industry,-representing those of Your Majesty’s Subjects who are devoted to the profession, practice and applications of Chemistry in its manifold branches and spheres of work,-recognise with gratitude the interest in the progress of science shown by Your Majesty at all times. On this felicitous occasion the three Chartered Organisations desire to express the fervent prayer that Your Majesty, with the loving help of Her Majesty the Queen, may be vouchsafed long life to reign over a pros- perous and united people.Signed and sealed for and on behalf of the Chemical Society, F. G. DONNAN,President. EMILEMOND,Honorary Treasurer. H. J. T. ELLINGHAM()I J. W. COOK } Honorary Secretaries. C. W. DA~IES Signed and sealed for and on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, ROBERTH. PICKARD,Preaident.(--J BERN~D Honorary Treasurer. F. HOWARD, RICHARD Registrar and Secretmy. B. PILCHER, Signed and sealed for and on behalf of the Society of Chemical Industry, LEVERHULME,Prmident. LESLIF,H. LAMPITT,Honorary Trmurer. H.J. POOLEY,General Secretary. 212 The Address was delivered to His Majesty’s Secretary of State for Home Affairs on Tuesday, 11th May, and subsequently acknowledged in the following letter :-THEHOMESECRETARY. 18th May, 1937. SIR, I have had the honour to lay before The King the loyal and dutiful Address adopted by the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry on the occasion of Their Majesties’ Coronation, and I have been com- manded by The King to ask you to convey to the members of each of the Chartered Bodies participating in the Address Their Majesties’ warm thanks for the expression of loyalty and devotion which it contains. I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, JOHN SIMON. The Registrar and Secretary, The Institute of Chemistry.The President, Dr.-now Sir-Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., in response to an invitation received, by the King’s Command, through His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl Marshal, attended the Coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey, on 12th May, as the representative of the Institute. 213 Editorial. Speed, Nerve-Strain and Science.-Mr. St anley Baldwin -then Prime Minister,-as the guest of the Federation of British Industries, earlier in the year, referred to the changes which had taken place during the past century in the working conditions in factories and workshops, and the effect on industrial workers of the increasing use of machinery, which had created new problems arising from the speeding up of production and the development of new enterprise. In all this change and progress, workers of every grade, from the management and the departmental chief to the manual operator, each in his respective sphere, were closely concerned.Craftmanship, which was, and still is to a large extent, the pride of our country, had been largely superseded by machines which, at the same time, had extended the opportunities for skilled men to construct these machines and to maintain them. Our country had supplied other nations with machinery to produce goods which they had previously obtained from us; but that consideration, on a long view, might yield compensating return to our manufacturers by developing a higher standard of living in those countries and, with it, an increasing demand for our other products. However, the change that had been wrought in industrial methods, although accompanied by improved conditions for the workers and at the same time a wider spread of material wealth, had brought the serious human problem of nerve-strain, which called for con- tinuous study by employers and their advisers in management, as well as by medical experts.This subject, Mr. Baldwin said, had been specially studied for some time past by the Industrial Health Research Board, whose duty it was to suggest problems for investigation and to advise upon, or supervise, schemes of research referred to them by the Medical Research Council. The aim of the Board was to prevent industrial unfitness; and a perusal of its periodical reports indicated the extent of the field for study and the interconnection of many different aspects of the problem. In the past, the attention of industrial manage- ment had been focussed on output, and the advent, during the 214 war and later, of rationalisation had strengthened the idea that increased output tended to increased efficiency.Certain systems of calculating the basis of payment for work done appeared to need careful and sympathetic administration, if abuse and its consequences were to be avoided; but it was becoming generally recognised that industrial management must be fully alive to the importance of good and healthy working conditions and the proper employment of leisure, so far as the last consideration lay within the control or guidance of management. On this, it may be asked whether it is inevitable that so many industrial workers should be denied the opportunity of creative work? Often their time is occupied tending a single machine, or watching a moving belt or jigger all day, every working day.Many have no opportunity, during working hours, of obtaining experience in any variety of work and many, again, have no regard to the importance of the right use of leisure time, of healthy exercise, of regular meals and adequate sleep. On the other hand, routine mechanical employment appears to be suited to certain natures, and they are not unhappy in it; perhaps they make no question about it and the character of the work creates the type of worker.Men leave the land for the works, and women prefer the factory to domestic service. Both men and women, skilled and unskilled, want a five-day (40-hour) week, without reduction of earnings, yet are willing to work overtime at increased rates. Shorter hours should result in employment of more hands, but in some trades the supply of skilled workers is insufficient. The difficulty is to secure, for every individual, work which he finds congenial, and to inculcate and foster that self-control which will enable all to withstand trials and over- come obstacles as they arise. Incidentally, we hear from time to time of chemists in control of plant being expected to carry on for altogether unreasonable hours, in compliance with a too literal interpretation of the expression commonly found in contracts,--“ devote the whole of his time to the service of his employer.” More recently, at the festival dinner of the National Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System, H.R.H.The Duke of Kent, in supporting the public appeal for the hospital, and particularly for the development of research work, said it was a commonplace that the outstanding feature of the present age was the speed 216 at which we had to live. It was not so well recognised, as it should be, how great was the toll this speed made on the reserves of nervous energy. The results of the strain and anxiety of modern life were found in many forms of illness and in almost every home.With every step in the advance of science and mechanisation there came a new source of nervous strain upon the workers in industry, whatever their part might be. Intensive research was needed into the causes and cure of nervous diseases, “due to the increase of scientific methods in industry.” The references to scientific methods in the speeches of the Prime Minister and the Duke of Kent recall that of Sir Josiah Stamp, when he discoursed on the “Impact of Science on Society,” in his Presidential Address before the British Associa- tion last year and, he too, appeared to challenge science rather than business management. It has to be admitted, however, that any attempt to check the advance of science, whatever its effects, is to deny the freedom of the intelligence, the intuition and inventive genius of the human mind, evolved from the consciousness of enlighten-ment and new thought; further, that if impacts of science are found to be injurious, by science itself the injury must be tem- pered or overcome.Some reflections on the position of science may be culled from Sir William Bragg, O.M., P.R.S., broadcasting, recently, on “The Nature of Things” (TheListener, 19th May, 1937):-“In modern times (he said) we have actually penetrated below the surface of things and have forsworn guessing, except in so far as a certain amount of it is necessary for the ordering of enquiry. Three centuries cover the history of experimentalscience. All its tremendous developments and the changes which it has brought into our world are comparatively new.There is no sign of slackening. We are urged forward in part by the feeling that we have the power of enquiry and desire to exercise it. We believe, too, that we ought to be able to use what we learn to good advantage, and if we are disappointed sometimes in the uses that are made of discovery, we feel that our enquiry must also include the reasons for such misuse. * * * * “The use that is made of the new knowledge changes the face of the world, and alters our way of life. * * * * 216 rWhile our study of the nature of things enables us to use them for the satisfaction of our desires, good or bad, and enlarges our conception of the achievements that are possible to us, it tells us at the same time how small we are relatively to the universe in which we find ourselves, how narrow are the limits that normally bound our actions and our thoughts.* * * * lr. . . we find that our minds are faced with evidence of their own limitations, with the discovery of appearances which seem to us at present to be irreconcilable, and yet cannot be so. In due time we shall be strong enough to understand. And are we not forgetting how little we know, and how dimly we perceive when we are quick to suppose that different ways of searching for knowledge are incompatible, knowledge which has to do with the immaterial as well as with the material?” In Lord Chesterfield’s letters to his son, where he suggested his system of education, he included “such a general idea of the sciences as it is a disgrace to a gentleman not to possess,”-a thing far easier to define in the eighteenth century than in the twen- tieth; but, throughout his system, he particularly advocates the value “of that useful and extensive study, the knowledge of mankind.” Sir Josiah Stamp emphasised the same thing as one of the remedies for the impacts to which he referred; but Lord Chester- field also remarked that Dean Swift “in his account of the Island of Laputa describes some philosophers there, who were so wrapped up and absorbed in their abstruse speculations, that they would have forgotten all the common and necessary duties of life, if they had not been reminded of them by persons who slapped them, whenever they observed them continue too long in any of those learned trances.” The philosophers of to-day are less concerned with the abstruse, and less given to indulgence in trances.They are wide-awake and expect others to be at least equally so. Their service requires them to apply themselves to tasks-in determin-ing the methods to be employed in production and to set them in motion-as exacting in mental effort as any confronting the man of business. Like other people, they have to face the realities of life. By patient thought, experiment and vigrlance, they change the processes in industry, create new industries and improve and 217 enrich the conditions of life.They realise that new inventions soon become commonplace and that the experience of changes is not tyranny, but part of the education of mankind. Although the speeches referred to above were concerned mainly with the effects of speeding up production by mechanical means, it should be borne in mind that chemists, in co-operation with others engaged in management, are often able to give valuable assistance in ameliorating the conditions under which workers are employed and the whole problem may be commended to their constant study. With the attention directed to all these problems, and the importance of utilising technical and medical advice towards their solution, large industrial organisations increasingly employ their own medical officers, and an Association of Industrial Medical Officers has been established for collecting data on health and physical fitness in many industries.The health of the workers is the care of several Departments of State; The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers published in 1930 a Quarterly Safety Swwaary and later, Model Safety Rules for chemical works and Safety Circulars; and the Institute itself has published lectures by acknowledged authorities containing much valuable information, which those engaged in industry should not neglect to review periodically. * * “Fire Risks in Industry,” A. M. Cameron; “Lessons learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes,” Sir Thomas Legge ;“Ventilation Conditions- Normal and Abnormal-and their Investigation,” R.C. Frederick; “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry,” J. Davidson Pratt. Applied Chemistry.-This Part of the JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS contains an article on the Teaching of Applied Chemistry, by Professor Wm. M. Cumming, Member of Council (Pa 274)-General Science in Schools.-It also contains further correspondence on the Teaching of General Science in Schools, which came under the consideration of the Council at a meeting held on zIst May, when it was decided to send a resolution on the subject to the Board of Education and to the Science Masters’ Association (see pp. 228-229). 218 Nearly twenty years ago-on 24th October, 1917,in fact-an article appeared in The Evening Standard of that date, one of a series on Science and Industry, entitled ‘‘Reconstruction.’’ Reference was made to the view then very generally expressed that the backward state of our scientific industries as compared with those of Germany was due not so much to lack of enterprise on the part of manufacturers as to a lack of knowledge of science sufficient to appreciate its value. This was regarded as one manifestation of the general low average of scientific attainment in England, and was attributed to a defect in our system of education, especially in secondary schools and the older universi- ties, and to the fact that the highest administrative posts in the land could be, and generally were, held by men who had never had any training in science, even of the most rudimentary kind.The writer advocated that every individual should have a certain amount of knowledge of science, even if it were only sufficient to enable him to recognise its value; the question affected the very existence of a free and independent State. Scientific discoveries had transformed commerce and industry and the conditions of life in general. He urged that training in science was so distinctive that no education could be regarded as complete without it. A good general foundation of knowledge of science could be laid without the slightest interference with other essential subjects. If science were taught to all, then those who directed industrial undertakings and national affairs would no longer be unaware of its great possibilities.Although they might not be experts themselves, they would know enough to recognise their own limitations and the necessity of being guided by others who had made a special study of the subject. Since those days of the war, the profession of chemistry has grown at least threefold, and industry is alive to the importance of employing to the full the available scientific talent of the country. The efforts of the Committee on the Neglect of Science, and of other bodies who pressed at that time €or the greater recognition of the importance of science subjects in general education and in the Civil Service, have yielded good results. Care must be taken to insure that no change shall be introduced which may, in any way, tend to check the regular adequate supply of competent men of science for the service of the country.219 The Teaching of General Science in Schools. The discussion continued. MR. LAUWERYSasks that he may reply to the letters published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. He is anxious that the views expressed by the Science Masters’ Commitl ze, of which he was Convener and Secretary, should not be misunderstood. Although his previous communication contained replies to some of the arguments which have been advanced, he hopes that his further contribution may be useful, since other correspondents have been mainly critical, especially with regard to the time allowance for chemistry. He reiterates his conviction that nothing but good would come from the widespread adoption of courses in General Science, but adds that it would be well if scientific subjects in general were more liberally treated when curricula are planned.He believes our English educational system still has a marked literary and linguistic bias, and suggests that not less than 40 per cent. of the total time available should be devoted to scientific and mathematical subjects, say, 40 per cent. to linguistic and literary, and 20 per cent. to various manual and artistic skills. This would allow to the scientific group 13 or 14 periods a week which could be divided, for example, as follows: Science-8 periods ; Mathematics-4 periods; Geog-raphy-1 or z periods. With this more ample allowance to Science it would become possible to do more chemistry.Replying to Professor Clemo, he refers to his arguments on page 111 of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. He says that he fails to understand why Professor Clemo should consider the proposed syllabus “undesirable and contrary to the national interest.” He has no information regarding science courses in Japan, but knows that very little chemistry is taught in Russian schools, and supplies data regarding the periods (of one hour) allotted in Urban Secondary Schools for various ages from 8 to 17 years. Chemistry is not introduced until the age of 14. From 14 to 16, two periods a week are devoted to chemistry, 220 and at 17, three periods. This gives to chemistry 20 per cent. of the total time allotted to the science education of Russian children between the ages of 12and 16-the four years considered by the Science Masters’ Committee.It must be remembered, he adds, that the syllabuses under consideration are not intended for the scientific education of future specialists, and it is therefore not likely that their adoption would divert boys from studying advanced chemistry at the university. Nor does his experience coincide with that of Professor Clemo, who has found that some 80 per cent. of the best boys on the science side in schools decide to study honours physics. In London, at any rate, there are still more students taking honours in chemistry than in physics. With regard to Professor Clemo’s argument that if General Science courses were optional at least 33 per cent.of the time would be devoted to chemistry, Mr. Lauwerys states that the Science Masters’ Committee has not suggested that General Science should be compulsory, and in any case optional science courses may contain from o to IOO per cent. of chemistry. Replying to Mr. Fowles, Mr. Lauwerys says that “the preamble of the report stresses biology, largely because that subject is taught less often than chemistry or physics. It does not belittle quantitative work; it merely indicates that this is not an end in itself.” Nor can Mr. Lauwerys agree with Mr. Fowles in equating “numerical examples ” and ‘‘real intellectual effort.” To accept such a view might involve the conclusion that boys should be taught little besides “measure-ments ” and general physics.With reference to the other matters mentioned, he says that, before the age of 16, only the best boys are able to understand properly the arguments leading to molecular formulae even when the whole of their science time is devoted to chemistry. He argues also that the intrinsic importance, to the ordinary man and woman, of the biological topics mentioned by Mr. Fowles (p. 109,par. 2), justifies their inclusion in the school science courses, and suggests that most School Certificate chemistry courses omit the important chemical notions which Mr. Fowles has mentioned; nevertheless he indicates that a more extended syllabus in chemistry is under consideration. Referring to Mr. Gregory’s comment that the General Science syllabus provides very little training in scientific methods, ML Lauwerys says that a good teacher will provide such training 221 whatever syllabus he uses: Educative value does not reside in any subject per se; it is a function of method of teaching.In reply to Mr. Mackie, Mr. Lauwerys repudiates emphatically all suggestion of biological bias. He suggests, too, that Mr. Mackie may have paid insufficient attention to the experi- mental work that has been done on the transfer of training (discussed, e.g., in British Association pamphlet on “Formal Training”), adding: “I tremble when he talks of training in accuracy, skill and mental discipline, I thought this bogey of the diseased faculty psychology ’ had been laid long ago.” He refers Mr.Stevenson to his remarks on time-distribution (p. 111), and finally to Mr. Strathdee he says “that the Science Masters’ Association Committee sets the highest possible value on ability to think, but doubts whether it is being taught by the methods in use.” He refers Mr. Strathdee also to the British Association “Report on Formal Training.” The Committee had not suggested restricting the work to those sections which are naturally interesting to boys : they merely suggested starting from them-an important distinction. Mr. Strathdee deplores the fact that the Law of Conservation of Mass has not been included in the itinerary suggested. Mr. Lauwerys replies that this Law cannot be verified in school laboratories-in any case it is not so much an experimental law as a matrix or form of laws, a sort of chemists’ axiom.And he urges that if only very little chemistry is to be studied, an “eighteenth-century course” is at any rate not a bad beginning. The following further correspondence has been received on the subject :-Mr. G. A. Bartram, of Staveley Grammar School, expresses the opinion that the introduction of General Science in Secondary Schools will affect the study of chemistry and seriously limit the number of students who take up chemistry as a profession. A boy of 11 entering the secondary school does not come with the intention of becoming a chemist: his love of chemistry and his interest in the subject is developed during his School Certifi- cate course.The course proposed in the syllabus laid down by the Science Masters’ Association is totally inadequate to foster an appreciation of chemistry and cannot serve as a suitable preliminary training for the Higher School Certificate examina- tion. If the General Science syllabus becomes compulsory the number of students entering a University to study chemistry 222 will be seriously curtailed. On page 16 of the brochure it is stated that “the pre-preparation of experts is one of our tasks” and “it is at school that particular talents are discovered and their development fostered.” Also,-*‘ many a potential speci- alist, in life-sciences specially, has been lost by the narrowness of the teaching at school.” Will not this be equally true in chemistry if the narrow syllabus in that subject be adopted? Mr.Lauwerys has said that the scheme was not put forward for pupils who specialise in physical science. In most schools there is no specialisation until after the School Certificate examination. The brochure states that the syllabus “is in- tended to show the sort of science with which we think aZZ boys in Secondary Schools should be acquainted.” There would be no objection to a General Science Course provided that chemistry is not made subsidiary to biology, but such a General Science Course should not be made compulsory. Mr. F. C. Brown, of Acklam Hall School, Middlesbrough, suggests that specialist teachers of chemistry are themselves responsible for the growing popularity of biology as a school science subject. Certain of His Majesty’s Inspectors appear to be strong supporters of a General Science syllabus in which biology preponderates at the expense of chemistry, and this may be an indication that they have not been impressed by what they have encountered in the teaching of the latter subject.Teachers with specialised knowledge should use it to make their teaching brighter and more interesting. The growth of chemical industry, the great strides made in biochemical research, or the need of chemical knowledge in the event of war, are not argu- ments which justify the view that chemistry should have a prominent place in the school science syllabus; but the subject has outstanding claims because of its numerous contacts with everyday life which can be understood even by the very young.Fundamental ideas can be expressed mathematically. There is great scope for quantitative work and nothing gives pupils greater satisfaction than to obtain a reasonable result in a measurement experiment. The subject hangs together well and it is possible to arrange within it an admirable sequence of related topics. This makes for constructive and suggestive teaching. Finally, chemistry has a wonderful history, without constant reference to which any teaching of the subject would be incomplete. Mr. S. J. Featherston, of King Edward’s School, Stourbridge, agrees that the introduction of biology in the curriculum of a secondary school is quite sound.However, he feels that, in the syllabus suggested in the brochure published by the Science Masters’ Association, biology has been introduced at the expense of chemistry, which latter subject is only to be studied so far as it is ancillary to the study of biology. This is out of keeping with requirements of industry and life to-day. He suggests that the amount of physics included in the syllabus could not be completed in the time allotted to it, and fears that, under such a syllabus, the teaching of chemistry in the schools will practically disappear, so that the boy who is attracted to chemistry will be at a disadvantage when he enters on his vocational training. Boys who are obliged to start earning their living, while studying for the profession of chemistry by evening classes, will find it very difficult to obtain work, unless they learn some chemistry at school; and boys who wish to take science in the Higher School Certificate will have to start from the beginning: they will not have time for this, and will also be at a disadvantage in competing for scholarships in natural science.The virtual elimination of chemistry appears to be part of an unfortunate change in ideas on the teaching of science which has taken place, among the powers that be in the educational world, in recent years. It is best expressed in Mr. Fowles’ words in the last JouRNAL-‘‘S~~~~~~ is to be taught in such a way that it is interesting, but requires no intellectual effort.” The Science Masters’ Association recommends that physics be taught by means of “large demonstration experiments,” but Mr.Featherston fears that the impression left on the boy is that the physics laboratories are places where spectacular experiments are carried out by teachers, with home-made apparatus, while chemistry, on the other hand, provides far better opportunities for practical work which can be done by the boys themselves and affords training in observation, deduction and expression. The present syllabuses in chemistry in the School Certificate Examinations are far too academic: they contain too much theory, the calculations set are often too difficult and the syllabus as a whole is too long. Dr. William P. D. Wightman, Head of the Science Department of Edinburgh Academy, comments that there is a tendency to overlook the fact that the report deals solely with the best means of introducing science into a liberal education.He is concerned more with the importance of the continued supply of humanisti- cally trained men of science who are capable of comprehending the impact of the results of their labours on the work, wealth and happiness of mankind, and therefore urges the adoption of general science as a universal aim. Properly conceived and intelligently taught, it constitutes a discipline well adapted to form part of that balanced and critical evaluation of the relations between man and nature, which is necessary for the stability of civilisation.He advocates that in every School Certificate Examination there should be an obligatory paper in science,- not in bits of science. He feels that “general science” demands a carefully thought out examination technique of its own, and agrees that the chemical syllabus should be extended,-if neces-sary, at the expense of some of the harder physics and more purely descriptive biology. The principle of encouraging general scientific culture should be adopted. “The adequate working out of the major problems faced and solved by every successful living organism, and of the fundamental methods of the application by man of natural energy, automatically demands a comprehensive chemistry syllabus.’’ A Fellow of the Institute, a teacher who may possibly lose his appointment through a severe reduction in the amount of chemistry teaching in his college, expresses grave concern at the view expressed to him that under new schemes contemplated by the Board of Education “the chemistry required will not amount to much.” He hopes that chemistry will not be allowed tode- generate into a “Cinderella,” and expresses surprise that it should be proposed that in schools twice as much time should be devoted to physics as to chemistry.The above correspondence, together with the discussion on the place of chemistry in general education up to 16 years of age, which took place in 1934,and the correspondence reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1937,were reviewed and collated in a Memorandum which was prepared by Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, and submitted to a meeting of the Council of the Institute on zIst May. The outstanding point appeared to be that the contributors who had had actual experience of teaching science in schools were substantially unanimous in the view that the General Science Syllabus proposed by the Sub-committee of the Science Masters’ Association contained too little chemistry. This view was based not on the possible effect that the proposed change might have on the future output of chemists, but on the con- sideration of the best way of giving general scientific education to the ordinary pupil who leaves school at about the age of 16 years. Professor Briscoe remarked particularly on the views which had been expressed by Mr.C. Pask Matthews in 1934. Mr. Matthews had said that the consideration of the place of chemistry in general education depended on the real purpose of science teaching in schools; whether it was, on the one hand, to irtform the pupil with the maximum of useful facts or, on the other, to educate him in generalisation based upon precise measure- ment and in the critical assessment of evidence. It seemed to be a convincing criticism of the views held by the Sub-committee responsible for the proposed syllabus that they propounded,- as Mr. Fowles had said,--“a science interesting but requiring no intellectual effort,” in which the spirit of enquiry was crushed, and too many things were to be taught, “not by scientific in- vestigation, but by telling, telling, telling.” The contributors had indicated very clearly the peculiar value of chemistry as an educational discipline, in that it, more than any other science, permitted the pupil to make with his own hands crucial experiments leading to important conclusions of general significance.Particular attention had been given to the views of Mr. Lauwerys, who had been very largely concerned in the prepara- tion of the Report of the Sub-committee .of the Science Masters’ Association. He had expressed the opinion that science should have a larger share than it has had of the time available for a general education; but the real issue was that, on educational grounds, chemistry merited and ought to play a much larger part in any satisfactory General Science Syllabus, than was accorded to it by the proposals of the Sub-committee.The action taken by the Council of the Institute in the matter is reported on pp. 228-229. 226 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 23rd April, 1937.-The President welcomed Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, Member of Council for the East Midlands and South Yorkshire District, elected in accord- ance with the resolution passed at the Annual General Meeting. Arising from previous Minutes,-further correspondence was submitted on the teaching of general science in schools, resulting from the publication of the Interim Report of a Sub-committee of the Science Masters’ Association, which had appeared in December, 1936.The consideiation of the matter was deferred, pending the preparation of a summary to be submitted to the Council at the meeting to be held in May. A reply was received from the Air Raid Precautions Depart- ment of the Home Office in answer to representations made by the Councils of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute regarding the status of gas detection officers. It was not antici- pated that in a civilian organisation, the difficulties which might have arisen during the late war in the army were likely to occur in quite such an acute form; but the representations would be borne in mind when it became possible to define more closely the conditions of service of members of Air Raid Precautionary Services. Correspondence was also received from several members who had attended a course for gas detection officers at the Anti-Gas School, as the result of which it was agreed that the Council should give such officers facilities for meetings at the Institute, that the Air Raid Precautions Department should be informed of this arrangement, and that officers from the Department would be welcome at such conferences.A letter was received from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries regarding some correspondence which had taken place between the Institute and that Department on the termination, at very short notice, of the appointment of an official agricultural analyst who had held office for a long period. The Ministry 227 explained that, under Section 11 of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, the appointment of an official agricultural analyst was subject to the approval of the Minister, but it was entirely within the discretion of the local authority to terminate such an appointment, and no approval by the Minister was required before this course could be taken.It was reported that the Constituent Bodies of the Chemical Council had agreed to co-operate in a joint congratulatory Address to H.M. The King on the occasion of his Coronation. The use of the seal of the Institute on the document was sanc- tioned. Dr. Francis H. Carr reported on the question referred to him regarding the British Standards Specification for Steam Jacketed Pans. The Specification was not out of date, but if the British Standards Institution withdrew the specification, it would not be very material, as it was in the possession of the more important manufacturers. The British Management Council reported that the Institute had been formally elected a Constituent Member of that body, and the appointment of Mr.W. A. S. Calder, Member of Council, as the representative of the Institute thereon was confirmed. The President reported that he had been honoured with an invitation to attend the Coronation of His Majesty The King in Westminster Abbey on 12th May, and would represent the Institute on that occasion. Mr. W. A. S. Calder was appointed delegate to the Dix- Septikme Congrks de Chimie Industrielle, to be held in Paris from 26th September to 2nd October next, when the 20th anni- versary of the foundation of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle will be celebrated.An alteration in the Rules of the Liverpool and North Western Section, in order that the Chairman of the Section should be the Chairman of the Section Committee, was approved; and an alteration in the Rules of the Belfast and District Section, relating to the date of the Annual General Meeting of the Section, was also approved. Dr. Harold G. Colman was reappointed representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. The Officers and Council received an invitation from Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., to visit an exhibition of Neoprene, 228 to be held at the offices of the Federation of British Industries, from 26th to 30th April.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Finance Committee reported that it had under con-sideration a new form of statement of Annual Accounts, on the lines suggested by Dr. E. B. Hughes at the Annual General Meeting, and that it was giving consideration to the honoraria and expenses allowed to Examiners, Assistants and Assessors in connection with the examinations of the Institute. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on eight cases. It was estimated that the commitments for regular allowances during 1937 amounted to E806 17s. 6d., which was l112in excess of the balance on the current account at the date of the report. Special Council Meeting, 7th May, 1937.-The Council, at a special meeting, held on 7th May, received and adopted a Report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee recommending the election of candidates who had passed the Examinations for Associateship and Fellowship held in April.Council Meeting, 21st May, 1937.-Before proceeding to the business of the meeting the Council, on the motion of Professor Alexander Findlay, offered its hearty congratulations to the President, Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., on whom H.M. The King, on the occasion of his Coronation, had been graciously pleased to signify his intention to confer the honour of Knight hood. The Council was also gratified to receive from the Home Secretary an acknowledgment of the loyal Address forwarded by the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry on the occasion of the Coronation (p.212). The Council received a Memorandum from Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, in which he had very kindly reviewed and collated the correspondence received from members of the Institute on the subject of the teaching of general science in schools. After discussion, it was unanimously resolved as follows :-"That the Council of the Institute of Chemistry records its opinion that the syllabus in General Science proposed by the Sub-committee of the Science Masters' Association makes 229 insufficient use of the peculiar merits of the study of elementary chemistry as a means of general scientific education and urges the importance of devoting to it a substantially larger propor- tion (than is proposed in the syllabus) of the time and effort available for General Science in Schools ” (p.219). The Council directed that a copy of the resolution, with an appropriate letter introducing the subject, be forwarded to the Board of Education and to the Science Masters’ Association. A further letter was received from the Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office approving of the suggestion that facilities should be afforded gas detection officers for meeting at the Institute. The Council proceeded to consider a Memorandum from the Special Committee of the Chemical Council and the Constituent Bodies appointed to consider a scheme for the production of a weekly journal, and arrangements for the publication of reviews or monographs on chemical subjects.The Memorandum outlined a proposal whereby, subject to financial considerations, it might be possible, with the co-operation of the three Bodies, to provide a weekly journal to all members without substantially in-creasing the cost, The Council, without being committed to any future course of action, agreed that the Special Committee should pursue its investigations. A letter was received from the New Zealand Section of the Institute transmitting a resolution on the subject of British Chemical Abstracts, which was referred to the Chemical Council for transmission to the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts.The Report of the Finance and House Committee included a suggested form for the statement of Annual Accounts, and certain recommendations regarding Examiners’ and Assistants’ fees, which were adopted; also reports on the Investment Account of the Institute and on the management of funds of the Institute in Australia and New Zealand. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee dealt with six cases. The Committee was glad to be able to report that a sum of E5o had been returned in respect of loans made since the beginning of the year, 230 Lectures.-On 23rd April, in the Hall of the Institute, Professor Eric K. Rideal, M.B.E., F.R.S., gave the second of his two lectures on Recent Work on Monomolecular Films,” Dr. Robert H.Pickard, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Council hopes to be able to publish the substance of these lectures in due course, Sir Martin Forster, F.R.S., has kindly consented to give the Twentieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture in October next. It is hoped that Sir Henry Tizard, K.C.B., F.R.S., will consent to give the Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture in November or December. Pedler Research Scholarship.-The Council hopes to consider applications for the appointment of the Fourth Pedler Research Scholar in September. (See General Notices, pp. 298-2 99.) Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-The attention of Registered Students is directed to the conditions for the award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize. (Seepp. 2.99-300.) 231 Local Sections.[The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-Mr. W. Godden pre- sided at a Meeting of the Section, held in the Physiology Department, Marischal College, on 30th April, when a paper was read by Professor E. W. H. Cruickshank, entitled “ The Application of Chemistry to Living Systems.” Professor Cruickshank referred to the contributions of organic chemists during the past twenty years to the develop- ments of modern physiology and to the consequent development of therapeutic chemistry. During this period it could be said that the whole of physiology, including that of the central nervous system, had come under the influence of chemical ideas.Examples of recent developments in this field were the chemistry of the sterols and the bile acids, and the isolation of vitamins and the elucidation of their structure. Professor Cruickshank took as his main theme a description of the more recent ideas on the chemistry of muscle activity. Muscle activity was largely dependent on specific enzymes, notably phosphatases and phosphorylases. Phosphatases were found in all tissues. Phosphorylases were capable of phos-phorylating a molecule by transferring to it a phosphoric acid group from a molecule previously phosphorylated ; the catalytic system comprising an enzyme and the co-enzyme necessary for its activation, the nature and constitution of the latter being in many cases known.It was remarkable that the initial phases of alcoholic fermentation and of carbohydrate breakdown in muscle were comparable. The initial phases of alcoholic fermentation could be expressed thus 2 a-phospho-glycerolI. Glucose + hexose-4 phosphodi-4 phospho-diphosphate + 2 hydroxy + glyceryl-+ + 2 3-phosphoric acid acetone phospho-glyceric acid 11. 2 3-phosphoglyceric-+ 2 2-phosphoglyceric-+ 2 phosphopyruvic acid +-acid +-acid + 2H,O 232 The later stage of the fermentation process was:- 2 Glucose + 2 Phosphopyruvic acid + z phosphoric acid -+Hexosediphosphate + 2 phosphoglyceric acid + aCO, + zC,H,OH. Meyerhoff and Kieserling showed that in lactic acid for- mation in muscle, the biological equivalent of the acetaldehyde was pyruvic acid, while that of the alcohol was lactic acid, and that in muscle extracts a corresponding reaction took place in which the reduction of pyruvic acid to lactic acid was coupled with the oxidation of an intermediary triosephosphoric acid to phosphoglyceric acid.Thus, in muscle extracts, glucose in the presence of hexokinase, or glycogen alone reacts with pyruvic acid thus Glucose + z pyruvic acid + z phosphoric acid -+ z phosphoglyceric acid + z lactic acid. Moreover, it had been shown that phosphopyruvic acid and glucose can react thus Glucose + 2 phosphopyruvic acid + Hexosediphosphate + 2 pyruvic acid and that this reaction could follow the former. The sum of these two reactions yielded z glucose + z phosphopyruvic acid + z phosphoric acid -+ hexosediphosphate+ z phosphoglyceric acid + z lactic acid, this being analogous to the corresponding fermentation reaction showing the final reduction to CO, and alcohol.Meyerhoff had further shown that the esterification can only take place in the presence of adenylic acid and of Mg ions, and that the reaction of adenyl phosphoric acid with glucose to yield adenylic acid and hexosediphosphate, was of great importance as the initiation reaction of the events which supply the energy for the restitution of phosphagen. Further examples were given of the cyclic reactions which take place between creatine phosphoric acid and adenyl-pyrophosphoric acid in muscle activity. In the resting muscle, pyrophosphoric acid was almost entirely present as adenylpyro- phosphoric acid, whereas in fatigued muscle there was an increase in the content of inorganic pyrophosphate, the latter reforming adenylpyrophosphoric acid during recovery.Similar data were available for creatine phosphoric acid. The lecture concluded with a discussion of the question of ammonia formation during the subsequent breakdown of adenylic acid. 233 The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the same evening. The Hon. Secretary’s report and Financial Statement were read and approved. The officers for 1937-38 were elected as follows:-Chairman, Mr. W. Godden; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. Craven ; Committee, Prof. J. Hendrick, Capt.J. S. Allan, Dr. A. B. Stewart, Mr. Andrew Dargie, Mr. M. J, Robb and Mr. P. Mitchell; Hon. Auditor, Mr. M. J. M. Robb. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting was held in Thompson’s, Donegall Place, Belfast, on 3rd May, Professor R. G. Baskett in the Chair. The following officers were elected for the next session:- Chairman, Dr. H. Graham; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Messrs. T. C. C. Adam, Dr. R. H. Common, G. R. Perdue, and D. A. Derrett- Smith. A resolution recommended by the Committee altering the Local Section Rules so that the Annual Meeting will be held, in future, in the month of March was adopted. Birmingham and Midlands.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Birmingham on 24th February, when, under the chairmanship of Professor R.H. Hopkins, a lecture was delivered by Dr. D. L. Woodhouse, Cancer Research Department, General Hospital, Birmingham, on ‘‘ Biochemical Investigations as an Aid to the Diagnosis of Cancer.” After briefly referring to the general characteristics of cancer, its widespread occurrence among animals, the high mortality it occasions in man, its origin from a small group of cells, its spread by invasion and, more particularly, by metastases to distant regions of the body, the lecturer went on to explain that whereas many primary cancers can be successfully treated by surgery or by radiation, secondary deposits in internal glands and organs are usually much less amenable to therapy.This disease often simulates other pathological conditions; but, in its early stages, it frequently causes neither pain nor obvious disturbance of physiological balance, and the results of biochemical investigations, X-ray photography and clinical examination of the patient may all fail to suggest the diagnosis of cancer until it is too late for successful treatment to be applied. 234 It is very necessary, therefore, that every effort should be made to find a means of detecting any tumour at a very early stage. Gross chemical changes in cancer cannot be demonstrated, so attention has been turned to the finer chemical processes in the body. In vitro, certain differences between normal and malignant cells are observable,-differences chiefly concerned with their glycolytic properties.Since the body is a delicately compensated mechanism, these changes are difficult to detect in vivo by the usual biochemical procedures. In a series of some hundreds of tests, the vanadate reaction (first described by Bendien and later modified by Cronin-Lowe) was found to give only about 76 per cent. correct diagnoses,-far too inaccurate for establishing beyond doubt the presence of a malignant tumour; but, nevertheless, the test may be quite useful for following a patient’s response to therapeutic measures. In the tests of the lipolytic activating power of blood no differences between the values given by normal and cancerous sera could be detected. Lumsden produced anti-cancer bodies by injec- tion of foreign cancer cells in sheep, rabbits and other animals.From the theoretical considerations such as are illustrated by this observation, Fuchs has developed a test in which the effort of the body to deal with hostile cells is made the basis of the reaction. He found that incubation of normal serum with normal serum protein will produce little increase in non-protein nitrogen, and, similarly, cancer serum incubated with protein prepared from a cancerous serum will show little change, but cancer serum in presence of normal protein substrate yields a definite increase in non-protein nitrogen due to proteolysis. Applying these observations, Dr. Woodhouse has obtained promising results : with certain precautions, accuracy of about 92 per cent.is obtained in diagnosis. This is encouraging for it gives a hope that, in the near future, it will be possible to make a diagnosis of cancer before the disease has progressed to the stage of being untreatable. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University of Birmingham on 14th April,-Professor R. H. Hopkins presiding. The Hon. Treasurer’s Report was received and adopted. The Chairman having announced that Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse had resigned the office of Hon. Treasurer, on moving to another 235 district, the meeting expressed its thanks to Dr. Whitehouse for his care of the financial affairs of the Section for several years. The following were elected to the Comittee for next Session :-Chairman, Professor R.H. Hopkins; Vice-chairman, Mr. J. R. Johnson; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Thomas; Committee, Messrs. G. Dring, G. King, A. W. Knapp, D. W. Parkes, R. H. Vallance, A. Churchman, T. H. Gant, R. S. Hayes and Dr. W. M. Hampton, with the District Member of Council, Mr. W. A. S. Calder; Hon. Auditors, Messrs. H. A. Caulkin and W. T. Collis. A letter was submitted from the East Midlands Section asking that the name of the Birmingham and Midlands Section might be altered by deleting the words “and Midlands.” It was unanimously decided to recommend to the Council that the name should not be altered. Cape.-The twelfth Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section was held in the Board Room of the Cape Argtxs, Cape Town, on 16th April, Col.J. G. Rose in the Chair. The Hon. Secretary submitted the report of the year’s work. Seven meetings had been held. Addresses were delivered at 5 of these meetings:--“Muscle Metabolism,” by Mr. W. S. S. Ladell; “Nuclear Chemistry,” by Dr. C. B. 0. Mohr; “Hydrology of the Southern Ocean,” by Mr. G. Deacon; “Water Softening in South Africa,” by Col. J. G. Rose; “Detonators,” by Mr. M. M. Clarke; and “Manufacture of Superphosphate,” by Dr. E. L. Tietz. Mr. Deacon’s address on the occasion of the visit of the Research Ship “Discovery 11” was given before a joint meeting with the Cape Chemical Society and illustrated with lantern slides. Col. Rose’s address was given after the last Annual General Meeting and was substantially recorded in the Journal of the Institute. The addresses by Mr.Clarke and Dr. Tietz were given at the Dynamite Factory at Somerset West when, by kind permission of the management, through the good offices of Mr. G. C. Scully, the members were entertained and privileged to inspect parts of the factory. The other two meetings took the form of excursions,-to the farm of Molten0 Bros. at Elgin, and to Ohlsson’s brewery. The Hon. Secretary added that the Local Section continued 236 to do good work in encouraging suitably qualified persons to join the Institute. The financial statement submitted by the Hon. Treasurer was received and adopted. Thanks were accorded to the Hon.Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer for their services. The following were elected to office for the coming year:-Chairman, Col. J. G. Rose; Hon. Secretary, Dr. W. Pugh; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. J. Kruger; Committee, Professor E. Newbery and Mr. G. Leslie; Auditors, Dr. I. Donen and Mr. S. E. A. Leibbrandt. It was proposed by Professor Newbery, seconded by Mr. Kruger, that some occasion for social intercourse be arranged during the year; a picnic or a dinner was suggested. The matter was referred to the committee. The Chairman gave an interesting address, in the course of which he related further experiences in “some unusual methods of water treatment.” He showed that many South African plants possessed the power of removing scale from boilers and indicated how deposits from hard water in boilers, water jackets or radiators could be easily removed by the use of a decoction prepared from suitable plants of widespread occurrence.Cardiff and District.-Dr. E. A. Rudge presided at a meeting of the Section held in the University College, Cardiff, on 11th March, when Professor Alexander Robertson gave a lecture on 66Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Rotenone Series and Related Compounds.” The Second Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University College, Cardiff, on 16th April. The report of the Hon. Secretary and the statement of accounts were formally adopted. Votes of thanks were accorded to the retiring Chairman and members of Committee, and as it was mentioned that Dr.Rudge was leaving the district to take up anew appoint- ment, the Section placed on record its appreciation of his services, and its grateful thanks for his untiring efforts on behalf of the Section. The Committee for the ensuing session was elected asfollows :-Chairman, Mr. S. B. Watkins; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. W. Cule Davies; Auditor, Mr. D. Hicks; Committee, Mr. H. F. Adams, Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, Mr. S. U. Evans, Mr. F. F. Miskin, Dr. J. H. Quastel, andDr. H. B. Watson. A discussion followed on “ The Chemist’s Attitude towards World Affairs,” which was opened by the Hon. Secretary. The subject proved to be of such interest that it willundoubtedly be brought forward again at some future date.A meeting of the Section held on 3rd May in the University College, Cardiff-Mr. S. B. Watkins in the Chair-was addressed by Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., Government Chemist, on ‘‘Some Recent Investigations at the Government Laboratory.” The discourse was introduced by the lecturer with a few words on the essential practical basis of chemistry. He proceeded to deal with a few aspects of the investi- gations called for in a laboratory dealing with a wide range of chemical problems. Modern methods of applying measurements of dielectric constant to the determination of moisture were described, with particular reference to cereals and their products. It was shown how rapid and accurate results could so be obtained. He described the polarographic method of Heyrovsky, and showed how it could be applied to the analysis of alloys.He dealt with the precautions and showed slides of an automatic pen for recording the results, thus obviating the necessity for photo- graphic methods. An aspect of the application of emission spectrographic method to the examination of the minor constituents of alloys was considered. Particular attention was directed to a method worked out by Dr. Whalley whereby the difficulties arising from varying electrical conditions, variations in photographic plates, differing times of exposures, and irregularity in specimens were eliminated. The method so worked out was capable of extension in many directions. A few examples of the application of infra-red spectra were given, and it was shown that when the apparatus was at hand a useful tool both for theoretical and practical investigations was available.He illustrated this by reference to the persistence of bands arising from certain groupings in organic compounds and showed how molecular dimensions could be arrived at. 238 East Midlands.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the St. James Restaurant, Derby, on the 8th April,- Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, presiding. The Chairman reported that, as no new nominations for the election of officers and committee had been received, there would be no change in either for the coming year. He asked members to exercise their right of nomination in future years. The Report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were received and adopted.Mr. Pinder asked what part the Institute was taking in con- nection with Air Raid Precautions. The Chairman referred the question to the President of the Institute, who outlined briefly the various steps taken by the Institute in that matter. At the conclusion of the business of the Annual General Meet- ing, the President (Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S.), delivered an address on 66 Cellulose.” After indicating the early investigations into cellulose and the complicated mixtures which appeared in nature, he spoke of the many varieties of cotton, illustrating their difference by means of lantern slides. He described the behaviour of cotton in caustic soda and showed the differential action on the inside and the outside of the fibres.He sketched a picture of the structure of the cellulose molecule, describing how an attempt to estimate its size had been made by methylation before breaking down the chain into the glucose units. By determining the composition of the resultant mixture, it had been found that the chain consisted of 200 glucose units. The varying results obtained by other means were indicated. At the conclusion, the President showed further slides demon- strating the use of Congo Red in determining the previous history of a sample of cotton. Huddersfie1d.-Members of the Huddersfield Section visited the woollen mills of Messrs. John Crowther & Sons, Ltd., Milnesbridge, on 13th April. The party made a tour of the very extensive works in which all the processes in the manufacture of woollen goods are carried out, from the sorting and cleansing of the raw wool to the “finishing” of the woven fabric.The thanks of the Section are due to the management and 239 also to those members of the staff who acted as guides and answered the innumerable questions with efficiency and good humour. India.-The Annual General Meeting of the Indian Section was held in the Osmania University, Hyderabad, Deccan, on 5th January,-Professor Hans Krall in the Chair. The report for the year 1936, including the financial statement, was approved. As the result of a ballot taken by the Secretary, it was agreed that for the present there should be one Local Section for India, Burma and Ceylon, and that there should be such Branches of the Local Section as the Committee of the Local Section should from time to time determine.The Committee was re-elected for 1937. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 8th April,-Mr. L. V. Cocks in the Chair. Professor C. 0. Bannister, Dr. W. F. Higgins, Mr. B. D. W. Luff and Mr. P. N. Williams were elected to the Committee. Mr. L. V. Cocks and Mr. B. D. W. Luff were re-elected Hon. Auditors. Mr. G. W. Beaumont was re-appointed Hon. Secretary and Mr. J. F. Hardwick Hon. Assistant Secretary. The officers for the coming session were elected:-Chairman, Mr.A. W. M. Wintle; Vice-chairman, Mr. L. V. Cocks; Hon. Treasurer, Professor W. H. Roberts. The assent of the meeting was obtained to a proposal of the Section Committee that an alteration be made to Section Rule 3, subject to the approval of Council. Mr. G. Brearley gave an informal talk entitled :-“Let’s Go Somewhere,” (Some trips abroad during the incursions of a Chemist into Commerce) of which the following is a brief abstract- The rapid increase in the number of chemists engaged in industry must ultimately result in more of them becoming concerned with the purely commercial side of business. Bear-ing in mind the point of view expressed by our immediate Past President in his address “Is Commercialism a Menace to Industry?”, Mr.Brearley suggested that chemists might 240 consider what characteristics these chemists should possess. In the words of the Registrar they must be “men who are essentially practical, possessing the faculty of doing things not necessarily in the best way, or the most expedient, or the quickest, but the most reasonable in the circumstances, while they are conscious of their limitations, and know when to call in more expert advice and assistance.”* A noticeable result of the extension of the chemist’s activities beyond the strict application of his own science has been the creation of qualifying titles which prompts one to ponder “What’s in a name?” The chemist’s overlapping of the physicist and the engineer has created the physical chemist and the chemical engineer.Is it due to chance, the extent of the overlapping, or to some other factor that the titles are not chemical physicist and engineering chemist ? Will the foun- dation of the Institute of Physics, the activities of the industrial physicist, and the idea that even in the chemical industry the bulk of the operations require far more applications of physics than of chemistry, modify or extend these present coalescences? Although at present it would appear that a qualifying title denotes specialisation, actually it indicates the exercising of a dual function. Does it not follow, therefore, that it will be the pure chemist who must ultimately be regarded as the true specialist? Such considerations are a necessary prelude to a study of the future development of the chemist’s activities in commerce and the possibility of the creation of a commercial chemist.If such a chemist ever exists it is certain that he will in no sense be a specialist, for to quote again the Registrar, “So varied and divergent are the matters which come within his purview that he cannot afford to lose any opportunity of gaining experience and knowledge of almost anything.”” It is hardly probable that he will ever assume any qualifying title which links him to a particular profession. With the aid of lantern slides, the speaker then gave an account of some of his experiences when undertaking business trips to the Continent and America, and showed many places of interest.Particular reference was made to the changes which have occurred in Germany during the past ten years and to the many little differences observed when travelling in different countries. The slides shown enabled a good impression to be The Profession of Chemistry (p. 78).-RiChard B. Pilcher. 241 drawn as to the merits and dements of British passenger rolling- stock when contrasted with its Continental and American counterparts. The speaker’s later adoption of air travel was the direct result of a number of chemists accepting an invitation from their local Aero Club to take a trial flight. He included amongst his slides some interesting examples of photographs taken from the air. In the discussion the Chairman informed the meeting of his own recent return from the Continent and said that he was sorry not to have been able to hear Mr.Brearley before making this visit. Mr. E. T. Williams said that his first feeling on visiting Germany had been the rather overwhelming realisation that he was in a country where some sixty million people spoke a language other than his own. He related some amusing anecdotes of his experiences. Mr. A. E. Findley expressed surprise on hearing from Mr. Brearley that he had seen comparatively little of air raid precaution arrangements in Germany, when the illustrated press gave some prominence to it. Mr. Brearley replied that it was eighteen months since he was in Berlin and his trips to the country being of a business character, his time for observation had been limited.He had seen, however, safety rooms in factories and there were models of aeroplane bombs displayed in various places as a reminder to the populace of this form of warfare. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Chairman, Dr. E. B. Hughes, presided over a meeting held in the Hall of the Institute on 17th March, when a paper was read by Mr. F. L. Brady on ‘‘Chemistry in the Building Industry,” of which the following abstract has been supplied by the author. Mr. Brady said he proposed to deal with the subject not primarily from the point of view of the manufacture of building materials but from the point of view of the chemical problems which arise in actual building work due to the chemical charac- teristics of the materials used.The chemical problems of the building industry had arisen quite suddenly during the past century. Previously the materials 242 used in building were few in number,-bricks, lime, sand, natural stones, lead and timber. All of these materials present chemical difficulties. There is none about which we know all we would like to or all we need to, but the building craft, as a result of many generations of experience,-trial and error,-had discovered how best to use them, avoiding their characteristic difficulties and exploiting their natural advantages. Experience had obviated the necessity for chemical knowledge. To-day the position was changed. New materials, with valuable properties not found in the traditional materials, had been introduced, bringing numerous chemical problems in their train.As an instance of this, reference was made to the use of lead, This could be safely used in contact with the traditional lime mortar, as in a damp-proof course or when a pipe is passed through a brick wall, but Portland cement under damp conditions could cause quite rapid attack due to the action of oxygen, moisture and alkalies. Even lime could exert a slight action under damp conditions, but in the case of lime mortar the alkalinity would probably be discharged by atmospheric carbon dioxide before appreciable harm had resulted. The much harder Portland cement mortar carbonated much less rapidly and the alkalinity might be maintained long enough to destroy the lead.An account was given of the preparation and chemical constitution of magnesium oxychloride flooring. The necessity for careful adjustment of the proportions of constituents was emphasised. The use of an undue proportion of absorptive fillers led to the use of an excess of magnesium chloride solution, with consequent liability to condensation and poor wearing quality. The importance of surface treatment with wax polish or by oiling was referred to, this being essential to protect the floor from atmospheric humidity and from carbon dioxide which tended to decompose the oxychloride compound with the liberation of the hygroscopic chloride. It was expected that a Code of Practice for Magnesium Oxychloride Floors would shortly be issued by the Building Industries National Council.The behaviour of renderings and plasters on brickwork was discussed, and reference was made to the various troubles that might arise from the presence of soluble salts in brickwork, and the appropriate methods of repair which should be applied in various cases. The lecturer concluded with an account of the composition and properties of the calcium sulphate plasters, which belong to two main groups, (I) retarded hemihydrate, (2) accelerated anhydrous. He emphasised the importance of a careful choice of sands in plastering work. The calcium sulphate plasters were carefully balanced chemical systems, and the introduction of a large proportion of sand which might contain clay, chalk, or small proportions of organic matter and other impurities might seriously interfere with their setting properties.In cases of doubt, a practical trial with a sample of the sand which it was proposed to use was advisable. Visits by members of the Section to the Croxley Paper Mills of Messrs. John Dickinson & Co., Ltd., took place on 21st and 28th April. On both occasions the party was divided into small groups, which arrangement enabled the guides, under Dr. J. Grant, the chief chemist, to impart details of the various processes. Where Esparto grass is the raw material, it is boiled in cylinders under pressure with caustic soda. The spent liquor is evaporated in vacuo to a syrup, run into an incinerator which burns off all volatile and carbonaceous matter.The residue is then causticised with lime and about go per cent. of the original caustic soda is recoverable. The cellulose is washed and when necessary bleached with calcium hypochlorite. It is shredded in a beater, the suspension, tinted by small amounts of pigment when required, runover a moving wire gauze and on to a series of rollers which are heated more and more as the paper dries. On the final winder it contains about 3-5 per cent. moisture, and on standing regains up to about 7 per cent. with a small expansion in area. Rags are hand picked to separate them from buttons, elastic, etc., boiled with caustic soda and treated in a similar manner. The effluents, amounting to about 130,000gallons per hour from all the processes, are judiciously mixed, precipitated, aerated and sedimented, and the clean solution run into the river.The laboratory contains an insulated room specially devoted to physical testing and is maintained at constant relative humidity of 65 per cent. and a temperature of 70" F. Physical tests include the folding test (the number of foldings a paper withstands without failing), the tensile test, the bursting test and the tearing test. All these are carried out under standard mechanical conditions agreed in the United Kingdom, United States and Scandinavia. 244 The laboratory also has a small scale beater, paper making machine and a printing machine. After the tour of the works, the parties on both occasions were entertained to tea, when a hearty vote of thanks was passed through Dr.J. Grant to the firm and to Mr. A. I. Macnaughton, the manager. On 5th May, about a hundred members visited the Mogden Sewage Purification Works, where they were received by Mr. C. B. Townend, the Engineer-in-Charge. The party was divided into groups and shown the entire works by Mr. W. T. Lockett, chief chemist, and members of his staff. The works, covering 45 acres, deals with the sewage from a population of 14 million people living in the area bounded by Golder's Green, Rickmansworth, Staines and Teddington. Its capacity is designed to be increased as required up to a population of 2 million. It is a first experiment toward centralisation of sewage treatment and undertakes purification formerly carried out by 28 seperate borough councils, thus achieving economy in expense and greater efficiency.Construction was commenced in September, 1931, and completed by May, 1936, at a cost of L3Bmillion for main sewerage and over EI$ million for sewage purification and sludge disposal. The dry weather flow is about 40 gallons per head of popu- lation and up to three times this quantity is purified. Quantities over this are by Statute sedimented and then run direct into the Thames. Purification consists in removing larger solid matter, disintegrating it and returning it to the main incoming sewage. Three-quarters of this is delivered by gravity and one-quarter from low-lying districts has to be pumped.The grit is removed and the sewage enters primary and secondary sedimentation tanks, then going to the aeration tanks, where it is submitted to the activated sludge process followed by further sedimentation. The clean effluent is now well below the figures for total solids and biological oxygen demand recommended by the Royal Commission and is run into the Thames. The surplus sludge is then submitted to anaerobic fennen- tation at 80" F. whereby large quantities of methane and carbon dioxide are produced. The former is more than sufficient to drive the eleven gas engines (650 B.H.P.) which produce all the power required for pumping, aeration, etc, 245 The residual sludge is pumped to Perry Oaks, seven miles away, where it is finally digested and dried.At the conclusion of the visit, the party was received by the chairman of the West Middlesex Drainage Committee, Mr. County-Councillor J. R. Hughes, J.P., and entertained to tea. In reply to Councillor Hughes’ kindly welcome, a vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Innes, was passed with acclamation. Over one hundred members of the Section visited the Dagenham Works of the Ford Motor Co., on the 2nd June. Nearly two-thirds of the party travelled between Westminster Bridge and Dagenham by the Company’s motor-ship “New Dagenham,” having lunch on board on the outward journey and tea on the return; the remainder travelled by road. On arrival the visitors were led to the Cinema, where the pictures illustrated the modern ideals of mass-production and travel-speed. Separating into parties of about one dozen , each in the care of one of the excellent guides provided by the Com-pany, a tour was made of the enormous works.The Boys’ Trade School enables about one hundred boys, entering at the age of 14, to receive instruction for four years. The jetty can take vessels of 8,000 tons, on any state of the tide, and is arranged for the rapid discharge of raw materials and the loading of finished cars for export. The power station, with boilers adapted to use either coal-gas, blast-furnace gas or pulverised fuel, has one 30,000 kw. turbo-generator, with a smaller auxiliary; but time did not admit of its inspection from inside. Near by is the blast-furnace with a capacity of 700 tons in 24 hours.The blast-furnace gas is washed with river-water, which after use is passed into a “Dorr Thickener” in which solid matter, mostly ore dust, settles out, and the effluent water is stated to contain less suspended matter than the original river-water. There is a battery of 45 Wilputte-Coppee coke ovens, which produce about 12 million cubit feet of gas per diem, of which 5 million is used on the works, and 7 million is disposed of to a gas company. Attached to the coke-ovens is a benzol, tar and ammonia recovery plant, but this part of the works was not visited. The visitors were informed as to the manner in which the 75-ton ladles of molten iron, filled when the blast-furnace is tapped, are handled, according to whether the contents are to be “pigged” for store, or sent to mixers, where a certain percentage of steel is added, for immediate casting, and made a brief inspec- tion of the foundry.The castings are cooled by a 22 hour journey 246 on a conveyor traversing sheds open at the side, and are then inspected for soundness. The machine shop is conspicuous for the large scale on which successive operations are carried out on any part, and the same observation applies equally to the enormous engine and final assembly plants. The visitors observed a well-equipped chemical laboratory, but no detailed inspection of it was possibIe on this occasion. Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at The Constitutional Club, St.Ann’s Square, on the 8th April,-Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw in the Chair. Mr. G. A. Blakey, Dr. G. D. Elsdon, Mr. A. Gill and Mr. G. A. Perry were elected members of the Committee in place of four retiring members. Dr. A. Coulthard was re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. Messrs. H. H. Stocks and L. Thompson were re-elected Hon. Auditors. At the conclusion of annual business the Chairman called upon Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, Registrar of the Institute, to give his lecture entitled ‘(From Boyle to Priestley.” The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides and was followed by a short discussion on matters of historical interest. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A joint meeting of the Section was held with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 19th February, in Armstrong College, when Dr.A. Eric J. Vickers, of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., gave a lecture on (‘Chemistry at High Temperatures.” Professor H. L. Riley occupied the Chair. Dr. Vickers traced briefly the history of chemical investigation at high temperatures from the early geological studies of de Saussure, Spallanzine and others in the eighteenth century, to the work of the Geophysical Laboratory in Washington to-day. He remarked how favourably situated was the North-East Coast for such studies, and expressed surprise at the neglect of them by chemists in the past. The early geologists undertook chemical experiments at high temperatures in order to find out how rocks were formed.They were hampered in their work by lack of accurate methods of measuring high temperatures, and by lack of convenient apparatus for conducting fusions on a laboratory scale. In 247 spite of the experimental difficulties, a surprisingly large amount of accurate observation has descended to us from these early investigators, among whom must be mentioned Gregory Watts, famous for his work on the Rowley basalts, which he fused in a blast-furnace. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, an increased interest was taken in high temperature investigation, this the largely by the chemists, with the unfortunate result that a great deal of experimental work that had no counterpart in nature was done.Chief among these workers were Ebelmen, Friedel and Sarasin , Frbmy, Hautefeuille and Hardinger. Although this work was of little avail in explaining the formation of rocks and minerals, one fundamental fact was discovered by the French investigators, and that was the very important part played in the formation of many minerals by steam and other gases, especially when under pressure. The French school also dis-covered the r61e of “mineralisers” in the formation ‘of minerals otherwise incapable of preparation. Daubrke stands out as a leader in this work. Fouqu6 and Lkvy appear to be the first investigators to attempt a real control of the temperature; their experimental methods mark a great advance, and they appear to have been the first to use platinum crucibles for their work.Among the nineteenth-century workers, Morozewicz is out- standing for his accuracy; he used large quantities of material, melting it in “glass pots” in a glass-melting furnace, using different positions in the furnace in order to obtain variations in temperature. He synthesised nepheline, augite, olivine, spinel, corundum and other minerals. At the beginning of the twentieth century the enunciation of the laws of physical chemistry of solution threw a new light on the rock-forming process. Willard Gibbs, Vant’ Hoff , Roozeboom, Nernst, Ostwald, Smits and Tammann all contributed in one way or another to a rapid advance in our knowledge of rock magmas and their crystallisation process.Doelter, of Vienna, was first in the new field-he worked on “pure” melts and studied their phase relationships. Vogt, of Oslo, applied the principles from another angle, taking the end- products of geological and metallurgical operations of which he had an unrivalled opportunity for study, and working out the stability relations. He laid great stress on the eutectic principle. This principle had the remarkable effect of so entrancing the 248 petrologists that many of them refused to believe the visual observations revealed by their microscopes, if these observations were at variance with it. The more recent work of Bowen at the Geophysical Laboratory has revealed yet another and more fundamental principle in the chemistry of rock-formation-the principle of (‘Fractional Crystallisation,” in which the com-position of the residual magma, after crystals have been deposited, is considered in relation to the chemical properties of the crystals themselves.This principle takes cognizance of incongruent melting points which the eutectic principle does not. As a result of Bowen’s work, petrologists and geologists were once more able to believe the evidence of their own eyes! The institution of the Geophysical Laboratory of Washington is the greatest event in the history of high temperature chemistry. Allen, its first director, laid down the lines of research, and the work done has constituted some of the most accurate physico- chemical investigations in the world. On the industrial side, and of particular interest to British chemists, is the pioneer work of J.W. Mellor at Stoke (now carried out in the Mellor Laboratories). It led the way in British research in this field, although its bias was essentially industrial. Subsequent to Mellor we have the work done by the Glass Department of Sheffield University, again with an industrial bias. Before leaving this brief history of high temperature research, Dr. Vickers said he would like to make a plea for its attention by British chemists. It is an important field of research from the scientific, industrial and economic standpoint, and it is not overcrowded. Dr. Vickers then gave as a practical example of the kind of work which is waiting to be done a description of some experi- ments which he had carried out on the effect of atmosphere on the viscosity and surface tension of a simple glass or slag.The experiment owed its inception to the known effect of mineralisers on the crystallisation of rock magmas. The development of the various pieces of apparatus used, and the methods whereby the difficulties of experiment were overcome, were described. One interesting development in this connection was pointed out. The large thermal expansion and pliability of platinum vitiated the results of viscosity measurements; so that ceramic bodies in- soluble in the experimental magma and having known and very low coefficients of expansion, and yet being capable of being 249 machined to accurate dimensions, had to be devised.The un- certainties of experiments with platinum were thus overcome. The simple magma investigated had a composition of Na,O, CO,, steam, H, and NH, were considered. Modifications of 32.7 per cent., SiO,, 67.3 per cent., and the effects of air, SO,, Margules’ method were used for measuring viscosity, while both the dipping cylinder and the bubble pressure methods were used for determining the surface tension. The main conclusions of the experimental work were that many gases are much more soluble in slags and glasses than is normally supposed ; the simple magma experimented upon exists as a non-associated liquid at temperatures above its melting point; the atmosphere surrounding a magma has a profound effect upon both its surface tension and viscosity.A crystallising magma undergoes a drop in surface tension-this seems to be an important discovery. The reasons for the difference in values of the surface tension of molten magmas obtained by the dipping cylinder method and by the bubble pressure method were ascribed to differences in surface. The lecturer concluded by saying that, though the work at present was being conducted from a “pure ” chemical standpoint, it would be obvious that such researches must have an important application in blast and other types of furnace where unknown reactions concerning slag-formation and refractory attack were taking place in atmospheres of gases other than air. On 5th March, members of the Section attended the Thirty- seventh Bedson Lecture, which was given by Dr.W. T. Astbury, Reader in textile physics in the University of Leeds, entitled *‘ X-ray Interpretation of Protein Structure.” Professor G. R. Clemo presided. Dr. Astbury said that proteins could be divided into two classes, fibrous and globular, and that they all contained a-amino acids condensed, primarily, as polypeptide chains. The classical theory of Emil Fischer did not fully characterise the proteins, and research had shown that these long polypeptide chains were folded and further cross-linked by the reactive centres of the side chains. In dealing with the proteins it was necessary to ask three questions:-What were the side chains? How were they distributed? What was their stereochemical aspect ? The 250 lecturer dealt principally with the last, and his remarks are here summarised :-The fibrous proteins are mainly stable, the simplest being fibroin (silk protein), which consists largely of glycine and alanine residues.Its X-ray photograph agrees with the view of a fully extended polypeptide chain system, and this is confirmed by the fact that silk fibres cannot be reversibly stretched. Anystretching that does occur is permanent and due to the crystallites sliding over one another. The stretching of wool, hair, etc., is reversible over a range of about roo per cent. of the initial length, and the normal X-ray photograph is not the same as that of fibroin; but, on stretching, a similar photograph is obtained, indicating that keratin (the protein of hair) is a fully extended polypeptide chain system only in the stretched state @-keratin- the unstretched state being known as a-keratin).It seems, therefore, that in the /3-form the protein consists of parallel polypeptide chains linked by cross-linkings, while in the normal or a-form these chains are folded. If keratin is stretched and steam applied the cross-links are hydrolysed and the extension then becomes permanent by the formation of new cross-links. Keratin fibres can also be contracted by nearly 50 per cent. (supercontrac- tion) due to further folding of the main chain. This super- contraction of hair has been found to be very similar to the contraction of muscle. The extension and contraction of many fibrous proteins can take place by free rotation round the single valency links, and therefore unreasonable straining of the valency bonds does not occur.The globular proteins are only stable within narrow limits. Some of them have been obtained in a crystalline state, and in this condition X-ray investigation has been possible. Svedberg, by means of the ultracentrifuge, has indicated that the molecular weight is a simple multiple of 35,000 (approximately). The characteristics of this class are rapidly lost on denaturation, and the stretched state of the denatured protein gives X-ray photographs very like those of /3-keratin and the stretched fibrous proteins in general, thus showing that all proteins, what- ever they are in the natural state, can be brought to a condition approximating to long polypeptide chains with cross-links.The folding of these chains must be specific. In conclusion, Dr. Astbury dealt with the feather protein and the virus which causes “mosaic” disease in tobacco plants. 251 A joint meeting was held with the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on aznd March, in Armstrong College, when Mr. M. P.Applebey,of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., gave a lecture on '' Sulphur from Smelter Gases." After referring briefly to the steadily increasing impetus to recover the two million tons of sulphur which is now wasted annually in smelting operations, Mr. Applebey stated that two complementary solutions of the problem of recovering this by- product sulphur had been evolved independently by I.C.I.and by Bolidens G.B. (of Sweden), who had agreed to pool their information for exploitation through a subsidiary company, Sulphur Patents Limited. Mr. Applebey then described the research work at Billingham which had led up to the development of the I.C.I. SO, concen-tration process, using the basic aluminium sulphate solvent for so,. The mechanism of the reversible absorption of SO, by aqueous solvents was explained, and it was shown how, from a theoretical study of the physico-chemical principles involved, the properties of a suitable solvent could be predicted. Good reversible solvents will be heavily buffered at $H 3.5, i.e. they will consist of:- (I) Solutions of strong bases neutralised by weak acids having a dissociation constant of IO-~.~.(2) Solutions of weak bases having a dissociation constant of 10-lO.~. Alumina belongs to the second group, and relatively stable solutions of aluminium sulphate, containing a large proportion of free alumina, may be prepared by precipitating gypsum from solutions of aluminium sulphate with CaO or CaCO,. The difficulties of handling solutions of basic aluminium sulphate owing to the separation of a number of solid phases were emphasised, and it was shown how an intensive study of the properties of the solution and the various solid phases enabled these difficulties to be avoided, so that the process could now be operated continuously without trouble due to this cause. The SO, concentration process was then described with reference to the plant at Imatra (Finland), which has a designed capacity of 52 tons per day of liquid SO,.Slides were shown of the principal items of plant. The lecturer then described the Boliden process for the 252 reduction of SO, to sulphur. The first stage consists in the production of a special type of producer gas, which is then used for the reduction of the main bulk of the SO, to sulphur. The final stage consists in the condensation and separation of the sulphur from the gas phase, and the high purity of the product was emphasised. The sulphur plant at Ronnskar (Sweden) produces z0-25,ooo tons of sulphur per year, and the process is carefully controlled by means of automatic analytical apparatus giving continuous records.Instruments and distant controls are collected into one room under the charge of a single operator. This part of the lecture was also illustrated by lantern slides of the actual plant. The lecturer concluded by stating that there are very few problems in the disposal of SO, from smelting operations which cannot be dealt with by one or other of the above processes. Mr. J. W. Craggs was in the Chair. An informal Coronation Dinner-Dance was held in the University Union, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 23rd April. The event was arranged by the officers of the local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry. Members of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Metals, the Chemical Industry Club and the Coke Oven Managers’ Association were invited to participate, the company numbering about 180.Mr. J. W. Craggs (Chairman), in proposing the loyal toast, read to the assembly a telegram from the Private Secretary to His Majesty, thanking the combined societies for a message of loyal good wishes sent to Their Majesties earlier in the evening. Apart from the loyal toasts, there was only one toast-that of “The Ladies,” proposed by Mr. M. P. Applebey, who likened them to organic chemistry as he had once read it described in a textbook-“ bewildering in its complexity, intriguing in its subtlety and enchanting in its variety.” Miss C. E. Mallen replied on behalf of the ladies.An entertainer gave two performances of “magic” during the evening, and there were rooms for billiards and bridge. South Yorkshire.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Rotherham Technical College on 18th January,-Dr. G. Lawton in the Chair,-a lecture was delivered by Mr. W. W. Stevenson on “Steel making with special reference to the High Frequency Furnace.” Mr. Stevenson traced historically the development of steel- 253 making, up to the introduction of the electric furnace. He out- lined the earlier research work on the high frequency furnace in the laboratories under his control, dealing particularly with the value of this type of furnace in investigating alloy steels. Mr. Stevenson predicted a promising future for this type of furnace and also for alloy steels.The lecture was followed by a very animated and interesting discussion. The Worksop meeting of the Section was held at the County Technical College, Worksop, on 5th March, when the Chair was taken by Mr. W. Wall, in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman of the Section. A paper on “The Search for the Rare Elements” was read by Mr. F. Brewer. The commercial value of an element is some indication of its scarcity, but difficulties in extraction or separation, or lack of applications, may affect the price unduly and obscure the real state of affairs. The familiarity of many elements which are not really plentiful, for example, cadmium or antimony, may be regarded as due to the accidents of history and industry.The absolute abundance of elements is not to be gauged by either of these factors, but by analyses and investigation of typical masses, either of the earth, solar system (e.g. meteorites) or stars. There seems to be no fundamental difference in the character of the matter in these three sources, and the relative abundance of atomic species can be attributed to the stability of their particular nuclei under existing conditions in these sources. Astrophysical researches of H. N. Russell, the evidence of meteorites, as studied by Paneth and others, and the geochemical researches of V. M. Goldschmidt and his school, confirm the opinion that elements with atomic number (2)above 30 must be regarded as relatively scarce, since the lighter elements, and particularly H, 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, and Fe appear to be responsible for the bulk of the observable universe.Among the light elements, however, Li and Be are very scarce, while of the heavier ones, 85, 87, 61, and 43, the shorter-lived radio-active elements, Re, the rare earths and rare gases, Ga, In, Ge, Rb, Cs, T1, Se, Te, and the noble metals are all abnormally low in abundance. Harkins’ rule that odd-numbered elements are more scarce than their even-numbered neighbours, periodic properties of 254 nuclear structures, and an examination of energy changes in converting one nucleus into another, all help to classify and indicate causes of scarcity. For instance, the susceptibility of Li and Be to or-particle bombardment, makes it clear that these elements have been “removed” to form heavier ones.In contrast, Warfield and Ruark’s observation on the ultimate return of 12Mgu, 13A127,14Si28,&am and 2sFeS6 to their original state, after neutron capture followed by proton emission, and then electron emission, gives a reason for the high abundance of these atomic species. Purely chemical effects such as the failure of the inert gases to remain combined with anything in the earth can be a further contributory factor towards abundance or scarcity in the earth’s crust. In looking for rare elements, four main points must be con- sidered: (I) genetic relations ; (2) chemical character, which determines the type of mineral in which an element is to be found; (3) ionic and atomic sizes, which lead either to wide distribution, e.g.for medium-sized atoms which can associate with those of horizontally neighbouring elements in the periodic table, or to “pocketing” in special minerals of abnormally large or small atoms; and (4) geological conditions and phase rule relations of the minerals concerned. Although (I) applies mainly to the radioactive series, Hevesy has shown that it may influence the relative abundance of the rare earths, owing to the co-existence of uranium and beryllium, and hence neutrons, in rare-earth minerals. A consequence of (2)is the occurrence in fluorites of those rare-earths that can be divalent. (3) is the most important factor, and horizontal association has directed the search for Re by Noddack; for germanium sources and for element 87, by Papish; and for indium by Baker and Brewer.In the last case, indium was shown to occur in unusually large traces in cylindrite, a sulphide of lead tin and antimony from Bolivia, associated with silver and with a zinc blende of high cadmium content; hence illustrating the association of Ag, Cd, In, Sn and Sb, all adjacent members of the second long period in the periodic system. At a meeting of the Section held in the Technical College, Doncaster, on the 9th April, Dr. G. Lawton presiding, Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, Registrar of the Institute, gave his lecture entitled “From Boyle to Priestley.” illustrated by lantern slides. 255 April-May Examinations, 1937. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held at the time and places mentioned below; the numbers of candidates examined and of those passed were as follows:-NO. NO. *For the Aaaociateship- Examined. Pa88ed. General Chemistry: at the Institute; at the University, Leeds; at the University,Manchester;at the City Technical College, Liverpool; at the Central Technical College, Birmingham,--6th-lOth April .. 72 45 For the Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry- With special reference to Metallurgical Analy- sis,Ferrous and Non-Ferrous, and Electro Analysis: at the Institute, and at The Royal School of Mines, London,-l2th- 16th April .... .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry- With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute,-lZth-l6th April .. 2 1 With special reference to Coal Tar and Coal Tar Technology: at the Institute, and in the Laboratories of the Gas Light & Coke Co.,-6th to 9th and 12th April .. .. 1 0 With special reference to Paints and Varnishes : at the Institjute, and in the Laboratories of the Paint Research Station, Teddington, -12th-16th APT&?. . .. .. .. 1 0 ?Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy of Food, Drugs and Water: at the Institute, -12th-17th April .. .. .. .. 8 3 Brunch F. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Uni-versity of Leeds,-l%th-lGth April . . 1 1 Branch cf. Industrial Chemistry, with specialreference to Liquid Fuel: at the Institute, -12th-16th April .... .. .. 1 1 Special Examination. General Analytical Chem-istry: at the Institute,-IZth-l6th April .. 1 1 Special Examination. Chemical Technology of Textiles, with special reference to Arti- ficial Silk: at the College of Technology, Manchester,-19th--23rd April .. .. -1 1 89 54 * Eight candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the Examination, 9 candidates satisfied the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed. t Three candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the Examination and 1candidate completed that part of the Examination in which he had previously failed. 256 One candidate was examined for the Fellowship in Branch D: Biochemistry, with special reference to Physiological and Pathological Chemistry and Bacteriology, at the South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, from 26th to 30th April.The result of the examination is not yet available. The following exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 5th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. questions ortly. Answer brieJly and to the point.(Attempt F~E Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Describe THREE modern methods for the production of hydrogen on an industrial scale and discuss its use in processes of technical importance. 2. What is implied by the term pH? Explain how this quantity may be measured and quote examples to illustrate its signikance.3. Explain upon what facts and reasoning the molecular and con- stitutional formulae are assigned to (a) carbon monoxide; (b) mercurous chloride; (c) sulphuric acid. 4. What is the evidence for the view that the solute molecules in a dilute solution behave like gas molecules ? Assuming that the osmotic pressure P of a dilute solution is given by P = RTc (c = concentration of solute in gram molecules per litre) deduce Raoult’s Law. 6. Give an account of ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The discovery of the inert gases and their hportance in chemical theory. (b) Fluorine and its compounds. (c) The colloidal state. (d) The mechanism of chain reactions. 6. Describe a method of preparation and the physical and chemical properties of any TEREE of the following:- Sodium thiosulphate, carborundum, sodium silicate, arsine, silicon tetrafluoride.7. Discuss ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The hydrides of silicon and boron. (b) Allotropy. (c) The historical development of methods of liquefaction of gases. 2 to 6 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point.Give fomulae and equations where possible.) 1. What types of valency are recognised in modern chemical theory? Give TWO examples of compounds illustrating each type and write down their detailed electronic formulae. 2. Write short accounts of TWO of the following:- (a) The position of hydrogen in the Periodic Table.(b) The passive state of metals. (c) Isomorphism. (d) The sorption of hydrogen by palla.dium. 3. What do you understand by the term “solubility product”? 257 Explain the importance of this quantity in qualitative analysis. 4. Give a.n account of the ammine compounds of cobalt and platinum, clearly explaining how the constitution of typical compounds is usuallyrepresented. 5. Describe the manufacture, properties and uses of EITHER (a)chromium and its compounds, OR (b)the rare-earth elements and their salts. 6. Discuss ONE of the following topics:- (a) Modern views on the structure of matter. (b) The discovery of radioactivity and its effect on chemical theory. (c) Positive-ray analysis and its employment in the discovery of non-radioactive isotopes.7. Derive the reaction isochore equation for the change of equilibrium-constant with temperature. Illustrate its wide applicability by reference to suitable examples. TUESDAY, 6th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FITE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equcltiom where possible.) 1. Give an account of the uses of malonic and acetoacetic esters as synthetical agents. 2. Describe the isomerism of the tartaric acids. 3. Outline the principal reactions of aromatic diazo compounds:indicate the bearing of these reactions on the structures usually assigned to diazo -compounds. 4. By means of equations and short notes, illustrate the uses of the following reagents:-(a) sodium ethoxide; (b)acetic anhydride; (c) phenyl isocyanate; (d) phenylhydrazine; (e) thoria.5. Describe briefly the INDUSTRIAL methods of preparation of FOUR of the following compounds:-(a) acetic acid; (b)n-butyl alcohol; (c)methylalcohol; (d) a-naphthol; (e) /?-naphthylamine;(f)anthranilic acid; (9)di-methylaniline; (h) cyclo-hexanone; (i) isatin. 6. Give the principal experimental evidence on which the constitution of any ONE of the following compounds is based:-(a) glucose; (b) a-ter-pineol; (c) piperine; (d) uric acid. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)The Walden inversion. (b) The reduction products of nitrobenzene. (c) Geometrical isomerism. 2 to 3.30 p.m.Translation from French and German Technical Literatwe. WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY,7th and 8th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. Liquid (A) is a solution of two organic substances in a neutral solvent- (i) Isolate a pure specimen of each substance and of the solvent. (ii) Determine the APPROXIMATE percentage of each substance present. (G)Assign each of the three substances to ita class. 258 (iv) Prepare two crystalline derivatives of each. (v) Identify each. Great importance will be attached to the preparation of the (nine) specimens in a pure condition and to the careful determination of the melting or (where necessary) boiling points. (A = Toluene, p-toluidine, and EITHER phenol OR p-cresol.) B'RIDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substance (B). (B = Cerous fluoride, OR lithium phosphate, OR zirconium oxychloride.) (The result must be handed in by 1 p.m., in a separate notebook.) 2. Determine the percentage of barium peroxide in the commercial sample (C) provided. (The result must be handed in by 4.30 p.m., in a separate notebook.) 3. Determine gravimetrically the percentage of tin and tho per- centage of lead in the given sample (D) of solder. (This exercke may be completed to-momow.) SATURDAY, loth APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a qualitative analysis of the inorganic mixture (E) which contains six radicals. (E = Calcium, zinc, manganese, borate, sulphjde, sulphate; OR sodium, zinc, cobalt, borate, sulphide, sulphate; OR zmc, bismuth, magnesium, borate, carbonate, sulphate ;OR barium, potassium, cobalt, sulphate, phosphate, carbonate ;OR potassium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, phosphate, carbonate; OR potassium, aluminium, iron, nickel, phosphate, sulphate.) (The result mmt be handed in by 1 pm.,in a separate notebook.) 2.Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Met-allurgical Analysis, Ferrous and Non-Ferrous, and Electro-Analysis in relation to the above. MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (SIX qzcestiona to be attempted. Answer brie$y and to the point.) 1. Give a brief account of heavy water and the isotopes of hydrogen.2. Write a short essay on EITHER: (a) The transmutation of the 3. what are the principal causes of metallic corrosion? What 4. What evidence can be given for the existence of intermetallic 6. How does manganese occur in nature and how is the metal elements, OR (b) recent methods of determining atomic weights. protective measure8 are commonly employed ? compounds? Discuss the validity of this evidence. usually prepared for commercial use ? What other elements are associated with manganese in the Periodic Classification? 6. Compare and contrast the chemical properties, etc., of the elements 7. Give a short account of EITHER (a)any research you have con- usually rtssociated With platinum in nature.259 ducted, OR (b) any chemical or metallurgical process with which you have been personally connected. 8. Discuss the preparation and properties of inter-halogen compounds. 9. Give a short account of the elements of Group V (nitrogen, etc.). TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 13th to 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. As far as time permits, make complete analyses of the following samplea :-(a) Alloy Steel. (b) Phosphor Bronze. (c) Duralumin. (d) Broken Hill Ore. All samples will be issued on the first day. Notebooks and samples will be collected at the end of each day’s work. Any gold or silver found in the sample of Broken Hill Ore should be reported per long ton. Branch C: Organic Chemistry. Paper taken by all Candidatesin Branch C.MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions to be attempted: TWO from each Part.) PART I. 1. Describe the uses of nickel, platinum and palladium a8 catalystsin organic chemistry. 2. Give an account of the use of ozone in organic chemistry and describe the usual experimental procedure. 3. By means of typical examples indicate the more commonly4. Show, by means of equations and brief notes, how benzene can employed methods of preparing esters-including acid esters. be converted into (a)p-nitraniline; (b)p-bromaniline;(c) quinonemonoxime;(d) p-phenylhydroxylamine;(e) benzidine; (f)maleic anhydride; (9)picricacid; (h) indoxyl; (i) cyclo-hexanone. 5. A considerable number of organic solvents has become available in recent years for the first time for industrial purposes; describe the methods of preparation of some typical examples.PART 11. 6. Describe the methods employed in the detection and estimation of the following groups:-(a) hydroxyl; (b) methoxyl; (c) keto; (d)ethylenic;(e) amino. 7. Give an account of the uses of the Grignard reagent. 8. Describe the methods of preparation and uses of the following 9. Write a short essay on one of the following topics:-(a) Quinoline and iso-quinoline. (b) The reactions of compounds containing the keto-methylene group.(c) Geometrical isomerism (omitting oximes). reagents:-(a) methyl sulphate ; (b) semicarbazide hydrochloride; (c)thionyl chloride; (d)diazomethane; (e) phosgene; (f)amyl nitrite.260 10. Give an account of the constitution, manufacture and method of application of ONE dyestuff derived from anthraquinone. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes (excluding Mineral and Essential Oils). MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. Describe how you would proceed to investigate the structure of an unknown fatty acid. 2. Why is the proportion of solid unsaturated acids in a fat of special interest in the examination of fats; how would you dotermine their amount ? 3. Give an account of the glyceride structure of butter-fat. 4. Write a short essay on polymerisation in relation to drying oils and synthetic resins.5. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of triethanolamine. How may it be estimated in a soap preparation? 6. Explain the factors which would influence your choice of fats for the manufacture of (a) household; (b) toilet soap. 7. How is the thiocyanogen value of an oil determined and what is its value in elucidating the composition of an oil? 8. Give an account of the methods which are available for the determination of vitamins A and D in oils and of their distribution and significance. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 13th to 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine fully and report upon the composition of the Soap A. 2. Prepare a specimen of n-nonoic acid from the methyl oleate provided. 3.Estimate the amount of iso-oleic acid in the Fat B. 4. Determine the molecular weight of the substance C (by the method of Rast) and the number of hydroxyl groups. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Paints and Varnishes. MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 2 to 5 pm. (Question 1 is compulsory; of questions 2 to 6 choose THREE.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The development of the zinc pigments, their uses and (b) The relative merits of spray and brush painting, and the precautions to be taken to secure satisfactory work. (c) Synthetic resins as applied to the paint and varnish industry characteristics. 261 during the last ten years. 2. Describe what advances have been made in exact colour measure- ment, and illustrate your answer by describing some practical uses to which such measurements have been put.3. What are the principal factors governing the stability of emulsions, with particular reference to the manufacture of oil-bound water paints. 4. It is not unusual for steel plates to be coated with boiled linseed oil before leaving the works. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this process for securing rust resistance, assuming that the steel is to be used as a gas-holder in an inland industrial area. 5. Discuss any recent work touching upon the mechanism of lake formation or suggest lines of research in the subject which might prove profitable. 6. Explain the following terms (used in the paint and varnish in- dustry) and describe briefly the fectors which control the conditions indicated : livering, bloom, tooth, covering power and hiding power, bleeding. TUESDAY, 13th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Examine and report on the varnish medium (V.M.) according to the analytical scheme supplied. This exercise may be carried through the whole of the period of the examination. End products and samples should be preserved. WEDNESDAY, 14th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample of ready mixed paint (R.N.P.) has been supplied to British Standard Specification No. 278-1927. Do you or do you not accept the consignment and why ? l’his exercise may be carried through the remainder of the period of the examination. End products and samples should be preserved. THURSDAY, 15th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. The buying department of a firm manufacturing paints and lacquers has been offered the two blue pigments (samples labelled A and B) at the same price per lb. as the blue pigment (sample D) now used. Examine the samples and advise. The slip used for staining power tests and like specimens should be preserved. FRIDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample X is part of an acoustic panel (which has blackened) as removed from the wall of a newly and rapidly erected cinema. It is finished in gold bronze. The base material is asbestos which was applied to the wall by means of sodium silicate; the asbestos was coated in turn with a water paint and the gold bronze in cellulose lacquer, all applied by spray gun.Samples of the asbestos, water paint, the cellulose lacquer and the gold bronze are supplied. Examine and report on the cause of the blackening. 262 Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar and Coal Tar Technology. MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 2 to 6 p.m. (Not more thn FIVE questions to be attempted. The candidate is requested not to disclose details of secret processes.) 1. Write a short essay on “Recent advances in the production of motor fuels from coal.” 2. Discuss the relative merits as raw materials of the tar distiller, of crude tars obtained aa by-products in the carbonisation of coal in gasworks retorm ~2.1in coke ovens. 3. Describe, with special reference to the precautions necessary for accurate results, the method of quantitatively determining :-(a) ortho-cresol in cresylic acid.(b) metcc-cresol in cresylic acid of high meta content. (c) benzene and toluene in crude benzole. 4. Discuss the modern problems arising in the refining of crude benzole. 5. Describe the process of manufacture of 60’8 carbolic acid from the carbolic oil tar distillate. Give alternate methods of preparing benzoic acid from coal tar distillates. 6. Out,line the more important safety precautions necessary in a tar works, differentiating between statutory regulations and additional recommended regulations. TUESDAY to FBIDAY, 6th to 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report upon the sample of road tar for surface dressing, employ- ing, in addition to the standard tests, any others you think advisable.2. Examine the sample of crude benzole and report upon its value as a raw material for the production of (a)motor benzole; (b)pure benzene and pure toluene. 3. Report upon the sample of commercial cresylic acid. 4. Examine the sample of 90/140 pyridine bases. Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Physiological and Pathological Chemistry and Bacteriology. 26th to 30th APRIL. First paper: Three hours allowed. (FOURquestions to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the recent work on the chemical constitution of vitamin B’. 2. Give the essential details in the preparation of the following:-(a) Glutaminic acid hydrochloride from protein; (b) Glycogen from any natural source; (c) Galactose from lactose.3. Write an essay on the role of the elements boron, copper, zinc, and manganese in plant nutrition. 4. Describe the researches of Harden, of Meyerhof, and of Embden, 5. Give an account of the work which has led to the isolation of on the phosphate cycle in alcoholic fermentation. 263 any two enzymes in a crystalline form. 6. Write a short essay on “Fermentation is life without air.” Second paper: Three hours allowed. (FOURquestions to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the properties and physiological significance of two of the following:-(a) cystine; (b) adremlin; (c) creatine. 2. What do you understand by the biological value of a protein? How may proteins be compared with respect to this value and on what does it depend ? 3.Give an account < f the agents made use of by animal cells or tissues for effecting oxidations. 4. Describe the chemical structure and properties of the phospho- lipins. What is known of the importance of these substances in the body ? 5. Give an account of recent work on detoxication mechanisms in the animal body. 6. Describe the methods by which the reaction of the blood in the body is kept constant. questions to be attempted.)Third paper: Three hours allowed. (FOUR 1. What is known of the chemical constitution and biological im- portance of two of the following: (a)Prontosil, (b)Atebrin, (c) Baeyer 205? 2. Give an account of the importance of fermentation reactions in the diagnosis of species of bacteria.3. Write an essay on the chemical constitution and bacteriological significance of bacterial pigments. 4. Discuss the work of (a)Koch, (b) Landsteiner? 5. Two organisms, A and B, appear to be identical in regard to morphology and fermentation reactions. Describe fully how you would determine whether they have the same entigenic structure. 6. What difficulties are met with in obtaining and maintaining pure 7. What methods would you employ in the routine examination of cultures of anaerobic bacteria ? How may these difficulties be overcome ? a pathological specimen of blood P Practical Examination : Four day8 allowed. 1. Identify the three homogeneous substances A, B, C.A. = 2. From the sample D of tea provided, prepare a pure specimen of 3. E and F are samples of commercial peptones. Find what Mannose; B = cholesteryl acetate; C = betaine hydrochloride. caffeine and of any derivative of caffeine. differences there are between them using qualitative and quantitative methods. E. With’s peptone; F. Savory and Moore’s peptone. 4. G is a mixture of lactose and sucrose. You are required to estimate each of these as accurately as possible. (Lactose, 37%; sucrose, 63%.) 264 Branch E. The Chemistry (includingMicroscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. What do you consider to be the ordinary limits of accuracywhich can be obtained in volumetric analysis? What are the limiting conditions and what precautions do you consider to be necessary in order to obtain the best results? 2.Assume that a sample of butter has been submitted to you under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, and that, on a preliminary examination, the fat of the sample has given a Reichert valuo of 23.5.. Give an account of your subsequent proceedings with this sample. 3. What are the uses in the examination of food and drugs of different monochromatic lights in polarimetry? What is the connection, if any, between the results obtained with the same solution by means of light of different wave-lengths ? 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe the pharmacological actions and medicinal uses of EIT~RIpecacuanha OR Belladonna.State the alkaloidal standard and doses of the drug and of its official preparations. 2. What are the signs and symptoms of chronic lead poisoning and how may such poisoning be caused ? Discuss the deposition and excretion of lead, and describe briefly how you would determine the amount of excreted lead. 3. By what methods, other than oral, are drugs administered? State, with examples, the advantages and special applications of each method. 4. Write a short account of the use of the microscope in the identi- fication of alkaloids and other organic substances, including examples of the tests employed. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Outline the various methods which have been used for the deter- mination of starch in foods.Describe in greater detail the one which you consider to be the best, giving the reasons for your preference. 2. What is the official methylene-blue test as applied to milk? Give a short outline of its development. 3. How would you attempt to detect the presence of (a) apricot kernel oil in almond oil; (b)tea-seed oil in olive oil; (c) arachis oil in olive oil? Minute details are not required. 4. In what way can the British Pharmacopmia be considered to have 5. The determination of water (moisture) in foods is sometimes legal authority under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928? regarded as a, simple operation. Give your reasons for or against this opinion. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 13th and 14th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine, without making use of the freezing-point or refracto-metric tests, the sample of fresh milk (A) which, it is to be supposed, has been submitted to you under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. Report upon the genuineness or otherwise of the sample upon the officialform provided. (Milk dilut,ed with 12 or 17 per cent. of water.) 265 2. Make a qualitative and quantitative examination of the sample of ground almonds (B). (Ground almonds containing 30 per cent. of ground arachis nut and 5 per cent. of cornflower.) THURSDAY, 15th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of camphorated oil (C) in order to determine whether it has been prepared in accordance with the formula of the British Pharmacopeia.(Camphorated oil diluted with 30 per cent. of soya-bean oil.) 2. As far as time permits, attempt the identification of the two substances (D)and (E). (D = Sodium perborato; E = Codeine phosphate.) FRIDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, nitrates and nitrites in the sample of water provided (F). (London tap water containing8 or 12 parts per 100,000 of sodium bicarbonate.) 2. Examine and report upon the sample of whisky supplied (G). (Methylated spirit diluted to 40 u.p. and 10 per cent. sherry added.) SATURDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Cut sections of the drug (H) and submit for inspection prepara- tions showing the characteristic microscopical features. Compare the powders (J)and (K) with (H).(H = Cascara bark; J = Cascara bark; K = Frangula bark.) 2. Identify, without comment, the ten microscopical preparations (L)to (U). 3. The powder in the packet (V) is suspected to be a “Dangerous Drug.” Report on tho qualitative and quantitative composition of the powder. (.A mixture of cocaine hydrochloride 40 per cent. and procaine hydrochloride 60 per cent.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 13th and 14th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Make a complete analysis of the feeding stuff (A). 2. Examine and report upon the sample of milk (B). (Added water and preservative.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 15th and 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the exchangeable calcium, the pH and the lime 2.Identify the constituents of the mixed fertiliser (D) and estimate requirement of the soil (C). two important plant food elements in it. 266 Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to LiquidFuel, MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. What steps would you now take to protect a chemical works from f%e, high explosive and “poison” gas? The answer should also take account of the safety of operatives and staff. 2. A given horizontal cylindrical storage tank contains an unknown quantity of a liquid of sp. gr. 0.720 at 60” F. Without taking into account any change of temperature, how would you set about determining the gallonage of the contents.3. Indicate some methods by which you would produce avacuum (?.g:, 10 mm.) for a works distillation process. In what case is vacuum dlatillation-(a) desirable; (b) essential. 4. Describe methods of lifting a heated and corrosive fluid. Discuss the uses of special materials available for this purpose, 5. Describe modern methods of metering liquids and gases in industrial operation. 6. Describe the technic81 separation of any pair consisting of one liquid and one solid with which you are conversant. 7. Discuss from your own experience the advantages of continuous as against intermittent operation. Quote a few cases in which you would decidedly prefer the intermittent method. 8. Write a short essay on conservation of heat in chemical operations.Illustrate your answer from your own experience in works problems and discuss methods of transferring heat from fluid A to fluid B. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the present state of the methods of testingof a motor spirit for its anti-knock value. In this connection discuss briefly the work of Ricardo and t,he C.F.R. Committee. 2. “The utilisation of refinery gases is assuming great commercial importance.” Criticise and comment on this statement. 3. Describe briefly the current methods of determining the actual and potcntial gum in a motor spirit. In the course of your answer give consideration to the effect of inhibitors. 4. Describe any cracking process with which you are familiar.Give a diagrammatic sketch of the plant used. What are the advantages of cracked spirit as a blending material? 5. What is the actual sigrdcance of the distillation test as applied to a motor spirit? What vapour pressure would you consider suitable for the British market? 6. Discuss briefly the refining processes used in the manufacture of-(a) benzole; (b)cracked spirit; (c) straight petroleum spirit. 7. “Diesel fuels vary in their suitability for various types of enginesto the same extent as spirits for the spark ignition type.” Explain, criticise and comment on this statement. 267 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 13th to 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. The given sample (A) is a commercial motor benzole blend. Determine its sulphur content, degree of maturation, freezing-point, aromatic content.Isolate a crystalline derivative of the benzene present and separate the “paraffin” hydrocarbons present in it. Determine the aniline point of these latter hydrocarbons and comment on your result. 2. You are supplied with a sample (B) of crude petroleum. Deter-mine its boiling range and estimate the approximate yield of benzine, kerosine, gas oil and fuel oil residue. Comment on the benzine fraction, making any tests you think suitable for establishing its quality. Make some experiments on suitable refining methods that you would recommend for it. 3. Determine the amount of tetra-ethyl lead in the given sample (C) of motor spirit. 4. The sample (D) is a commercial light high-speed Diesel- oil.Determine the characteristics to which you attach considerable importance. Special Examination in the Chemical Technology of Textiles, with special reference to Artificial Silk. MONDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. What do you understand by the “efficiency” of a kier boil? Describe some attempts to improve the efficiency of the process of kier boiling cotton piece goods with caustic soda. 2. Discuss the views of Astbury regarding the molecular structure of the wool fibre, and describe the attempts made by Speakman to explainsome physical and chemical properties of the animal fibres by reference to such structures. 3. What are the most important factors influencing the bleaching activity of hypochlorite solutions ? Describe technical methods for their control. 4.Write an essay on the fading of dyed textile fabrics. How would you test a dyed material for fastness to light, and how would you specify its fastness? 5. Give an account of recent work on the determination and sig- nificance of “copper number”? How may the copper number of a degraded cotton cellulose be usefully correlated with other criteria in an attempt to establish the cause of the degradation? 6. Give some examples of the influence of recent technical develop- ments in the textile industry upon the design and construction of machines for carrying out bleaching, dyeing and finishing operations. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following industrial problems:- (a) The tendering of sulphur black dyed cotton on storage.(b) The effects of polluted atmospheres, such as those of industrial (c) The influence of weighting on the durability of silk under 8. What do you understand by the “counter-current principle” tom, on coloured textiles exposed to them. various conditions. in the processing of textile fabrics? Give THREE examples of its application. 268 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the influence of (a) chemical; (b) physical changes in viscose yarns upon their affinities for substantive dyestuffs. 2. Give a short account of the reasoning which has led to the modern conception of the structure of cellulose. What evidence can you adduce in favour of a micellar structure for regenerated cellulose rayons ? 3.Write an essay on the import'ance of periodicity in the occurrence of defects in rayon yarns, and in knitted and woven fabrics produced from them. 4. What in your opinion are the special features in a hank or skein dyeing machine which are necessary for the satisfactory dyeing of fine-filament rayon yarns ? 5. Describe the production of cellulose acetate rayon yarns. 6. Discuss the effect of rise of temperature in:- (a) The xanthation of soda-cellulose. (b) The ripening of viscose solutions on the qualities of the resultant viscose filaments. 7. How do you explain a preference, if any, for the use of :-(a) Cuprammonium rayon for knitted hose.(b) Cellulose acetate rayon for knitted underwear. (c) Viscose rayon yarns for woven cr6pe fabrics. 8. Define the st,mdards you would apply to bleached wood pulp or other form of cellulose in defining a suitable raw material for the production of any one rayon yarn. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The sample (A) represents an average untreated effluent from a rayon works. Suggest a technical method to render it suitable for discharge into a river. (Viscose works effluent containing polysulphides.) 2. Report upon the two dyestuffs (B) and (C) from the point of view of their appropriateness for dyeing viscose yarns. (Chlorazol sky blue FF and viscose blue.) 3.Report upon the probable cause of the tendering in the sized 4. The two solutions (E) and (F) have been recommended for viscose yarn (D). (Linseed oil sized yarn; local oxidation.) desulphiding viscose yarns. Report on their comparative values, assuming equal cost. (Sodium sulphite and sodium sulphide.) 5. The four samples of cotton yarn (G) to (J) have been treated with the four hypochlorite solutions (K)to (N)respectively, under standard conditions of concentration, time and temperature. Relate the degree of degradation of the treated cotton to the pH of the corresponding hypochlorite solution. 269 Special Examination in General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY, 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1.“The complete range of pH values extends from about -0.3 to 14.5.” Discuss this statement, bringing out the foundations on which the scale is based. 2. What do you understand by viscosity? How is it measured? What are the limitations of the efAux type of viscometer for the measure- ment of Viscosity ? 3. Draft a scheme giving ESSENTIAL details for the quantitative analysis of an alloy of the following approximate composition:- Aluminium .. .. .. .. 5 per cent. Zinc .. .. .. .. . . 0.5 ,, y9 Manganese .. .. .. -* 0.5 9) 9, Magnesium . . .. .. .. 94.0 ,, ,, 4. Give a critical account of the methods you would adopt to deter- mine lead in (a)lead glaze; and (b)biological material. 5. What methods would you adopt to determine the amount of carbon monoxide in (a)air; (b)coal gas; and (c) compressed nitrous oxide.6. Illustrate the uses in analytical chemistry of (a)or-benzoin-oxime; (b)8-hydroxyquinoline ;(c)potassium metaperiodate; and (d)ceric sulphate. 7. Give an account of recent work on the determination of very small quantities of (a)bismuth in copper; OR (b) sodium in aluminium; OR (c)fluorides in water. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. What are the principles underlying the process of azeotropicdistillation? Illustrate your answer by reference to a modern industrial process for the production of a pure solvent and suggest how azeotropic distillation might be applied to analytical work in the laboratory. 2. Write a short essay on either (a)adsorption indicators OR (b)the use of the spectrograph in inorganic analysis.3. Draft a scheme, giving essential details, for the quantitative analysis of a flux of the following approximate composition :-Potassium fluoride .. .. .. 5percent. Potassium chloride .. .. * . 45 Y9 1, Potassium hydrogen sulphate .. * -5 ,, 3, Lithium chloride .. .. * * 15 9, YY Sodium chloride .. .. .. 30 99 ?, 4. How is calcium carbide manufactured and how is it assayed to determine its yield of acetylene? What impurities would you expect to find in the acetylene and how would you determine their proportion? 5. Describe the methods for determining the iodine value, thio- cyanogen value and maleic anhydride (diene) value of oils. What informa- tion concerning the constitution of the oils do these values furnish? 6.Give an account of some of the methods of analysis used to determine the proportions of sugars in a mixture. Illustrate your answer by reference to a mixture containing dextrose, laevulose and cane sugar. 7. Describe a general method for the quantitative determination of each of the following classes of compounds: (a)alcohols; (b) ketones; (c) esters; and (d) sulphonic acids. 270 TUESDAY, 13th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a complete quantitative analysis of the extracted pigment. The small quantity of unextracted oil may be ignored. (Barium sulphate, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide with small quantities of silica, iron oxide and white lead.) (This exercise must be finished by 5 pm.on Thursday.) WEDNESDAY, 14th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Continue the analysis of the pigment. 2. Determine the percentage of silicon, copper, nickel and magnesium in the drillings. (Thisexercise may be continued until the end of the examination.) THURSDAY, 15th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the examination of the pigment. 2. Continue the examination of the drillings. 3. Determine the percentage of manganesein the sample of magnesiumdrillings. (The result to be handed in by 1 pm.) PRIDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. 1. Complete the examination of the drilling. 2. Make a quantitative analysis of the paint remover. EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The papers hinor-ganic theory seemed well within the capacity of the candidates, certain of whom did exceptionally well.It might be mentioned that the general standard was higher than usual and this is reflected in the higher percentage of passes in the whole examina- tion. Some candidates tended to devote too much time to the earlier answers with the result that their later answers showed signs of hurried treatment. The practical work, as a general rule, was satisfactorily done. The exercise that was least satisfactorily carried out was the estimation of the purity of the barium peroxide. For a satis- factory result the selection of the correct acid for solution is very important. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-A number of candidates did not read the questions with sufficient care and consequently did not give the information required or gave it only in a curtailed form, 271 e.g., in the questions asking for the principal reactions of diazo-compounds and the uses of certain reagents much time was devoted by several candidates to describing the preparation of these substances. The knowledge of the uses of phenylhydrazine as a reagent appeared in some answers to be limited to its application to sugar chemistry.In answering the question on the stereoisomerism of the tartaric acids some candidates started with the assumption that tartaric acid contains two asymmetric centres and proceeded to make various deductions from it. On the other hand several candidates answered the question in a very satisfactory manner and dealt with the experimental findings first.Some candidates were unacquainted with the uses of thoria as a catalyst. Practical Work-Except by several obviously ill-prepared or weak candidates the practical work was done quite well and a good proportion of candidates completed the exercise and prepared well crystallised specimens. EXAMINATIONSFOR THE FELLOWSHIP. In the examinations for the Fellowship a general weakness was shown with regard to ability to write reports. Special attention is called to the fact that a candidate for the Fellowship of the Institute should show ability to write reports on his work in a clear and concise manner. BRANCHE.The Chemistry (including Microscopy), of Food, Drugs and Water. There was a tendency for some candidates to assume that when they had found something wrong with a sample it must be correct in all other respects. Thus when the sample of camphorated oil was found to be deficient in camphor some candidates thought that a certificate might be given on this point without an examination of the base to see whether it was, as it should be, olive oil. Some candidates gave information for which they were not asked. This may have been due to their not reading the questions carefully. The quantitative work was well done although there was some weakness in inter- preting the results. The qualitative work was often not very satisfactory. 272 PHARMACOLOGYTHERAPEUTICS, AND MIcRoscoPY.-There was some weakness in pharmacology and candidates should remember that a reasonable knowledge of the action of the commoner drugs on the body is expected.The mere repetition of doses and scientific terrns and the recognition of vegetable drugs is not sufficient. There is still weakness in descriptions of micro-scopical work and sketches were often scanty and of poor quality. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Ackroyd, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Halifax. Barratt, Donald Frederick, City Technical College, Liverpool. Beeston, George, City Technical College, Liverpool. Birchenough, John, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester.Brear, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Halifax. Broomhall, Harry Raymond, B.Sc. (Bris.), The University, Bristol. Browne, Geoffery, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Polytechnic, Regent Street; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Byrne, John Francis, Technical College, Cardiff. Cambitzi, Anthony, University College, London. Cooper, Herbert George, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Dagnall, Charles, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Manc.), The University, Manchester. Dungey, Roy, King’s College, ad the Northern Polytechnic, London; and Harris Institute, Preston. Duveen, Denis Ian, The University, Oxford; and Battersea Polytechnic, London. Ealey, John Alfred, West Ham Municipal College, London.Ford, Robert Lionel, City Technical College, Liverpool. Geard, Donald Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C., Central Technical College, Birmingham ; and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Gough, Charles Chamberlain, City Technical College, Liverpool. Gourlay, John, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Haigh, Donald, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchoster. Hall, Charles Edward, Royal Technical College, Salford. Harrison, Geoffrey Ernest, College of Technology, Leeds. Hartley, Wilfred, Municipal Technical College, Hull. Hearne, James Frederick, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Holt, Cyril George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic, London. Ireland, James, City Technical College, Liverpool. Jackson, David Leonard Charles, Central Technical Collegs, Birmingham.Jones, William Richard, Royal Technical College, Salford. Lawson, Gavin, Ph.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Lowry, John Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic; and West Ham Municipal College, London. Lyne, Francis Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, London. Moon, Cecil Denis Bradley, Birkbeck College, London. Oswald, James Wilson, Regent Street Polytechnic, London. Phillipson, John Maddison, Regent Street Polytechnic, London. Ray, Richard Dennistoun, B.A. (Cantab.), The University, Cambridge; and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. 273 Reynolds, John Gerard, City Technical College, Liverpool. Saville, Frederick Clarence, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Skrimshire, Gerald Ernest Hamor, Regent Street Polytechnic, London. Squance, Norman William, B.Sc.(Lond.), Regent Street Polytechnic, London. Thorndyke, Albert Edward, Regent Street Polytechnic, London. Walker, George Henry Francis, City Technical College, Liverpool. Weir, Walter Jackson, Technical College, Derby ; Northern Polytechnic, London ; Royal Technical College, Glasgow ; and Technical College, Paisley.West, Joseph Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), Loughborough College, Leicestershire. Winsor, Cecil Edward, Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Wix, Leslie Frank Ulric, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Brighton; and University College, London. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A: Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgical Analysis, etc.: Stant, Harry.In Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: Pratt, Henry Reginald Clive, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water: Barnes, Thomas Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.).Harry, Ralph Gordon. Miller, David, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch P: Agricultural Chemistry : Lowe, Leonard Thornton, B.Sc. (Mane.). In Branch Q: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Liquid Fuel : Hencock, Eric Gray, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), M.Sc. (Lond.). In the Chemical Technology of Textiles, with special reference to Artijicial Silk: Sagar, Harold, A.M.C.T. In General Analytical Chemistry : Laws, Edward Quentin, B.Sc. (Lond.). 274 The Teaching of Applied Chemistry.BY PROFESSORWILLIAM M. CUMMING, D.SC., Member of Council. Young” Professor of Technical Chemistry, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. ITis probably true that the great majority of students who take up a course of study in Applied Chemistry at any of our uni- versities or colleges have one definite aim in view. They hope ultimately to obtain employment in some branch of the chemical industry. They may, therefore, choose an “applied ” course in place of a “pure” course because they believe that the former equips them more adequately for their after-work. It is probably also true that a man chooses to be a chemist because he thinks this will be the most interesting method of earning a reasonable livelihood. Whatever may be said of pure chemistry, applied chemistry is chosen to-day not for its own sake, but as a career.The student of to-day has a good idea of what he wants, and generally some rough idea how best to attain it. In 1925,a conference on the place of applied chemistry in the training of chemists was held under the auspices of the Institute of Chemistry, and included Professors of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry in universities in this country as well as influential representatives of the chemical industry. The conference discussed, inter alia, the courses of applied chemistry, and how far time spent on applied aspects of the subject could be accepted as equivalent to time spent on pure chemistry. There appeared to be a definite feeling in the minds of some that a study of the subject from the applied angle detracted from the value of the fundamental work of the course.It was agreed by all, however, that pure chemistry was the basis of all applied chemistry, and adequate attention should be devoted to its study. Some agreed that pure chemistry up to the pass B.Sc. degree was sufficient, others held that a full four years course was necessary, and that applied chemistry should only be taken in a post-graduate or fifth year, 275 For the average student , five years’ undergraduate training is neither desirable nor possible without hardship. When a man reaches the age of 22 or thereabouts his thoughts naturally turn to his future career, and unless he has a definite aptitude for research, and can secure a scholarship or maintenance allowance, he seeks a post, usually in any branch of the industry which offers reasonable prospects. Only in special circum- stances does he know in advance what branch of industry he is likely to follow.A course of applied chemistry to suit the average student in areas where there is no large and specialised chemical industry must of necessity be as broad as possible. It should be broad for anyindustry. Recently in Manchester a very successful symposium was held under the ~gisof the Society of Chemical Industry on “The Chemist in Industry.” Many views were put forward as to the qualities of mind and character desirable in the aspiring industrialist. Some of those attributes, however, cannot be developed in the student within the walls of his college laboratory. If he has the capacity, he will gain those qualities in his contacts outside the laboratory and should be encouraged to seek every available opportunity of doing so.Professor Philip, in a well- reasoned and modestly-worded contribution, based on a long and distinguished experience, summed up the position when he said, “Those of us who are engaged in the training of chemists at university or college must recognise more definitely than ever that we fulfil our function best by dealing with the broad principles and practice of our science.” This does not mean, however, that fundamental principles need be neglected by giving the course of study an “applied” bias.This was emphasised by a few speakers at the 1925 Conference. Although it is long since the universities realised the applied aspect of engineering, it is only within recent years, and perhaps with reluctance, that they have been brought to recognise the need for applied chemistry. Universities and colleges are in being to serve the community directly or indirectly. If industry clamours for a particular type of graduate, the university must seek to provide it. Without industry the university would cease to exist. Perhaps the reverse is also true. During the war, industry was quite willing to engage graduates in pure science and train them itself for process-control work, which in one form or another provides the main opportunity 276 for the chemist. The normal routine in some large factories was to detail all new staff to the research department.From there many were subsequently transferred to manufacturing departments, where they went with meagre technical equipment and in many cases without the right attitude of mind, which is at least equally important. Such a procedure was costly; to-day industry has a right to expect that it should be relieved to a large extent of this preliminary training, by institutions which exist for the purpose. It will probably be agreed that, for a broad course of training in applied chemistry, little can be done in this direction in the first three years, except perhaps by requiring the student to take an introductory course in general engineering.During this period, perhaps during the second and third years, some attention could be devoted to industrial processes, and the laboratory work in particular would be modified to show its applications. This will afford added interest to the subject and gradually, but definitely, direct the attention of the student to his future calling. It is in the final and most important year that the general applications of chemistry will be studied. This may take the form of a critical study of selected manufacturing processes, supplemented by the elements of chemical engineering. The utilisation of energy, for example in the form of fuel or electricity, should be considered. When time permits a short introduction to the methods of research might bring the course to a suitable conclusion.If the topic chosen is of an applied character the student may learn much that will be of value to him in his industrial life. In the third and fourth years he may supplement his studies by frequent visits to various chemical and engineering works in the area, these being carefully selected by his teacher with some specific object inview. Occasional lecturesmay be given by industrial experts, and other means adopted of encouraging the student to appreciate the works “atmosphere.” He should have some opportunity of gaining experience in writing concise reports on a subject. The leaders of industry complain to-day that they can get any number of men who can recite the very last word on the structure of the atom, or on the constitution of cellulose, but they have the greatest difficulty in securing a man who can write down an intelligible account of his own work.277 The best students are usually anxious to occupy part of their long vacations in chemical works, and the local industries are in many cases willing to co-operate in such a scheme, some even to the extent of granting a modified salary, or, at least, travelling expenses. It is to be admitted that industry is not at all unanimous as to the type of man it requires. Some leaders ask for pure chemists, others for the more severe applied type. The Institute would serve the interest both of the profession and of the industry if it were to call a conference similar to that of 1925 to determine, if possible, the type of training which would best suit the chemist who is to take up industrial work, bearing in mind the difference existing amongst the various institutions and the different industries.It should at least be possible for industry to say whether the chemist with a general applied training is more acceptable or otherwise. It would be of interest also to have its view as to whether an applied training, if it has been carefully planned, is in any way inferior to a pure training, where the final goal is the industrial research laboratory rather than the process department. The British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Association did a similar service to the Chemical Engineering profession about two years ago.Although the findings of this informal conference were not published in detail much useful interchange of opinion took place. The British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Asso- ciation was brought much more closely into contact with the teaching institutions; it was enabled to appreciate many of their problems. One surprising statement was made during the discussion, viz., that every graduate in chemical engineering, except one, from a large and well-known college, had found employment in the process departments of chemical works. Is this a challenge to applied chemistry, or does it merely seem to stress its importance ? 278 Notes. Honours.-The following Honours were conferred on the occasion of His Majesty’s Coronation :-Dr.Robert Howson Pickard, F.R.S., Pmident of the luzstitute,-Knight Bachelor. Mr. Arthur Edgar Leighton, Fellow,-Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George (C.M.G.) Lt .-Col. Clive Newcomb, Fellow,-Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (C.I.E.). Andrew More, Fellow,-Companion of the Imperial Service Order (I.S.O.) Royal Society.-Professor Albert Charles Chibnall, Fellow, Professor George Roger Clemo, Member of Council, and Professor William Edward Garner, Associate, have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society. Science in Parliament. Air Raid Precautions.-On 2nd March, in the House of Commons, the question was asked-what is the rate of rise pressure across the filter when arsenic smokes are present in the area in a concentration of 0.6 grammes per cubic metre and are breathed through a civilian respirator? The Under-Secretary, Home Office, replying, stated that the concentration of arsenical gas mentioned in the question was extremely high and such as could only be produced in quite exceptional circumstances.It was considered that such con-centrations were unlikely to be encountered by the general civil population under ordinary practical conditions, and the question as to the behaviour of the civilian respirator under these hypothe- tical conditions had, therefore, no practical significance. The question was then asked-for what period of time the civilian respirator was calculated to give complete protection,- respectively,-when phosgene was present in the air in a concen-tration of 10grammes per cubic metre, and when mustard gas 279 vapour was being given from the ground when the atmospheric temperature was 15" C.and there was no wind? The Under-Secretary said that the concentration of phosgene mentioned in the question was extremely high. Such a con- centration would be very difficult to maintain under ordinary practical conditions. It would, therefore, be misleading to give the period for which the civilian respirator afforded protection against such concentrations. The Government were satisfied, however, that this respirator would afford protection against such concentrations as were likely to be encountered by the general civilian population under normal conditions.The civilian respirator would protect the wearer for very long periods against mustard gas vapour under the conditions mentioned in the question. Coal-Produced Oil: Shale Products, Scotland.-On 9th March, the Secretary for Mines stated that, for each of the past five years, the output of crude oil and naphtha from Scottish shale had been about 30,000,000 gallons. The production of petrol and diesel oil in that period had varied according to market requirements,- petrol production varying from 62 to 14 million gallons, and diesel oil from about 44 to 114 million gallons. Patent and Designs Act, 1932.-On the same day, the President of the Board of Trade stated that the additional material collected for search under the powers conferred by the Act of 1932 had included specifications issued since that date by the United States of America, British and foreign text-books and periodicals, and other available publications. This extension of search had fully justified itself, and citations from the additional material were made in many cases, and were increasing.The cost had hitherto been limited by the proceeds of the increase of &Iin the fee charged for each complete specification which the Act of 1932 authorised, but it had now been decided that an additional amount should be provided from the Patent Office receipts to improve still further the quality of the United Kingdom patent, and preparations were being put in hand to extend the search of British Dominions and French specifications.Natwal History Museum.-On 11th March, Mr. Markham asked the Financial Secretary to the Treasury whether he is aware that the mineralogical collections of the Natural History Museum were not being used to any extent for research purposes; 280 and whether any plans were under consideration for improving the facilities for outside workers and the general efficiency of this department ? The Financial Secretary replied in the negative. The number of outside workers was less in this section than in others, but it was increasing, and the facilities allotted to students had been improved during the last two years. He had been informed that the facilities provided were adequate to meet the demands, at the present time, of properly qualified students.Mr. Markham then asked whether the right hon. gentleman would look into the question of the provision of accommodation and equipment for X-ray research on minerals in the department ? The Financial Secretary said that he would require to have notice on that point. Beet-Sugar Industry (Szcbsidy).-On 15th March, the Minister of Agriculture stated that the total amount of Exchequer subsidy that has been paid to the beet-sugar industry in Great Britain under the provisions of the British Sugar (Subsidy) Act, 1925, and subsequent legislation was ;639,576,173. The annual subsidy payment averaged approximately E3,045,ooo between 1924 and 1936, and in the current year was estimated to be ~2,576,000.The number of workers permanently employed in the factories was about 2,250. During the manufacturing campaign approx- imately 7,200 additional workers were employed. It was estimated that the amount of agricultural labour required for the 1936 crop represented about 25,000 man-years. Cod Produced PetroZ.-On 16th March, the Secretary for Mines was asked the number of processes for the conversion of coal into oil which were known to the Mines Department, the number which had been started and abandoned, and how many could be regarded as commercial propositions. The Secretary for Mines stated that his department had some information concerning about 150 processes for the conversion of coal into oil, particulars of which had become available during recent years.Many of these had not been developed beyond the laboratory stage. About 25 had operated on a commercial or semi-commercial scale in this country and about half this number were still in operation. The department had not sufficient information of the financial results achieved to say how many of these processes could be regarded as commercial pro- 281 positions. Tests undertaken by D.S.I.R. on low temperature carbonisation plants could not settle whether a process could be regarded as a commercial proposition, if by that was meant that it was likely to be commercially successful. The object of these investigations was to place, in the hands of those interested, accurate technical data scientifically determined by impartial persons.The Fuel Research Board were kept informed of everything which was relevant to the work they had to do regarding the experiments at Billingham. (Lord McGowan, at the Annual General Meeting of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., stated that the hydrogenation plant had not up to date shown results which would justify its descrip- tion as a good commercial proposition even with the advantage of the existing Customs Duty. Without that protection it would be at present uneconomic. A steady improvement had been shown in the working of the plant, and it must be remembered that the industry was in an early stage. He was satisfied that the hydrogenation system was the best technical and commercial process for the conversion , without creating by-products, of coal into motor spirit.) Calcium Carbide.-Also on 17th March, the Minister of Defence stated that he was taking steps, in consultation with other Ministers concerned, to set up a small committee, composed of persons not in the Government service, to advise the Government how best the country could be provided with a supply of calcium carbide and allied products, and where best that supply could be produced.On 28th April, the Minister for Defence stated that it was contrary to established practice to make public particulars of committees of the Committee of Imperial Defence. However, such a committee had been appointed to consider and report as to the relative advantages of any schemes which might be submitted to them for the production of calcium carbide and allied products in the United Kingdom.The committee would be Sir Ernest Harvey, late Deputy-Governor of the Bank of England, as chairman, with Mr. Peter Bennett of Messrs. Joseph Lucas and Co. ,and Mr. T. Lodge, late member of the Commission of Government in Newfoundland. As the inquiry might involve consideration of certain chemical problems, he had thought it desirable to assist the committee by the appointment of a 282 chemical assessor, drawn from the public service, and had ob-tained the services of Sir Gilbert Morgan, Director of the Chemical Laboratory, Teddington, in that capacity. Civil List Pensions.-On 17th March, Sir Arnold Wilson sought, in the course of the debate on the setting up of the Select Committee on the Civil List, an assurance that the question of Civil List Pensions should not be precluded from the purview of the Committee.The Prime Minister said that he could not pledge the Com- mittee, but stated that the Government had no objection to the Committee considering the subject. In the House of Lords on 4th May, the Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation)Bill was read the third time and passed. Achema VIII Chemical EngineeringExhibition.-Fellows and Associates who intend to visit the Achema VIII Chemical Engineering Exhibition, which is to be held from and to 11th July, at Frankfort-on-Main, are advised to seek participation in the arrangements made by the British Chemical Plant Manu- facturers' Association.General enquiries may be directed to Messrs. T. Cook & Son, Ltd., Berkeley Street, London, W.I. M. Jean Gkrard, President of the General Committee of the Congrbs Mondial de la Documentation Universelle , has notified that a Conference will be held in Paris from 16th to 2Ist August, 1937,during the International Exhibition, and has expressed the hope that members of the Institute visiting the Exhibition will participate in the Conference. The Bureau of Analysed Samples, Ltd., announces the production of two Standard Samples of Ferro-Chromium:-Low Carbon No. 203. High Carbon No. 204. % Yo Chromium 69.0 71.4 Carbon 0.08 5.09 Sulphur 0'01 0.02 The general approximate analysis of the other constituents is also supplied.For particulars, apply N. D. Ridsdale, Director, Bureau of Analysed Samples, Ltd., 3, Wilson Street, Middlesborough. 283 Obituary. Information has recently been received of the death of SAMGASKELL in his 44th year. Educated at Macchester Grammar School, he entered Manchester University in 1911, graduating B.Sc., with second-class honours in chemistry in 1914. In the same year he enlisted in the Public Schools Brigade (20th Royal Fusiliers) and was transferred to the Special Brigade of the Royal Engineers with the rank of corporal in 1915. He was gazetted 2nd Lieutenant in 1916, Lieutenant in 1917 and subsequently Captain. On demobilisation he obtained an appointment with High Speed Steel Alloys, Ltd., azd later pryyeeded to Mexico to a post with the Cia Mexicana de Petroleo El Aguila, S.A.He was elected an Associate in 1919. GEORGEGRAY died at Weybridge, on 25th April, in his 46th year. The son of the late John Gray, FeZZow, he was educated at Liverpool College and Liverpool University, where he obtained the degree of B.Sc. with honours in 1912. He proceeded to M.Sc. in 1913, as the result of research on the behaviour of aqueous soap towards solutions of colloidal gold. In 1914, he entered the works of Lever Bros., Ltd., with a view to gaining experience in large-scale operation, but in June, 1915, was gazetted Staff -Lieutenagt and became engaged on chemical work under the Trench Warfare R,esearch Division-later the Chemical Warfare Departmen-f the Ministry of Munitions.He was mentioned in despatches in 1916, and, in 1918, was promoted to the rank of Captain and awarded the M.B.E. (Military). On demobilisation he rejoined Lever Bros., Ltd., as works development mana.ger, until 1921, when he was appointed joint works manager of Lever Bros., Ltd., and Director of the Vinolia Co., Ltd., which position he relinquished on being elected a Director and Managing Director of Edward Cook & Co., Ltd. He afterwards became Chairman of Christopher Thomas, Ltd., an associated company of Lever Bros., Ltd., and subsequently joined the headquarters staff of the major company in London, taking charge of one of the main divisions of the sales organisation dealing with soap for laundries and special purposes.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917 and a Fellow in 1922. RICHARDELLIOTT GRIFFITHS died on 9th May, in his 59th year. He received his scientific training at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society and at Birkbeck College, London, graduating B.Sc. in 1910. He passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1913. He was for a short time with Idris, Ltd., and also conducted research under Professor H. G. Greenish and Mr.-later Lt.-Co1.-E. F. Harrison, subsequently becoming Assistant to Mr. Cyril Dickinson, Public Analyst for the Borough of Southwark, with whom he remained until his death. He also held appointment as Lecturer in Pharmacy, Materia Medica and Botany at Battersea Polytechnic.He ww elected an Associate of the Institute in 1913 and a Fellow in 1916. 284 PERCYJOHNHIGSONdied at Birmingham on 12th April, in his 42nd year. He entered Liverpool University in 1913, but on the out- break of war he enlisted and, in 1916, was transferred N.C.O. in charge of laboratories at the Royal Engineering Experimental Station at Wembley, under the Trench Warfare Department-later the Chemical Warfare Department-of the Ministry of Munitions, where he was engaged on research on barrage-smoke production, etc. In 1918 he was gazetted 2nd Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers and in the same year was awarded M.B.E. (Military) for his services in the Chemical Warfare Department.In 1919 he returned to Liverpool University where he graduated B.Sc., with first-class honours in 1920. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. PROFESSORARTHUR ROBERT LING died at Edgbaston, Birmingham, on 14th May, in his 77th year. He received his scientific training at Finsbury Technical College, under Professor H. E. Armstrong and the late Professor Meldola, and, in 1885, was appointed chemist to the Beetroot Sugar Association of London, and, later, chief chemist to the Association. From 1895 to 1920 he was editor of the Journal of the Institute of Brewing. In 1898 he joined the late B. E. R. Newlands, Fellow, in consulting practice. The partnership was dissolved in 1903, and he continued in practiceindependently until 1920, when he was appointed Professor of Malting and Brewing in the Department of the Biochemistry of Fermentation, at the University of Birmingham, which position he held until 1931.On his retirement he was appointed Emeritus Professor and continued research at the University. He was for many years Lecturer on Fermenta- tion Industries at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and published numerous papers on organic chemistry, biochemistry and analyticalchemistry in the Journal of the Chemical Society, the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Journal of the Institute of Brewing, The Analyst, etc. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888, and was Streatfeild Lecturer in 1928. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Professor R.H. Hopkins and Mr. Julian Baker. SIDNEYSCRIVENERNAPPER died at Woking on 13th May, in his 58th year. Educated at Owen’s School, Islington, he entered the Central Technical College, South Kensington, in 1896, obtaining the Diploma of Associateship of that College in 1900. He then became private assistant to Professor H. E. Armstrong and later chemist to the Globe Incandescent Gas Co., Ltd., and at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, until 1904, when he was appointed Chemist and Assistant Manager to the Otto-Hilgenstock Coke Oven Co., Ltd. In 1906, he received an appoint- ment as Chief Chemist to Courtaulds, Ltd., at Coventry, and was subse- quently transferred to the Development Department of the company in London, until 1923.He then engaged in private research until 1926, and in the following year became consulting chemist and managing director of British Visada, Ltd., to which company he continued as con-sultant until 1930. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1903 and a Fellow in 1917. FRANCIS RICHARD O’SHAUGHNESSYdied at Birmingham, on 14th May, in his 64th year. He entered the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, in 1894, obtaining the Associateship of that College in 1897, and in the same year became Assistant to the late H. Droop Richmond, Fellow. Two years later he was appointed chemist to the Birmingham 285 Tame and Rea District Drainage Board, which position he held at the time of his death. He was for many years keenly interested in the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901, a Fellow in 1904, and served as a Member of Council from 1914 to 1917. PROFESSORARTHUR GEORGEPERKIN,who died at Headingley, Leeds, on 30th May, in his 76th year, was the second son of Sir William Henry Perkin, F.R.S., and brother of William Henry Perkin, junr., F.R.S., and of Frederick Mollwo Perkin, C.B.E., all Pellows of the Institute. Educated at the City of London School, he studied at the Royal College of Chemistry, under Frankland and Guthrie. After spending a year at Anderson’s College, Glasgow, under Professor E. J. Mills, he entered the Dyeing Department of the Yorkshire College-now The University- Leeds, where he carried out researches with Professor J.J. Hummel, Fellow, on the colouring matter of logwood and brazilwood, until 1882, when he became chemist at the alizarin factory of Messrs. Hardman & Holden, Ltd., Manchester, of which he was appointed manager in 1888. In 1892 he returned to the Yorkshire College as lecturer and research chemist, and, in 1913, was appointed Professor of Colour Chemistry in the University of Leeds, where he was Dean of the Faculty of Technologyfrom 1922 to 1924. During the ww he carried out investigations for the Ministry of Munitions and was also in charge of work on dyestuffs and inter- mediates at theuniversity for the British Dyestuffs Corporation. He was the author, with Dr. A. E. Everest, of The Natural Organic Colouring Matters, of articles in Thorpe’s Dicbionary of Applied Chemistry, and of numerous papers, mainly on the chemistry of colouring matters.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1903, and was awarded t’he Davy Medal in 1923. On his retirement from tho Chair of Colour Chemistry, he continued research at Leeds University. He was accorded the title of Emeritus Professor and granted the degree of D.Sc. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Professor F. M. Rowe. CLAUDETREVINESYimom died at Birmingham on 5th April, in his 58th year. Educated at Trent College, Derbysliire, he obtained an Open Mathematical Exhibition to Worcester College, Oxford, in 1898, and, after graduating with first-class honours in Natural Science (Physio- logy) in 1902, returned to Trent College as it Science Master.In 1903, he became an assisOant in physiological chemistry, pharmacology and physio- logy, at the Wollcome Physiological Research Laboratories, where he remained until 1908, when he was appointed Vice-Principal and Science Lecturer at the Government Training College, Colombo. From 1912 to 19 17, he was Assistant Government Analyst to the Ceylon Government, and after serving for two years as Acting Government Analyst, was appointed permanently to that position. On his retirement in 1934, he returned to England and, on the reorganisation of the police force of Britain, became adviser to the Home Office on the Application of Scientific Aid to Police Work.He contributed many papers to the Journal of Physiology, the Journal of the Chemical Society, the Biochemical Journal, and Chemistry and Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1924. FRANK TEED died at Tonbridge, on 22nd April, in hisLITHERLAND 79th year. He received his scientific training at University College, London, where he obtained the degree of D.Sc., and at Edinburgh Univer- sity, and subsequently qualified as a Barrister-at-law at Middle Temple. 286 He was for many years Public Analyst for the City of London and the Boroughs of Islington and Camberwell, before his retirement in 1923. He was the author of Volumetric Alterations on and in Solution (1926)and Torrkelli contra Mundum ( 1931).Elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JAMESRoss TODDdied at Rutherglen on 13th April, in his 37th year. He received his training in chemistry at the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, and at the Northern and Battersea Polytechnics, London, graduating B.Sc. of London University. After experience in the labora- tories of the British Aluminium Co., Ltd., and at H.M. Stationery Office, he proceeded to an appointment with the Clyde Paper Co., Ltd., at Ruther- glen, Glasgow, with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926. PROFESSORSYDNEYYOUNGdied at Bristol on 8th April, in his 80th year. He received his training in chemistry at Owens College, Manchester, and at Strasbourg University, and, in 1882, was appointed Lecturer and Demonstrator at University College-now The University, Bristol-under the late Sir William Ramsay, with whom he published a series of papers on evaporation and dissociation, the properties of water and steam, and the thermal properties of many liquids.In 1887, he was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at Bristol and, in 1903, to the Chair at Trinity College, Dublin, from which he retired in 1928. While at Bristol he commenced a series of investigations on physical chemistry and published an account of his work in Fractional Distillation (1903) and in an enlarged edition under the title of Distillation Principles and Processes (1922). He also published a work on Stoichiomety (1st edition, 1908; 2nd edition, 1918).He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1893, and also received the honorary degree of D.Sc. of the Universities of Bristol and Dublin. He served as a Member of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scienti-fic and Industrial Research from 1920 to 1925. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888, and served as a Member of Council from 1904 to 1907 and from 1911 to 1914. 287 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Alchemy: The Newer.” Lord Rutherford, O.M., F.R.S. Pp. viii + 68. (Cambridge: University Press.) 1937. The subject-matter of the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture delivered at Newnham College, Cambridge, on the 28th November, 1936, with a brief account of the new apparatus and methods which are now incommon use in many laboratories.Thirteen illustrations. “Canning Practice and Control.” Osman Jones and T. W. Jones. Pp. xii + 254. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. Preliminary statistics ;the cannery and preliminary equipment ;canning; the cannery laboratory and its work; examination of raw foodstuffs; examination of the can; water supplies for the cannery; examination of canned foods; general outline of the microbiology of canning; pre- paration and use of culture media; staining of micro-organisms for microscopical examination ; cultural notes of the principal food-spoiling organism; effect of canning upon nutritive values; cannery waste; cannery hygiene ; index.“Chemistry: A brief outline of its History and Development.” A. Barclay. Pp. 76. Science Museum Publication. (Lon-don: H.M. Stationery Office.) IS. 6d. net. Part 1.-Historical review : introductory note :-ancient methods and speculations; the period of alchemy; the beginning of scientific chemistry; the beginning of quantitative chemistry; laws and theories of the nineteenth century; practical discovery in the nineteenth century ; organic chemistry ; physical chemistry ; modern atomic theory. Part I is a handbook intended to serve as an introduction to the study and development of chemistry with special reference to the collection in the Science Museum, South Kensington, which has been formed to illustrate chemical science.The subject-matter provides a generaloutline of the more important events and development presented in such a way as to stimulate interest rather than to provide a record of achievement. The handbook is well produced with a series of fourteen plates of interesting illustrations, a bibliography and index. Part 11.-Descriptive catalogue, in the Press. “The Cosmetic Formulary : How to make Cosmetics, Perfumes, Soaps and Allied Products.” H. Bennett. Pp. xviii + 280. (London: E. & F. N. Spon, Ltd.) 18s. net. 288 Introduction : creams; lotions ; skin treatments ; depilatories and de- odorants ; sunburn preparations ; lipsticks and rouges ; eye preparations ; soaps and cleaners ; bath preparations ; hair preparations ; manicure preparations ; face powders and tales; perfumes and toilet waters; shaving preparations ; dentifrices; miscellaneous; tables.References: where to buy raw materials, equipment and containers. Index. “The Drama of Chemistry: How Man Deals with Atoms.” Sidney J. French. Pp. viii + 170. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 4s. 6d. Early history ; the awakening of chemistry ; the chemical revolution ; the era of empiricism; the theory of ions; structure of atoms and mole- cules; organic and biological chemistry ; chemistry and civilisation ; the chemist and his work; the future of chemistry. “The Electrochemistry of Solutions. ’’ S. Glasstone. Second Edition, .revised and enlarged. Pp.xii + 552. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 25s. net. The mechanism of electrolysis; transport numbers and ionic migration ; the hydration (solvation) of ions; the conductance of solutions; equilibria in electrolytes ; the modern dissociation theory ; acid, base, and solvent equilibria; neutralisation and buffer action ; indicators; the theory of amphoteric electrolytes ;reversible cells ;applications of E .M.F.memure-ments ; electrolytic polarisation; overvoltage; the deposition of metals ; irreversible anode phenomena ; electrolytic depolarisation. “Inks: Their Composition and Manufacture.” C. Ainsworth Mitchell. 4th edition of Mitchell and Hepworth’s “Inks.” Thoroughly revised and reset. Pp. xii + 408. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 12s.6d. Historical introduction; writing inks ;printing inks; inks for miscellaneous purposes; bibliography; list of British patents. “Laboratory Chemicals: ‘Analar ’ Standards for.” 2nd edition. Pp. xx + 296. (London : 1937.) (Formulated and issued jointly by British Drug Houses, Ltd., and Hopkin & Williams, Ltd.) Explanatory notes; analar standards; reagents used in testing analar chemica.ls; indicator solutions; standard solutions; preparation of standard comparison solutions ; the limit test for arsenic; analoids; international atomic weights. “Lipids: The Biochemistry of the.” H. B. Bull. Pp. x + 170. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) Introduction and classification; the fatty acids ; the soaps ; alcohols, waxes and hydrocarbons; the sterols and related compounds; fats and oils; the phospholipids ; cerebrosides;carbohydrate esters of the higher fatty acids; emulsions. “The Mineral Position of the British Empire.” Pp.166. (London: Imperial Institute.) 4. 289 The world and the empire; the mineral position of the dominions; the mineral position of the colonies, protectorates, and mandated territories, etc. “Royal College of Science: A Register of Old Students and Staff.” 1936. Fifth Edition. Pp. xx + 290. (Royal College of Science Association.) Preface by H. J. T. Ellingham, Ron. Secretary; historical notes; the college ;students’ unions ;old students’ associations ;register of students; staff not old students; geographical distribution of old students and staff not resident in Great Britain; general index of names.REPORTS ON THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIREAND FOREIGNCOUNTRIES. “Barium Minerals.” 2nd edition. (London: Imperial Insti-tute.) 2s. Preparation of barium minerals; uses of barium minerals; uses of barium metal and barium compounds ; production and marketing of barytesand witherites ;barium minerals in the British Empire ;barium minerals in foreign countries ; references to technical literature. “Strontium Minerals.” and edition. Pp. 34. (London: Im- perial Institute.) IS. 6d. Winning and treatment of strontium minerals; uses of strontium minerals and compounds ;prices ;world’s production; strontium minerals in the British Empire; strontium mineralsin foreign countries; references to technical literature.The Seventy-Third Annual Report on Alkali &c. Works by the Chief Inspectors embodying the Proceedings of the Inspectors during 1936 has been published by His Majesty’s Stationery Office (IS.net). Special attention has been given to the evil of smoke and grit emission from colliery spoilbanks ; “Green Gas ” emission from coke ovens; fumes and grit from electric power stations; fumes from wire enamelling ;dust from blast furnaces ;smoke production in the potteries; fumes from brake lining works, burning rubber, copper works and brick works. The Report also includes reference to the activities of the Inspectors in connection with cement production, smelting, chemical manures, acid works, etc.The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published the” Report of the National Physical Laboratory for the year 1936 (H.M. Stationery Office: 2s. 6d.net) embodying the Report of the Executive Committee and accounts of the work of the various Departments : physics, electricity, radio, metrology, 290 engineering, metallurgy and aerodynamics ; also a Report of the Advisory Committee for the William Froude Laboratory ; appendixes giving the particulars of the personnel, and lists of published Reports and Papers. The International Tin Research & Development Council has published an interesting brochure entitled “Le Fer-Blanc et les Conserves en France,” Numero 5,on the Tinning of Foodstuffs, and a pamphlet on The Wholesomeness of Canned Foods,” by H.B. Cronshaw: (Information circular No. 11). These publi- cations are obtainable from the International Tin Research and Development Council, Manfield House, 378, Strand, London, w.c.2. The British Standards Institution has recently published a specification for Sizes of Paper of various kinds, No. 730, 1937. 2s. net; also, 188-1937: Standard Method for the Determination of Viscosity of Liquids in Absolute (C.G.S.) Units (Superseding B.S. No. 188-1928) ;and New Standards: No. 700-1937, Graduated Pipettes and Straight Pipettes; No. 733-1937, Density Bottles; No. 734-1937, Density Hydrometers for use in Milk. The Cambridge University Press will publish, in the near future, a book by Dr.R. Houwink, a Dutch technologist, entitled ‘’Elasticity, Plasticity and Structure of Matter.’’ Dr. Houwink has collated recent results of chemical and physical researches and of technological experiments upon the deformation of matter, with a view to the formulation of general laws, so far as is possible, and with the hope that co-ordination of knowledge may lead to methods of improvement of existing materials and the discovery or synthesis of materials with specified elastic and plastic properties, including-rubber, glass, resins, asphalt, cellulose, paints and lacquers, clay and sulphur. 291 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 23rd April, 7th and 21st May, I new Fellow was elected, 17 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 92 Associates were elected, 3 Associates were re-elected, and 62 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to report the death of g Fellows and 2 Associates. New Fellow. Ledwidge, Joseph Guest, M.A., Sc.D. (Dub.), A.R.C.Sc.I., 153c, Rue des Soeurs, Shanghai, China. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Barnes, Thomas Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Rosenau Road, London, S.W.ll. Cutter, John Outram, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Cantab), 30 St. Albms Road, Kingston-on-Thames.Finklestone, Eli, 39, Avondale Road, Liverpool, 15. Hancock, Eric Gray, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), The Century, Blockley Road, Wembley, Middlesex. Harry, Ralph Gordon, Messrs. J. Campbell Harry & Co., 183, Cathedral Road, Cardiff. Hart- Jones, Cyril William, Ph.D.(Lond.), Barrister-at-Law, 22, The View, Abbey Wood, London, S.E.2. Huddart, Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu, Nilgiri Hills, S. India. Humphreys, Frank Ehnund, Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 18-20, St. Thomas’ Street, London, S.E.1. Jepson, Clarence, M.Sc. (Manc.), 25, Derby Road, Urmston, Manchester. Laws, Edward Quentin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Kings Court, Ravenscourt Park, London, W.6. Lowe, Leonard Thornton, B.Sc. (Manc.), Agricultural Institution, Usk, Mon. Miller, David, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. W. & R. Jacobs & Co., Aintree Biscuit Factory, Liverpool. Pratt, Henry Reginald Clive, B.Sc.(Lond.), 246, Higher Road, Halewood, nr. Liverpool. Sagar, Harold, A.M.C.T., 13, Albert Street, Whitworth, Rochdale.Stant, Harry, 41, Queens Gate, Northwich, Cheshire. Starey, Arthur William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Glaxo Laboratories, Greenford, Middlesex. Suri, Harnam Das, M.Sc. (Punjab),Assistant Chemical Examiner, Custom House, Calcutta, India. 292 New Associates. Ackroyd, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Lister Lane, Halifax. Aldis, Richard Walter, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 466, Watford Way, London, N.W.7. Atkins, Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), 153, Toller Lane, Bradford. Bailey, Arthur Edward, M.P.S., Three Counties Hospital, Arlesey, Beds. Barratt, Donald Frederick, 14, Blucher Street, Waterloo, Liverpool, 22. Beeston, George, 2 1, Derby Road, Birkenhead. Birchenough, John, A.M.C.T., 64, High Street, Hyde, Cheshire.Bottomley, George Henry, M.Sc. (Vict.), 8, Orford Road, Warrington. Bowes, Miss Joane Hylton, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, St. Thomas’ Street, London, S.E.l. Brear, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Shay Lane, Ovenden, Halifax. Broomhall, Harry Raymond, B.Sc. (Bris.), 1, Cotham Side, Cotham, Bristol 6. Browne, Geoffery, B.Sc. (Lond.), 95, Perry Rise, London, S.E.23. Brunskill, Leo Benedict, B.Sc. (Liv.), 113, Prescot Road, St. Helens. Byrne, John Francis, Craigmore, Dinas Powis, Glam. Cambitzi, Anthony, 211, Cromwell Road, London, S.W.5. Chadeyron, Alexis Albert Gaston, B.Sc. (Lond.), Dept. of Applied Science, The University, Sheffield. Coomber, Denys Irvine, B.Sc. (Lond.), Elmhurst, High Road, S. Woodford, London, E.18. Cooper, Herbert George, A.M.C.T., 50, Cedar Street, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancs.Cutler, William Oliver, B.Sc. (Birm.),Glenlivet, Station Road, Albrighton, Wolverhampton.Dagnall, Charles, A.M.C.T., 29, Long Lane, Orford, Warrington. Dawson, Eric Coning, B.Sc. (Lond.), Engelberg, Topcliffe Road, Thirsk. De, Mahendra Kumar, M.Sc. (Dacca), Chemical Assistant, Custom House, Rangoon, India. Dean, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Mane.), 88, Wensley Street, Blackburn. Denston, Tom Clifford, B.Pharm., Ph.C., 66, Warwick Gardens, London, W. 14. Doak, Brian Wilfred, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Grasslands Division, Plant Research Bureau, P.O. Box 16, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Dungey, Roy, 14, Eaton Villas, Chalk Farm, London, N.W.3. Duveen, Denis Ian, 16, Avenue Close, Avenue Road, London, N.W.8. Ealey, John Alfred, 9, Redriffe Road, London, E.13.Ford, Robert Lionel, 36, College Drive, Rock Ferry. Ford, Walter Percy, M.A. (Cantab), Modbury, Woodvale Road, Knutsford, Cheshire. Fry, Sydney, 88, Bridgeman Road, Radford, Coventry. Frye, Derek Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 4, Berkeley Place, Cheltenham. Gardner, John Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College Hostel, Prince Consort Road, London, S.W.7. Geard, Donald Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C., Hampden Club, Hampden Street, London, N.W.l. Gilbert, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 96, Wrentham Avenue, London, N.W.lO. Gough, Charles Chamberlain, Barnard, Crossdalers, Bromborough, Cheshire. Gourlay, John, 51, Sinclair Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Green, Thomas George, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lif.), 2, Laurel Road, St. Helena. Haigh, Donald, A.M.C.T., 115, Croft Bank, Calderbrook Road, Little- borough, Lancs. 293 Hall, Charlea Edward, 14, Langton Street, Salford, 6. Hall, William Cowan, Wolvercote, Boulton Lane, Alvaston, Derby. Hallsworth, Ernest Gordon, B .Sc. (Leeds), Brookfield, Stockport Road, Ashton-under-Lyne. Harrison, Geoffrey Ernest, 9, Marshall Terrace, Cross Gates, Leeds. Hartley, Wilfred, 439, James Reckitt Avenue, Hull. Hearne, James Frederick, 88, King Edward’s Road, Ladywood, Birming- ham. Hoben, The Rev. Ernest Cormac, M.Sc. (N.Z.), St. Patrick’s College, Silverstream, Wellington, New Zealand. Holt, Cyril George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Cargill Road, London, S.W.18. Jackson, David Leonard Charles, 58, Station Street East, Coventry.Jones, William Richard, 135, Lower Seedley Road, Seedley, Salford. Lawson, Gavin, Ph.C., 48, Grange Park Road, Blackley, Manchester. Ldcutier, Maurice Alfred, B.Sc. (Leeds), 88, Stranmillis Road, Belfast. Lee, David Claude, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Finchley Avenue, London, N.3. Lowry, John Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 82, Fulham Palace Road, London, W.6. Lyne, Francis Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Littledean, Gloucester. Mathys, Herbert Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Boveney Road, London, S.E.23. Mitchell, James, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), White Hall Hotel, Kensington Gardens Square, London, W.2. Moon, Cecil Denis Bradley, 46, Forty Avenue, Wembley Park, Middlesex. Osment, Bernard David John,B.Sc. (Wales), 1, Lower Wyndham Terrace, Pontymester, Risca, Mon.Oswald, James Wilson, 173, Melrose Avenue, London, S.W. 19. Pedelty, William Hopper, B.Sc. (Liv.), 18, Belvidere Road, Princes Park, Liverpool, 8. Phillipson, John Maddison, The Manse, Brook Street, Watlington, Oxon. Ray, Richard Dennistoun, B.A. (Cantab), 53, Parkview Court, Hurlingham, London, S.W.6. Reynolds, John Gerard, 11, Zig Zag Road, West Derby, Liverpool. Richards, Oswald Victor, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 60, Bradford Road, Wakefield. Roberts, Austin Leslie, B.Sc. (Liv.), 121, Kingsley Road, Princes Park, Liverpool, 8. Rogers, Duncan, Grosmont, Parklands Avenue, Billingham, Co. Durham. Rollinson, Edgar Tyack, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rotherwood, Darley Dale, Matlock. Roy, Amaresh Chandra, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Officiating Biochemist, Im-perial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar Kumaon, Nainital, India.Saville, Frederick Clarence, 63, Coleraine Road, London, S.E. 3. Scott, Stuart Paynter, B.A. (Cape Town), 6, Spencer Road, Observatory, Cape Town, S. Africa. Seshan, Pallassena Krishna, M.Sc. (Madras), Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 10, Bowbazar Street, Calcutta, India. Simons, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 187, High Road, London, N. 15. Skrimshire, Gerald Ernest Hamor, 19, Tenby Avenue, Harrow Weald, Middlesex. Squance, Norman William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 98, Kenwyn Drive, London, N.W.2. Stromberg, Harry, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 62, Trevor Road, Flixton, Lancs. Taylor, Edward Godfrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), Faculty Club, 13, Brown Street, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.Taylor, John Vaughan, B.Sc. (Glas.), 57, Heald Place, Rusholme, Man- Chester. 294 Thomas, Robert Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Woodway Crescent, Harrow, Middlesex. Thorndyke, Albert Edward, 33, Arthur Road, London, N.9. Toner, Henry, B.Sc. (N.U.I.), 139, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin, I.F.S. Tulley, Patrick Middleton, B.A., B.Sc. (T.C.D.), 8, Tivoli Terrace South, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, I.F.S. Walker, George Henry Francis, 51, Boaler Street, Liverpool, 6. Watkin, David Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, Hatherop Road, Hampton, Middlesex. Weir, Walter Jackson, 30, Eglinton Road, Ardrossan, Ayrshire. West, Joseph Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), Homey Y.M.C.A., Tottenham Lane, London, N.8.Whitrow, William James, A.M.C.T., Southwood, Dingle Hollow, Romiley, Cheshire. Wiggins, Leslie Frederick, B.Sc. (Birm.), 52, Wathen Road, LeamingtonSpa.Wilkins, Frank Spencer, 26, Rochester Road, Coventry. Wilkinson, Alexander Graham, B.Sc. (Lond.), Eastbourne, Ashville Avenue, Norton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Winsor, Cecil Edward, Corporation Park, Blackburn. Wix, Leslie Frank Ulric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Colbourne Road, Hove, 2. Wright, Edward, B.Sc. Ph.D. (Q.U.B.), 79, Groomsport Road, Bangor, Co. Down, N. Ireland. Re-elected Associates. Domes, Hector Ingram, M.Sc. (Wales), Russet Barn, Wheeler Avenue, Oxted. Dryburgh, James, B.Sc. (Edin.), Bowden, Bathgate, W. Lothian. Shankie, Richard Sangster, B.Sc. (Glaa.), 107, Essex Drive, Scotstoun, Glasgow, W.4.New Students. Beardsell, Harold, 63, Algernon Street, Warrington. Bell, Peter Charles, 34, Ridgeway Road, 0sterley, Middlesex. Bloomfield, Cyril Josiah, 58, Cedric Road, London, S.E.14. Borthwick, James Leonard, 86, Temple Park Crescent, Edinburgh. Brameld, Herbert John Arthur, National Provincial Bank House, Nether- field, Nottingham. Bridge, Frank, 113, St. James Street, Farnworth, nr. Bolton. Bridgwater, Albert William, 4, Warren Hill Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Carr, Wilfrid Raymond, 104, Clarence Road, St. Albans. Cloak, Louis Harmon, Bedford House, Loughborough.Cuthbertson, William Francis Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Beehive, Crescent Drive, Woodingdean, Brighton. Davidson, Eric William, Dundonald, St. Michael’s Avenue, Bramhd, Cheshire.Davies, Thomas Trevor, Keble College, Oxford. Davy, Peter Gavin, 12~, Morland Road, Croydon. Edwards, Emrys Lloyd, 127, Green Lanes, Stoke Newington, London, N.16. Emmott, Geoffrey Herbert, 1, Fairlawn Grove, London, W.4. Erwood, Charles William, 47, Whitworth Road, London, S.E.18. Field, Wilfred John Charles, 35, London Avenue, Radford, Coventry. Finnen, Augustine Michael, 34, Church Road, Seaforth, Liverpool, 21. 295 Forshall, William, 146, Woodlands Park Road, Bournville, Birmingham. Friend, David, 129, Etchingham Park Road, London, N.3. Gunn, Reginald Francis Ewart, 17, Whitehall Road, Uxbridge. Haddock, Charles Leslie, 13, Mansfield Road, Blackley, Manchester, 9. Harrington, Thoma, 17, King Fence, Shepshed, Leicestershire.Hart, Harold Victor, 14, Lathom Road, Bootle, Liverpool, 20. Hodgson, Eric Cole, 107, Harrowden Road, Wheatley, Doncaster. Houston, David Arthur, Bramblecote, Tupwood Lane, Caterham, Surrey. Howkins, William Edward, 39, Reddicap Heath Road, Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham. Illsley, Clifford Ronald, Highbank, Ashly Road, Woodville, Burton-on- Trent. Johnston, David Alan, 87, Herbert Road, London, S.E.18. Kemp, William Henry, c/o Messrs. Jardine Matheson & Co., ImportDepartment, 27, The Bund, P.O. Box 611, Shanghai, China. Kinniburgh, William, 62, Rankin Street, Greenock. Luty, William Gerald, Terrydene, Wood Waye, Oxhey, Herts. Maloney, Philip John, 5, Bicester Road, Richmond, Surrey. Murfin, John Webster, 10, Kingston Road, West Bridgford, Notts.Nicholls, Christopher, 42, Percy Street, Wallsend-on-Tyne, Northumber- land. Nicholson, Donald Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Temple Street, Lindley, Huddersfield. Oldham, Leslie William, Wyndor, Dale Road, Marple, Cheshire. Oughtred, Robert Edward, 11, Monument Terrace, New Washington, Co. Durham. Owen, Donald, 27, Highthorne, Kilnhurst, nr. Rotherham. Palethorpe, Louis George Whybrow, 7, Hill Vue Avenue, Newark, Notts. Pallister, Miss Sylvia, 29, Heene Way, W. Worthing. Palmer, Gordon Anthony, The Platanes, Champion Hill, London, S.E.5. Pearce, Miss Muriel Joan, Ship House, Old Point, Middleton-on-Sea. Porteous, Miss Margaret Brodie Easdon, 92, Causeyside Street, Paisley. Rathbone, Russell James, 3, Sylvester Road, Wembley.Rigden, David Thomas, 56, St. Annes Road, Tankerton. Salter, John Clement Mitchell, 22, Rockside Drive, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Scase, Laurence Bertram, 75, Neville Street, Oakhill, Stoke-on-Trent. Smith, Wilfrid Duncan, 83, Ellesmere Avenue, London, N.W.7. Starkey, Joseph Donald, 188, Croydon Road, London, S.E.20. Steiner, Eric Hubert, 24, Lankers Drive, N. Harrow, Middlesex. Stuckey, Robert Edwin, 17, Manson Place, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. Thomas, Clifford John, 87, Lone Road, Clydach, Swansea. Turner, Arthur John, 18, Robson Avenue, London, N.W.lO. Veall, Norman, 339, Deansbrook Road, Burnt Oak, Edgware. Watkins, Thomas Iswel, Dyffryn, Glanyrafon Road, Sketty, Swansea. Wells, Ivor, 141, Kenry Street, Tonypandy, Glam.Welsh, Bernard George, 2, St. Mary’s Grove, Chiswick, London, W.4. Wheeler, Richard Winston, Rosalind, High Street, Rottingdean, Sussex. Wilson, Hamy Leslie, 9, Southfield Road, Norton-on-Tees, Co.Durham. Winter, Eric Frederick David, 118, Glenister Park Road, London, S.W.16. Worstall, Vivian Desmond, Carlton Hotel, 654, Mumbles Road, Mumbles, Swansea. 296 DEATHS. Fellows. George Gray, M.B.E., M.Sc. (Liv.), M.1nst.C.E. Richard Elliott Griffiths, B.Sc. (Lond.).Arthur Robert Ling, M.Sc. (Birm.). Sidney Scrivener Nappor, A.C.G.I. Francis Richard O’Shaughnessy, A.R.C.S., M.1.Chom.E. Arthur George Perkin, Hon. D.Sc. (Leeds), F.R.S. Claude Trevine Symons, B.A. (Oxon.). Frank Litherland Teed, D.Sc. (Lond.), Barrister-at-Law. Sydney Young, D.Sc.(Lond.), M.A. (Dub.), B.Sc. (Mane.), Hon. Sc.D. (Dub. and Bris.), F.Inst.P., F.R.S. Associates. Percy John Higson, M.B.E., B.Sc. (Liv.). James Ross Todd, B.Sc. (Lond.). CHANGE OF NAME. Louis Nathan Cohen, Associate, to Louis Nathan Ferber. Edith Kate Waller, Aseociate, to Hills,+n her marriage. Haimee Wasserman, Registered Student, to Hyman Waterman, 297 Coming Events. 1937 June 10 TEE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Visit to Rothamsted ExperimentalSt,ation, Harpenden. 19 OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Manchester Section) : Summer Outing. 25-26 SOCIETY (Food Group): Summer Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY at Stratford-on-Avon. July 2-1 1 ACIIEMAVIII: Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort-on- the-Main. Particulars are obtainable from the Dechema, Potsdammerstrasse 103a, Berlin, W.35.4 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Annual Summer Meeting: Hawkstone Park Hotel, near Shrews- bury. 5-9 SOCIETY Annual Meeting, at Harrogate. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY: 12-17 ROYAL SANITARY Health Congress, at Birmingham. INSTITUTE: August 16-21 CONGR~S UNIVERSELLE,MONDIALDE LA DOCUMENTATION at Paris. September 1-8 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OFFOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE: Meeting at Nottingham. Inaugural General Meeting at the Albert Hall, Circus Street, Nottingham, on 1st September, at 8.30 p.m. September- October 26 Sept.-2 Oct. DIX-SEPTI~ME DE CHIMIEINDUSTRIELLECONGR~S and TWENTIETH OF OFANNIVERSARY THE FOUNDATION THE SOCIBTB DE CHIMIE INDUSTRIELLE,at Paris.1938 SCOTLAND’S at Glasgow. ENPIREEXHIBITION, 298 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held from 13th to 18th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 5th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 3rd September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held from 20th to 25th September.* The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 5th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should be received before 7th June. Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week.Pedler Research Scholarship.-The Council has decided to proceed with the appointment of the fourth Pedler Research Scholar. Applications are therefore invited from Fellows and Associates, who desire to become candidates for the scholarship. The Council will be prepared to consider an application from any candidate who desires to work on a problem, suggested by himself, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. The appointment of the scholar will be subject to such conditions as the Council may prescribe, including the following:-The Pedler Scholar will not be permitted to hold any other Scholarship or Bursary, except with the knowledge and consent of the Council. The award will be of the annual value of L300, payable monthly, and be tenable for one calendar year, but at the discre- tion of the Council may be extended for any further period at the same rate.The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council and under the general direction of any person or persons duly authorised by the Council for this purpose who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. 299 The Council will defray any necessary expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expense being subject to the approval of the Council or of any officer duly authorised for this purpose. The results of the investigations undertaken by the Scholar shall be the property of the Institute and shall be published as the Council may direct.Applications should include particulars as to the candidates’ knowledge or experience in the selected field of work, and the names of references. Suggestions may also be made as to the laboratory in which the work may be conducted. All applications should be addressed to the Registrar, and should be received at the offices of the Institute not later than 1st September. It is hoped that the successful candidate may be informed of his or her appointment on or before 1st November, with a view to commencing work as soon as possible after that date. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1938. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31sK December, 1937, to work of the character indicated. SirEdward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1938, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. 300 Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1937, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar, Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of 301 six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S. W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library cont aim an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the 302 Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute.A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, annual subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de fiytotro, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute. Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 6.8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. “The Profession of Chemistry’’ (Third Edition, rg35), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9376100209

出版商:RSC    

年代:1937

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART IV: 1937. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. Augwt, 1937. Publications Commit tee, 1937-38. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E.EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, ADAM TAIT, E.A. TYLER, A.W. M. WINTLE. 305 Proposed Petition for Supplemental Charter. BY SIR ROBERT H. PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. President WITHthis Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Fellows and Associates willreceive copies of the draft of a Petition to H.M. the King in Council and of a proposed Supplemental Charter. The Council intends to submit the proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter to a Special General Meeting to be held in November of this year and to ask for the approval of the Fellows and Associates to its presentation to His Majesty. The Supplemental Charter, if granted, will involve two h-portant changes in the constitution of the Institute. I. The Constitution of the Council will be modified to provide for the inclusion of Fellows of the Institute directly nomina- ted by the Universities, to hold office under the same conditions as other members of the Council. 2.A third category of members to be termed “Registered Members of the Institute” will be instituted. These registered members will be required to have complied with exactly the same conditions as to training as are required for admission to the Associateship and to have obtained a University degree which is accepted as exempting from any examination by the Institute for admission to the Associate- ship. They will be required to submit themselves to the Institute’s disciplinary code. They will not be allowed to use any letters after their names indicating that they are registered members of the Institute nor will they participate in any of the facilities or privileges accorded to Fellows and Associates except that of the inclusion of their names in a register.They willpay a lower entrance fee and an annual registration fee of less amount than the Associate’s sub-scription. Fellows and Associates will also be entitled to describe themselves as “Registered Members of the Institute” if they so desire. 306 The history of events leading up to the above proposals is as follows:-In pursuance of powers granted to him under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, the Secretary of State for Home Affairs made a rule whereby the supervision of the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations containing poisons and intended for use in the treatment of human ailments was in a measure re- stricted to registered pharmacists and to Fellows and Associates of the Institute.In 1936, the Institute was approached on behalf of the Universities and the view was expressed that the above mentioned rule might be taken as a precedent in any future legislation and that it was unfair to University graduates in chemistry who were possessed of the necessary qualifications for admission to the Associateship, but who might not desire to take part in the general work of the Institute. The Institute had on various occasions made it clear that it had not sought to use this rule as a means of bringing any undue pressure to bear upon chemists to apply for admission as Fellows or Associates.The Institute had, in fact, suggested that the position of University Graduates who are not members might be met by a system of individual licences. It appeared, however, that no power to grant such licences was included in the Pharmacy and Poisons Act. The proposal to create the third category of members is made in order to meet the above difficulty. It is important to em- phasise that the new ‘‘ Registered Members ” will be required to sign a Declaration agreeing to submit themselves to the dis-ciplinary clauses of the Institute’s Charter. All Fellows and Associates will remember that, on admission to membership of the Institute they signed a similar Declaration. I believe that it was the existence of this provision which led the Home Secretary to require that any person authorised to supervise the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations con- taining poisons must be either a member of the Institute or a registered pharmacist, who is also under professional discipline.The Vice-Chancellors of the Universities have seen the Petition and draft Supplemental Charter and have agreed to give the Petition if presented their full support. On perusal of the Petition and draft Charter, Fellows and Associates will realise that their position is fully safeguarded and I commend the proposals to their favourable consideration as a definite step 307 forward towards the more complete recognition of the Institute as the registration authority for the Profession.The Special General Meeting referred to above, of which due notice will be given, will be held at the Institute on Friday, 19th November, to consider the proposal. The Teaching of Chemistry.-This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGScontains an article on the Teaching of Chemis- try, by Dr. R. B. Strathdee, Associate, Lecturer in the University of Aberdeen (p. 328). Science in Schools.-Since the publication (in Part I11of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS)of the views of Fellows and Asso-ciates on the teaching of General Science in Schools, and of the resolution of the Council on the syllabus proposed by the sub- committee of the Science Masters’ Association, some observations on the subject have been received from Professor D. H. Peacock, of University College, Rangoon.The proposed syllabus is apparently intended for boys up to the age of 16 who will probably be taking at the same time a course in mathematics which will include algebra, geometry and trigonometry. In this mathematical course they will become familiarised with the symbolic representation of quantities and with the idea of a rigid proof of a proposition. His chief com- plaint against the chemical portion of the suggested syllabus is that it assumes a much lower standard of intelligence on the part of the boy than is assumed by the mathematical master, and a much lower standard than ought to be reached by a boy of 15 in a secondary school. The syllabus seemed rather designed to deal with the descriptive side of chemistry.Such a treatment overlooked the great achievement of the science which was the successful use of its many theories in regularising the mass of purely empirical observations. It was easy to over-estimate the importance of information in a scheme of education; it was also dangerous, when it was attempted to justify the inclusion of a particular item of informa- tion in a syllabus on the grounds only of its practical value. It might lead to strange conclusions. It might easily be more important for a boy to know the telephone number of the local fire brigade than to know that a candle formed carbon dioxide when it burned, or more important to know the address of the local doctor than the position of the aorta. Chemistry could be taught in such a way that the usefulness 308 of the information imparted, in serving as a foundation of an edifice of theory capable of including (or “explaining”) many further facts, could easily be brought out.One of the funda- mental theories of chemistry was the atomic theory. It was not accidental that chemistry made much greater strides in the nineteenth century than in the earlier centuries: it was the natural result of the use and develppment of the atomic theory. This theory then should be brought in at a reasonably early stage and certainly before any use was made of symbols and equations. Any boy who had received a little instruction in algebra could understand the atomic theory: if he could not his place was the special school, not the secondary school.From the atomic theory, the use of symbols and formulae naturally followed. Professor Peacock suggests, therefore, the adoption of some such order in the syllabus as the following : air, burning, breathing and rusting; oxygen, Lavoisier’s proof that the active part of the air is the gas obtained from mercuric oxide; nitrogen; water; hydrogen ; the law of fixed proportions ; carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide; the law of multiple proportions; the atomic theory, symbols and equations. Each heading could include much that is not indicated above; for example, under nitrogen, there should be mention of Rayleigh, Ramsay, neon lights and the argon-filled electric bulb. Professor Peacock holds, too, that much that is put under the headings of biology and physics should also be treated from the point of view of the chemist.The study of Digestion, without chemistry, resolved itself into a mere juggling with words, unless the pupil knew a little of starch and sugar and of the chemical changes involved in transforming one into the other. With some junior students- who understood the atomic theory-he found models of sugar and part of the starch molecule very useful. Those who did not understand the atomic theory would probably be better employed in other ways. He suggested, therefore, that, provided proper explanations were given in the physics and biology sections, chemistry had a reasonable share of the syllabus. He disliked, however, the attempt to leave out the presumably difficult parts of chemistry, especially the atomic theory.The physics syllabus demanded a reasonable order of intelligence and the boy who could follow it could certainly follow Dalton and probably even Avogadro. 309 Metric Reform.-From New Zealand a correspondent sends a rather belated addition to the discussion on Metric Reform. He deplores that the replies published in the Journal from members opposing Metric Reform showed a disappointing standard of debate. He feels that Mr. Barton’s contention gained strength from the weak arguments of the opposition, and were advanced by ineffectual criticism. He agrees that it was unfortunate that the Association of which Mr. Barton is chairman should choose the name “Decimal Association,” but regards the point as irrelevant.Finally, he suggests that further study should be given to the art of debate, which might possibly be a subject for an Editorial. 310 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 25th June,1937.-Before proceeding to the business of the meeting, the Council offered its congratula- tions to the President on his appointment as Vice-chancellor of the University of London. The President reported that a Conference of Gas Detection Officers, under the Chairmanship of Wing Commander Hodsoll, C.B., of the Air Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office, had been held at the Institute on 23rd June. The Conference had been attended by 56 officers. Mr. Davidson Pratt was also present to deal with technical matters.The Council received the thanks of Wing Commander Hodsoll and the Gas Detection Officers for the accommodation, and decided that the premises of the Institute should be available for similar meetings in the future. A letter was submitted from the Universities Bureau of the British Empire informing the Council that all the Universities and other Institutions concerned had approved of the proposed Supplemental Charter, to which reference is made on page 305. The Council directed that the proposed Petition and Supple- mental Charter be printed and circulated to the Fellows and Associates with Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,and that arrangements be made for calling a Special General Meeting of the Institute to be held in November, to consider the matter.The Council also authorised the Officers to bring it before the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The Council received from the Chemical Council information regarding a further appeal for funds, together with a list of con- tributors to date, showing that since the publication of the appeal, the endowment fund had been increased to ;t120,7585s. 8d. and the fund for current expenses (1936-43) to -&27,780 9s. 5d.,-in all, L48,538 15s. Id. The Chemical Council also submitted a memorandum on the preliminary proceedings of a Special Committee appointed to investigate the possibility of publishing a weekly journal to all members of the Constituent Bodies.The Council of the Institute agreed that the Committee be asked to continue its investigations. Among other matters dealt with in the Report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council agreed to subscribe Ez 2s. to 31 1 the Microchemical Club towards the cost of films illustrating microchemical analysis, such films to be available for meetings of the Institute. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on eight cases, including two new cases requiring immediate assistance. The Publications Committee reported that Sir Martin Forster, F.R.S., would deliver the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture in October, but that Sir Henry Tizard had found himself unable to undertake to deliver the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture until next year.The Committee would, therefore, report again on the matter at a subsequent meeting. Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-president, was asked, and kindly undertook, to preside at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections to be held on the following day. Council Meeting, 23rd July, 1937.-A further letter was received from the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, stating that the Committee had passed a formal resolution to the effect that it would be prepared to support the proposed Petition of the Insti- tute for a Supplemental Charter. The Council thereupon de- cided that the Special General Meeting of the Institute, at which the proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter would be submitted, be held on Friday, 19th November, at 8 p.m.Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Vice-president, Chairman of the Publications Committee, reported that Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Member of Council, had kindly consented to give the Gluckstein Memorial Lecture in November. The announcement was received with gratification, and the date of the lecture was pro- visionally fixed for 11th November. On a letter received from Dr. J. W. Corran, Fellow, Nonvich, the Council concurred in the suggestion to form, provisionally, an East Anglian Sub-section, on the understanding that if at the end of the year the members felt confident that it was really wanted, they would consider making application for formal recognition as a Sub-section.On retiring from Government service, Mr. A. E. Leighton, C.M.G., Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in Victoria, Australia, expressed a wish to resign from that position. The Council accepted Mr. Leighton’s resignation with regret, and requested the Registrar to convey to him their best thanks for his valuable services. 312 The Council further decided that Mr. W. R. Jewell be asked to accept the vacant position of Honorary Corresponding Secre- tary. On the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee, further assistance was granted to three cases, and it was reported that two children of the widow of an Associate had been successful as candidates for election to the London Orphan School. A Report was received from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department for National Certificates.The Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was submitted, and the thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. H. Douglas Elkington for presiding at the meeting. The recommendation regarding the encouragement of Asso- ciates to proceed to the Fellowship was referred to the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee, as was also the recommendation that the Council should consider whether metallurgical degrees of the University of Sheffield should be mentioned in the Regulations. On the latter subject, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee was requested to report generally on metallurgical degrees and the facilities afforded to metallurgical students to obtain training in organic chemistry.The names of candidates elected to membership on the Reports of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, at the meetings held in June and July, are given at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGScontains a Synopsis of the lectures on “Recent Work on Monomolecular Films” given before the Institute by Professor Eric K. Rideal, F.R.S., on the 12th March and 23rd April last. Reprints of the Synopsis are obtainable gratis by Fellows and Associates, on application to the Registrar. Dinner to the President.-On 25th June, at the Hotel Russell, a company, numbering 44 past and present officers, Members of Council and Examiners of the Institute, entertained the President, Sir Robert H.Pickard, F.R.S., to dinner to 313 celebrate the conferment on him of the honour of Knighthood, on the occasion of the Coronation of His Majesty the King. Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. presided. The company included all the officers, Viz.:-the six Vice- Presidents, Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Dr. A. E. Everest, Dr. J. J. Fox, O.B.E., Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Professor J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S.; the Honorary Treasurer, Mr. Bernard F. Howard; the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary; nine past Vice-Presidents,-Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Dr. F. D. Chattaway, F.R.S., Dr.H. G. Colman, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Mr. Lewis Eynon, Mr. E. M. Hawkins, Mr. A. More, I.S.O., Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S.,-and many other friends of the President, who have served the Institute in various capacities. Professor Thorpe, in proposing the toast of the evening, said that they had not only to congratulate the President on the honour conferred upon him by the King, but also on his having been elected Vice-Chancellor of the University of London. He referred to the messages received from Fellows who were un-avoidably absent, including Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., who had been a fellow student with Sir Robert Pickard at Mason College, Birmingham. The toast was received with musical honours.The President, in reply, related many interesting remini- scences of his career, expressing his acknowledgment to those colleagues who had been closely associated with him in his work. He thanked the members present for the honour which they had done him. The Registrar, being invited to say a few words, recalled the fact that of twenty Presidents of the Institute, nine had received the honour of Knighthood, and one, Sir Frederick Abel, had subsequently received the honour of Baronetcy. The evening concluded with the toast of “The Chairman.” 314 Recent Work 011 Monomolecular Films Synopsis of two lectures given before the Institute by Professor Eric K. Rideal, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Colloid Science in the University of Cambridge, on 12th March and 23rd April, ic~37-D~.Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, in the chair. IN recent yeass the Hardy Langmuir principle of molecular orientation at interfaces has received confirmation in many directions. The application of the method of the Langmuir trough to films at water, air and hydrocarbon water interfaces has revealed many of the physical properties of two dimensional systems. The combination of the Langmuir trough with the simultaneous measurements of the phase boundary potential has permitted us to obtain a great deal more information, and since in chemical reactions it is the polar portions of organic molecules which undergo change, the possibility of study of two dimensional chemistry is presented to us.The combination of both methods of examination presents us in the first place with a more precise instrument for the elucidation of the molecular structure of monolayers than is given by the force area characteristics alone. Thus it has been found possible to elucidate in detail the change in molecular orientation caused by compression of films of simple a,liphatic and aromatic derivations, to obtain a picture of the structure of monolayers of such complex groups as the porphyrins and of the chlorophylls and incidentally to explore the structure of what I have termed the homalic state of the long thread-like molecules such as the polymeric glyptals, rubbers, cellulose derivatives and the proteins.Many of these form cross-linked gel structures and we obtain a conception of a large flat macromolecule the precursor of the membrane. In surface kinetics we can envisage two possibilities: attack on the constituents of the monolayer from one of the bulk phases on either side of it or interaction between the molecules in the monolayer itself. 315 If we consider the first type to commence with, we may note that the formal rate of reaction may be expressed by the equation --B-BTx = pze and it is interesting to examine how far the energy of activation and the terms included in the so-called “steric factor” vary because one of the reactants is in a monolayer. In respect to the steric factor, we should anticipate on the assumption of the validity of the principle of molecular orientation that great changes in velocity might be effected by simple alteration in the orientation of the molecules at the interface rendering the reactive groups more or less accessible to the reactant in the bulk phase.We now have numerous examples where really dramatic changes in reaction velocity are effected by simple expansion or compression of the film. To cite but two cases, the oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic or petrose- lenic acid proceeds smoothly in the expanded state on M/~ooo KMnO,, but on compression the reaction velocity commences to fall as the double bond is removed from the water surface, and indeed the reaction practically ceases on continued compression of the film.Again, a film of lecithin undergoes hydrolysis to lysolecithin, when placed upon an extremely dilute solution of black cobra venom. The reaction can be so retarded that it almost ceases on compression of the film such that the acid constituents of the glyceryl group are removed from the water surface and the double bond rendered inaccessible to a reactive group in the enzyme lecthinase. The energy of activation like- wise may in some cases differ from that occurring in bulk phase; this is not unexpected as the mechanism may be entirely different. For example, in the hydrolysis of esters in bulk phase in caustic alkali it is believed that a ternary collision between a water molecule ester and hydroxyl ion is essential for reaction, whilst at an interface simple collision by hydroxyl ion is sufficient, pro- vided that the energy of collision is sufficient to get over the potential barrier preventing reaction.If the product of reaction the fatty acid ion remains in the interface during reaction, the potential barrier is altered and the energy of activation varies during the progress of reaction. I need not emphasise the biological significance of these interfacial reactions or stress their important differences from homogeneous bulk phase reactions. Of great interest are those reactions taking place between the 316 molecules in the monolayer: a few of such reactions are already known. Thus native proteins when spread out in a monolayer undergo reaction, presumably through keto-imido groups as well as side chains terminating in carboxyl and amino groups to form salt linkages. It seems more probable to me that the stable structures so created are more akin to chains formed from the diketopiperazine ring systems than to the cyclol structures which have recently been advanced.Another good example of cross- linkage is to be found in the so-called drying oils of which I may take Morrell’s maleic anhydride of /3-eleostearin as agood example. These undergo oxidation and polymerisation and the sequence of reactions may be represented as follows:-It has been found possible to work out the dynamics and ener- getics of this sequence of reactions and to obtain rough estimates of the chain lengths or size of the macromolecule so formed.It will be interesting to examine other cases of such two dimensional polymerisation because one suspects that in nature many polymers grow from interfaces. Photochemical reactions in monolayers present some unique features which are worth mentioning. Light incident normally to the surface presents its electric vector parallel to the surface and consequently groups in a molecule which are not isotropic will present different absorption coefficients dependent on their orientation in respect to the surface. The benzene ring is a typical anisotropic group, the extinction coefficient in the region of absorption being very much greater in the plane of the ring than in the other dimension. It is thus not surprising that the Einstein quantum efficiency for the photochemical hydrolysis of a film of steqlanilide possessing the chromophoric rings for light of wave-length 2500 A.varies from ca 0.5 to practically zero as the orientation of the benzene ring is altered by compression. This factor of orientation in dichroic groups is especially important in the photochemical hydrolysis of proteins where the aromatic side chains such as tyrosine and phenylalanine can be selectively excited by light of appropriate wave-lengths to undergo photochemical hydrolysis. The formation of indol, the biologically important proteoses or H colloid, as well as the 317 melanin-like polymeric pigment, can all be effected by such pro- cesses of selective photochemical, hydrolytic and oxidative actions.I might draw attention at this point to the minuteness of the concentration of reactants which are involved in these surface ~actions; thus reactions can be carried out with I O mgm. of an enzyme preparation or with subanalytical amounts of iron and copper as photosensitising agents. So far we have dealt with chemical actions in monolayers in which new electrovalent or covalent linkages are formed. The technique which we are discussing is especially suitable for the examination of those reactions which involve both Van der Waals’ forces, as well as simple electrostatic forces, including what may be regarded as an extreme case, the quasi-chemical hydrogen bond. These interactions seem to be of especial importance in biological systems, and the complexes which are formed by what may be termed multi-point contact are frequently not only very characteristic but differ in solubility and stability to a marked extent from the reactants, although the decrease in free energy associated with any one link in the formation of the complex may not be more than a few hundred calories.I may mention two different types of such complex formation which are readily examined by these methods and which possess many biological analogies. If a protein film be extended on a buffered substrate and a dilute solution of gallic acid be injected under- neath the surface, there is a slow change in the phase boundary potential and force area characteristics of the filrn as the mole- cules of gallic acid anchor themselves by their hydroxy groups to the keto-imido groups of the homalic threads of the protein molecules.When gallic acid is replaced by tannic acid the galloyl groups attached to the sugar ring now all attempt to anchor themselves on the extended protein threads, as a result multi-point contacts are formed and the protein threads are cemented together by a number of galloyl groups, and the composite film now becomes cemented into a tanned non-dispersible skin. A similar sequence of events is noted if a dilute solution of sodium silicate be introduced underneath a film of a protein. On hydrolysis the orthosilicic acid formed gradually polymerises and the free hydroxy groups in the chain link up with the keto-imido groups of the protein monolayer.The other type of interaction which presents several interest- ing features is observed when a dilute solution of a fatty acid is 318 introduced beneath a film of long chain alcohol. Interaction between the reactive groups takes place and the long chain of the alcohol penetrates the chains of the acid and eventually a remarkably stable mixed film is formed containing equal mole- cular ratios of each constituent. Much has still to be learnt about these composite films,their significance in membrane structure on the one hand and boundary layer lubrication on the other is already evident. It may be mentioned that lip0 protein films can be formed such that for each peptide link in the chain one molecule of the lipoid is bound.The resulting lip0 proteins are frequently readily dispersible in solution, i.e. the linkages in-volving gel structure have been broken down. Finally, I would like to mention that these film reactions between organic molecules are in many cases extremely sensitive to changes in constitution of the non-polar portion of the mole- cule, i.e. a change in the position of a double bond is often sufficient to destroy the power of complex formation. 319 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during disczcssion.] Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 16th June, the Section paid a visit to the works of Messrs.C. & T. Harris (Calne) Ltd., Bacon Curers, by kind permission of the directors. The party was met by Mr. Osman Jones, Fellow, chief chemist, and under his direction the members were conducted in small groups round the works. The members witnessed the various stages in the curing of bacon. A visit was paid to that part of the factory which is engaged in making various cooked meat products such as sausages, galantines and pork pies, together with a large variety of tinned products. All this work is done under strict supervision from the laboratory. For example, temperatures in the interior of the product are electrically measured. A visit was also paid to the plant which has been installed for dealing with waste meat products, from which fat is extracted by benzine (which is recovered by vacuum distillation) and after- wards purified by treatment with soda and by blowing air through the melted fat. A white and odourless product is thus obtained, while the residue from the fat extraction is dried and ground to make meat and bone meal.The visit ended with tea, kindly provided by the directors, at Messrs. Harris’s Social Centre. On the proposal of the chairman, Mr. F. E. Needs, a vote of thanks was accorded to the firm and to Mr. Osman Jones. Huddersfie1d.-The second joint rally with the South Yorkshire Section was held on 10th July, and took the form of a visit to Bolton Abbey and Woods, followed by dinner at Burnsall. After a somewhat poor beginning the weather im- proved and a very enjoyable outing ensued.The event was voted a success by all those taking part. 320 Manchester and District.-The record of the meetings of the Manchester Section would not be complete without reference to an address given before the Section by Mr. B. D. W. Luff, on the 11th February, entitled “As Others See Us.” An abstract of this address appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, 1935, p. 366, after it had been given at Liverpool. Mr. Luff dealt with chemists and chemistry as portrayed in literature, and illustrated his remarks with numerous quotations from the writings of poets, dramatists and novelists. He showed how, when chemistry was first introduced into the curriculum of the public schools, it was looked upon with disfavour, especially by teachers of classics.He then proceeded to trace the gradually increasing appreciation of the chemist and his work by industry and by the public. He dealt with “mystery” stories in which the aid of chemistry had been invoked either for the detection or perpetration of crime. In some instances the chemistry was of a highly imagina- tive character; in others, the presentation was normally accurate. Mr. Luff also dealt with the treatment of chemistry in the press, the cinema and in broadcasting. The annual summer meeting of the Section took place at Hawkstone Park, Weston, near Shrewsbury, on 4th July. Members travelled by private cars from Manchester and after lunching at the hotel, visited some of the many interesting features in the Park, including the Red Castle, the Giants Well, “Grotto Hill,” and the Obelisk,-IIz feet high-on the top of which stands the figure of Sir Rowland Hill, the originator of penny postage.Members who toiled up 150 steps to the platform declared that the view, from which it is said twelve counties are visible on a clear day, was magnificent. Some of the party enjoyed swimming and golf, in which there were competitions for prizes. GolJing Society.-The Golfing Society has held three meetings during the month of June. On the gth, a match was played, on the North Manchester Course, against Shell Mex and B.P. Social Club, which ended in a draw,--s& events each; on the 14th the Society met the Local Section of the Institution of the Rubber Industry at Reddish Vale, and again the result was a draw,-3 events each. 321 The annual competition for the Chairmen’s Bowl took place on Stockport links, Torkington, on the zoth,-one round, medal play.The cup and first prize, presented by the Chairman, Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, were won by Dr. A. G. Murray; the second prize, presented by the Captain, Mr. A. B. Owles, was won by Dr. H. A. Thomas; the third prize, presented by the previous cup winner, Mr. R. 0. Jones, by Dr. J. Anderson. The Society will be glad to welcome new players from members of the Manchester Section. Applications should be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Golfing Society, Dr. H. A. Thomas, A.I.C., 537, Rochdale Road, Middleton, Manchester.Erratum.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, p. 249, the lines 4 and 5 were inadvertently transposed when the Part went to press. The paragraph, which is part of a paper read by Dr. A. Eric J. Vickers, on 19th February last, should read:- “The simple magma investigated had a composition of N%O, 32.7 per cent., SiO,, 67.3 per cent., and the effects of air, SO,, CO,, steam, H, and NH, were considered. Modifications of Margules’ method were used for measuring viscosity, while both the dipping cylinder and the bubble pressure methods were used for determining the surface tension. ” Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 15th March, Professor J. W. H. Harrison, F.R.S., gave a talk to members of the Section on “ Sex, Sex-determination and Sex-linked Inheritance.” The lecturer explained that the male and female of a species each contributed all the essentials necessary to the life and character of that species; every essential was therefore duplicated.The number of chromosomes in the sex cell or gamete is constant for any given species. Having described the process of nuclear division, Professor Harrison dealt with the work of Mendel on inheritance. The human cell nucleus contained 24 pairs of chromosomes. The individuals of each pairwere identical in the female, but in the male the units of one pair were different. The characteristics of sex were determined by these chromosomes and, in mammals and most insects, two types of spermatozoa, but only one type of egg, wereproduced.The sex of human beings was determined by the father. In the case of birds and moths, sex is determined by the female. 322 Cases of intersex have several possible causes, e.g., the effect of environment, or the effect of parasites, was such as to swing sex from male to female or vice versa. Characteristics which were inherited and linked with sex were described. Colour blindness, for example, was a disease carried and transmitted by the female, but nearly always exhi- bited by the male. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides, largely of moths and plants bred and examined by the lecturer. The meeting was proceded by an informal supper in the University Union.A summer meeting was held on the 28th and 29th May, jointly with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Sections. A dinner-dance at Hexham Hydro inaugurated the proceedings on the 28th and the morning of the following day was devoted to a visit to Hexham Abbey, lunch being taken at “The George,” Chollerford. In the afternoon, Mr. Eric Birley, lecturer in Roman Archaeology at Durham University, conducted the party over a section of the Wall, including Housteads Camp. The meeting, which was fortunately favoured with perfect weather, concluded with tea at Carlisle. Dr. W. E. Scott, who has served the Section as Honorary Secretary for several years pasf, has been appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at Brighton Technical College. Dr. P. L. Robinson has kindly undertaken to act as Hon.Secretary of the Section, pro tern. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held in the University Union, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 13th October. 323 Fifth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The fifth conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, 26th June, 1937. Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Vice-president, welcomed the following:-Mr. G. W. Beaumont, Liverpool and North-Western. Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchester and District. Mr. R. Craven, Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Mr. J. G. Duncan, Glasgow and West of Scotland. Dr. E. H. Goodyear, Huddersfield. Mr. F. P. Hornby, Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr.It. F. Innes, London and South-Eastern Counties. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dublin. Mr. C. S. McDowell, Belfast. Mr. C. W. North, East Midlands. Dr. W. E. Scott, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast. Mr. Garfield Thomas, Birmingham and Midlands. Mr. S. B. Watkins, South Wales. Mr. W. A. Wightman, Leeds Area. The Registrar and Assistant Secretary were also present. Mr. Elkington, in opening the proceedings, expressed, on behalf of the President and Council, their best wishes for the success of the Conference, and thanked the Honorary Secretaries of the Local Sections for their attendance. (1)He said that the President had expressed the wish that the conference should first be informed of a proposal that the Institute, in agreement with the British Universities, should petition for a Supplemental Charter seeking powers to maintain an additional list of registered members, not A.I.C. and F.I.C., but holding qualifications approved by the Council of the Institute of a standard not less than those required for the Associateship of the Institute.The Assistant Secretary, having related the circumstances which had led to the proposal, the Honorary Secretaries asked whether they might have advance copies of the proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter in order that they might bring the matter before their respective Committees as soon as possible. 324 In reply to a question regarding the fees to be paid with appli- cations for registration, the Registrar mentioned that such fees were necessary in order to meet the expenses of Members of Council attending meetings at which the applications were submitted and decided, and to bear the cost of printing, stationery, postage and office work involved. A member of the Conference asked whether professors of any branch of technology would be eligible for nomination to serve on the Council of the Institute.He was informed that the scheme provided that the representatives of the Universities should be Fellows holding Professorial Chairs in chemistry. Mr. Elkington said that he felt that the proposed Charter would satisfy the Universities and not be injurious to the interests of the Fellows and Associates. At the close of the discussion Mr.Elkington vacated the Chair in favour of Dr. Coulthard. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to Mr. Elkington for attending to open the proceedings, and the Conference then passed to the next business. (2) NATIONALCERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY.-The Conference briefly discussed the value of the National Certificates in chemistry to students wishing to qualify for admission to the Institute. In general, the courses for the Certificate are primarily suitable for chemical assistants who are unable to take full day courses because they are engaged in works laboratories or other practice during the day. The courses in various centres are not uniform, but the Council of the Institute gives consider- ation to those candidates who have passed in both the senior and the advanced course and, where they have not passed approved preliminary examinations but have fulfilled the regulations with regard to training in chemistry, physics and mathematics, have allowed them to be exempted from passing a full preliminary examination, provided that they pass an approved examination in English and a foreign language.The Council does not exempt such candidates from any part of the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute. (3)ASSOCIATESHIPTO FELLOWSHIP.-A standing notice in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSof the Institute states that the Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. The Conference referred to the fact that the majority of the 325 Associates did not take steps to proceed to the Fellowship.In one Section, with a membership of 83, there are 66 Associates and only 17 Fellows. Only one Associate has proceeded to the Fellowship in the past seven years, although many are thought to be qualified by virtue of their position and qualifications. They have held posts of responsibility for years, and, in the view of their fellow-members in the district, are regarded as eligible for promotion. The discussion turned on the fees payable, and on the advantages of the Fellowship. It was suggested that the non-returnable transfer fee of k5 5s. should be eliminated, but the Officers were obliged to point out that fees had to be paid to assessors for examining the papers of Associates applying for the Fellowship; also that the examina- tions of Associates for Fellowship were conducted at a loss.Continuing,-some members of the Conference suggested that Associates frequently passed to managing or administrative staffs, and felt that they were not entitled to apply for Fellowship. The Officers, in reply, said that a marked discrepancy in numbers of the different grades of membership was common in all pro- fessional bodies. Any Associate who aspired to the Fellowship could consult the office on his case. The advantages of Fellow- ship consisted in enhanced status in the profession, and very frequently were reflected in remuneration. Eventually, the Conference suggested that the Council be asked to consider what means, if any, could be adopted to encourage Associates to proceed to the Fellowship.METALLURGISTS.-A representation was received from one Section to the effect that metallurgical degrees of appropriate standard should entitle the holders to election to Associateship without examination. It was held that, although such degrees might not include organic chemistry, they involved more study in inorganic and physical chemistry than the degrees with first or second class honours in chemistry, and were obtained after compliance with a very full syllabus of training. The Section appeared not to be aware that in certain in- stances metallurgical degrees and diplomas were accepted, provided the candidate produced satisfactory training in organic chemistry, of at least pass degree standard.It was open to qualified metallurgists to submit their cases for consideration. 326 The enquiry related mainly to the metallurgical degrees of the University of Sheffield. The Conference suggested that the Council should consider whether metallurgical degrees of that University should not be specially mentioned in the Regulations of the Institute. (5) WORKSVISITS,ETc.-The Honorary Secretaries were of the opinion that visits to works and outings were, on the whole, successful. There was a short discussion on the proposal to extend the type of Joint-Section Outing, rather on the lines of the Annual Joint Meeting of the three Scottish Sections, in which the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section had on occasion participated.The question was one which could only be settled by the Sections among themselves, but it was felt that visits to works, at possibly some distance from two or more Sections, might be arranged for the benefit of several Sections at the same time. There were the usual difficulties of getting time off, securing accommodation, and travelling expenses. The Honorary Secretaries were reminded that the railways were very willing to encourage railway “party” tickets. (6)VISITSOF OFFICERS TO LOCALSECTIONS,ETc.-The view was expressed that the Local Sections would welcome visits from the Officers, both honorary and executive. It was realised that it was difficult for men occupying important positions, and possibly more than one position, to spare the time for visits at a distance.The Sections could but invite the Officers, and if any Section failed to obtain the acceptance by one Officer, others might be available. It was also discussed whether it was possible for the executive officers to visit smaller groups of members,-a more difficult matter. The Honorary Secretaries were assured that, provided the meeting could fit in with other official business, the executive officers would do what they could to meet the wishes of members. (7) AIR RAIDPRECAUTIONS.-Ashort discussion took place on the possible relations between Local Sections of the Institute and Local Air Raid Precautions Committees. The Conference was informed regarding steps taken to secure the service of gas detection officers in certain parts of the country.Such officers would be attached to the Local Air Raid Precautions Committees, and therefore it appeared improbable that the Local Section 327 Committees would be called upon to co-operate with the Local Air Raid Precautions Committees. (8) THECHEMICALCouNcrL.-The Registrar informed the Conference regarding the progress made by the Chemical Council in raising a fund in order to help the publishing societies and the chemical library. Over Ezo,ooo had been promised or subscribed for an endowment fund, and over @$om for current expenses during the next seven years. (9) BENEVOLENTFuND.-Means for securing further help for the Benevolent Fund was another subject for consideration, and a letter from a member was submitted containing the frequently expressed opinion that if every member would sub- scribe-say rd.a week, 6d. a week, 2s. 6d. or 5s. a year,-the amount in the aggregate would be very considerable. The sug- gestion was also made that a box should be passed round at meetings; but it was felt that it was a matter for each member individually to decide for himself, and it had been the experience of the Benevolent Fund Committee that whenever money was urgently needed, contributions were forthcoming. The Honorary Secretary of the Benevolent Fund stated that the special appeal for the present year had resulted in an increase of over fI600 beyond the normal receipts for the year.(10) THE APPOINTMENTSREGISTER.-The Honorary Secre- taries were again reminded that the Officers would be glad to be notified of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists in their respective districts . The members of the Conference adjourned for luncheon at the Russell Hotel, at the conclusion of which a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Coulthard for presiding, and to the executive Officers for their attendance. 328 The Teaching of Chemistry. BYR. B. STRATHDEE, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), Lecturer in Chemistry, University of A berdeen. MACAULAYdefined a scholar as a man who could “read Greek and Latin with his feet on the hob” and at that period a scholar found little scope elsewhere for his activities.Indeed, the earliest expressions of scientific thought were made through the medium of the classics. To-day the educational outlook is broader and chemistry finds a place in the curricula of our schools and colleges but, too often, it is introduced merely as a subject-a subject without an object. In the recent (1936) Report upon the teaching of General Science, the sub-committee appointed by the Science Masters’ Association, admitting the usefulness of scientific study, found that the inclusion of any subject in the curriculum “can be justified under three headings: (a) utilitarian or vocational: it helps the pupils in their every- day life or may be necessary in their future occupations; (b) disciplinarian: it teaches them to think; it sharpens their minds ; (c) cultural: its inclusion is desirable because it forms an es- sential part of our social heritage.” There is little need to enlarge upon these arguments and few will deny the value of a training in chemistry when considered under these categories but another reason may be advanced.L. P. Jacks has long been urging what he has aptly termed “the education of the whole man.” The Government has recently launched its physical fitness campaign. No sphere of educa-tional effort offers a better training ground for the sensory organs than a chemical laboratory. These organs supply the material and stimuli for our ideas which, in turn, form the basis of all operations of thought. Matter is revealed to us through its properties and these can only be recognised by the eye, the nose, the ear, etc.Hence accurate observation is only possible when the sensory organs have been delicately attuned. The keenness of the eye is being dulled by too frequent application to books and papers, and yet life, as it is experienced to-day, demands a keen 329 eye, and the ability to appreciate, rapidly, a situation. Through disuse, sensory organs atrophy. Musk, as one writer recently expressed it, has “downed scent without notice”; but might not this be due rather to the loss of man’s ability to recognise the scent ? The aim should be that delicacy enjoyed by Chesterton’s dog, who could perceive the smell of thunder and “old bones buried under.” In achieving this end, the chemical laboratory has a valuable function to fulfil in the education of the whole man.The inclusion of chemistry in a curriculum is supported not by one, but by all of the arguments enumerated above. “On the science of chemistry more than on any other branch of organised knowledge depend the material well being and comfort of man.”* Further the other sciences and the arts appear to be not only related to chemistry, but even dependent upon it, for such designations as physical chemist, biochemist, metal- lurgical chemist, agricultural chemist, engineering chemist, etc. are in common use. If then chemistry is accepted, as it must be, as an essential subject in a curriculum, the time allotted to its study must be comparable to the importance of the science.This would suggest a need for revision of the periods allocated in the General Science course proposed by the Science Masters’ Sub-commit tee. And what of the teacher himself? His qualifications are generally summed up in the phrase “a good Honours degree.” In other words he must possess a sound knowledge of the subject which he proposes to teach but, if he is to teach at all, he must be able to transmit his knowledge and his enthusiasm to his students. He must have complete mastery over the medium by which he is to give expression to his subject matter. How important is the use of the appropriate word or phrase in the description of an experiment ! Robert Louis Stevenson recalls how he always kept two books in his pocket, ‘* one to read, one to write in.As I walked, my mind was busy fitting what I saw with appropriate words. . . . Thus I lived with words. . . . . Description was the principal field of my exercise; for to anyone with senses there is always something worth describing.” Surely it is equally true to say that a teacher lives with words, and that the use of the appropriate word or phrase is as important to the teacher as to the author. In fact more so, for the ear is infinitely superior to the the eye as a vehicle of impression. Witness those inflections of the voice which cannot be recorded in print. Further, an author * Findlay, The Spirit of Chemistry, 2nd Ed., p. 37. 330 may revise his proof-sheets in the seclusion of his study; the spoken word of the teacher passes beyond recall.In his stimulating article upon the “Teaching of Applied Chemistry ” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,June, 1937)Professor Curnming emphasises the great difficulty in securing a man who can write an intelligible account of his own work. Such a man must possess highly trained powers of observation coupled with the ability to record, in words, a true picture of his observations. Too often the pupil sees only through the eyes of his teacher and his notes are the result of dictation rather than observation. Purely descriptive exercises could be introduced into practical courses with considerable benefit. The advice of Baden Powell to his scouts should be kept as a laboratory motto: “Report facts not fiction.” The teacher of chemistry is fortunate in the variety of ways by which he can illustrate and emphasise his teaching.Apart from the actual practical work performed by the student, well-chosen lecture experiments and demonstrations, lantern slides and chematograph films may be used to provide evidence in support of theory. In addition these “breaks” afford the ears-and in many cases the hands-of the students a welcome rest. When performing experimental work the teacher must exercise the greatest care and cleanliness. He is the model upon which the class will fashion itself. A slovenly use of the blackboard invariably results in slovenly note-taking on the part of the pupils. One other side of the duties of a teacher of chemistry is apt to be forgotten.He will ultimately have to assume complete control of a laboratory and this will entail some knowledge of ‘‘interior economy ” and administration :the supply of chemicals and apparatus, supervision of reagents, preparation for class practical work, etc., will claim some little portion of his time. Class periods are frequently all too short. Much valuable time may be saved by a well planned preparation on the part of the teacher. Would not some insight into this side of his work be valuable to the teacher during his period of training? Considerable controversy has always centred around the method to be employed in the teaching of chemistry and con- siderable confusion has arisen between methods of teaching and methods of presenting the subject matter.There appear to be two methods of teaching chemistry-the heuristic method and the didactic. Is the pupil to be put into the position of the investi- gator and, with careful guidance by the teacher, ultimately to 331 arrive at the truth (heuristic method) or is the teacher, adopting in some form or other the lecture principle, to submit the facts and conclusions to the pupil, supporting his teaching where possible with experimental evidence (didactic method) ? The former method has been staunchly advocated by such able authorities as the late H. E. Armstrong and Bertrand Russell, who argue that any benefit derived from a study of chemistry is in-herent in its peculiar method-the “scientific method ”-and hence the student can hope for scientific advancement only through the actual employment of this method.Unfortunately, in teaching, time is animportant factor and it is impossible, within the time at the disposal of a teacher, to “rediscover” what man has spent centuries in discovering. Further, it is surely not necessary for every chemist to start from scratch. Chemistry, like the Olympic torch, must be handed on from runner to runner, each benefiting from the methods, difficulties and mistakes of his predecessors, each making some little advance towards the ultimate end. While the heuristic method offers a valuable training when tackling practical problems in the laboratory, much of the subject matter must be transmitted by the lecture or didactic system.On no account must practice be divorced from theory. The laboratory offers a freedom of movement, speech and thought which is impossible in the classroom or lecture theatre. Inspiration is a larger and more important part of education than information. Man is by nature curious and it is the function of the teacher of chemistry to “fan ” this curiosity, to encourage it and direct it into the realm of the constitution of matter. Once the interest has been aroused the pupil will forage for himself. How then may interest be awakened? Mass production is a feature of modern industry-the repeated application of the same process in the production of identical articles. This principle must not be extended to education.The raw materials of the schools and universities are human beings whose personali- ties and interests are as numerous as the individuals themselves. To arouse such a variety of interests, different stimuli must be applied and, accordingly, the teacher must approach his subject from as many different angles as possible. Experimental work may serve to arouse the interest of some, but the merely spectacu- lar should be avoided: Still the less they understand, The more they admire the sleight-o-hand.”-Hdibras. 332 To others historical or biological details, a reference to some local industry or the explanation of some natural phenomenon may serve as a stimulus and awaken their interest. The teacher, irrespective of his own interests, must present a complete and impartial picture of his subject.It is a confession of weakness to neglect any phase of the work on the grounds that it is difficult to teach. Quantitative chemistry, necessitating calculation in some form or other, is the skeletal structure upon which the more easily digested facts of chemistry are attached and must receive ade- quate treatment in any course of chemistry. There is a tendency for a young teacher to revert to the methods practised upon himself at school or college. Ay, there’s the rztt! He must make himself acquainted with modern methods and research and allow his personality and ingenuity full scope. “The waste in a teacher’s workshop is the lives of men.” The normal sequence to an Honours Chemistry degree at a University is a year or two spent in higher study and research.The method of research is the method of chemistry, that by which the science was brought into being and there can be little doubt that some measure of research ought to enter into the training of every man who intends to take up science teaching. During a period spent in research, the mind has leisure to ruminate over and assimilate the heterogeneous assortment of facts and figures that were absorbed during student days. Judgment becomes more mature and things assume their true perspective. The problems and difficulties that beset the path of a research worker are merely a challenge to his ingenuity and initiative-qualities which are apt to atrophy under the requirements of examinations -so that the laboratory becomes a testing ground.The research worker begins to find his way about the literature of his subject, and chemical literature is international. Free discussion of failures and successes is stimulating; opportunity for this should be found not only within a worker’s own laboratory, but in society, club and other meetings. Research work affords to every chemist an opportunity to carry the Olympic torch of chemistry another stage nearer truth. 333 Notes. Industrial Administration.-The President of the Insti- tute, at the Annual General Meeting, referred to the importance of administration in industry. Many chemists will feel that knowledge and experience in administrative work would be of great value to them in their careers, and would help them to bring the scientific point of view into the conduct of industry.Technical journals, on the other hand, refer to the value of the trained scientific outlook in the higher ranks of business adminis- tration. Engineers have been able to include a brief course on Works Management in their training, but so far it has not been possible to arrange this for chemists in view of the full curriculum and arduous nature of their technical studies. Works chemists and process managers, however, in the course of carrying out their technical duties, insensibly acquire and practise some of the principles of administrative management, and there are, in the chemical industry, many administrators of the highest rank whose first qualification was technological.The administrative eminence attained by such men has something of the quality of genius about it. So far as the ordinary scientific man is concerned, however, his gifts lie rather in the direction of acquiring knowledge by the usual process of study than by intuition. Many men who have qualified as chemists have done what they set out to do, and have no further goal in view. The chemist who is administratively minded, however ,should have another objective: for the culmination of his career he seeks administrative responsibility, and he needs therefore to know how he may qualify himself for it. He may be better advised to do this by some reasonable course of study, than to depend upon picking up the necessary knowledge and technique as he goes along, or to rely upon arriving at his goal at the end of a long path of trial and error.Increasing numbers of chemists are making valuable use of their acquired facility in study and habit of scientific approach to problems, in applying themselves successfully to gaining knowledge of the principles of administra-tive management as embodied in the syllabuses of e.g. the De- partment of Business Administration of London School of Economics and Political Science ; the Department of Industrial Administration of the Manchester College of Technology; and the 334 Departments of Industrial Administration and Business Manage- ment at Acton Technical College, and The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London, W.I. In 1920,a number of keen business men, professional men and educationists, alive to the difficulties in the path of the technical man who wishes to qualify for administration, founded the Institute of Industrial Administration, for the primary purpose of promoting education in the principles of industrial administra- tion and their application, As the result of much research and experiment, the Institute has evolved a series of examinations which are not competitive with those of any professional body, but in the administrative sense are complementary to them. The examinations deal with the administrative aspect of the functions of production, distribution, development, finance, etc., and any chemist who is attracted by administration as the ultimate expression of his gifts would find it interesting to con- sider the views on this matter of the Institute of Industrial Administration, whose address is Artillery House, Artillery Row, London, S.W.1.Even if such chemists do not feel disposed to qualify for its professional grade by taking these examinations, the Institute of Industrial Administration, through its non-professional grades, can help. It provides meetings, at which papers on administra- tive subjects are read and discussed, so that men interested in these matters can form useful contacts. The papers, together with those of some other management societies, are summarised in Industry IZZustrated, which all members receive, whether they are professional members, who have passed the examination, or non-professional members.British Standards Institution.-On 8th June, at the Dorchester Hotel, Park Lane, London, the British Standards Institution entertained to luncheon, representatives of the Dominions, Government Departments, professional scientific and technical organisations and representatives of industry and allied associations, which co-operate with or otherwise are concerned in the work of the British Standards Institution. Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., who has been elected Chairman of the Institution on the retirement of Mr. E. J. Elford, expressed the very earnest hope that the Government would make a further grant to the Institution, as had been recommended by the Balf our Committee.336 Science in Parliament. Civil List Pensions.-In the House of Commons, on 24th May, in the debate in Committee on Civil List Pensions, the Chancellor of the Exchequer referred to the discussion on the subject which had taken place in 1936, and to the desire which had been expressed in many quarters that the sum allotted from the Consolidated Fund for this purpose should be increased. The Select Committee had carefully reviewed the pensions which had been paid in the past, and are now being paid, and had come to the conclusion that the limit on the amount of new pensions which could be granted in any one year,-which had remained at EI,ZOOfor the last IOO years,-should be increased, and suggested the sum of E2,500.These figures represented only the totals of the new pensions which might be granted in any one year, and naturally these amounts accumulated, so that the actual amount which was being paid in Civil List Pensions was -&3,000, and, if the House accepted the proposal to increase the limit from &I,ZOO to %2,500, the total pensions might ultimately reach E50,ooo a year. The majority of the pensions were not granted to the persons whose services were being recognised, but to their dependents- widows, or other relatives or dependents. Out of 318 pensions granted during the last 20 years, only 126 had been granted directly to the persons whose services were thus recognised: 98 were men, and 220 were women.The proposed additional provision, if accepted, would be available either for the grant of larger new pensions, or for an increase in exceptional cases, of existing pensions. This proposal, which was considered by the Select Committee on the suggestion of Sir Arnold Wilson, Chairman of the Parlia- mentary Science Committee, was accepted by the House. Defence (Coal Produced OiZ).-In the House of Commons, on 26th May, the Defence Minister stated that the Sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence appointed to inquire into the production of oil from coal would consist of Viscount Fal-mouth (chairman), Sir Amos Ayre, Mr. Arthur E. Cutforth, and Professor A. C. G. Egerton, F.R.S. Coal Produced Oil.-In the House of Lords, on 27th May, the Lord President of the Council stated that tests of 15 plants had been made by the Department of Scientific and Industrial 336 Research, under the published conditions for testing plants for the low temperature carbonisation of coal. These tests were concerned only with the performance of the plants during the period of test and with the technical aspects of the processes involved. Reports upon these tests were intended to place accurate technical data in the hands of those interested.No attempt was made to pronounce on the commercial possibilities of the plants concerned. Experimental work on the production of oil from coal, by low temperature carbonisation and other methods, such as hydrogenation and synthesis from mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, had also been carried out by the Fuel Research Station as part of its normal programme.On 14th July, a discussion took place in the House of Lords on a motion by Lord Mottistone “That in the interests of National Defence and in order to reduce unemployment in the distressed areas of Durham and South Wales, steps should now be taken to set up plant in those areas for the purpose of obtaining oil from coal.” Lord McGowan, Lord Teynham and Lord Melchett partici- pated in the debate. Lord Hutchison (Paymaster-General) said that the Govern- ment accepted the motion from the point of view of National Defence. The Air Ministry approved of the type of petrol produced and would be willing to take more if it could be obtained in bulk quantities. He could make no declaration on behalf of the Government until Lord Falmouth’s Committee reported.The Government had completed agreements to form a low car- bonisation temperature plant in South Wales, where actual construction had begun, and it was hoped that early next year production would begin. Scientific Research.-In the House of Commons on the 23rd June, a question by Mr. Markham (a member of the Parlia- mentary Science Committee) as to whether the Chancellor of the Exchequer could give any estimate of the revenue which had accrued to the Exchequer as a direct result of scientific research carried out by any Government Department, received a reply to the effect that the scientific researches carried out by Government Departments were not intended to produce a direct profit to the Exchequer.Charges for research, undertaken on a repayment basis, or for the manufactured products of research, 337 were fixed with a view to recovering only the actual cost in- curred. On the other hand, the indirect gain to the Exchequer accruing from the increased taxable capacity of those industries which had turned to advantage scientific researches carried out by Government Departments, into problems affecting industries as a whole, must be considerable, but it was impossible to estimate it. In the House of Commons on the 27th July, in reply to a question-as to how many Departments enjoying State subsidies for research work were empowered to enter into commercial transactions which competed directly with private enterprise,- the Financial Secretary to the Treasury stated that it was not the practice of Government Departments to undertake work of scientific research or of scientific testing which in the ordinary course could be equally well undertaken by private enterprise. In the ordinary course, therefore, no question of competition with private enterprise should arise.Air Raid Precautions.-On the 24th June, in the House of Lords, the Under Secretary for Home Affairs, stated that gas-mask production was proceeding, and 9,000,000 masks had been produced up to 19th June. It was not contemplated that distribution would take place until an emergency arose.Sugar Beet.-On the same day the Minister of Agriculture stated that the total acreage of sugar beet in Great Britain, contracted for supply in 1937season, was 334,208 acres. It was too early to make any reliable estimate of the tonnage of beet which the area would produce. Safety in Mines.-In reply to a question in the House of Lords on 1st July, the Secretary of Mines stated that expenditure on Safety in Mines Research Board during the past two financial years, had been a little over E58,ooo per year, of which E1,75o appeared on the vote of the Mines Department, the balance being provided from the Miners’ Welfare Fund. The Royal Assent has been signified for the following Acts:- The Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act, Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act, and the Methylated Spirits (Scotland) Act. 338 The Yorkshire Council for Further Education an-nounces particulars of special post-graduate courses to be held during the coming session at the Technical Colleges at Bradford, Huddersfield, and Leeds.The courses are as follows:-Biochemical Analysis. Bradford. Chemical Engineering. Huddersfield. Gas Manufacture and Utilisation. Huddersfield. Microbiology and Bacteriology. Leeds. Microscopy of Food and Drugs. Bradford. Physical and Chemical Problems in the Textile Industry. Bradford. Synthetic Plastics. Leeds. Theory and Practice of fiH Measurement. Huddersfield. Some "refresher " lectures on advanced pure chemistry are also available.Enquiries respecting courses should be addressed to the Principal of the College concerned. Old Journals.-The InititUte occasionally receives offers of set of old journals, of which members wish to dispose. In some cases these would be useful to colleges and technical schools. The Registrar will be obliged if Heads of Chemistry Depart- ments will notify him of their requirements. Beit Memorial Trust.-Fourth Year Fellowships have been awarded to Stuart Lawson Cowan, B.Sc. (Lond.) and Maurice Jowett, DSc., Ph.D. (Liv.), Associates, and a Junior Fellowship to James Gowans Chalmers, B.Sc. (Glas.), Associate. Leverhulme Research Fellowships have been awarded to Cecil Whitfield Davies, D.Sc. (Wales), and Joseph William Henry Lugg, DSc.(W.A.),FeZZows. The Society of Chemical Industry has moved to Clifton House,-nearly opposite St. Pancras Station-Euston Road, London, N.W.I. Telephone number: Euston 5371. 339 Obituary. The Council records with regret the death of PROFESSORHENRY EDWARD F.R.S., the last, save one, of the Original Fellows who ARMSTRONQ, attended the fist meeting summoned by the Organisation Committee for the foundation of the Institute on 27th April, 1876. He was a member of the third Organisation Committee appointed in November of the same year, and was one of the signatories to the petition for the Royal Charter in 1885. He was at that time a Vice-president of the Institute and had served for several years on the Council. He withdrew from the Fellowship in 1891, but retained his interest in it and its work, and on several occasions gave addresses before Local Sections.At the memorial service held at the Church of St. Dunstan-in-the-East, in the City of London, on 16th July, the Institute was represented by Sir Robert H. Pickard, President, and by the Registrar. MRS. MAY SYBILBURR(n6e Leslie) died at Bardsey, near Lee&, on 3rd July, in her 51st year. She was educated at the Leeds High School and received her scientific training at the University of Leeds, graduating B.Sc. with first-clam honours in 1908, M.Sc. in 1909 and D.Sc. in 1918. In 1909 she was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship to the University of Park, where she worked for two years, under Madame Curie, on thorium metals and the atomic weight of thorium by the effusion method.On her return to England, she worked under Lord Rutherford at Manchester University and was for a short time science mistress in the Municipal High School for Girls, West Hartlepool, subsequently proceeding to an appointment on the staff of the chemistry department of the University College, Bangor. On the outbreak of war, she became research chemist and chemist-in-charge at H.M. factories at Litherland and Penrhyndeu- draeth. After the war, she returned to Leeds University as lecturer in the physical chemistry department, where she remained until some time after her marriage. On the death of her husband, Arthur Hamilton Burr,F.I.C., at the end of 1933, she returned to the University and undertook research on complex reactions in solution.She wm elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. BERNARDJOSEPH COLEMANdied, on 11th July, at Sprowston,Norwich, in his 79th year. Born at Nottingham, he received his earlytraining in chemistry at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, where he obtained the diploma of A.R.C.Sc.1. He subsequently held an appoint- ment on the staff of University College, Nottingham, under Professor Frank Clowes, and thereafter was for many years Head of the Chemistry Department of the South-Western Polytechnic, Chelsea, London, from which post he retired in 1924. He was joint-author with Professor Clowes of ElemRnkaTy Practical Chemistry and Quantitative Analysis, published in two Parts, of which the seventh edition of Part I-General Chemzstvy-waspublished in 1920, and the tenth edition of Part II-Analytical Chemistry-wm published in 1927.Also, with Professor Clowes, he producedQwntittative Chemiecrl Amlyais, of which the twelfth edition was published 340 in 1924. Jointly with F. T. Addyman, he waa the author of Practical Agricultural Chemistry (1919); and with F. hall of The Preparation and Analysis of Organic Compounds (1926). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. CHRISTOPHERMAURICE WALTERGRIEB died at Munich, in his 53rd year, as the result of an accident which occurred between Garmisch- Partenkirchen and Oberammergau, on 14th July. He studied under Sir William Ramsay and Professor Norman Collie, at University College, London, graduating B.Sc.with honours. After spending a year in research, under Ramsay, on the separation and radio-active examination of the metals of the rare earths contained in the mineral “thorianite,” he was appointed analytical and works chemist to Lorimer & Co., Ltd., manu- facturing chemists and druggists. In 1909 he became chief chemist to R. Fry & Co., manufacturers of mineral waters. He was subsequently appointed to the stafT of Nobel’s Explosives Co., at Polmont, and later was works manager at the filling factory of that company at Perranporth, Cornwall. In 1919 he was appointed chief chemist to the Mond Nickel Co.’s works at Clydach, near Swansea, which post he held at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the htitute in 1907, and a Fellow in 1910; he served as a Member of Council from 1927 to 1930, and was Chairman of the South Wales Section from 1926-28. WILLIAMJEFFERYSLESLEY,who died on 26th July, in his 42nd year, was educated at the City of London School. In 1912 he entered the works of Messrs. Tate & Lyle, Ltd., and in 1915 joined the Royal Army Medical Corps. On demobilkation he returned to Messrs. Tate & Lyle, Ltd., with whom he remained until his death. After the war, he continued his studies at the Regent Street Polytechnic and the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1925, M.Sc. in 1927, and Ph.D. in 1930. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929. SIR DAVID ORMEMASSON,who died at Melbourne on 9th August, in his 80th year, was the only son of Dr.David Masson, Professor of English Literature in the University of Edinburgh. He was educated at Edin- burgh Academy and at Edinburgh University, where he graduated M.A., and D.Sc. After assisting Ramsay for a year at Bristol University, he waa awarded a Research Fellowship and returned to Edinburgh University in 1882, remaining there until 1885. In 1886 he was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne, and on his retirement in 1924 was made Emeritus Professor. He was the author of manycontributions to the Transactions of the Chemical Society, and the Philo-sophical Tramactions and the Proceedings of the Royal Society, as well as to many other scientific journals in England and Australia.He was President of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science (1911-13); during the war he served as a member of the Commonwealth Munitions Committee ; he was Deputy Chairman of the Commonwealth Advisory Council on Science and Industry (1916-20), President of the Australian National Research Council (1922-26) and the first President of the Australian Chemical Institute. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1903, and received the degree of LLD. from the University of Edinburgh in 1924. He was appointed a Commander of the Most Excel- lent Order of the British Empire in 1918, and a Knight of that Order in 1923. He wm elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. 341 WII;LIAMMUIRHEAD died at Shirley, Warwickshire, on 7th March, in his 54th year.He received his scientific training at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, proceeding to an appointment as head chemist with the Nickel Company, Kirkintillock. He was subsequently appointed chemist to the Caurnie Chemical Company where he remained until 1930, when he became technical representative to Archibald Eadie & Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. PAULMURPW died at Pickering, Yorkshire, on 14th July, in his 55th year. He received his chemical training at Finsbury Technical College, and after obtaining the Diploma of the college, became an assistant to Dr. Bernard Dyer in 1904. In 1912 he was appointed research chemist to J.Rank, Ltd., but on the outbreak of war joined the O.T.C., and in 1916 received a commission in the Middlesex Regiment, was gazetted Captain and later appointed Commandant of the Aldershot Command Gas School. He was placed in charge of the chemical laboratory and the anti-gas laboratory at the R.E. Experimental Station, Porton, and, in 1921, was appointed Director of Experiments, having been promoted to the rank of Major in 1919. In 1926 he resigned from his post at Porton and devoted his attention mainly to literary work dealing with the problem of gas defence, and waa the author of a book on the same subject entitled Armadas of the Sky. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1908 and a Fellow in 1911.HAMISH died at Campbeltown, Argyllshire, in February, ROBERTSON 1937, in his 30th year. Trained at Glasgow University, he graduated with first-class honours and proceeded to Glasgow Training College until 1929, when he was appointed assistant science master at Campbeltown Gram= School. In 1931, he became assistant in science at Oban High School, and in 1936 returned to Campbeltown as Principal Teacher of Science, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. 342 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Cellulose, the Polyuronides, Lignin, etc., The Biochemistry of.” A.G. Norman. Pp. x +232. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press.) 15s. net. Foreword; cellulose ; polyuronide hemicelluloses ;pentosans, hexosans, and hexopentosans ;pectin; gum, mucilages, and gel-forming substances ; lignin; metabolism of plant cell-wall constituents ; microbial poly- saccharides; appendix; indexes. “Chemistry : Handbook of the Collections illustrating Pure Chemistry.” A. Barclay. Pp. 84. Part 11: Descriptive Catalogue. Science Museum publication. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 2s. net. (A companion volume to Part I, which was described in JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS?Part 111, 1937, page 287.) The Pure Chemistry Collection of the Museum contains many objects of historical interest, and exhibits carefully selected to illustrate the development of chemical science up to recent times.This handbook describes exhibits connected with chemistry up to the end of the eighteenth century ; inorganic chemistry from the time of Dalton’s atomic theory ; organic chemistry ; physical chemistry ; laboratory apparatus. It includes illustrations and an index. “Chemistry, Matter and Life.” Stephen Miall and Laurence Mackenzie Miall. Pp. xii +296. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 7s. 6d. net. Some early pioneers; the chemist’s signs and symbols; how matter is built up; family groups; electricity and chemistry; crystals and the arrangement of atoms in space; different varieties of the same sub- stance; the rare gases in the air; how light affects matter; X-rays;elements that emit rays; what is an atom 9; chemical attraction; breaking up the atom; electron diffraction; the mystery of catalysis; metals and alloys; combustion and explosion; living things; sugars, starch and cellulose;respiration and digestion; the vitamins ; fermentation; how the plant grows; the chemicals needed for plant life; the colours of leaves and flowers; inheritance.Index. 343 “Colloid Chemistry, Principles and Applications.” Jerome Alexander. 4th Edition. Pp. xviii + 506. (London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.). 22s. net. Historical and introductory; material units and forces; principle under- lying colloidal state ; classification and consequences of subdivision; optical properties ;size and mass of colloidal particles ;general properties of colloids ;practical applications of colloid-chemical principles ;proteinsand carbohydrates; biology and medicine ; genetics; hormones and vitamins; physiology and pathology; digestion, etc.; bioelectricity; experimental suggestions; bibliography, glossary and indexes. “Colloid Systems.” A Survey of the Phenomena of Modern Colloid Physics and Chemistry. A. Von BuzAgh. Translated by 0. B. Darbishire; Edited by William Clayton; Foreword by Wolfgang Ostwald. Pp. xx + 312. (London: Technical Press, Ltd.) 30s. net. Disperse and difform systems; the significance of colloids in investigations on the properties of matter; the specific character of colloidal dimensions; the morphology of difform and disperse systems; primary and secondary aggregates;interfacial phenomena-adsorption and electrical properties of disperse systems; change of state of colloids-the formation of col- loidal solutions, and the destruction of colloidal solutions ; interchangechange of state of colloids; indexes.“Criminal Investigation and Evidence by Photography.” Olaf Bloch. (London: Ilford, Ltd.) Pp. 32. For private circu- lation only. Introductory ; routine photography ; special photography ; in the dark- room ; half-tone block-making; useful references. “Elasticity, Plasticity and Structure of Matter.” R. Houwink. With a chapter on the Plasticity of Crystals, by W. G. Burgers. Pp. xviii + 376. (Cambridge: The University Press.) 21s. Elastic and plastic deformations: general remarks about the internal structure of matter in relation to its elastic and plastic behaviour; the formation of solid matter from a fluid and its consequence with regard to viscosity, plasticity and elasticity; conditions for the elastic and plastic behaviour of matter ;plasticity of crystals ;amorphous substances (glass, resins, asphalt) ; rubber, gutta-percha, balata ; cellulose and its derivatives; starch; proteins in general; bakers’ dough; paints and lacquers; clay; sulphur; indexes: authors and subjects.“Organic Chemistry (Systematic) .,’ Modern Methods of Pre-paration and Estimation. W. M. Cumming, I. Vance Hopper and T. Sherlock Wheeler. 3rd Edition revised by W. M. Cumming and I. Vance Hopper. Pp. xxvi + 548. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.).25s. net. 344 Abbreviations; cautions and hints to students; apparatus and methods; hydrogen Compounds ;hydroxy compounds ; oxy compounds ;hydroxy-oxy compounds;oxide-oxy compounds ;nitrogen compounds ;hydrogencompounds; hydroxy compounds (alcohols and phenols); oxy and hydroxy-oxy compounds (aldehydes, ketones and acids) ; halogen com- pounds ;hydroxy compounds (alcohols and phenols) ; oxide compounds (ethers);oxy compounds (aldehydes, ketones and quinones) ;hydroxy-oxycompounds (acids) ;oxide-oxy compounds (esters and acid anhydrides) ; the linking of nitrogen to carbon; the linking of sulphur to carbon; the linking of halogen to carbon; the linking of hydrogen to nitrogen; the linking of nitrogen to nitrogen; dyes; drugs ; electrolytic preparations; products from natural sources; stereo-chemical reactions ; decomposi-tions ;miscellaneous preparations ;detection of elements in carbon com- pounds; estimation of carbon and hydrogen ; estimation of nitrogen ; estimation of halogens and sulphur ;determinations;group estimations ; estimations based on the use of titanous salts; estimations based on diazotisation or coupling; miscellaneous estimations ; inorganic section ; tests; index.“Patents For Inventions.” A Concise Guide for Inventors and Patentees. R. Haddan. Pp. viii + 100. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. The nature and validity of patents; the enforcement of patents; the value of a patent ;nature and object of provisional protection; methods of obtaining protection or patent; the title and specifications; searches, their nature and object; the maintenance of the patent; amendment of specification; patents of addition; stamp duties and agency charges; foreign patents ; applications for patents in foreign countries ; patentsin British Dominions and Colonies; the negotiation of patents; trade- marks and designs; advice in brief; index.“Petroleum Technology in 1936.” F. H. Garner. Pp. xii + 326. (London: Institution of Petroleum Technologists.) 7s. 6d. Geology of petroleum; regional geology and development ;geophysics; production; drilling; transportation and storage; ocean transport ; chemical and physical refining ; cracking; natural gas, natural gasoline and liquefied petroIeum gases; light distillates, white spirit and kerosine; automobile engines; Diesel oil, gas oil and heavy fuel oils; oil engines; lubricants and lubrication ;special products ;asphaltic bitumen and road materials; analysis and testing of petroleum products; chemistry of petroleum; hydrogenation; motor benzole ; synthetic fuels; low and medium temperature carbonisation and retortable oil-yielding matorials ; petroleum literature ;petroleum statistics ;indexes.“Quantitative Analysis.” W. C. Pierce and E. L. Haenisch. Pp. xii + 412. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 15s. Fundamentals ; volumetric analysis; gravimetric analysis; specialmethods. Appendix. “Reagent Chemicals and Standards with Methods of Assaying and Testing.” Joseph Rosin.Pp. x + 530. (London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.). 30s. net. Explanatory notes ; the arsenic test; monographs ;volumetric solutions ; equivalents of normal and tenth-normal solutions ; pH determination; indicators for pH determinations. 345 “Tantalum and Niobium, Analytical Chemistry of .” The Analy- sis of their Minerals and the Application of Tannin in Gravi- metric Analysis. W. R. Schoeller. Foreword by G. Roche Lynch. Published under the auspices of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Pp. xvi + 198. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. net. Historical note; tantalum and niobium compounds of analytical impor- tance; the chemical composition of tantalum and niobium minerals; analytical technique; the tartaric acid method for the analysis of tantaloniobate minerals ; the hydrofluoric acid method for the analysis of titano-niobate minerals of the rare earths; other methods of analysis; quantitative separation methods ;the separation of tungstic oxide from the earths; the separation of thoria and the rare earths from other earths; the separation of the earth acids and titania from other earths; the separation of the earth acids and titania from other earths; the separation of the earth acids from titania; tho separation of tantalum from niobium; the separation of zirconium, aluminium, uranium and beryllium;the application of tannin in gravimetric analysis ;generalities on the use of tannin as a reagent; quantitative determination and separation methods based on tannin precipitation ;qualitative analysis ; the literature on earth-acid analysis.“Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.” J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. Fourth Edition, Vol. I: A to Bi. Pp.xxviii + 704. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 63s. net. The first volume of a new edition of the dictionary inaugurated by Sir Edward Thorpe in 1927, to which the present authors supplied supplementary volumes in 1934 and 1935 and an index and glossary in 1936. Messrs. Grafton & Co., of Coptic House, Great Russell Street, W.C.1,announce the publication of ‘‘Books and Documents: Dating, Permanence and Preservation,” by Dr. Julius Grant. The aim of the book is to assist librarians, collectors, antiquaries and others to determine the age, history and origin of the materials used in book production, the extent to which these materials are likely to resist deterioration.(10s. 6d. net.) The first of a series of pamphlets dealing with Methods for the Detection of Toxic Gases in Industry has been published by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. It deals with Hydrogen Sulphide, and is obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office, price 3s. 6d. net; post free, 3s. 7d. The Foreword to the pamphlet explains that a paragraph of the Chemical Works Regulations, 1922, made under Section 79 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, prohibits entry into any place which might contain dangerous gas by any person not properly protected, until the air has been tested and found safe to breathe. To meet this requirement the question of simple and rapid chemical or other methods for determining 346 low concentrations of dangerous gases, such as may occur in various circumstances in chemical works, was discussed by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers with the Home Office, and aa a result, arrangements were made by the Department of Scientsc and Industrial Research, at the request of the Home Office and with the financial and technical co-operation of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, for a series of tests to be developed by the Chemical Defence Research Department.The series of tests has been worked out mainly from the point of view of the chemical industry, but the gases and vapoum in question are encountered in many other industries to which the tests should be useful.Each test is being carefully standardised in the laboratory, and tried out under practical conditions in actual works, and will be made as simple and straightforward as possible. The complete series of tests will deal with the following gases and vapours :aniline, arsine, benzene, carbon disulphide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrous fumes, organic halogen compounds, phosgene and sulphur dioxide. In concentrations of one part of hydrogen sulphide in one thousand by volume of air, hydrogen sulphide is nearly as poisonous as prussicacid, and can kill almost as quickly. In concentrations of one part in 10,000 it gives symptoms of irritation in the eyes and throat after one hour’s exposure.In addition to its formation during the decomposition of organic matter containing sulphur, it is encountered in many important industries, including,-artificial silk, chemicals, dye-making and dyeing, coke oven and by-products, gas, grease refining, petroleum refining, tar distillation, etc. It is also encountered in the clearing of sewers and cesspools connected with various other works. It is sometimes suggested that the presence of dangerous concentrations of hydrogen sulphide may be detected by smell, but it cannot be too strongly emphasised that reliance cannot be placed on the sense of smell as a guide to safety, because persons differ greatly in their ability to detect smells, and the sense of smell readily becomes “tired” and is of little value thereafter in noting even much increased concentrations.Moreover, the smell of hydrogen sulphide may be masked by other odours. The method of test adopted consists in drawing a known volume of the atmosphere under test through a piece of test paper treated with lead acetate specially fitted to a hand pump. The test paper becomes stained a brownish colour and concentrations of hydrogen sulphide from 1 part in 150,000 upwards can be gauged by comparing the colour of the stain with a carefully printed colour chart attached to the pamphlet. Full instructions for carrying out the test under standard conditions are given.The British Standards Institution has recently published the Handbook of Information, including Annual Report, 1936-37, and Index Lists of British Standard Specifications and Methods of Test. IS. The Institution has also published the following new Specifica- tions and Revisions :-No. 539-1937: Drain Fittings, Salt-glazed Ware and Salt-glazed Glass (vitreous) , Enamelled Fireclay. No. 740-1937 : Portable Chemical Fire Extinguishers, Foam, and Carbon Tetrachloride, Type. 347 No. 748-1937 : Haemacytometer Counting Chambers and Haemacyt ometer Dilution Pipettes. Revisions: “Low Carbon ” Steel Cylinders for “Permanent ” Gases (B.S.S. No. 400-1931); and Steel Cylinders for “Liquefiable ” Gases (B.S.S. No. 4OI-1931). ‘‘High Carbon” Steel Cylinders (B.S.S.No. 399-1930). A paper on The Effect of Cold-Work and Annealing on the Hardness of Some Tin-Antimony, Tin-Antimony- Copper, and Tin-Antimony-Silver Alloys,by R. E. Leyman, has recently been published by the International Tin Research and Development Council (Series A.53) and is obtainable from the offices of the Council, Manfield House, 378, Strand, London, W.C.2. The Report of the Advisory Council of the Science Museum for the year 1936 (H.M. Stationery Office,-Is. 3d. net) mentions a record of over 1,280,000 visitors to the Museum during 1936,- the highest attendance being on Easter Bank Holiday,-z3,944. Special reference is made to the James Watt Bi-Centenary Exhibition and to the Very Low Temperatures Exhibition which was a sequel to the Refrigeration Exhibition of 1934, as well as to the increasing use which is made of the Science Museum Library.The issues of books, etc., on loan has increased from 3,000 in 1925 to ZI,OOO in rg36. 348 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 25th June and 24th July, 1937,2 new Fellows were elected, 18 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, I Fellow was re-elected, 45 new Associates were elected, and 23 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 5 Fellows and 6 Associates. New Fellows. Brammall, Alfred, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 21, Whitworth Road, London, S.E.25. Wharton, Edward, 39, Station Road, Brimington, Chesterfield. Associates elected to the Fellowship.Bryant, Charles Sidney, B.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Christchurch, Road, Sidcup, Kent. Colclough, Tom Peach, D.Sc. (Manc.), B.Met. (Sheff .), Granite House, Cannon Street, London, E.C.4. Cooper, William Ernest, 62, Ickenham Close, Ruislip, Middlesex. Crow, Thomas Benedict, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 77, Vicarage Road, Smeth- wick, Staffs. Duthie, Douglas Watt, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (Aberd.), Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, B.W.I. Flowerdew, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Birm,), M.P.S., Carr Lane, Birkdale, Southport.Francis, Marcus, Ph.D. (Manc.), 30, Daver Court, Manor Street, London, s.w.3. Grindley, David Noel, 28, Tollemache Road, Claughton, Birkenhoad. Healey, Alfred Thomas, Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 18, Nylands Avenue, Kew Gardens, Surrey.Humphreys, Thomas Clement, 76, Gibbins Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham, 29. Jones, William Richard, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 32, Davis Road, Lahore, Punjab, India. Lawrence, Cyril Dunn, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., Ermington B, 14, Victoria R,oad South, Southsea. Lugg, Joseph William Henry, D.Sc. (W.A.), Department of Biochemistry,Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington,London, S.W.7. Miller, David, B.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Avondale Road, Southport. Pollock, John Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Beechcroft Road, Orpington, Kent. Smith, Frederick James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 31, The Northern Road, Gt. Crosby, Liverpool, 23. Thornton, Edwin, B.Sc. (Leeds), 13, Cefn Parc, Skewen, S. Wales. Wharton, John, Lyndene, Cronton Lane, Farnworth, Widnes, Lancs.349 Reelected Fellow. Williams, William Dudley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Dunraven Road, Castle Court, Cardiff. New Associates. Budhiraja, Kashmiri Lal, M.Sc, (Punjab), Mohindra College, Patiala-State-, Panjab, India. Cameron, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), Burntshields, Sorn, Ayrshire. Carson, Samuel Corbett, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), 17, Shankston Crescent, Cumnock, Ayrshire. Chattaway, Francis William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Ranelagh Road, Southall, Middlesex. Evans, Charles Emlyn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Langthorne Crescent, Grays, Essex. Geffert, Godfrey Hugh, B.Sc. (Liv.), Denham Lodge, Sefton Lane, Maghull, Lancs. Gidvani, Bhawan Showkiram, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., c/o Messrs.T. Cook & Son, Ltd., Berkeley Street, London, W.l. Gladden, George William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 339, Franklin Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham.Grant, Arnold Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Wakefield Street, Hull. Greig, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), D.Phi1.' (Marburg), 9, Roman Drive, Camelon, Falkirk. Hamilton, Miss Beryl Rosa, B.A. (Oxon.), 29, North Park, London, S.E.9. Harper, David Augusthe, B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.), 25, Hose Side Road, Wallasey Cheshire. Hudson, Ronald Augustus, M.Sc. (Wales),2, Belle Vue Street, Penrhiwcei- ber, Glam. Ireland, Joseph Thomas, B.Sc. (Liv.), 18, Ramsey Road, Allerton, Liverpool, 19. Irving, Robert, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 28, Park Road, Stretford, Man- Chester. Israel, George Cashmore, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 21, Wellington Street, Trafalgar, Invercargill, New Zealand..Jamison, Robin Ralph, B.Sc. (Capetown), Redbourne, 148, Main Road, Sea Point, Cape Town, S. Africa. Kennedy, Henry Woodrow, B.Sc. (Glas.), Sundrum, Uddingston, Glasgow. Lee, Lawrence James, B.Sc. (Liv.), 6, Talbot Street, St. Helens, Lancs. Lorne, Henry Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Abadan, Persian Gulf. MacLean, Graham, B.Sc. (Glas.), 337, Thornhill Road, Falkirk. Manning, Robert Vincent, B.Sc. (N.U.I.),A.R.C.Sc.I., 20, Bawnmore Road, Belfast, N. Ireland. Morrison-Jones, Colin Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., HighhurstCorner, Kingswood, Surrey. Newman, Ernest George Vincent, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 47, IngledewRoad, London, S.E.18. O'Donnell, Ronald William Hamilton, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Liv.), 5, Chevin Road, Orrell Park, Liverpool, 9. Papst, Ernst Otto, M.Sc. (Cape), Quendon, Lincoln Street, Bellville, Cape Town, S. Africa. Paterson, William Alexander McDonald, B.Sc. (Glas.), Stafford House, St. Michael, Barbados, B.W.1. Phalkar, Shripad Laxman, B .Sc. (Bombay),M.S. (Louisiana), A.R.T.C., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. 350 Raynor, Geoffrey Vincent, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 31, Warnborough Road, Oxford. Reed, Ronald Arthur, 34, The Woodlands, Lewisham, London, S.E.13. Rees, Wilfred Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), 11,Morgan Street, Caerphilly, Glm. Rolls, James Allison, B.A.Sc. (Toronto), 32, Biggar Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Roy, Alexander Rose, B.Sc. (Glm.), c/o Professor W. M.Cumming, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Runnicles, Dennis Frank, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The White Cottage,Betenson Avenue, Sevenoaks, Kent. Samis, Clarence Sutherland, M.Sc. (Manitoba), Ph.D. (London.), 158, Adelaide Road,London, N.W.3. Sills, Victor Ernest, B.Sc. (Birm.), Gatcombe Farm, Flax Bourton, nr. Bristol. Sleight, Bernard, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 14, Tavern Street, Stowmarket. Smith, Arthur Frederick Philip, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, St. Andrew’s Road, Edeld, Middlesex. Sreerangachar, Hemmige Biligiri Rangachar, M.Sc. (Mysore), Tea Research Institute, St. Coombs, Talawakele, Ceylon. Stitson, William Harold Jordan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86, Glebelands Avenue, Newbury Park, Essex. Trease, George Edward, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., M.P.S., 17, Wollaton Vale, Beeston, Notts.Whitehouse, Brindley Charles, B.Sc. (Birm.), 590, Chester Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Whittaker, John Pollard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rossendale, Derby Road, Draycott, Derb yshire . Whyts, William John, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 149, Clifton Road, Aberdeen. Wild, Richard, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Vineries, Sipson, West Drayton, Middlesex. New Students. Andrews, Cecil Victor, 74, First Avenue, London, W.3. Black, William, 62, Cardiff Road, Off Avenue Road, Norwich. Browne, Michael Thomas, 6, Millar Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Cornish, George Reginald, 10, Angles Road, London, S.W. 16. Drayton, Clarence Ivor, 103, Regent Street, Georgetown, British Guiana. Flannery, Francis Edward, 105, Worship Street, London, E.C.2. Ford, Arthur Maytum, 42, Ayresome Green Lane, Middlesbrough.Gabriel, Samuel, Cramlington, Ackers Lane, Latchford Without, Warring- ton. Gillham, Eric William Frederick, 4, The Byeways, Surbiton, Surrey. Harrison, John, 24, Oakwood Park Road, London, N.14. Hesketh, John Alfred, 81, Newby Street, Liverpool, 4. Holland, James Robert, 1447, Ashton Old Road, Manchester. Houghton, Thomas, 28, Handley Street, Horden, Co. Durham. Hunter, William, 75, Weldon Crescent, High Heaton, Newcastle-on-Tyne. King, Ralph William, Devonshire Hall, Cumberland Road, Lee&, 6. Morton, Ronald William, 27, Renfrew Road, Lower Kennington Lane, London, S.E.11. Robinson, Miss Marjorie Betty Blanche, 29, PlaySeld Crescent, London, S.E.22. Saunderson, John Edward Frederick, Midwood, Elm Park Road, Pinner, Middlesex.Sparks, Edward John, 18, Alexandra Road, Blackburn. 351 Stevens, Ronald Thomas Sidney, 78, Speldhurst Road, London, W.4. Taylor, Miss Doris, 206, Upland Road, London, S.E.22. Warner, Kenneth Sidney, 50, Arundel Avenue, Morden, Surrey. Wilkie, Francis, 100, Stevenson Avenue, Edinburgh. DEATHS. Fellows. Joseph Bernard Coleman, A.R.C.Sc.1. William Brantingham Giles. Christopher Maurice Walter Grieb, B.Sc. (Lond.). SirDavid Orme Masson, K.B.E., M.A., D.Sc. (Edin.,Melbourne and Adelaide), LL.D. (Edin.), F.R.S. Paul Murphy. Associates. (Mrs.) May Sybil Burr (nee Leslie), D.Sc. (Leeds).John Wallace Crabtree, B.Sc. (Manc.).William Jefferys Lesley, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Denis Madden, M.Sc.(N.U.I.), A.R.C.Sc.1. William Muirhead. Hamish Robertson, B.Sc. (Glas.). CHANGE OF NAME. Ernest Edward Unwin Abraham, B.Sc. (Liv.), Associate, to Ernest Edward Unwin, by Deed Poll. 352 Coming Events. 1937 September 13-15 FARADAY : General Discussion on “Reaction Kinetics,” SOCIETY in the Chemistry Theatre of the University of Mmchester. September-October AND MARINEEXHIBITION16 Sept.-2 Oct. ENGINEERING at Olympia,London, W. 14. Foundry equipment, welding equipment,engines, technical applications of gas, scientific and research exhibits. 11 a.m. to 9 p.m. daily. September OF SPECIALLIBRARIES BUREAUX,24-27 ASSOCIATION AND INFORMATION Fourteenth Annual Conference : Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.September-October CONGR~S and26 Sept.-2 Oct. DIX-SEPTI&ME DE CHI-INDUSTRIELLE ANNIVERSARYOF THE FOUNDATIONTWENTIETH OF THE SOCI&T& DE C-INDUSTREELLE,at Paris. September 29 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South Eastern Counties’ Section):Discussion of the Proposed Supplemental Charter, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. October 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section): Annual General Meeting and Tatlock Memorial Lecture. “The Forensic Chemist in the Criminal Courts.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Editor, The AnaZyst. Further particulars later. 7 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) and LEICESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY(Chemistry Section) : Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson. Further particulars will be announced later. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section), INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS, SOCIETY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY, AssocIA-and Corn OVEN MANAGERS’ TION: “Influence of Particle Size in Processes of Fuel Tech-nology.,’ Dr. P. 0. Rosin, at Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne, at 7.45 p.m. 12 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(HuddersfieldSection):Professor W. E.S. Turner. (Subject to be announced later.) 13 INSTITUTEOF CHE~STRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section): Annual Meeting and Chairman’s Address, at the University Union, Newcastle. 13-15 INSTITUTION Discussion on Lubrica-OF MECHANICAL ENUINEERS: tion and Lubricants. Application forms for tickets of admission, copies of papers, and other information, can be obtained from the Secretary, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’sGate, St.James’s Park, S.W.l. 353 1937 October 14 INSTITUTEOF CmMIsmtyI!Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Chairman’s Address : Chemical Service Implications.” Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. 15 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Twent,ieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. “Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster, F.R.S., at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): Joint Meeting of the Section with the Microchemical Club and the Leeds Univer- sity Chemical Society.“Microchemical Methods.” Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe. Films showing microchemical technique with explanatory _comments by Dr. Janet Matthews. General dis- cussion on ‘‘Applications of Microchemistry” opened by Prof. F. G. Tryhorn. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF “Aspects of Personal Finance.” Mr. F. R. Cooper. 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “From Boyle to Priestley.” Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, Registrar and Secretary of the Institute. INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“The Origin of Petroleum in relation to the Formation of Coal.” Mr. John Roberts, at the Junior Institution of Engineers, 39, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, at 6 p.m. OF22 INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section): “An Introductioil to The Chemistry of Phenanthrene.” Dr.R. B. Strathdee, at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, at 5.15 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section), Joint Meeting with the Technical College Chemical Society and the Chemical Society: “The Stratosphere.” Prof. A. Paneth, at the Technical College, Cardiff, at 5 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section): Dance at Prince’s Galleries, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, 8 p.m. till midnight. Fellows and Associates from other Sections will be welcome. Particulars obtainable from the Honorary Secretary, Mr. R. F. Innes, 30, Russell Square, W.C.l. Tickets, Ss. single, 16s. double. 25 BEDSONCLUB (Newcastle upon Tyne) : “Electron Diffraction on Surfaces.” Prof.G. I. Finch. 28 CHEMICALCLUB: Annual General Meeting, at Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, at 8 p.m. November 4 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section): Dr. A. E. Dunstan will present a film of recent operations of the Anglo- Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., in Iran, at the Technical College, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section), SOCIETY and INSTITUTEOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF METALS: Visit to Imperial Chemical Industries (Fertilizer & Synthetic Products), Ltd., Billingham. 354 1937 November OF11 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. “Chemist’s Progress.” Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Member of Council. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m.INSTITUTE OFOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) and SOCIETY CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Nottingham Section): Dr. E. W. Smith, C.B.E., at Nottingham. Further particulars will be announced later. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY and SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Liverpool and North-Western Sections) : “Our Newspapers-From Forest to Fireside.” Mr. G. Thompson, at the Constitu- tional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. 15 INSTITUTE (Lee& Area Section) : Annual General OF CHEMISTRY Meeting of the Section. Further particulars later. OF17 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section): “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Wool and Wool Textile Processes.” Dr. J. B. Speakman. 18 ANNUALCHEMICALDINNER. At the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W.1, at 7 for 7.30 p.m.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-Western Counties OF Section): “Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Food.” Dr. H. E. Cox, Member of Council. 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Special General Meeting, to consider the proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) : Refresher Lecture : “Recent Developments in Biochemistry.” Dr. C. P. Stewart. Further particulars later. 24 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties’ Seetion): Annual General Meeting and Smoking Concert, at Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, W.C. 25 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(South Wales Section) : Some finer Constituents of Coal.Miss Marie C. Stopes. December 3 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section): “The Choice of Construction Metals in Chemical Plant.” Mr. H. W. Cremer. Further particulars later. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) : Dinner-Dance at the University Union, New- castle upon Tyne. RAMSAYCHEMICALDINNER. Central Hotel, Glasgow. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section): Visit to Battersea Power Station. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Social Evening (with entertainment organised by Mr. H. Jasperson and Mr. H. Weatherall), at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m.14 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) : “Some Scientific Aspects of Baking Quality in Flour.” Dr. E. A. Fisher. 1938 May-October SCOTLAND’SEMPIREEXHIBITION, at Glasgow. 355 General Notices. A Special General Meeting of the Fellows and Asso-ciates will be held at the Institute on FRIDAY,19th NOVEMBER, at 8 p.m., to consider the proposed Petition for a Supplemental Royal Charter, copies of which are issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Sir Martin 0. Forster, F.R.S., has kindly consented to give the 20th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 15th October, at 8 p.m. “Chemical Changes and Chances.” Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Mr.W. A. S. Calder, Member of Council, has kindly consented to give the 9th Gluck- stein Memorial Lecture at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Thursday, 11th November, at 8 p.m. ‘‘ Chemist’s Progress.” The above lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture is also open to all former students of Finsbury Technical College. A limited number of tickets for admission may be obtained by persons other than Fellows or Associates of the Institute, on application to the Registrar. Sir Robert H. Pickard, President, will preside on both occasions. Examinations, 1938.-Examinations for the Associateship will be arranged as follows- Period of Examination.Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 10th to 15th Jan. 1938.* Monday, 8th Nov. 1937. Friday, 31st Dee. 1937. 28th Mar. to 2nd April, 1938.* Monday, 7th Feb. 1938. Friday, lSthMar., 1938. 12thto 17th Sept., 1938.* Monday, 11th July, 1938. Friday, 2ndSept. 1938. Examinations for the Fellowship will be arranged as follows- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. 4th to 9th April, 1938.* Monday, 7th Feb., 1938. 19th to 24th Sept., 1938.* Monday, 1 lth July, 1938. * When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during the succeeding week. 356 From candidates for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or from those desiring special examinations, applica- tions should be received before 7th January (for the April Examination) and 10th June (for the September Examination), respectively.Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1938. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1937,to work of the character indicated.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for RegisteredStudents.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1938, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professiortal interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1937, and must be accompaaied by a signed 357 declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 358 The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions.Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, annual subscriptions expire on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de TZOVO, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the 359 Institute shortly before that date.Members who do not im-mediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The Profession of Chemistry ” (Third Edition, 1g35), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.The Annual Chemical Dinner, 1937,will be held at the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, N.W.1, on Thursday, 18th November, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. Fellows and Associates of the Institute and Members of other Societies and Institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. 360 Dinner will be followed by a Dance. There will be no speeches. Tickets, price 12s. 6d. for each lady or gentleman, including gratuities but not wine, will be obtainable in due course from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I. Warning.-Information has been received that an Academy in Brazil is offering bogus diplomas or degrees to chemists and others in this country.It seems hardly necessary to direct attention to this matter, but the Institute has been asked to warn its Members that this type of fraud is recurring. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treaswer, BENEVOLENTFUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9376100303

出版商:RSC    

年代:1937

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHFMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN ANC IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART V: 1937. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON,W.c.1. October, 1937. Publications Committee, 1937-38. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (Pvesident), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, a.E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIFtKALDY, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, ADAM TAIT, E.A. TYLER, A. W. M. WINTLE. 363 Editorial. Sixty Years Ago.-The Institute was incorporated by licence of the Board of Trade under Section 23 of the Companies Act, 1867, on and October, 1877, with authority to omit the word “Limited” as the last word of its title. At the first Annual General Meeting held on 1st February, 1878, Professor-later Sir-Edward Frankland, who had suc-ceeded Hofmann in the Chair of Chemistry at the Royal School of Mines, in opening the proceedings, referred to the difficulties encountered by his professional colleagues in bringing the organisation to successful accomplishment. He laid before them a brief statement on “the development of practical and pro- fessional chemistry in this country, the present status of trained and educated chemists, and the sequence of events and con-siderations which had led to the formation and incorporation of our Institute.” Interest in experimental science had been steadily increasing during the previous quarter of a century, and the teaching of science, especially of chemistry, had made rapid progress.The exigencies of medical jurisprudence, the establishment of various branches of chemical technology, the legal proceedings in cases consequent to alleged nuisance, the investigation of patent processes, and the problems arising out of water and gas supplies, had created a demand for chemical advice. This demand had at first been supplied from the medical pro-fession, whose members were at that time almost the exclusive recipients of chemical instruction, and that had been imparted only by lectures.In Liebig’s Laboratory in Giessen, about the year 1840, a School of Chemists had collected from all nations, especially from England. Frankland regarded this as the first laboratory of the kind, and there is little doubt that no earlier laboratory had been better equipped or controlled by a better master; though Aberdeen University ;Trinity College, Dublin ; University of Edinburgh, Anderson’s College and also the University, Glasgow ; King’s College and University College, London ; and 364 Christ Church, Oxford, certainly had practical classes much earlier in the nineteenth century; and St. Andrews University, the Royal School of Mines, and the School of the Pharmaceutical Society established practical classes in the following year (1841).Other universities quickly followed the same example; but many of our modern universities and well-known colleges had not yet come into existence. Before the foundation of the Chemical Society in 1841,the profession, as such, can scarcely be said to have existed, although there had been a few practising chemists as well as dilettante chemical philosophers who were devoted to the science. Dr. W. J. Russell, in reviewing the history of the Chemical Society at its Jubilee Celebration fifty years later, said that “The number of real students of chemistry in this country (in 1841) was very small. They were looked upon by their friends as being eccentric young men who would probably never do any good for themselves. .. .,’ In fact, the prospects for those who contemplated chemistry as a career were, for many years, very discouraging. The Royal College of Chemistry, founded in 1845,on the Giessen system under Hofmann, became especially a centre of attraction and, in the course of time, practical instruction was instituted in many other centres. Chemistry became a subject of general education in schools, colleges, and universities, and, in 1876,in connexion with the examinations conducted by the Science and Art Department, there were 115 chemical laboratories in which 2,400pupils received tuition. The importance of the applications of chemistry to agriculture and technology, public health, and the daily wants of modern civilisation were gradually becoming recognised.These intimate relations to daily life imparted to applied chemistry the character of a profession, scarcely second in importance to others which had been similarly called into existence by the wants of society and, like them, needing organisation for its creditable and suc- cessful practice. Chemistry needed an organisation which would stand in the same relation to its professional practice as that occupied by the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons towards medicine, the Institution of Civil Engineers towards the pro- fession of Civil Engineering, and the Inns of Court towards the practice of Law. It had originally been intended that the new organisation should be designated “The Institute of Professional Chemists, ” 365 andbe affiliated to the Chemical Society as a separate independent branch; but it was found that grave objections existed to the scheme; adverse opinions were given by legal advisers, and it was doubtful whether the Fellows of the Chemical Society would approve of the proposal.The Committee which had the matter under consideration, therefore, offered suggestions for the formation of a new and independent body. When application was made to the Board of Trade for in- corporation the promoters learned to their astonishment that in the eye of the law they were not chemists at all, either professional or o thenvise. Correspondence with the Board of Trade showed the ignorance of the Department at that time respecting the position and occupations of chemists, while the Pharmaceutical Society suggested that the phrase “professional chemist” was indefinite and liable to convey an erroneous impression, and that a more distinctive title than that proposed was desirable.The title of the Institute was, therefore, changed to “The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.” The Council was obliged to insert in the Memorandum of Association a definite clause to the effect that no Fellow or Associate should be entitled to a Certificate of his Fellowship or Associateship, and the Memorandum was further whittled down by the require- ment that the main object of the Institute should be eliminated, namely, “to ensure that consulting and analytical chemists were qualified by training for the proper discharge of the duties they undertook,”-because it pointed to the granting of certificates and appeared to cast a doubt on the fitness of the Pharmaceutical Society to perform its duties.The Board of Trade relied on the provisions of the Pharmacy Act of 1868, which enacted that on and after the 31st day of December, 1868, any person who should use, take or exhibit the name or title of “chemist” not being a duly registered Pharma- ceutical Chemist or Chemist and Druggist, should for every such offence be liable to pay a penalty or sum of E5. The President of the Chemical Society could not, in a Court of Justice, or elsewhere, use the designation by which he was known all over the civilised world, without thus infringing the laws of his own country.It seemed to be the view of the Board of Trade that the Pharmacists had exclusive claim to a title which, in the view of the founders of the Institute, was the common property of all who cultivated the science of chemistry. The promoters of the Institute, however, had to choose between accepting the conditions of registration imposed by the Board of Trade, or the establishment of the Institute as a private Society. Its main object, therefore, was defined,-‘Yo adopt such measures as may be necessary for the advancement of the profession of chemistry and particularly for the maintenance of the profession of consulting and analytical chemist on a sound and satisfactory basis.” As explained many years later by Sir William Tilden, the expression “consulting and analytical chemist,” was used as the only means then known to distinguish between those who were engaged as pharmacists and those who were engaged in chemistry in the wide sense.The Institute was unable to do all that was essential for carrying out the original intentions of its founders, but it could employ examiners, insist upon a high standard of qualification for admission to Associate- ship and Fellowship, and it was thus started on its career. When the Institute petitioned for a Royal Charter, the Pharmaceutical Society no longer had misgivings as to the objects. Mr.Michael Carteighe, then President of the Society, was one of the signatories to the Petition. At this stage, however, opposition was openly voiced, in some quarters, on the ground that it was derogatory-an even more obnoxious expression was used-to make a profession of chemistry; but the Charter was granted on the 13th June, 1885, and the Institute then obtained full authority to grant certificates to practise. Professors and teachers of chemistry had taken a prominent part in the movement, had been largely concerned in framing the scheme of training and examinations and had encouraged their students to qualify. Consultants and chemists engaged in industry participated in this work, and also in determining the general basis of the ethics of professional procedure.The Institute has since grown in numbers and usefulness; throughout its history it has maintained a high standard of competence and integrity, and Chemistry has become firmly established as a profession. 367 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 15th October, 1937.-Arising from previous Minutes, Mr. W. A. S. Calder reported that he had attended the International Congress of Industrial Chemistry, held in Paris during the last week in September, and the celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of the Foundation of the Sociktk de Chimie Industrielle, when he had presented an Address of congratulation and good wishes from the President and Council of the Institute. Mr. Calder, who reported that the celebrations had been a great success, received the thanks of the Council for representing the Institute on this occasion.The Council has since had the gratification of receiving from Sir Robert Mond, President of the Sociktk de Chimie Industrielle, a bronze plaquette-bearing in relief the heads of MM. Jean Gerard and Paul Kestner and panels symbolising chemical industry, engineering and agriculture-which was struck on the occasion of the celebration. The Council received a number of letters and suggestions regarding the proposed Supplemental Charter and adopted certain modifications to be notified to the Fellows and Associates in the notice convening the Special General Meeting, which will be held to consider the matter on 19th November.A letter was also received from the Home Office intimating that the Secretary of State proposed to include the name of the Institute, specifically, in a list of Institutions approved for the purpose of the Regulations made under the Dangerous Drugs Act. Other correspondence received directed attention to the proceedings of the British National Committee of the Inter- national Peace Campaign ; the proposal of the Textile Institute to set up a Representative Advisory Committee on Standardisa- tion in Textiles; and the Central Agricultural and Scientific Bibliography, which aims at providing additional facilities for utilising and increasing the collection of references to sources of information available in the Science Library, South Kensington.368 The appointment of Mr. W. R. Jewell, Fellow, as Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in Victoria, Australia, was confirmed. On the report of the Finance and House Committee, the names of a number of Fellows and Associates were removed from the Register for non-payment of subscriptions. The report of the Benevolent Fund Committee indicated that, while in response to the special appeal made at the beginning of the year, the total receipts showed an increase of E617 15s. 8d. over those for the corresponding date in 1936, the disbursements on account of the fund had increased by E236 IS. gd. The Committee reported that a balance of E327 14s.7d. on capital account was due for investment; but that the balance on current account, E136 ~gs., would not be sufficient to meet the estimated commitments of the Committee to the end of the year.The report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institu- tions Committee embodied the report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations. The Committee also gave consideration to the question as to what metallurgical degrees should be accepted as exempting from the examination for the Associateship of the Institute-a matter arising from the report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, held in June last. The Committee recalled that applications from candidates holding such degrees had in the past been con- sidered under the provisions of paragraph iv on page 17 of the Regulations, which is as follows:- “The final examination for a degree in the Honours School of Applied Chemistry, with first or second class honours, in any University in Great Britain, .. . . . provided that evidence is also produced that the candidate has passed the examina- tions of the University or College, to Ordinary Degree standard in inorganic, organic and physical chemistry, . . . . .” The Committee recommended no change in the Regulations or procedure, but that the requirements with regard to the standard of knowledge of inorganic, organic and physical chemistry should be rigidly maintained. Arising from the report of the Publications Committee, the Council decided to alter the date of the Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, which, with the consent of Mr.W. A. S. Calder, has been changed from Thursday, 11th to Wednesday, 17th November. 369 The report from the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education, and a report from the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland), on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry were received and adopted. The Council also received a report on the working of the Appointments Register, an abstract of which is reproduced in this Part of the Journal and Proceedings. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-On 15th October, in the hall of the Institute, Sir Martin Forster, F.R.S., delivered the Twentieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture,-Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. In opening the proceedings, the President said that Sir Martin was one of the most distinguished and successful of those who had been pupils of Frederick William Streatfeild at Finsbury Technical College.Sir Martin had been in India for many years, but prior to that he had served as a Vice-president and as a Censor of the Institute. Sir Martin entitled his address Chemical Changes and Chances.” (It has been printed, and is issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.) At the conclusion, the President handed Sir Martin Forster the Medal presented by the City and Guilds of London Institute, together with a photograph of Streatfeild. Sir Gilbert Morgan, in moving a vote of thanks, said that he had heard all except three of the Streatfeild Memorial Lectures which had been delivered, and that it was an exceptional pleasure for him to be present to hear Sir Martin Forster, who was his contemporary at “Finsbury.” Sir Gilbert made many references to Streatfeild, who, he said, highly esteemed Sir Martin.The vote of thanks was seconded by Mr. Julian L. Baker- also a student at “Finsbury,” contemporary with Sir Martin-and carried with acclamation. The President, in submitting the vote of thanks, confirmed the statement made by Sir Martin Forster that as long ago as November, 1892, a mutual friend had declared that organic chemistry was ‘‘finished.” The President himself was also present at the time. 370 Appointments Register.-During the period 1st October, 1936, to 30th September, 1937, a total of 994 vacancies have been notified, as against 963 for the previous corresponding period.The following table gives a rough classification of the vacan- cies:-1936-37. 1935-36. Government Appointments .. 107 67 Universities . . .. .. .. 59 58 Schools .. .. .. .. 74 59 Reseaxch Associations and Institutes 37 -Educational Authorities .. .. 6 17 Public Bodies .. .. . . 22 44 Industrial .. .. .. .. 512 509 Chemical Engineers .. .. 29 24 Salesmen .. .. .. .. 3 8 Junior Appointments . . .. 58 49 Temporary Appointments .. 16 16 Scholarships .. .. .. 8 32 Women .. .. .. .. 63 80 994 963 Of these, 50 were abroad, as compared with 67 last year. At the date of this report-30th September-336 members and 12 students are using the Appointments Register.Salaries.-The following figures indicate the salaries offered in connection with some of the above vacancies:- 1936-37. 1935-36. €200 per annum or under (includ- ing junior vacancies) .. .. 39 35 $200-5250 .. .. .. 54 75 $250-5500 .. .. .. 176 166 €500-$1,000 .. .. .. 83 50 €1,000 and over .. .. 7 13 As usual, it will be seen that these figures only account for a small proportion of the vacancies notified. In a large number of cases no definite indication as to salary is given, and the practice of asking candidates to state the salary required still continues. Every effort. is made to induce prospective employers to give at least some idea, within a range, of the salaries they are prepared to offer.Unemployment.-The following table shows the numbers of members who had notified the Institute that they were un-employed at the times stated. The figures for the previous corresponding period are given in brackets. The numbers represent the average during each month. 37 1 F.I.C. A.I.C. Totals. October, 1936 November .. .. .. .. .. 15(17) 14 92 (111)87 lOS(128)101 December .. .. .. 13 87 100 January, 1937 February . . March .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 (15) 12 10 84 (104) 79 72 96 (120) 91 82 April MayJune .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . 10 (17) 10 10 65 (95)67 73 75 (112) 76 83 July .. August September .. .. .. .. 9. .. ., .. .. 10 (15) 11 11 75 (94) 72 72 84 (109) 82 83 The minimun number unemployed was reached on April sznd (71).Of the total number unemployed on 30th September (83), 1935-36. 25 have been unemployed for three months or less (31)23 for from three months to one year (30)35 for over one year (55) The ages of the members unemployed are as follows :-1936-37. 1935-36. 21-25 years .. .. 27 30 25-30 ,, .. .. 12 15 30-35 ,, .. .. 11 18 35-40 ,, .. .. 5 16 40-45 ), .. .. 8 14 45-50 ,, .. .. 8 9 50 and over .. .. 12 14 The number of members in the Section Areas who have informed the Institute that they are without remunerative employment is as follows:-Aberdeen .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. 3 Belfast .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Bristol .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Cardiff .... .. .. .. .. 0 Dublin .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 East Midlands .. .. .. .. .. 5 Edinburgh .. .. .. .. ,. .. 4 Glasgow .. .. .. .. .. 4 Huddersfield' ' .. .. .. .. .. 0 Leeds .. .. .. .. *. .. 9 Liverpool .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 London and South-Eastern Counties .. . . 46 Manchester . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 Newcastle .. .. .. .. .. ,. 0 South Wales.. .. .. ,. .. .. 4 South Yorkshire .. .. .. .. .. 0 Abroad ,. .. .. .. .. .. -1 83- 372 It will be seen that there has been a,n appreciable decrease in unemployment during the period under review. The slight rise between April and September, coinciding with the period to- wards and after the end of the academic year, is normal. It is regrettable that there are still a number of members who have been unemployed for a long time, but this appears to be inevit- able in a body with a membership of nearly 7,000.List of Laboratory Assistants.-There are only 39 names on this list as against 65 last year. The present scarcity of boy- labour is well-known. A large proportion of the boys using this list are directed to the Institute by the Headmasters’ Employ- ment Committee of the Ministry of Labour; 35 of the 39 are living in the London area. 126vacancies have been issued as against gg last year; 61 persons on the list have notified the Institute that they have obtained posts and a large proportion of these have registered as students of the Institute and commenced systematic courses of study. Benevolent Fund.-Fellows and Associates will observe that, at the Council Meeting held on 15th October, the Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the balance on current account would not be sufficient to meet the estimated disbursements of the Committee to the close of the year.With a balance of lI34 10s. 6d. at the present time, the definite commitments to 31st December amount to j6155 17s. 6d., but there may be other appeals to meet; so that any Fellow or Associate who may have overlooked the Appeal issued in the early part of the year has still the opportunity of forwarding his contribution, which will be gratefully received by the Honorary Treasurer. The amount now disbursed in regular allowapces amounts to -/3,021 10s. a year, and those who are receiving benefit from the fund-apart from casual grants and loans-include-three aged Fellows; eleven widows (with twenty-four children) ; a daughter of a Fellow; a Fellow (widower) abroad, financially embarrassed, with two children at home; the mother of a Fellow; and a former (woman) Associate,-all cases thoroughly deserving the help which the fund is able to afford.373 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible fm the views expressed ha papers read, or in speeches delivered dzlring disczlssiolz.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on zznd October, when Dr. R. B. Strathdee read a paper entitled An Introduction to the Chemistry of Phenanthrene,” -Dr.A. B. Stewart in the chair. After emphasising the importance of the study of phenanthrene and its derivatives, the lecturer indicated how this had been made possible when, in recent years, new weapons of attack had been forged and new methods of analysis and synthesis had been devised. The constitution of the isomeric hydrocarbons anthracene and phenanthrene was decided when, in 1872, Fittig and Ostermeyer definitely established the formula of the latter by a series of degradation steps to diphenyl. Since that date numerous syntheses had been carried out, several of which the lecturer outlined in detail. An explanation was given of the use of sulphur, selenium and catalytic agents, such as palladium and platinum, in the dehydrogenation of alicyclic compounds to their aromatic counterparts.After an account of the properties and reactions of phenan-threne-more particularly towards bromine and oxidising agents -the evidence upon which the constitutions of several of its derivatives were based, was examined. Following a review of their occurrence and properties, the compounds morphine (alkaloid), abietic acid (resin acid), cholesterol (sterol) and oestrone (sex hormone)--each characteristic of a type-were dealt with individually, and the schemes employed by Haworth and his fellow workers in the important syntheses of retene and Diel’s hydrocarbon were outlined. In conclusion, the speaker gave an account of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons and indicated how the presence of r,z-benzpyrene had been detected in coal tar by the use of fluorescence spectro- scopy.The isolation of this compound by Hieger and his colleagues was made in 1933. The carcinogenic activity of methyl cholanthrene, obtained as a degradation product of desoxycholic acid gave food for thought. 374 Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 21st October, Mr. F. E. Needs presided at a meeting of the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the University of Bristol, when the Registrar of the Institute gave his lecture (illustrated by lantern slides) entitled “From Boyle to Priestley,” dealing with the progress of science and the lives of chemical philosophers born after the Hon.Robert Boyle and before Joseph Priestley. Cape.-In the unavoidable absence of the Chairman of the Section, Professor Newbery took the Chair at a meeting on 28th May, when Dr. P. C. Carman gave an address on The Significance of Viscosity and Plasticity.” of which the following pr6cis has been received- It is a fundamental property of gases and liquids to change shape, i.e., to flow, when they are subjected to an unbalanced force. It is also characteristic of all real fluids that, as long as the force is applied, there is a resistance to flow, which varies enormously from one liquid to another. This resistance is generally termed the viscosity of the fluid. (Its great technical importance was emphasised by reference to petrol, lubricants, bitumens and other petroleum products, rubber and its deriva- tives, plastics, ceramic clays, paints, etc.) In all these cases, the resistance to flow or to change of shape is of the first import- ance.It should not be concluded, however, that technology is concerned merely with methods of measuring viscosity. If these methods are to be of the fullest use, it must be possible to obtain reproducible results, and to be able to express measurements by different instruments in terms of one another, and of absolute measurements. At the present time, it is true to say that it is just these things which are made impossible by the backwardness of our theoretical knowledge, and it was the aim of the lecturer, therefore, to present some recent advances in theoretical know- ledge.The coefficient of viscosity of pure fluids, based on Newton’s law of viscosity, has long been a recognised physical constant, capable of accurate measurement by a variety of different in- struments. Dr. Carman referred briefly to the capillary tube, falling sphere and concentric cylinder methods of measurement. The nature of viscosity of gases, since Maxwell’s time, has also had a sound theoretical basis. Maxwell threw out fruitful ideas as to the nature of liquid viscosities, but only in the last few years 375 has a likely theory been suggested. Dr. Carman described Andrade’s theory to explain the peculiar nature of the viscosity of liquids, and its verification by recent experiments of Chiang with liquid sodium and potassium.Relatively few technical measurements have to deal with pure liquids. Far more frequently, colloidal sols, pastes, and plastic masses have to be dealt with. For such, Newton’s law is the exception rather than the rule. The viscosity, instead of being a constant, increases when the rate of flow reaches small values. The whole trend of modern work shows that there is no sharp boundary between true and anomalous viscosity on the one hand, and between anomalous viscosity and the plastic flow of ductile metals on the other. Naturally, it is doubtful whether so many different types of flow can be embraced by a single general law, but the fact that no such general law exists makes it difficult to assess the value of the many different types of instru-ment for measuring plasticity, consistency and similar vaguely- defined terms.Such systems are best studied by plotting shearing stress against velocity gradient, and, for these, the concentric-cylinder type of instrument is particularly suit able. Bingham’s concep- tion of an elastic behaviour up to a certain yield-point was men- tioned, because of its simplicity, though it is doubtful if it has any real significance. It seems likely, however, that anomalous vis- cosities are caused by formation of elastic structures in the liquid, e.g., thixotropic sols and liquid crystal melts show marked anomalous viscosities. Such structures decay under application of a shearing stress, but only after a certain “period of relaxation.” This view is of interest in two ways.It breaks down the sharp distinction between the elasticity of the pure crystalline state and the true viscosity of pure liquids, and it is reminiscent of the original theory for the viscosity of liquids, of which Andrade’s theory may be regarded as a modernised form. At a meeting held in the University buildings on 27th August, -Mr. G. Leslie in the Chair,-addresses were given by Professor Newbery and Dr. Rapson on the ‘‘Romance of Carbide.” Professor Newbery dealt with the history of carbide and with its manufacture. Dr. Rapson described the numerous products that are made from carbide as starting material,-including urea, drugs of the veronal type, synthetic resins, nitroguanidine for 376 explosives, acetylene products for solvents, acetic acid and an-hydride, chloroform and synthetic rubber.East Anglia.-On 13th October, Fellows and Associates in East Anglia held an inaugural meeting, at which it was decided to apply to the Council of the Institute for the formation of an East Anglian Section. The matter will come before the Council in due course. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 1st October,-Dr. P. F. Gordon, Chairman of the Section presiding. The Hon. Secretary submitted the Annual Report in which it was mentioned that there had been ten meetings of the Section, including seven held jointly with other chemical societies.There had also been two works visits and four committee meetings. The activities of the committee had included consideration of the chemist’s part in the National Scheme of Air-Raid Precautions, and this had resulted in the motion passed by Council in Novem- ber, 1936, dealing with this matter. References were also made to the work of the Interviewing Committee, and to the local examinations for the Associateship. The Honorary Treasurer’s Report was adopted on the motion of Dr. I. V. Hopper, seconded by Mr. H. L. Watson. On the proposal of Mr. W. J. Skilling,-Dr. G. D. Muir, the honorary auditor, was accorded a hearty vote of thanks and, on the motion of Mr. H. L. Watson, was re-appointed as Auditor for session 1937-38.One new member of Committee, Mr. I. B. Mowat, was elected, and the Chairman thanked the retiring member, Mr. J. S. Grant, for his services. Immediately following the business meeting, Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Editor of The Analyst, delivered the second Tatlock Memorial Lecture, to which members of other chemical societies had been invited. “The Forensic Chemist in the Criminal Courts.” In defining the scope of forensic chemistry the lecturer drew a sharp distinction between chemical investigations that might require medical interpretation and those to which medicine could contribute nothing; the former were rightly included as coming within the ambit of forensic medicine. The history of toxicology showed how, with the growth of 377 chemical knowledge, increasing importance had been attached to chemical analysis, until at the present day its evidential value might be even greater than that of the medical symptoms and post-mortem appearances.These points were illustrated by the evidence given in poison cases, and it was shown that even at the time of Orfila (1823)chemical analysis played a subordinate part in criminal trials. The further development of scientific toxicology was largely due to the work of Christison, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at Edinburgh University, and for many years his manual was the standard textbook on the subject. When chemical evidence became the rule rather than the exception the courts were frequently asked to accept the view of Plenck that unless poison had been found in the body, there should be no conviction in poison trials; but this view was not accepted by British toxicologists from Christison to Stevenson, who urged that the other evidence might be so conclusive that there could be no doubt that a person had been poisoned, even when no poison had been detected.It was with the hope of escaping conviction that medical poisoners had used vegetable poisons which, they expected, would not be detected, such as-morphine, by Castaing ; strychnine, by Palmer; aconite, by Warder; aconitine, by Lamson; and hyoscine by Crippen. At one time the detection of adulteration of food also came within the domain of medical jurisprudence.The lecturer gave an account of the gross adulteration of food, as described by medical men, at the end of the eighteenth century, and showed how the analytical control of the purity of food had gradually passed out of the hands of such medical men into those of chemists trained for the work. Even such chemical questions as the detection of forgery were at one time regarded as belonging to forensic medicine. The lecturer referred to a case, in 1836, in which chemical evidence as to the erasure of a figure on a document was given by a medical man. It was now recognised that the scientific examination of documents belonged exclusively to the domain of forensic chemistry. It was a subject in which great advances had been made. The first case in which evidence of differences of inks on a document was given was Rex v.Brinkley (1907),and this was followed (in 1910)by a case in which the approximate age of the writing on a will was established by chemical tests. Since 378 then evidence on such subjects as the identity of pencil pigments, sealing wax and typing inks, and the deciphering of charred documents had been given in criminal trials. This was only one of the directions in which forensic chemical criminology had developed. There had been similar advances in other subjects, such as the examination of firearms and projectiles, the iden- tification of fibres, dusts, and so on. All such subjects were included in the course of study at the Metropolitan Police College at Hendon, at the Police Laboratories at Bristol, and elsewhere, the object being to teach the police, not so much what to do as what not to overlook. The manner in which the Metropolitan Police College might be developed in the national interest was one of the terms of reference for the Advisory Committee on the Scientific Investi- gation of Crime.In their report (1936) the Committee recom- mended that this could best be done by establishing a National Medico-Legal Institute, to be a school in the Faculty of Medicine in the University of London. In Dr. Mitchell’s opinion, this scheme, which continued the tradition of the subordination of chemistry to medicine, was too restricted in its outlook. What was required was an Institute of Forensic Medicine and Chemistry, in which the two professions could work together on a basis of equality.The lecture will be published and circulated to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. Huddersfie1d.-The first meeting of the Session was held in Fields’ Caf6, Huddersfield, on 12th October, when Dr. A. E. Everest presided and introduced the lecturer, Dr. Eric Seddon, who gave a talk entitled “The Casting of the World’s Largest Telescope Disc (in Glass) of 200 in. Diameter,” of which the lecturer has kindly supplied the following sum-mary:-“Funds had been promised to the California Institute of Technology, in America, for the production of a reflecting tele- scope of zoo in. diameter, as an advance on, and to be operated in conjunction with, the IOO in.telescope at Mt. Wilson, with a view to obtaining increased light gathering power, thereby decreasing photographic exposures necessary during stellar observations. “Attempts to make, by the General Electric Company of New 379 York, a large disc of adequate size, of fused silica, having failed, the Corning Glass Works, U.S.A., tackled the problem presented to them in 1931,by preparing in bulk for the first time, a special boro-silicate glass of low thermal expansion and high chemical durability. This special glass, melted in a tank furnace, was subsequently transferred in specially cooled metal ladles of some 750-lb. capacity, to a mould of high temperature, insulating brick, designed to shape a telescope disc of the Cassegrain type, of 200 in.diameter and with the required thickness. To decrease weight and retain rigidity, a ribbed backing to the plane reflecting face of the disc was developed, and was produced by having anchored moulds projecting into the glass disc to a suitable depth and with predetermined positions. A furnace dome, kept at a high temperature, covered the mould during the pouring operation which took some six hours, and by means of this maintained temperature, the glass was made to flow evenly to all parts of the mould. After rapid cooling to red heat, the large disc was dropped away from the dome, transferred several yards on rails, and hoisted under an annealing cover. The latter ensured that by electrical heating and control gear the glass disc could be cooled at the rate of 0.8" per day, over a period of about one year, so as to yield a glass object in which no ap- preciable stresses existed."The annealing of a second disc, completed in December, 1935, (after a first disc had proved not a complete success), proved satisfactory, and this had been crated in a special crate and transported by special railway car and train to California where the grinding was to be carried out. " After grinding to the required paraboloidal shape, an opera- tion which can only be done very gradually to avoid overheating and which therefore will take a lengthy period, the reflector is to be coated with aluminium by an evaporation process as this metal gives improved reflection, particularly in the ultra-violet region."When complete, there remains the task of transporting the finished, ground and aluminium-coated mirror to its mountain site on Palomar Mountain. ''Models illustrated the general set-up of the mounting, etc., as well as the mechanism required to support the large disc and to rotate it so as to keep stellar objects permanently in view." Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section, the Micro-chemical Club and the Leeds University Chemical Society was 380 held on 15th October in the Chemistry Department of the University of Leeds. Professor R. W. Whytlaw-Gray, who presided over a large gathering, welcomed the Microchemical Club on the occasion of its first visit to the North of England, Professor H.V. A. Briscoe, in a brief introductory address, adduced the work of the Chairman in collaboration with Ramsay on radium emanation as one of the best examples of the elegance and utility of microchemical methods. They were no new thing: what was new was such a development and extension of micro- technique that any chemist, who was prepared to spend a few hours in studying the matter, might thereby save ever after a considerable proportion of the time and effort expended on many common chemical manipulations. In illustration of this point, he described and illustrated with slides and exhibits the apparatus and methods used in some common micro-manipulations. A number of films were then shown illustrating qualitative sepa- rations by the microscope slide technique and by the use of the centrifuge and cones, the fractional distillation and boiling- point determinations of liquids, and some operations carried out by the pioneers Emich and Pregl and their collaborators.Dr. Janet W. Matthew, Chairman of the Microchemical Club, supplied explanatory comments. After a short interval the meeting reassembled under the chairmanship of Dr. F. A. Mason for a symposium on Applications of Microchemistry.” Professor F. G. Tryhorn (Hull) gave examples of the value of micro-methods in the examination of the very small amounts of material, such as dust from clothing, paint stains, etc., which frequently figure as exhibits in police court cases. He indicated the need for the development of new micro-methods for certain problems arising in forensic work, notably the investigation of dyes on fibres and the comparison of specimens of glass.It was emphasised that the value of such evidence was mainly corroborative. Mr. N. Strafford contributed a paper which was read by Mr. T. E. Johnson, describing a colorimetric method for the deter- mination of minute amounts of tin in organic matter. After destruction of the organic matter by wet oxidation, the tin is precipitated as sulphide from acid solution, decomposed with sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and reduced to the stannous 381 condition by aluminium foil and dilute hydrochloric acid. The phospho-molybdenum blue reaction is then applied, the last two operations taking place in an inert atmosphere. The blue colouring matter is extracted by amyl alcohol and evaluated by means of the Lovibond tintometer or other appropriate method.In a 5-gm. sample, 4 p.p.m. of tin can be detected, and for tin contents of 10p.p.m. and upwards, the accuracy is of the order of & 10per cent. Copper and titanium are the only metals which interfere, and these are held in solution during the sulphide precipitation by thiourea and tartaric acid respectively. Mr. E. A. Coakill gave an account of his experience in apply- ing Pregl’s methods to the estimation of carbon and hydrogen in fuels and their proximate analysis. Some variations were en- countered, especially in determinations of volatile matter, when results of micro- and macro-methods were compared. He also outlined a scheme for the estimation of impurities in pig lead and a proposed process for the examination of deposits from locomotives, consisting essentially of oil, water, solids, coal and abraded metal.A micro-viscosimeter was described and several instances of the application of “spot tests” to commercial prob- lems were mentioned. It was pointed out that in analyses involving sampling, the use of micro-methods is severely limited. Dr. D. T. Gibson described Lindren’s modification of Pregl’s carbon-hydrogen combustion method and showed the apparatus used. In this method the resulting carbon dioxide and water are determined by titration instead of weighing, thereby eliminating the difficulties of weighing glass apparatus and permitting rubber connections to be replaced by ground joints.The water is quantitatively converted to HC1 by an easily hydrolysed but non- volatile substance, naphthyl oxychlorphosphine : C,,H7POC1, + H,O+ C,,H7P0, + 2HC1. About 0.5 C.C. of water in a second receiver suffices to trap the HC1, which can be titrated, but permits all the carbon dioxide to pass on to absorption in a known excess of ice-cold baryta. The estimation requires from I+ to 2 hours, 2-4 mg. substance, and yields results as good for carbon and definitely better for hydrogen than the usual methods. The essential glassware costs only about L5. Mr. W. F. Stephenson was unfortunately prevented by ill-health from reading his paper, which dealt with an investigation of the possibilities of applying micro-chemical technique in the paper and cement industries. In the former it had been found 382 that the great saving of time in routine analyses warranted the equipment of a paper mills laboratory for micro-work and the abandonment of the old macro-methods, while an important new field was opened in the analyses of samples with which the old methods could not deal, such as the estimation of soluble alum in newsprint and of free fatty acids in small drops of oil, and the examination of “specks” in pulp and paper.In the cement industry, micro-methods would be of great value in re- search problems, such as those connected with efflorescence, where only small quantities are available, and in the qualitative detection of small traces of impurities, such as lead, which markedly affect setting.Dr. Mason expressed the thanks of the meeting to the various speakers. Dr. Matthews returned thanks on behalf of the Microchemical Club for the hospitality accorded by the University and by the Leeds Area Section of the Institute. The gathering revealed a widespread interest in the new technique and its applications and stimulated a fuller realisation of its importance. Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 14th October. Mr. L. V. Cocks, who occupied the Chair for the formal opening of the meeting, expressed his pleasure at introducing Mr.A. W. M. Wintle as Chairman for the new Session. Mr. Wintle, in an address entitled *‘ Chemical Service Implications,” said that without embarking on a too reminiscent and homiletical theme, it was thought that a somewhat comprehensive survey of a chemist’s duties and what these involve might be of interest and value. Throughout his professional experience, he had found that Chemistry, inherently embodying variety, was the spice of life. Although, in all probability, most chemists were chiefly concerned with the inorganic and organic branches of the subject, yet to develop a full efficiency in even those ordinary departments, they soon discovered that the implications necessi- tated a considerable understanding of allied branches. During the investigation of problems constantly arising in the laboratory and in manufacturing processes and for the application thereto of information derived from published work, it was frequently brought home, by the impacts encountered, that a working knowledge of the varied gamut of branches of chemistry was 383 essential.Truly, a chemist’s lot was knowing and doing a lot of things. The young chemist could however take comfort that, if he is of average awareness and absorptive capacity, the acqui- sition of the illimitable knowledge demanded by his duties would be almost painlessly accomplished during the normal growing pains of his chemical training. Realising the wide-spread development of professional chemistry which had occurred during the last twenty-five years it was not surprising that many industrial chemists were not only called upon to analyse raw materials, to control manu- facturing processes and to test and certify finished products, but also to deal with any consumer’s complaints, to give sales service and to undertake sales development.Similar varying features occupied a prominent place in the work of chemists in other branches : flexibility and adaptability were consequently implied, rather than strict specialisation. Examples were men- tioned illustrating the implications of chemical service, com- mencing with routine analysis and leading to research which involved the investigation of patents, the preparation of new products on a laboratory scale, the design and working of plant for semi-manufacturing production and the control of the manufacturing process.Subsequently, there followed the analy- sis and the application of the new products, the latter entailing trials and demonstrations at the user’s works, often to prove superiority over a competitive product, which usually necessitated overcoming the conservatism and prejudices of prospective users. Thereafter the chemist frequently rendered service in an advisory capacity. Although not recognised, it was an undisputed fact that a chemist’s functions might possibly embrace practically any industry and, as a corollary, a chemist’s knowledge was expected to be encyclopzedic. There were probably more unique examples than that which the Chairman enumerated, where, in the course of his duties over a number of years, he was called upon to visit such works and factories as gas, electricity, iron and steel, tin-plate, tobacco, cloth, artificial silk, vinegar, milk, yeast, brewing, tanning, soap, railway, spelter, vitriol, limestone and coal-mining and, in addition, battery charging stations, plant for water purification and also plant for dealing with river pollution.Such a chemical itinerary demanded sampling, laboratory work, searching of literature, experimental work, large-scale operations involving chemical engineering problems and technical and sales service. A tactful and accommodating manner was 384 desirable for effecting necessary personal contacts, because the diversity of officials met with consisted of managing directors, departmental managers, chemists, engineers, foremen, process men and clerical and costing staff.In the case of visits under- taken to demonstrate a new product it was necessary to prepare a full report on the trial and to quote a price for the supply of the product in bulk. Descriptions of the methods of testing and of the application of new products were given and included a testing gallery for permitted explosives in coal-mines, shot-firing at the coal face, the filling of detonators, refrigeration experiments, and the use of inhibitors in the acid cleaning of metal sheets. Curious phenomena, encountered in the course of these experiments, were “piezo ” electricity caused by the fracture of crystals under recrystallisation , spontaneous detonation on liquid surfaces in the preparation of detonator composition, and the sudden fuming- off of a nitration for no apparent reason.In concluding his address the Chairman emphasised that as chemistry held the key to national life in peace as well as in war, the implications of chemical service were boundless. The vote of thanks was proposed by Professor C. 0. Bannister, who referred to the wide range of experience in connection both with laboratory work and with manufacturing processes which Mr. Wintle had evidently had. The account given had proved most interesting to all present and would prove most stimulating to the younger members of the Section.The Chairman’s deep interest in all the objects of the Institute was very evident and the members of the Section might anticipate a very good time under his direction during the present Session. Mr. A. E. Findley, in seconding the vote of thanks, said that the Chairman had indicated chemistry as being the spice of life-it should be to those who would make a living by it. Chemists needed to be “Nosey Parkers” since they must “find out why,” and they must have the patience of Job. Chemistry developed attention to detail, accuracy and forethought. All chemists did not possess the qualities which went to make good salesmen, engineers, managers or directors, but chemistry did bring out some of these qualities, and a big organisation, such as the Chairman served, could pick and choose among many assistant chemists so that it would be well served by creating from them salesmen, engineers, managers and directors.These officials would be better equipped for their jobs by having acquired a sound knowledge of chemistry. 385 September Examinations, 1937. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship were held as under:-No. NO. Examined. Passed. *For the Assockteship- General Chemistry: at the Institute; at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow; at the City Technical College, Liverpool (Theory papers only); at the Central Technical College, Birmingham (Theory papers only), -13th-18th September, 1937 .... 45 11 For th.e Fellowship-tBranch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food, Drugs and Water: at the Insti- tute,-20tL26th September, 1937 .. 15 10 Branch H. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Univer- sity, Leeds,-20th-26.th September, 1937 .. -1 1-61 22 *Four candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part of the examination only, and six candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the examination in which they had previously failed. Three candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in that part of the examination in which they had previously failed. The results of the examination of two candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, are not yet available.The following exercises were set:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 13th September, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of EITHER (a)theindustrial utilisation of common salt, OR (b) the determination of the Avogadro number. 2. Summarise the evidence for the view that strong electrolytes are completely dissociated in aqueous solution. How far is this view applicable to electrolytes in general 1 386 3. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of ONE liquid com- pound of each of the following elements:-(a) nickel; (b) sulphur; (c) chromium; (d) silicon. 4. Discuss any TWO of the following:-(a) thermal dissociation; (b)catalysis; (c)protective colloids; (d)limiting densities.5. Outline the chief points of similarity and of difference between:- (a) Gallium, indium and thallium; (b) Titanium, vanadium and chromium. 6. Give some account of ONE of the following:- (a) Isotopes and their detection; (b) Heavy hydrogen and its reactions; (c) Crystal structures. 7. Outline the chief advances in chemistry associated with the names of Graham, Moissan, Ramsay. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt RITE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. State the phase rule and explain the terms used. Discuss the aqueous vapour pressures of hydrated salts from the standpoint of this rule and indicate the conditions governing efflorescence and deliquescence 2.Describe a method of preparation and the physical and chemical properties of any THREE of the following :-(u) phosphine; (b)potassium persulphate; (c) sodium thiosulphate; (d) carborundum; (e) a crystalline salt of hydroxylamine. 3. Give a concise account of EITHER (a)reaction velocity in hetero- geneous systems; OR (a) Nernst’s heat theorem and some of its applications; OR (c) physical properties and molecular structure. 4. Write a critical essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The spatial configuration of co-ordination compounds; (b) The metallic carbides, their preparation, u8es and constitu- tion; (c) The radioactive elements.5. Give an account of the various possibilities that may occw when two metals are melted together and explain the methods which may be employed to ascertain the nature of the products obtained on solidifkation; OR Write an essay on the we of indicators in volumetric analysis. 6. From what important mineral are thorium and cerium compounds now obtained? Where does the mineral occur and how is it treated for the extraction of thorium and cerium nitrates? Why are thorium and cerium salts of value industrially? 7. Give a concise account of modern views on the structure of matter; OR indicate some of the important applications in inorganicchemistry of the electronic theory of valency. 387 TUESDAY, 14th September, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.(Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer brieJly and to the point. Qive formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the methods of preparation and of the charac- teristic reactions of alcohols. 2. By means of equations and brief notes indicate how succinic acid can be converted into (a) succinic anhydride; (b) succinimide; (c) malic acid; (d)maleic acid; (e) methyl hydrogen succinate; (f)ethyl succinate; (9) succino-nitrile; (h) acetylene dicarboxylic acid. 3. Write short notes on THREE of the following topics:-(i) the Claisen condensation; (ii) Cannizzaro’s reaction ; (iii) the pinacone-pha- coline transformation ; (iv) the Reimer-Tiemann reaction ; (v) the Beck- mann transformation of oximes ; (vi) Reformatsky’s reaction. 4.By means of typical reactions illustrate the uses of the oxidising agents more commonly employed in organic chemistry. 5. Write an account of EITHER (a) glucose, OR (b) the nitrogen- containing derivatives of carbonic acid. 6. Discuss the characteristic behaviour of compounds containing the keto -meth ylene group. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:-(a) the structure of benzene, OR (b) isomeric change. 8. A neutral compound C,,H,,O,NS (A) with hot dilute mineral acid yields an acid C8H,0, (B)and a feebly basic compound C1,X,,O&S (C).The acid (B) when heated with hydriodic acid yields p-hydroxybenzoic acid and methyl iodide; when compound (C) is heated with more concen-trated mineral acid it yields p-toluidine and p-toluenesulphonic acid.Give the name and structural formula of (,4) and describe how you would prepare it. 2 to 3.30p.m. Translation from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 15th September, 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Identify the two compounds in the mixture (A) and state the approxi- mate proportions in which they are present (p-nitroacetanilide and salicylic acid ; OR p-nitrochlorobenzene and cinnamic acid). (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify compounds (B) and (C). (B = Urea oxalate; C = phthalic anhydride [powdered].) (Full credit will not be given unless characteristic derivatives have been prepared and their melting points determined.) FRIDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the substances (D) and (E). (D = Lithopone; E = Basic lead chromate.) (Thisresult must be handed in by 1 p.m. in a separate notebook.) 2. Determine the available oxygen in the sample (F) of pyrolusite. Estimate by a gravimetric method the percentage of manganese in this substance. (Thbexercise nuby be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a qualitative analysis of the inorganic mixture (G) which contains six radicals. (Zinc, OR magnesium, OR manganese phosphate; potassium bromide, OR iodide; manganese OR strontium carbonate.) 2. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday.(Thisresult mwt be handed in by 1 pm. in a separate. notebook.) 3. Report on the purity of the sample (H) of sodium nitrate. (Contained 5% sodium iodate.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. 1. State what standard acids and alkalis should be, in your opinion, ordinarily available in a public analyst’s laboratory. Give a short list of some of the more common uses to which they are put. What methods of standardisation would you adopt P 2. What do you understand by “r~pe” in food? Give some account of its causes, its prevalence and its detection. 3. Discuss the statement, “Nitrogen multiplied by 6.25 = proteins.” 11.30 a.m.to 1 pm. (Only THREE questions to be attempted.) 1. Write a brief account of the sources, pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses and doses of the following :-(a) adrenaline; (b)pituitary(posterior lobe) extract ; (c) apomorphine hydrochloride ; (d) ephedrine hydrochloride. 2. Explain the terms:-(a) mydriatic; (b)vaso-dilator;(c) analgesic; (d) hypnotic. Name three drugs belonging to each class and state their usual doses. 3. Classify the substances which are used as antiseptics and disin- fectants and write a critical account of the methods used for determining their relative potencies. 4. Outline a scheme for the examination of a stain (suspected to be blood) on cloth. 2 to 5 p.m. 1.What do you understand by the term “Refractive Index”? Describe shortly the principles underlying the construction of one form of refractometer and state its main uses in food and drug analysis. 2. The following results have been obtained on the examination of three different drinking waters. Give an estimate of the suitability of each water for drinking purposes and indicate any further evidence you would require before giving a final opinion. 389 Upland Shallow Supposed source. Deep well. surface. well. (figuresin parts per 100,000)Total solids . . .. .. 14.4 4-0 26-0 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate :-(1) in 15 minutes .. .. 0-004 0-166 0.095 (2)in3hours .. .. .. 0.008 0.319 0.184 Salme ammonia . . .. .. 0.000 0.001 0.002 Albuminoid ammonia .... 0-0005 0.007 0.020 N as nitrates .. .. .. 0.11 0.03 0.04 N as nitrites . . .. .. 0~0001 0~0002 0~0001 Chlorides (Cl) .. .. ., 2.2 1-1 2.4 3. How would you define the following:-(a) Port wine; (b)sherry; (c) brandy; (d) whisky; and (e)lemonade? 4. What is meant by the term “Iodine value”? Give a list of the principal methods which have been suggested for its determination. Mention the precautions which must be observed and give your reasons for preferring the one which seems to you to be the best. 5. What routine examination would you undertake in connection with a sample submitted to you as “canned sardines” ? Give an outline of the methods used. TUESDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Sample (A) is submittedyyto you under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act as “mustard.Examine it and report upon the official form provided. (Contained starch and turmeric.) 2. Examine the sample of “table vinegar” (B)to determine whether it complies with the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act. (Four per cent. acid coloured with caramel.) WEDNESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the proportion of the ingredients in the mixture (C), which contains ammonia, phenazone and sodium salicylate. 2. Determine the moisture in the butter (D). THURSDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of “Strawberry Jam” (E)to see whether it agrees with the description, contained in the contract under which it is supplied, namely-‘ ‘National Mark ” strawberry j a.m.2. Examine the powder (F) qualitatively. (Lactose and sucrose.) FRIDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The feeding stuff (G) has been suspected of causing grave injury to pigs. Make a microscopical examination and report. (Ground barley containing charlock and fungus.) 2. Examine and report upon the sample of “coffee and chicory” (H). SATURDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reportsof microscopical examinations must be accompaniedby annotated sketches.) 1. Identify by microscopical examination the vegetable powders 2. Identify the constituents of the pills (M) which are said to have (J), (K), (L). (J= nu vomica; K = colocynth; L = olive stones.) been given for the purpose of procuring abortion.(Aloes and iron, B.P.) 3. Identify the poison in the stomach washings (N) and make an approximate estimation of the amount of poison present. (Lysol.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX queations only to be answered.) 1. Give an account of our knowledge of the biological value of food protein for dairy stock. 2. Outline the development of the study of the source of body fat. 3. Give a critical account of the method of determining the digesti- bility of a concentrated feeding stuff. 4. Discuss the value of the routine analysis of feeding stuffs. 5. Outlino the procedure you mould adopt for examining milk for added water and explain the principles involved. If a sample of the mixed milk of a herd is found to be unadultmated but low in fat how would you proceed to investigate the cause of the low fat percentage? 6.Give an account of the use of calorimetry in the determination of the net energy value of foodstuffs. 7. Briefly describe some of the principal methods of ensilage with an account of what is known of the chemical changes that take place. 8. Give an account of the vitamin content of milk and of recent work on the possibilities of increasing it. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be answered.) 1. Outline our knowledge of the composition of chlorophyll a.nd give an account of the functions of chlorophyll in the plant and in the animal. 2. (a) Briefly describe the chief attempts that have been made to determine soil moisture constants.(b) On what evidence has the earlier view of the capillarymovement of soil water been modified in recent years ? 3. Give an account of the chemistry of humus formation, indicating the r81e of micro-organisms. 4. Give an account of the physical and physico-chemical changes that take place during the drying out of wet clay. How are these affected by the exchangeable cations present 9 5. Outline the development of the study of soil acidity during the last twenty years. Explain why soils with the same hydrogen ion concen- tration may, in practice, require very different applications of lime to bring them to optimum fertility. 6. Outline and discds two biological methods for determining the potash deficiencies of soils.7. Describe the changes that take place in the nitrogen compounds of farmyard manure from the time of making until the nitrogen is taken up by plants from the soil to which the manure has been applied. 8. Describe as fully as possible how you would proceed to compare the usefulness of two different phosphatic fertilisers for turnips. 391 TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 21st and 22nd SEPTEMBER, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the calcium-phosphorus ratio in the food (A) and report upon the adequacy of that ratio for pregnant sows. 2. Make an analysis of the foodstuff (B) and write a report upon it THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 23rd and 24th SEPTEMBEH, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make an examination of the lime status and the buffering power of soils (C) and (D).2. Make a complete analysis of the fertiliser (E). EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERALFOR IN CHEMISTRY. An unusually large proportion of candidates failed to reach the necessary standard. This was not due to any unusual severity in the test but to the fact that the majority of the candidates had not acquired either the theoretical knowledge or the practical skill which this examination demands. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The outstanding feature of the work done in Inorganic Chemistry was the in- accuracy of the results obtained in the quantitative exercises. In marked contrast, the qualitative analysis of the inorganic mixture was very well carried out. The identification of the two substances-basic lead chromate and lithopone-proved most difficult to many candidates; an amazing number of the less common elements were returned as present in these products ! On the whole, the theoretical papers were poorly answered.The answers to certain questions were too often little better than would be given at a very early stage in training, and there was a general sketchiness about the treatment that indicated an absence of sound knowledge of the subjects dealt with. It should, however, be mentioned that a few candidates gave good answers to the questions in physical chemistry, but the impression remaining in the mind of the examiners is that the work sub- mitted in theoretical chemistry was mediocre. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-with a few notable exceptions the answers to this paper were of poor quality, even in respect of the very general and fundamental questions I and 4.The answers to question 3 were very inadequate and scrappy, and indicated but little knowledge of organic chemistry of a general character. 392 In question 5 most candidates attempted Section A, generally in a disconnected manner. A knowledge of the earlier fundamental work was lacking in a number of cases. The candidates who attempted questions 2 and 6 gave for the most part moderately good answers. The few attempts on the calculation were gener- ally successful. Practical :The practical work showed that a large proportion of the candidates were inadequately prepared. EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR BRANCHE.The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food, Drugs and Water. The results on the whole reached a reasonably high standard, most of the written work being quite well done. Those candi- dates who were not successful failed rather on account of the narrowness of their experience and inability to tackle the exercises, than because of positive mistakes of a serious nature. Prospective candidates should again be warned that the examination covers a wide field and that detailed experimental experience in one particular branch is not sufficient for success. In the written work some candidates showed a lack of apprecia- tion of the fundamental importance of the methods of standardisa- tion of volumetric solutions.The practical work was accurately done on the whole, but there was some weakness in microscopy as applied to foods. Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscoj5y : The general standard on this occasion was distinctly good and there was in consequence a higher proportion of successful candidates. In the written and oral examinations the knowledge shown by the majority of the candidates was very satisfactory. In the practical examination some improvement was shown in the microscopy of vegetable drugs, The analysis of the pills was quite well done by some of the candidates, but others did less successful work owing to the way in which the problem was approached. The pills given were obviously machine-pearl- coated stock pills such as are produced in large quantities.It was thought that the candidate, having detected the presence of aloes and possibly iron, would refer to standard works for the formulae of pills containing these ingredients and would then proceed to apply special tests and microscopic examination for 393 the remaining ingredients named in the formula. Some candi- dates failed to approach the problem in this way and spent considerable time in testing for the traditional powerful ecbolics, which were not likely to be present. The cinnamon, cardamom and ginger in the pill of aloes, and iron, were quite neatly detected by some candidates by routine microscopical examination. The toxicological exercise presented little difficulty and was well done on the whole.PASS LIST. Exarninatoon in General Chmistry for the Associateship. Blackburn, John Stuart, Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough. Davies, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College of Science, London. Guthrie, Harry Charles, City Technical College, Liverpool. Mayne, Miss Catherine, B.Sc. (Liv.), A.M.C.T., The Ufiiversity and The City Technical College, Liverpool; and The College of' Technology, Manches ter . Pollitt, Raymond John Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Robinson, Rupert Eardley, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Shanks, James, Royal Technical College, Glmgow. Terry, Edward Thomas, Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Wadia, John Martin Joseph, Royal College of Science ; and Chelsea Poly- technic, London.Waterhouse, Charles Edward, Ph.C., The University, Manchester. Williams, Alexander Gilbert, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch E: The Ch,emistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Wccter. Collins, Edward, B.A. (Cantab.). Dracass, William Robert, M.Sc. (Lond.). Ellington, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S . Foster, Frank, B.Sc. (Leeds). Hedger, Reginald Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). James, George Vaughton, RLSc. (Lond.).Lee, Walter. Loudon, Alexander, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand). McGraghan, Leo, M.Sc. (Lond.). Wood, Eric Charles Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. In Branch B :Agricultural Chmistry. Hamence, Jack Hubert, Ph.D. (Lond.), F.I.C.394 Notes. Seventh International Management Congress.-The Sixth International Management Congress was held in London in July 1935; the Seventh will be held in Washington, D.C., from 19th to a3rd September, 1938, under the auspices of the International Committee of Scientific Management, of which Viscount Leverhulme is President. Lord Leverhulme is also Chairman of the recently formed British Management Council, on which the Institute of Chemistry, as a Constituent Member, is represented by Mr. W. A. S. Calder, member of Council. The organisation of British participation in the Seventh Congress is in the hands of the British Management Council, under whose supervision some fifteen to twenty papers are in the course of preparation for the Congress. The Congress is receiving support from all responsible management bodies in the United States; such organisations as the American Management Association and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, are also taking an active part in the arrangements.The American Congress Council is under the Chairmanship of Mr. Willis H. Booth, Honorary President of the International Chamber of Commerce and Chairman of the Board of the Edison General Electric Appliance Co. Inc. . Mr. William L. Batt, President of SKF Industries Inc. and Past President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, is Chairman of the American Co-ordinating Committee, the main executive body of the Congress. The Seventh International Management Congress will provide an opportunity for students of management to meet and discuss mutual problems with men and women who are developing the science in the United States, and will also provide a favourable opportunity of seeing examples of the application of American management methods to business undertakings and of conferring with people who are actually working under the conditions created by these methods.395 Two themes have been selected for discussion-" Recent Developments in Management " and the "Social and Economic Aspects of Management ." The first of these themes permits of the treatment of any aspect of management, provided that the problem considered represents a recent development-that is a development which has either manifested itself, or has made definite progress, since the London Congress.This theme will be discussed at a series of technical sessions in each of the six following sections of the Congress-Administration, Production, Distribution, Personnel, Agriculture and The Home. The second theme for the Congress will provide management with an opportunity to appraise the social and economic results of its work, and to discern its future course in rapidly changing conditions and in relation to the new concepts of its responsibility which are developing today. The Congress will afford its members opportunities of visiting those works and offices which illustrate the best practical ex-amples of American management methods. Arduous "treks" through factories are not contemplated, but rather a brief visit to a specific department or section of the organisation in question, which will be selected as representing an outstanding example of some particular aspect of good management practice.Several alternative visits will be available each day. The Congress will afford a unique opportunity to its members for meeting those in other countries who are working on the same problems as themselves. Special arrangements will be made to facilitate the making, in the United States, of contacts which any member may desire, thus enabling him to make the most economic use of his time, The cost of the entire trip, including a week at the Congress and a fortnight visiting works, etc., living throughout at first-class hotels in America, need not amount to more than EIOO.Professor C. K. Ingold, F.K.S., has succeeded Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., as Director of the Chemistry Depart- ment, University College, London, and Professor Samuel Sugden, F.R.S., has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the College, which had become vacant on the retirement of Professor Donnan. 396 Mr. J. H. Lane, Fellow, will succeed Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell as Secretary of the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists, as from 1st November. Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, has been elected an Honorary Member of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa. Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry, in succession to Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., Fellow, who has resigned owing to ill-health. Many members of the Manchester and District Section have joined the Manchester Chemical Club, which held a meeting on 5th October at the Constitutional Club to inaugurate the Ivan Levinstein Memorial Lecture, which has been endowed by Dr.Herbert Levinstein, the President of the Club. Dr. Levinstein, in opening the meeting, emphasised that in his father’s time there was no pronounced patriotic bias in favour of British products. The development of the national dyestuffs industry had been severely hampered by Britain’s devotion to free trade and disregard of the possibility that foreign supplies might be cut off by war.The first lecture was delivered by Dr. Max Wyler, who took for his title “Ivan Levinstein-What I know of him.” He described the difficulties overcome by a young man of 19 when he emigrated to England, and his subsequent achievements in industry. Dr. Wyler said that at that time there was little chemical research in this country, or contact between universities and manufacturers: most of the experts who had built up the British industry had been of German origin. Ivan Levinstein, in addition to creating a successful private business at Blackley, was an enthusiastic crusader with many missions. He devoted his forceful mind and boundless energy to such causes as patent law reform, tariff protection for the chemical industry, and technical education.His work for the technical and economic progress of chemical industry in this country was largely respon- sible for its survival before and during the Great War. On 7th October, the Registrar of the Institute visited King’s School, Ely, where he was received by the Rev. Canon T. J. Kirkland, Headmaster, Fellow, and gave his lecture “From Boyle to Priestley,” before the school. 397 National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales), 1937. The Council has received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Board of Education on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales).Assessors.-Professor Sir Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc. The following is an abstract of the Report:- I. Introductory .-During the present session five schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior grade, and one School in the Advanced grade. The number of entries in the Senior grade was 217, of whom 119 passed, compared with 213 in 1936, of whom rzg passed. In the Advanced grade there were 54 candidates, of whom 43 passed. In 1936 there were 65 candidates, of whom 51 passed. Of the 54 candidates, 39 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate, and of the 43 successful candidates zg had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11.General Remarks.-Taking them as a whole the question papers this year have been of a higher standard than usual. The scripts in the written examination were generally neat and orderly. Inaccuracy in calculation is, and should be, penalised. It should be emphasised that in actual practice, accurate calculations are a sine qua non. 111. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry: Senior.-The general standard of attainment seems to be slightly better than last year. As reported then, the theoretical papers in inorganic chemistry were not as well answered as those in physical chemistry. The “newer” subject had been studied at the expense of the older one. It would be as well if the historical aspect of chemistry were put before the students to some extent, especially in connexion with the Periodic Table.398 As usual, the practical work was better done than the theoretical. Some candidates, after having found a radical in their qualitative analysis, evidently realise that confirmatory tests are necessary, even if they do not actually carry them out. In some cases titrations were made, using small volumes, e.g. 6.3 c.cs., the significance of percentage error evidently not being appreciated. In very few cases was the dimethylglyoxime test used for nickel, the old cyanide and hypobromite test being used. In one school, however, adsorption indicators had found their way into use. A dvanced-The standard attained in the theoretical work was satisfactory, although there seems to be a tendency for some candidates to learn the subject-matter by rote.The practical work was generally well done. Physical Chemistry: Senior.-As usual, the scripts earned higher marks than those in theoretical inorganic chemistry. It was noticed that mere statements were no longer considered to be explanations, as was evidenced by the answers given to questions on “hydrolysis ” and “solubility products.” At the same time, there is still displayed a want of understanding in many of the answers, e.g. the electric current is still made responsible for the dissociation of an electrolyte. Again, a correct statement of Le Chatelier’s Theorem was given, but no understanding shown of its application to cases of equilibrium.In many cases where there was a practical examination there was an improvement in the nature of the exercises set. In too many instances, however, the exercises are still of too purely physical a nature, although they could sometimes be modified in a suitable manner. For example, an ordinary melting-point determination, using a capillary tube, could easily have been modified to a determination of molecular weight by Rast’s method. Advanced-Very few colleges take physical chemistry as an Advanced subject and few general deductions can be made. Judging from some of the papers set, the course pursued is for a higher examination elsewhere and does not bear any relation to the industries of the district. Occasionally, it was noticeable that the answers were too much of the parrot-repetition type.IV, Organic Chemistry:Senior.-In the answers to one of the compulsory questions on organic bases, dimethylaniline and o-phenylenediamine were included among secondary amines. Another compulsory question dealt with naphthalene and its derivatives, but the answers showed that the chemistry of this hydrocarbon is not well known at that stage, although it is included in many syllabuses. It is assumed, but without experimental justification, that the Friedel and Crafts reaction with naphthalene and methyl chloride, or other alkyl halides, proceeds as smoothly as in the case of benzene. Many answers stated that methyl iodide is used in Friedel and Crafts condensa- tion, although in practice the chlorides and bromides are generally employed.In answers relating to ketones and aldehydes, the nature of Schiff‘s reagent and its behaviour towards aldehydes were not always understood. The additive reaction with alkali bisulphite is sometimes regarded as general for all ketones. Questions on the diazo-reaction still bring their annual crop of confused answers, showing that this common laboratory procedure is entirely misunderstood. It might help to a clearer view of this reaction if the expression “diazotising aniline” were recognised as being merely laboratory slang. A diazonium salt is one in which three hydrogen atoms are replaced by one nitrogen atom. Although two hydrogens are derived from aniline, the third is obtainable only from its salt.It is essentially the salt of an aromatic amine which is diazotisable. If the question is “What is the action of nitrous acid on aniline?” the answer is diazoaminobenzene, which has quite a different structure to benzenediazonium chloride and sulphate, the salts generally used in the Sandmeyer and Gattermann reactions. Some answers ignore practical considerations, as when the reduction of benzenediazonium chloride by acidified stannous chloride is stated to give free phenylhydrazine. In the production of synthetic phenol, this acid is said to remain free in the caustic soda fusion. A standard exercise in practical organic chemistry is the preparation of the nitrophenols and the separation of ortho-nitro-phenol by its ready volatility in steam.Yet this property seems quite forgotten by many students who devise other ingenious but impracticable schemes for effecting this separation. In several schools a less usual question was asked on the physical and chemical properties of aryl-sulphonic acids. Owing 400 to their extremely soluble and deliquescent nature, these sub- stances are not often encountered in ordinary laboratory practice, but it may be mentioned that they can be extracted from strong sulphuric acid solutions by the aid of suitable solvents, such as benzene or toluene. In answers on the chemistry of sugars, the nature of invert sugar was not always clearly explained. The definitions of isomerism and tautomerism were sometimes confused.A tautomeric compound is asserted to exist in two forms, each form having different physical and chemical proper- ties. General questions on homologous series, hydrolysis and stereoisomerism brought forth several thoughtful answers, as did also questions on the chemical constitution of representative organic substances, such as benzene and the aliphatic acids. Practical Exercises.-The organic qualitative exercises were generally accurate. One stumbling block, however, was the use of the carbylamine reaction as a test for primary mines. This led to the return of ethylaniline as a primary base, probably be- cause it contained a trace of aniline. The interactions of sodium nitrite with the salts of these bases is a safer guide. In the tests for elements, bromine was often returned as chlorine.An exam-ination of ammonium cinnamate was not very successful: only 25 per cent. of the answers scoring more than half marks. In volumetric estimations of certain organic substances such as sulphanilic acid, the amounts taken for titration were some- times too small to ensure correct results. It is better to take too much rather than too little. Advanced.-A compulsory question was set on the use of Grignard reagents in organic practice. The answers were generally scrappy and consisted chiefly of a few equations, showing but little evidence that candidates had actually used this reaction. This lack of practical experience is also notice-able in the answers on the Skraup synthesis of quinoline.In several schools very advanced questions were set on the constitution of the principal sugars and on glucosides, which were answered satisfactorily by the stronger candidates. But in another case a section of a compulsory question on the con- figuration of carbohydrates was not attempted. The alternative section of this question on the chief properties of azo and vat dyes was not very successfully answered. The differences between soluble azo dyes and the azoics of the naphthol AS class were not clearly appreciated, 401 In several schools questions were set on naphthalene and its derivatives. The answers varied considerably in quality. Some gave very full proofs of the constitution of this hydro- carbon, whereas others were scarcely up to Advanced grade standard.It may be mentioned that a very useful summary of work on orientation among naphthalene di-derivatives has been published recently in Chemistry and Industry (Aug. 3rd, 1934, Vol. 53,pp. 686-688). Practical.-It is noticeable at this stage that many candidates who do somewhat badly on the theoretical side return excellent results in the practical work. It may be that some candidates who have aptitude for experimental work nevertheless find it very difficult to memorise highly complicated “set pieces” of theoretical chemistry. The qualitative work was of fairly high standard and calls for no special comment. There was still, however, a disposition to omit tests for the metallic constituents of organic substances.The quantitative exercises were carried out with commendable accuracy. Among these were the estimation of anthranilic acid by a diazo-method, the quantitative separation of a mixture of aromatic amines, the volumetric determination of glycine with the aid of formaldehyde, and the estimation of phenols by the bromide-bromate method. The equivalent weights of various representative organic substances such as oxamide ,phenylacetamide, p-naphthylamine present as hydrochloride and phthalic acid free and/or as potassium salt, were closely determined. Taking a general view, the experimental work in practical chemistry for this Advanced course maintains a high standard. V. Chemical Technology: Senior.-Fewer candidates than formerly offered technological options at the Senior grade, and the Assessors welcome this tendency as it leads to better grounding in the main divisions of pure chemistry.Specialisation is better deferred until the Advanced grade. In the papers on the bleaching and dyeing of cotton and artificial silk there was a reasonable selection of questions bearing on underlying chemical principles. Some obscurity was noticed regarding the nature of mordants, which were variously described as substances having affinity for cellulose or as metallic salts precipitated on the fibre in the form of soaps. Turkey red oil was included among mordants, although it was recognised 402 that for Turkey red dyeing, alum and chalk should also be employed.The chemical knowledge of azoic colours is still lacking in precision. Even in good answers giving clearly the mode of application, the question of what are azoic colours was completely evaded. In other cases, even the mode of employ- ment was incorrectly stated. Vat colours and azoics were said to be applied in a similar manner from boiling solutions, A compulsory question on the methods of dyeing with vat dyestuffs led to clear answers on the application of indigoid and anthraquinone vat colours, either in the hydrosulphite vat or as dispersed colours. The after treatment of direct colours to improve their fastness on the fibre was well described and full answers were returned on the different types of colouring matters employed in dyeing acetate rayon.The application of indigosol and soledon dyes was generally known, although the chemical nature of these sulphuric esters of leuco-compounds was not always understood. In the practical examination some excellent dyed patterns were exhibited, and the levelling and chroming properties of certain dyes were correctly determined. The various textile fibres submitted were systematically examined and in most cases correctly identified. In the section devoted to coke and by-products thoughtful answers were returned to the question on the origin of coal and the stages of coalification. The essential aims of low temperature carbonisation were less clearly defined. The analytical work of this section was of high standard, and this remark applies also to the analysis of iron and steel.Advanced.-Answers received to the papers on the identifi- cation of dyes and fibres gave modern methods of testing for dyes and mordants in the fibres. The use of ethylenediamine as a stripping agent for azoic colours was mentioned in the written paper, and the diamine was actually employed for this purpose in the practical tests. The examination of dyed fibres for traces of metallic mordants was correctly described, including the thiocyanate and pyridine reaction for copper, involving the green complex compound soluble in chloroform. Highly commendable scripts were returned in experimental dyeing and finishing. An excellent paper embodying many underlying chemical principles was set in cotton bleaching and dyeing.The favourite question on the manufacture of viscose was well answered 403 by all candidates. Satisfactory replies were also received to the question on the application of the naphthol AS colours, and in several instances a correct formulation was given for these azoics. The compulsory question asked for the chemical constitution of any five of the following dyes:-Congo red, auramine, magenta, oxazine, chrysophenin, chrome orange, alizarin and indanthrene. The oldest dyes were most often incorrectly described. Magenta was formulated as crystal violet, or as a non-nitrogenous dye; Congo red was stated to be a thiazine. In the corresponding practical exercise in technical analysis, the estimation of fatty acid, free and total alkali and rosin in a commercial sample of soap was successfully accomplished and the three constituent fibres of a given mixed fabric were closely identified. As in practical organic chemistry, the scripts returned for laboratory exercises in various branches of chemical technology indicate a high standard of attainment.VI. Physics and Mathematics.-Papers in physics and mathematics were submitteed by candidates from six schools. The distribution of candidates was as follows :-Theory. Practical. Physics: Ordinary .. 30 21: Higher .. I -0 Mathematics: Ordinary . . 6 There is considerable variation among the different schools as regards both scope and standard. In some cases, only electricity and magnetism is dealt with, in others general physics, and in one the subject is “Physics for Chemists.” Most schools are maintaining their standard, but there are cases where an improvement in this direction is needed.In a few cases the syllabus in elementary physics (Senior grade) includes electric discharge in gases, cathode rays and X-rays, and one paper contained a question on this subject. It is significant that this question was attempted by all the candidates, and answered in a very superficial way. In the opinion of the Assessors the time devoted to this subject would be much better employed at this early stage in mastering the elements of physics. 404 There‘ is this year a distinct increase in the proportion of poor, slovenly diagrams.Broadly speaking, candidates for the National Certificate in Chemistry show particular weakness in those portions of physics which are most closely associated with chemistry, e.g. Faraday’s Laws and their explanation in the ionic theory, electrolytic conduction, electrolysis, primary and secondary cells. Faraday’s Laws are rarely stated correctly, current being referred to instead of quantity of electricity. There is much confusion between chemical and electrochemical equivalent. Emphasis is commonly laid upon the latter rather than on the fundamental quantity, the faraday. Candidates could describe the construction of primary and secondary cells, but could not explain their action. They seem to forget their chemistry when giving their attention to physics.They never connect the action of a primary cell with a spontaneous electron-transfer chemical reaction such as Zn + Cu-.= Zn + Cu. A typical answer on the Daniell cell runs “The H,SO, attacks the zinc liberating hydrogen which diffuses through the porous pot and attacks the CuSO, solution depositing copper and forming sulphuric acid. ” Not one satisfactory answer on primary and secondary cells was received. Students rarely appeared to understand polarisa- tion. Back e.m.f. was mentioned but never explained. Practical.-Candidates cannot pass unless they have carried out their work with care, and have shown some appreciation of precautions to avoid error. The practical examination is in the main a test of ability to make physical measurements.It is not sufficient to know how to carry out “exercise No. x,” and to write a description of it. More attention is now given to accuracy, but there is still room for improvement. NATIONALCERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY(SCOTLAND). The Council has also received the report of the Joint Com- mittee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute, on the examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland). Assessor-Dr. Norman Picton, F.1.C-For the Ordinary Certificate 25 candidates entered and 19 405 passed, and for the Higher Certificate 10 candidates entered and 6 passed. The schemes and syllabuses for the courses at the various colleges approved, have been reviewed, and in some cases amended, during the year, with the concurrence of the authori- ties of the colleges concerned.NORTHERNIRELAND. Examinations were held in connection with the award of National Certificates in Chemistry, Northern Ireland. Four candidates presented themselves but none qualified for the award of the Certificate. 406 Obituary. ROBERTWESTRUPBLAIR,who died in London, on 10th October, following an operation, was the son of the late Sir Robert Blair, Educa- tional Officer of the London County Council. Born in 1885, he was educated at George Watson’s College, Edinburgh, and at the Royal College of Science, Dublin. He was awarded the Diploma of the College in the Applied Chemistry section of the Science Teachers Course, and there- after continued his training at King’s College, London, before passing the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute.In 1905 and 1906, he was engaged as an analyst at the Imperial Institute under Pro-fessor-later Sir -Wyndham Dunstan. In September, 1906, he joined the staff of the Director of Water Examinations of the Metropolitan Water Board. At the time of the outbreak of war, he held an appointment as assistant chemist in the Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S., where eventually he became chief chemist; but he volunteered for service, obtained a commission in the Royal Engineers, and did not return to the East until after demobilisation in 1919. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1906 and a Fellow in 1909.He was a past chairman of the Malaya Section and honorary cor- responding secretary for the Straits Settlements and the Far East. JOHNWALLACECRABTREE died at Halton, Runcorn, Cheshire, on 7th June, in his 44th year. He was trained at Manchester University, where he obtained the degree of B.Sc. with first-class honours, and was awarded the Le Blanc Medal for technological chemistry. In 1915 he was appointed Research Chemist in the Explosives Department of the Ammonia Soda Co. (Rrunner Mond and Co.), where he devised valuable processes for the production of ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate. At the end of the war he was engaged with the Chemical Warfare Department of the Ministry of Munitions, and latterly was on the staff of I.C.I.Ltd. He was elected an Associate of t)he Institute in 1917. WILLIAM died at Compayne Gardens, Hampstead, BATESFERGUSON on the 7th October, in his 85th year. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, and from there, in 1870, he was elected to an OpenNatural Science Exhibition at Merton College, Oxford, and in 1871, to an Open Junior Studentship in Natural Science at Christ Church. He graduated in 1874, and obtained a first-class in the Final Honours School of Natural Science in chemistry and mineralogy,-subsequently proceedingto M.A. He continued teaching and research in the University for a number of years, and thereafter studied at Edinburgh and Geneva. He was obliged to relinquish chemistry for a time owing to illness which necessitated his living abroad; but in 1882 he was called to the Bar (Lincoln’s Inn) and in 1900 took silk, practising as a member of the Northern Circuit and in London. He was joint author of Ambrose and Fergwon’s Land Transfer Acts.407 He retired from the Bar about 1903, and subsequently devoted himself to scientific research, mainly connected with the chemistry and physics of photography. A keen photographer, he invented a process of copper toning, received medals from the Royal Photographic Society and the Socihth Franqaise de Photographie, and contributed many papers on photography, sensitometry, and photometry to the photographic journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. ALFREDCOOPERFRYERdied at Clifton, Bristol, on 1st September, in his 83rd year.Born at Manchester in 1855, he was educated at Queen- wood College, Hants, Owens College, Manchester and Leipzig University, where he graduated M.A. and Ph.D. in 1882. On his return to England he was appointed assistant to Dr. Angus Smith, F.R.S., H.M. Chief Inspector of Alkali, etc. Works, and from 1884 until his retirement in 1920 he wm Inspector for the South-West of England and South Wales area. He was a keen archaeologist: he made many contributions to archaeological literature, and was a member of the Advisory Committee for the Care of Churches for the Dioceses of Bristol, and Bath and Wells. He wrote books for children-“Toots,” “Punch” and “Harold and the Months,” and published several books of verse-“The Vision of St. Christopher and other Verse,” “The Babo of Bethlehem ” and “Dartmoor and other Sonnets.” He was elected a Fellow in 1888, and he was an active member of the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section, whose members frequently enjoyed his kind hospitality and entertainment.The Institute was represented at his funeral by Dr. A. C. Monkhouse. The Benevolent Fund Committee has learned with gratitude that Dr. Fryer has left a legacy to the fund, to which he was a regular subscriber. HUBERT HARRISONWALTER died at Croydon on 29th September, in his 37th year. Born at Chelmsford, where he was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, he proceeded to the Royal College of Science, and was awarded the Associateship of the College in 1922.He subsequently graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), with honours. During 1923, he was for eight months assistant chemist with the Colchester Gas Light and Coke Co., but towards the end of that year joined the staff of English Oilfields, Ltd., at King’s Lynn,where he rema.ined until the end of 1927, when he obtained an appointment as research chemist with Messrs. W. B. Dick & Co., Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. DENISMADDENdied at Cork on 9th June, in his 43rd year. He was educated at the Christian Schools, Cork, and received his professional training at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, obtaining the Diploma of A.R.C.Sc.1. in 1911. In the same year he was appointed Assistant to the Professor of Chemistry in University College, Galway. In 1916 he secured an appointment as Head of the Chemistry Department in the Crawford Municipal Technical Institute, Cork, which he still held at the time of his death.He graduated as B.Sc. (N.U.I.), with first,-class honours in 1922 and M.Sc. in 1923, being then awarded a travelling studentship, of which, however, he did not avail himself. In joint authorship with Professor J. Reilly he published a number of papers on the Stability and Velocity of Decomposition of Heterocyclic Diazonium Salts. He was elected an Associate in 1916. 408 KENNETH JAMESRE= ROBERTSON died at Hounslow on 13th September, in his 38th year. Born at Peterborough, he was educated at Croydon Borough School and Windsor County School, and subsequently studied at the College of Technology, Manchester, graduating BSc.Tech. (Manc.), with first-class honours. In 1922 he received the degree of M.Sc. Tech. for research on the removal of sulphur from steel. He was a Director of the Carrier Engineering Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. JOSEPH TOTTONHAROLD died at Belfast on 7th September, in his 67th year. Born at Belfast, he was educated at Campbell College and Queen’s College, in that city, the latter being then a constituent college of the Royal University of Ireland. He graduated B.A. in 1902 in chemistry and physics, and after further study and research work with Professor Letts, on problems connected with sewage pollution, obtained tho degree of B.Sc.in 1904. He then worked for two years with Colonel Charles E. Cassal, Fellow, public analyst for Kensington, and passed the examination of the Institute in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, and later also passed the examination of the Institute in biological chemistry. In 1907, having returned to Belfast, he was appointed public analyst and official agricul- tural analyst for the County of Armagh, and entered into partnership with Dr. John Hawthorne, with whom he continued to the end of his professional career. In 1910 he was appointed public analyst and official agricultural analyst for the City of Belfast and the County of Londonderry, and in 1923 to the same offices for the County of Antrim.He held these and other appointments until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1907, and a Fellow in 1910. He took a prominent part in forming the Local Section of the Institute in Northern Ireland, being its first chairman, and served as a Member of the Council from 1926 to 1929. BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS-continued. Weeds, Weeds, Weeds.” Sir Charles V. Boys, F.R.S. Pp. 72. (London: Old Westminster Press.) IS. Preface; introductory; the plantain; the ribwart plantain; hawk-weecis, dandelions, daisies; moss ; yarrow; nettles; poison for nettles; chlorate of soda; dead-nettles; black horehound; weeds on gravel paths and drives; thistles; the sow thistle; knap-weeds; the rag-wort; colt’s-foot; bind weed; docks; horse-radish; aphides or green-fly; the waste vegetation pit; hedge weeds; Australian monkey jack; the one and only tree weed; the host of smothering weeds; conclusion.409 Books and their Con tents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“The Analyst.” Decennial Index of. Compiled by M. B. Elliott, M.B.E. Journal of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Vols. LI to LX, 1926-1935. Pp. 468. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) 25s. net. ‘‘Biochemistry, Perspectives in.” Thirty-one Essays presented to Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins by past and present members of his Laboratory. Edited by Joseph Needham and David&. Green.Pp. x + 362. (Cambridge: University Press.) 15s. net. Biochemistry of the individual :J.B.S. Haldane;Meaninglessness of the terms of life and living: N. W. Pirie; Recent developments in our know-ledge of the protein molecule: Dorothy Jordan Lloyd; Proteins and cell- organisation: R. A. Peters; A speculation on muscle: J. D. Bernal; Chemical aspects of morphogenetic fields: Joseph Needham; Mole-cular forces, orientation and surface films: N. K. Adam; The economy of the bacterial cell : Marjory Stephenson ; Rigidification in phylogeny : Ernest Baldwin; The chemical regulation of insect growth: V. B. Wigglesworth ; Respiratory carriers : Malcolm Dixon; Haemoglobin : Robin Hill; The disintegration of haemoglobin in the animal body: Rudolf Lemberg ;Intermediary hydrogen-transport in biological oxida- tions: Hans Adolf Krebs; Oxidation and fermentation: by Albert von Szent-Gyorgi; Reconstruction of the chemical events in living cells: David E.Green ; Recent accomplishments in carbohydrate chemistry : D. J. Bell; Chemical cycles in muscle contraction: Dorothy Moyle Needham; The liver proteins: J. Murray Luck; The Biochemistry of flower colour variation : Rose Scott-Moncrieff ; Vitamin D : by Ernst Friedmann ; The biological function of Magnesium: Ida SmedleyMaclean ; Reflections on some present tendencies in microbiological chemistry : Harold Raistrick ;Biochemistry and the pathogenic viruses : Barbara Holmes and Antoinette Pirie ; Calcium and blood coagulation : John Mellanby ; Biochemistry and mental disorder: J. H.Quastel; Biochemical approaches to the study of the functions of the nervous system: Eric Holmes; Toxamins in food: Sir Edward Mellanby;Vitamin C and infection: Leslie J. Harris; Drugs and mankind: A. J. Clark; The social implications of biochemistry: John Marrack. “Cacao Fermentation: A Critical Survey of its Scientific Facts.” Arthur W. Knapp (Bournville Laboratories). Pp. xii + 172. (London: J. Bale, Sons & Curnow, Ltd.) 10s. Methods and conditions ;fermentation of the pulp ;micro-organisms and temperatures-general ;succession of organisms and explanation of hightemperatures; changes in composition of the pulp and sweatings.Fermentations for short periods. Changes in the interior of the bean -the death of the seed; the enzymes present: changes in composition; 410 cacao tannins ; theobromine, caffeine and other constituents.Produc-tion of acetic acid. Ripeness of the pods and improved methods. Alternative methods to fermentation and production of aroma. Tem-peratures of fermentation. A chat about drying. Bibliography; indexes of authors and subjects. Glossary. Illustrations. “Catalytic Processes in Applied Chemistry.” T. P. Hilditch and C. C. Hall. Vol. 11 of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry, edited by E. Howard Tripp. and Edition. Pp. xxii + 478. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. net. Classified lists of processes, products and catalysts dealt with in sections I1 to IV; the general principles of catalytic action; catalyses at surfaces of solid inorganic materials ; catalysis at surfaces of colloidal organic compounds (fermentation processes) ; homogeneous catalysis in liquid systems.Indexes of names and subjects. “Chemistry: A Hundred Years of.” Alexander Findlay. Pp. 352. wondon : Duckworth.) 15s. Historical background; (the development of organic chemistry, 1835-65); the determination of atomic weights and the classification of the elements ; stereochemistry; the rise and development of physical chemistry in the nineteenth century; organic chemistry in the second half of the nine- teenth century. The synthesis of organic compounds, and the theories of chemical structure; the rise and development of chemical industry based on coal tar; the constitution and synthesis of naturally-occurring compounds; the discovery of new elements.The rare gases; radio- activity and atomic constitutional physical chemistry and chemical theory in the twentieth century ;the development of industrial chemistry ; appendix ; biographical notes ; index. “Coal Dust, Firedamp, Falls of Ground, Haulage and Other Sources of Danger in Coal Mines: Reports and Papers relating to Research into.” Pp. 282, Vol xi, of the Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board (1936). (London: H.M. Stationery Office). Fourteenth Annual Report, 1935; Paper No. 94 (1936)-the deteriora-tion of colliery winding ropes in service (including a revision of PaperNo. 50) by S. M. Dixon, M. A. Hogan and S. L. Roberton; Paper No.95-the inflammation of coal dusts: the effect, of the fineness of the dust, by T. N. Mason and R. V. Wheeler; Paper No. 96-the inflammation of coal dusts ;the value of the presence of carbon dioxide and combined water in the dusts, by T. N. Mason and R. V. Wheeler. “Drugs and Galenicals : Their Quantitative Analysis.” D. C. Garratt. Pp. xiv + 422. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. net. Foreword by Sir Frederick Menzies, K.B.E., M.D. Preface; abbreviations ; general monographs on methods for quantitativedetermination; oils, fats and waxes ; essential oils. Appendjces-determination of moisture by distillation; a method for the routine determination of traces of metallic impurities ; the Stas-Otto eztrac- tion process ;a note on the determination of alkaloids; the elimination of emulsions; the determination of alcohol content ; specific gravity of aqueous glycerin; Lane and Eynon sugar titration tables; Hinton and 411 Macara chloramine sucrose corrections ; conversion of butyro-refracto- meter readings to indices of refraction ; international atomic weights, 1936; weights and measures, conversion tables.Index of authors. General index. Films on Metals (Protective).” Ernest S.Hedges. Vol. V of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry, edited by E. Howard Tripp. Second Edition. Pp. xvi + 398. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 21s. Introduction ; the mechanism of corrosion; the protective effect of oxygen on metals ;protective films formed during atmospheric corrosion ; protective films formed in liquid media; anodic films; practical applica- tions of oxide and similar films; coating by hot-dipping; electroplating; sprayed metal films ; cementation ; miscellaneous protective metallic films; paints, lacquers, enamels.Author and subject indexes. “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry: A Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Vol. XVI. Final Volume and General Index compiled by Miss E. M. Rigby. Pp.x +812. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 63s. net. The history of platinum metals; the extraction and purification of platinum ;physical and chemical properties ;compounds;alloys and salts. “Matter, The Fine Structure of.” The Bearing of recent Work on Crystal Structure, Polarization and Line Spectra.C. H. Douglas Clark. Vol. I1 of a Treatise of Atomic and Molecular Structure. Pp. lxii + 216. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 15s. Tables; symbols; abbreviations. Part I: X-rays and the structure of matter; space-lattices and X-rays; the crystal structure of elements; the crystal structure of inorganic compounds of type AB; the crystal structure of inorganic compounds of type AR,; the crystal structure of compounds of further inorganic types; the crystal structure of com-pounds of organic types; the crystal structure of colloids and amorphous substances; the crystal structure of alloys, intermetallic compounds and solid solutions ; crystal structure and molecular constitution. Parts I1 and I11 dealing with molecular polarization and the quantum theory and line spectra respectively are in preparation.“Metallography.” Cecil H. Desch. 4th Edition. Pp. viii + 402. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. Introduction ; the diagram of thermal equilibrium ; practical thermal analysis; pyrometry and dilatometry ;the preparation of micro-sections; the microscopical examination of prepared sections ; the crystallisation of metals and alloys; X-rays-theoretical and experimental (G. D. Preston), with appendices ;the growth of metallic crystals ;undercoolingand the meta-stable and labile states; diffusion in the solid state; the physical properties of alloys; electrolytic potential and corrosion; mechanical deformation; the structure of cold-worked metals; the construction of the equilibrium diagram ; the constitution of alloys and the nature of inter-metallic compounds; transformations in the solid state; the metallography of iron and steel; non-ferrous alloys.Indexes of authors and subjects. Illustrations. 412 Organic Chemistry.” Frank C. Whitmore. Pp. x + 1080. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 40s. Aliphatic compounds : hydrocarbons ;halidos ; alcohols;ethers:sulphurcompounds; esters of inorganic acids ; nitro and nitroso compounds; amines and related compounds ; compounds of the phosphorus family; metal alkyls and related compounds; aldehydes and ketones; monobasic acids ;derivatives of acids ;polyhydric alcohols and related compounds ; hydroxyaldehydes and hydroxyketones ; hydroxyacids ; dicar bony1 compounds; aldehyde and ketone acids ; polybasic acids; cyanogen and related compounds ;miscellaneous compounds containing a single carbon atom; purines and derivatives; carbohydrates; amino acids; proteins.Alicyclic compounds : general discussion ; cyclopropane ; cyclobutane ; cyclopentane ;cyclohexane ;bicyclic terpenes ;tricyclic terpenes ; sesqui-terpenes ; carotenoids ; cholane series. Aromatic compounds : benzene, its homologs and their derivatives ;polynuclear hydrocarbons and deriva- tives ;naphthalene and other condensed ring compounds. Heterocyclic compounds : general discussion ; 5-membered rings ; 6-membered rings ; alkaloids. “Organic Reagents for Delicate Analysis and ‘Spot’ Tests,-The B.D.H. Book of.” 6th and Enlarged Edition.Pp. viii + 100. (London: The British Drug Houses, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. A new edition of the handbook on the use of organic reagents in chemical analysis containing the original information concerning ‘spot ’ tests, and in addition descriptions of a number of analytical processes in which organic reagents are employed in general methods of delicate colorimetric analysis. “Pharmacy, a History of.” By James Grier. Pp. xii + 276. (London:The Pharmaceutical Press.) 6s. net. Ancient Egypt; Babylonia and Assyria; Hebrew medicine; Grmo-Roman period; Arabian and medieval periods ;herbals; herbal remedies ; historical sketches of selected drugs ; adulteration and sophistication ; alchemy to chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry ; acids; alkalis and salts ; special history ; anaxthetics, special history ; synthetic remedies, special history ;animal remedies ;infection and bacteriology ;antiseptics and disinfectants ;chemotherapy and poisons.“Qualitative Chemical Analysis: A Text Book of.” Arthur I. Vogel. Pp. xii +384. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 7s. 6d. The theoretical basis of qualitativo analysis ; analytical operations ; reactions of the metal ions or cations; reactions of the acid radicals or anions ; systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic substances ; modi-fication of the systematic analysis when organic acids, silicates. borates, fluorides and phosphates are present; reactions of some of the rarer elements ; appendix. “Tar Carpets, The Preparation of Thin.” Pp.70. (London: South Metropolitan Gas Co.). A brochure prepared in the Chemical Department of the South Metro- politan Gas Company dealing with the subject of road covering. The requirements of a thin carpet; the physical properties of tar and 413 road-stones; the design of a thin tar carpet ;the experimental development of a thin carpet specification; the commercial development of "metro veneer " carpet-system of contro! ;the results given by the carpets-the factors affecting the results; the application of mechanical t,ests to thin carpets. TheBritish Standards Institution has recently presented the following Specifications and Corrigenda :-No. 209-1937: Fuel Oils for Diesel Engines. 729-1937: Testing the Zinc Coating on Galvanised Articles other than Wire.,, 735-1937: Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke. ,, 742-1937: Fuel Oils for Burners. ,, 743-1937 : Materials for Horizontal Damp Proof Courses. ,, 745-1937: Joiners' Glue. ,, 747-1937 : Bituminous Roofing Felts. Slip C.E. (B) 4455 : B.S.S. 473-1932 : Concrete Plain Roofing Tiles. ,, C.E. (B) 4452 (R): B.S.S. 187-1934: Sand-Lime (Cal-cium Silicate) Bricks. ,, C.E. (B) 4453 (R): B.S.S. 550-1934: Concrete interlock- ing Roofing Tiles. The September issue of '' Sands, Clays and Minerals '' (Vol. 3 : No. 2) contains a leader on the Empire's Mineral Wealth, and articles on Beryllium, Borax and Boric Acid, Oxychloride Cements, the Mineral Resources of Uganda and Southern Rhodesia, Bentonite, reviews of books on Minerals, etc.A. L. Curtis, Chatteris, Cambs. 3s. 6d. The Oxford University Press announces the forthcoming publication of The Science of Petroleum," which has been prepared under the editorship of Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Professor A. W. Nash, Sir Henry Tizard, and Dr. Benjamin T. Brooks. This will be a comprehensive treatise in four volumes: 15 guineas. Twenty-three Associate Editors have dealt with their own special branches of work and some 300 authors have contributed articles. The subject-matter will include,-the Origin and Production of Crude Petroleum, the Chemical and Physical Principles of the Refining of Mineral Oils, the Utilization of Mineral Oils and their Derivatives, Detonation and Combustion, and Bituminous Materials and their Products.414 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 15th October, 1937, 13 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, I Fellow was re-elected, 64 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 33 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 4 Fellows, z Associates and I Student. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Collins, Edward, B.A. (Cantab.), Longwood, Langho, Blackburn, Lancs. Dracass, William Robert, M.Sc. (Lond.), 56, Stockwell Park Road, London, S.T'v.9. Ellington, Frederick, E.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 69, Cobden Avenue, Peter- borough.Foster, Frank, B.Sc. (Leeds), 15, Mount Road, Middleton, Lancs. Griffiths, Philip Morley, B.Sc. (Wales), c/o C.M.P.A., Apartado 16, Minatitlan, Ver., Mexico.Hedger, Reginald Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Manston Road, Exeter. James, George Vaughton, M.Sc. (Lond.), Liverpool Heart Hospital,Oxford Street, Liverpool, 7. Lee, Walter, Somerset County Laboratory, County Hall, Taunton. McGraghan, Leo, M.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Eversley Place, Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne, 6. Smith, Eric Hutchinson, M.A. (Toronto), Box 431, Acton, Ontario, Canada. Spencer, Douglas Arthur, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Messrs. Murray, Bull & Spencer, Ltd., 118, Fulham Road, London, S.W.3. Wood, Eric Charles Clifford, BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 22, Holland Road, Wembley, Middlesex. Woodrow, Walter Ambrose, 55, Crossmead, Eltharn, London, S.E.9. Re-elected Fellow. Brodribb, Noel Kenric Stevens, Australia House, Strand, London, W.C.2.New Associates. Ashworth, Robert de Brath, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 116, Heaton Street, N.W.l, Christchurch, New Zealand. Baldwin, Wilson Charles Geoffrey, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), Sandholm, St. George's Avenue, Dovercourt, Essex. Barclag, Miss Judith Margaret, B.Sc. (Lond.), 205, East Dulwich Grove, London, S.E.22. Barraclough, Edward, B.Sc. (Manc.), Lydgate, New Mill, nr. Huddersfield. Blackburn, John Stuart, 1, Roker Terrace, Stockton-on-Tees. Borthwick, James Leonard, A.H.-W.C., 86, Temple Park Crescent, Edinburgh, 11. 415 Brown, William George McLauchlan, Post Office, Umbogintwini, Natal, South Africa. Butement, Francis Dudley Stewart, B.Sc. (Lond.), 56, Burnt Ash Hill, London, S.E.12. Caley, Cyril, B.Sc.(Lond.), 3, Nethercliffe Road, Guiseley, nr. Leeds. Calver, Miss Marjorie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 43, Dunglass Avenue, Scotstoun, Glasgow. Clark, Duncan Cook, B.Sc. (Glas.), 14, Portland Terrace, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne. Dartnall, Herbert James Ambrose, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 61, Eastern Avenue, London, E .11. Davies, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 4, Park Hill, Tredegar, Mon. Edgar, Joseph Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 47, Telford Avenue, London, S.W.2. Edwards, William Arthur Meredith, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon), 19, Stuart Avenue, Hunts Cross, Liverpool. English, Edmund, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pham., 22, Henty Road, Worthing. Flatt, John Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), Alcote, Charsfield, Woodbridge, Suffolk. Freak, Robert Harold, B.A., B.Sc.(Oxon), 32, Bushey Grove Road, Watford. Galleymore, Harry Reginald, B.A. (Cantab.), 31, Byrons Lane, Macclesfield. Guter, Mark, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 30, Bullen House, Collingwood Street, London, E.l. Guthrie, Harry Charles, Homestead, Longmoor Close, Fazakerley, Liver- pool.Halliwoll, Ronald Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Arkleigh Mansions, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Harkess, John Mackay, A.H.-W.C., 7, Rankin Road, Edinburgh. Hewitt, Alfred Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, High Street South, London, E.6. Hirwe, Narhar Waman, B.A., M.Sc. (Bombay), Royal Institute of Science, Bombay.Hughes, Arthur, B.Sc. (Mane.), 46, Hay Lane, London, N.W.9. Ireland, James, 29, Quorn Street, Edge Lane, Liverpool, 7. Johnston, Thomas Alexander, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.H.-W.C., 31, Orchard Road South, Edinburgh, 4. Jones, Robert Maurice, B.Sc. (Liv.), Glenview, St. David’s, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. Kane, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Wallace Road, London, N.l. Kerry, Robert Macdonald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 79, Dollis Park, Church End, Finchley, London, N. 3. Kruger, Alan Garroch, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, The Alders, Winchmore Hill, London, N.21. Lockett, James, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 12, Aldersgate Road, Mile End, Stockport. Lord, Geoffrey, M.Sc. (Leeds), Silverdale, Lime Grove, Chaddesden, Derby. Macara, Thomas James Rew, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 20, Denton Road, London, N.8. Mahdihassan, Syed, Ph.D. (Giessen), c/o The American Express Co.,Unter den Linden, Berlin. Mayne, Miss Catherine, B.Sc.(Liv.), A.M.C.T., 17, Laburnum Road, Fairfield, Liverpool, 7. McNicholas, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 112, Lonsdale Street, Bradford. Mehta, Subodhchandra Manmukhram, B.A., M.Sc. (Bombay), Royal Institute of Science, Mt~yo Road, Bombay 1, India. Meintjes, Jacobus, B.Sc. (Cape), c/o Staff Quarters, African Explosives & Industries, Ltd., P.O. Northrand, Transvaal, S. Africa. Mill, Charles King, B.A. (Oxon), St. James’s Gate, Dublin. 416 Musgrave, James, B.Sc. (Dunelm), 35, Cook Avenue, Bearpark, Durham. Owen, Leslie William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 260, Norwood Road, London, S.E.27. Pollitt, Raymond John Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Rothesay Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. Rickinson, Arthur Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Lancaster Road, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.Robertson, Arthur William, D.A., B.Se. (T.C.D.), c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., Parliament Street, London, S.W.l. Robinson, Rupert Eaxdley, A.M.C.T., Delamere, Liverpool Road, Widnes, Lanes. Rogerson, John, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 368, Moston Lane, Manchester, 10. Savage, Jack Palmer, B.Sc. (Liv.), 115, Brodie Avenue, Liverpool, 18. Shanks, James, 29, Cromwell Road, Falkirk, Stirlingshire. Sibley, John Hammond, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 86, Hayes Road, Bromley, Kent. Stock, Douglas Alfred Irwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Kings Road, Teddington, Middlesex. Terry, Edward Thomas, 62, Brockley Grove, London, S.E.4. Thomson, Robin Hamilton Kendall, M.Sc. (N.Z.),The Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. Wadia, John Martin Joseph, 17, Dunstall Road, London, S.W.20.Waterhouse, Charles Edward, Ph.C., 589, Manchester Road, Denton, Manchester. Whittleston, Walter George, M.Sc. (N.Z.), c/o The Co-operative Rennet Co., Ltd., Bridge Street, Eltham, New Zealand. Wilkie, Francis, A.H.-W.C., 100, Stevenson Avenue, Edinburgh. Williams, Alexander Gilbert, 32, St. Patrick’s Road, Coventry. Withell, Ernest R,onald, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., Ph.C., 53, DudleyGardens, Harrow, Middlesex. Wright, William Graham Desmond, A.R.T.C., Hillside Cottage, Helens- burgh, Dumbartonshire. Wylie, Alan Wilson, M.Sc. (N.Z.),c/o New Zealand House, Strand, London, w.c.2. Yeoman, John, B.Sc. (Liv.), 7, Neville Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Youd, Frederick Robert, B.Sc. (Birm.), 80, Greenleach Lane, Worsley, Manchester.Re-elected Associate. Beeby, George Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Shell-B.P. House, London Road, Leicester. New Students. Banks, John Walter, 29, Lambourne Gardens, Hornchurch, Essex. Blake, Arthur John, 150, Purley Downs Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. Bradwell, Laurence, Clifton Colliery House, Colliery Road, Nottingham. Brown, Thomas, 6, Ash Road, Parkhall, Dalmuir, Glasgow. Clarke, Arthur David, 34a, High Street, Oakham, Rutland. Cope, Leonard Charles, 35, Rutland Street, Derby. &itchlow, Harold, 13, Victoria Road, Dukinfield, Cheshire. Darwent, Basil De Baskerville, Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Pointe-&-Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I. Dell, Frederick Robert, 7, Walnut Tree Close, Hoddesdon, Herts.Dodd, Edward Cyril, 72, Aldborough Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Fletcher, Walter, 100, Glenfield Avenue, Deighton, Huddersfield. Harper, Peter Christie, 24, Crathk Terrace, Aberdeen, 417 Harris, Charles Edward, 65, Park Avenue, Potters Bar, Middlesex. Harvey, Miss Elsie Nora, 28, Hillmore Grove, London, S.E.26. Houghton, Francis Richard, 23, Sutton Lane, Adlington, Lancs. McLaren, Miss Flora Hester Jean, 5, The Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, N.10. Morris, Albert Alwyn, 10, Coniston Close, Avenue Road, Erith, Kent. Naughtin, Harold Thomas, Albion House, Borstal, Rochester, Kent. Nichols, John Harold, 41, Lynwood Road, Liverpool, 9. Philip, Norman Harold, Daleview, East End Road, Church End, Finchley, London, N.3. Pinder, John Cuthbort, 42, Whitegate Park, Flixton, Lancs.Rabin, Nathan, 59, Carysfort Road, London, N.16. Reddaway, Henry Albert Thomas, 8, Albion Road, London, S.E.13. Ryder, Clement Eric, 407, Walton Breck Road, Anfield, Liverpool, 4. Samuel, Reginald Oliver, 210, Southfield Road, London, W.4. Scholes, Jack Ashworth, Glenthorne, Earnsdale Avenue, Darwen, Lancs. Simpson, Alexander Bowen, 17, Oakwood Road, Brynmill, Swansea. Spalding, David Nicol, 73, Crookston Road, Glasgow, S.W.2. Talliss, Harry Charles Hinton, 54, Hawthorne Road, Erdington, Birming- ham. Tawn, Clive Burnett, 190, Western Road, Mickleover, nr. Derby. Taylor, Clifford James, 84, East Ella Drive, Anlaby Road, Hull. Tyrrell, Arthur, 277, Coldharbour Lane, London, S.W.9. Waller, Leo James, 37, London Road, Croydon, Surrey.DEATHS. Fellows. Robert Westrup Blair, A.R.C.Sc.1. William Bates Ferguson, K.C., M.A. (Oxon).Alfred Cooper Fryer, M.A., Ph.D. (Leipzig). Joseph Harold Totton, B.A., B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Associates. Hubert Walter Harrison, B.Sc. (Lond.). Kenneth James Rennie Robertson, B.Sc.Tech., M.Sc. (Mane.). Registered Student. Arthur Stanley Back. CHANGE OF NAME. (Miss) Mavis Ada Gell, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Tiller-on her marriage. Peter Rossi, Associate, to Peter Ross-by declaration. Laurence Henry Sensicle, B.Sc., Fellow, to John Emmanuel Lawrence-by Deed Poll. Erratum.-In the change of name notified in Part IVY Mr. Unwin should have been described as M.Sc. (Liv.), FeZZow. 418 Coming Events.1937 November 1 SOCIETY (London Section and Road and OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Building Materials Group) : “The Constitution of Coal Tars.’’ Mr. W. G. Adam and Co-workers, at The Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETY2 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING : “Solvent Recovery by Adsorption Processes.” Mr. H. Griffiths, at the Hull Photo- graphic Society’s Room, Grey Street, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. OF PUBLIC3 SOCIETY ANALYSTS:Ordinary Meeting, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 4 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W. l., at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section): Film of recent operations of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., in Iran.Dr. A. E. Dunstan, at the Technical College, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Bristol Section) : “Modern Developments in Dairy Bacteriology.” Mr. E. L. Crossley, at the Chemical Department, The University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m. 5 SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CREMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group and Glasgow Section): “The Alloys of the Light Metals.” Dr. C. H. Desch, F.R.S., at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTESOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY, OF CHEMISTRY, OF DYERSAND COLOURISTSSOCIETY (Manchester Sections), and the MANCHESTER LITERARYAND PHILOSOPHICAL :SOCIETY “Researches on Rubber and Rubber-like Substances.” Prof.Kurt H. Meyer, in the Central Library, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 8 INSTITUTION andOF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYOIL & COLOUR CHEMISTS’ : “Pigments: dye, lake and mineral, forASSOCIATION Rubber.” Mr. H. Jones, Dr. H. J. Stern and Mr. T. R. Dawson, at the Royal Empire Society, Northumberland Avenue, W .C.2. INSTITUTEOF BREWING:“A Review of the Past Season.” Mr. A. J. C. Cosbie, at the Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. 8, 10, 11 UNIVERSITYOF LONDON. Three lectures in Biochemistry.Professor Artturi I. Virtanen, at the London School of Hygieneand Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.l, at 5.30 p.m. each day. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section), SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY THEand INSTITUTEOF METALS: Visit to Imperial Chemical Industries (Fertiluer and Synthetic Products), Ltd., Billingham. 419 1937 November 9 INSTITUTIONOF CHEUICAL ENGINEERS: “The Special Areas of England and Wales: Technical and Economic Aspects of the Commissioner’s Work.” Mr.C. H. Boyd, O.B.E., in the Rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, London, W.l, at 6 p.m. PHARMACEUTICALSOCIETY:“Early Herbals.” Dr. T. A. Sprague, at 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l, at 8.30 p.m. 10 SOCIETY (Food Group): “The Utilisation GF CHEMICALINDUSTRY of Animal By-products for Medical Purposes.” Dr. Tausk, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m.11 INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) and SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY OF CHEMICAL (Nottingham Section) : Dr. E. W. Smith,INDUSTRY C.B.E., at Nottingham. Further particulars to be announced later. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Liverpool Section) : “Our Newspapers-From Forest to Fireside.” Mr. G. Thompson, at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. 12 INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRYOF (Scottish Section), SOCIETY (Edinburgh Section and Plastics OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OFGroup), and INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh Section) : “The Properties of Chlorinated Rubber.” Dr. J. P. Baxter and Mr. J. G. Moore, at North British Station Hotel, at 7.30 p.m.OIL AND COLOUR (Manchester Section) :CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION Annual Dinner and Dance, at “The Manchester, Ltd.” OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “The Human Factor in Industry.” Prof. C. A. Oakley, at St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. 15 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): Annual General Meeting. “Chemical Warfare and the Civil Population.” Maj.-Gen. C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, The University, Leeds. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : “The Effect of Machine Development on Rubber Manufacture.” Mr. H. Smith, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann‘s Street, Manches ter . 17 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture: “Chemist’s Progress.” Mr.W. A. S. Calder, at the Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY and SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Huddersfield Sections) : “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Wool and Wool Textile Processes.” Dr. J. B. Speakman. 18 ANNUALCHEMICAL DINNER. At the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W.1, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Bond Character and Interatomic Distance.” Dr. J. M. Robertson, at Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W.1., at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol and South-West Counties OF Section):“Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Food.” Dr. H E. Cox, at the Chemical Department, The University, Wood md Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m.420 1937 November 19 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Special General Meeting to consider the proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Glasgow and Jl’est of Scotland Section) : “Recent Developments in Bio-Chemistry.” Dr. C. P. Stewart, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. FRANKLAND :LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY “Scientific Evidence in Forgery Trials.” Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at Lancaster, at 8 p.m. (Manchester Section) :24 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION Members‘ Evening: “Prevention of Fires in Paint and Colour Factories.” At the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Scottish Section) : Third Annual Dinner and Dance, at St.Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. OF24 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Irish Free State Section): Annual General Meeting. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section) : Annual General Meeting and “Smoker,” at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C.l. 25 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “Acicular Zinc Oxide.”ASSOCIATION: Mr. L. 0. Kekwick and Mr. A. Pass. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(South Wales Section) and INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (Cardiff and District Section) : “Some Finer Constituents of Coal.” Dr. Marie C. Stopes. Further details later. 26 INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) :OF CHEMISTRY Visit to Glasgow Herald Offices, at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Birmingham Section and Plastics Group): Jubilee Memorial Lecture: “The Rise of the Plastics Industry.” Mr.Foster Sproxton, at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : Dinner-Danceoa at Powolny’s, Leeds. 27 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Annual Meeting and Dinner, Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham. Annual Meeting: 3 p.m.; Dinner: 6.30 for 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast Section) : Annual Dinner, at the Grand Central Hotel, Belfast. 29 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING : “Hydrogenation,SOCIETY with special reference to the Products obtainable.” Dr. F. A. Williams, at the Lecture Room (Room 51), Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. 30 INSTITUTETHE PLASTICSINDUSTRYOF (Midland Section): ‘‘Plastics in Telephone Engineering.” Mr.E. Marsden, at The James Watt Memorial Institute, Birmingham, at 8 p.m. December 1 SOCIETY ANALYSTSOF PUBLIC : Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Cliemical Socioty, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 421 1937 December 2 CHEMICALSOCIETY:“The Influence of Structure on the Action of Parasiticidal Drugs.” Discussion to be opened by Dr. T. A. Henry, at Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section):OF Annual Dinner and Dance, at “The Manchester, Ltd.” SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Bristol Section) : Members Meeting devoted to papers on current work, at the Chemical Department, The University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m.3 HULLCHEMICALAND ENGINEERING Annual Dinner and SOCIETY: Dance, at Powolny’s, King Edward Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section) : “TheOF Choice of Constructional Metals for Chemical Plant.” Mr. H. W. Cremer, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) :Dinner-Dance at the University Union, Newcastle upon Tyne. RAMSAYCHEMICALDINNER,at the Central Hotel, Glasgow. SOCIETYOF CHESIICAL INDUSTRY(Manchester Section) and INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : “A Modern Oil- field and Refinery.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan, in the Students’ Common Room, College of Technology, Manchester, at 7 p.m.4 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and Irish Free State Sections): Visit to Carlow Beet Sugar Factory. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY6 SOCIETY (London Section) : “Saponifica-tion in Colloidal Systems.” Dr. E. Lester Smith, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF THE PLASTICS and SOCIETY 7 INSTITUTE INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group and London and District Section) : “The Heat Treatment of Lac and the bearing of these problems on the use of Lac as a Moulding Material.” Dr. R. W. Aldis, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington Home, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 7.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “Factors affecting the Vulcanisation Reaction in Footwear Com- pounds.” Mr.R. C. Davies, at the Chamber of Commerce Room, 25, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Battersea Power Station. INSTITUTION (Midland Section) : “TheOF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Preparation of Latex and Determination of Quality.” Mr. W. S. Davey and Mr. F. J. Coker, at The James WattMemorialInstitute, Great Charles Street, Birmingham. SOCIETY INDUSTRYOF CHEMICAL (Food Group) : “Recent Advances in Brewing Research.” Author to be announced later. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, TV.C.1, at 8 p.m. 9 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : Social Evening (with entertainment) organised by Rlr.H. Jasper- son and Mr. H. Weatherall, at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. 422 1937 December 9 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “Recent Advances in ASSOCIATION: the Drying Oil Field.” Mr. C. W. A. Mundy. OF10 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section): “Some Aspects of the Application of Chemistry to the Paint and Varnish Industry.” Mr. Patrick Mitchell, in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Manchester Section) : “Paint Works Organisation and Costs.” Mr. T. Rraines, at the Raynolds Hall, College of Technology, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION (Scottish Section) : “Printers’ Ink.” Mr.W. E. Thirkettle, at St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. SOCIETY and INSTITUTEOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF CHEMISTRY (Edinburgh Sections) : S.C.I. Jubilee Memorial Lecture. “Cata-lysis and its Application to Industry.” Dr. E. B. Maxted, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 13 CHEMICALCLUB: “Where the Rum Comes From.” Mr. J. David-son Pratt, in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, at 8.15 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY:INSTITUTION Annual General Meeting. “The Preparation of Latex and Determination of Q~ality.~’Mr. W. S. Davey, at the Royal Empire Society, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : “The Field of Rubber in Chemical Engineering.” Mr.S. A. Brazier and Mr. G. F. Thompson, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann‘s Street, Manchester. 14 INSTITUTEOF CHEIXISTRP(Huddersfield Section) : “Some Scientific Aspects of Baking Quality in Flour.” Dr. E. A. Fisher. 15 INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : “Asphalt for Road Making.” Dr. F. H. Garner, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 16 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. 17 MANCHESTERLITERARY SOCIETYAND PHILOSOPHICAL and SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : “Some Techni- cal Problems in Bleaching and Dyeing.” Mr. J. F. Straatman, at 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 1938 January 3 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Modern Applications of Photography.” Mr.J. R. Bainbridge, at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSOCIETY (Plastics Group and London Section): “Ionic Exchange by Adsorption on Synthetic Materials.” Mr. B. A. Adams, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burling- ton House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY5 INSTITUTION (West of England Section) : “Factice in Neoprene.” Mr. J. H. Carrington, at Melksham, House, Melksham. 423 General Notices. A Special General Meeting of the Fellows and Asso-ciates will be held at the Institute on FRIDAY,19th NOVEMBER, at 8 p.m., to consider the proposed Petition for a Supplemental Royal Charter.Notice is issued herewith. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Mr. W. A. S. Calder, Member of Council, has kindly consented to give the 9th Gluck- stein Memorial Lecture at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Wednesday, 17th November, at 8 p.m., entitled “Chemist’s Progress.” (N.B. Not on 11th as previously announced.) The above lecture is open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, will preside. Examinations, 1938.-Examhations for the Associateship will be arranged as follows- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. Last date for notebooks. 10th to 15th Jan. 1038. Monday, 8th Nov. 1937. Friday, 31st Dec. 1937. 28th Mar.to 2nd April, 1938. Monday, 7th Feb. 1938. Friday, 18thMar., 1938. 12th to 17th Sept., 1938. Monday, llthJuly, 1938. Friday, ZiidSept., 1938. Examinations for the Fellowship will be arranged as follows- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. 4th to 9th April, 1938. Monday, 7th Feb., 1938. 19th to 24th Sept., 1938. Monday, 11th July, 1938. When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinations may also be held during a subsequent week. From candidates for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or from those desiring special examinations, applica- tions should be received before 7th January (for the April Examination) and 10th June (for the September Examination). Forms of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar.Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1938, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 13th December, 1937. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March, 1921,amended on 1st March, 1923, on 1st March, 1935, and on 1st March, 1937:-(i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Rutland and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall.(iii) East Midlands and South Yorkshire, including the Counties of Derby, Nottingham and Leicester, and the Lindsey Division of Lincoln ; and that portion of Southern Yorkshire, including the towns of Doncastar, Rotherham, Shefield, and district immediately contiguous thereto which have been allotted to the South York-shire Section ; together with the Parts of Holland and the Kesteven Division of Lincoln. (iv) Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington ; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. (v) London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. (vi) Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Laneaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of W'igan and Warrington as aforesaid. (vii) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast, including t,he Coun- ties of Northumberland and Durham. (viii) Yorkshire, except those portions of Southern Yorkshire referred to in (iii) above. (ix) Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh,Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.(x) Aberdeen and North of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Kincardine and Angus (Porfar). (xi) Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Argyll,Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfrics. (xii) Wales, excluding the County of Flint, see (iv), the County of Monmouth. 425 (xiii) Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. (xiv) Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto.(xv) The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the folIowing Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (I) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all tho Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election. (2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-LLWe, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XV should be received not later than 31st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (XV) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(h) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. 426 IV. (I) The envelopes containing the balloting list shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by tho Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.(5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be fillod as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, romoval or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to ail the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting.If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (XV),such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council, and will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. (i) Birmingham and Midlands : William Alexander Skeen Calder.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties: Edgar Lewis, M.1.Chem.E. East Midlands and South Yorkshh: George Malcolm Dyson, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Albert Edward Findley,M.Eng., B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : John Ralph Nicholls, B.Sc. Manchester and District : Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, B.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Percy Lucock Robinson, D.Sc. Yorkshire : Harold Burton, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Adam Tait. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : Alexander Findlay, D.Sc. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth : Ernest Albert Tyler, M.A. Northern Ireland : William Honneyrnan B.Sc., Ph.D.Irish Free State : James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Harold Augustine Tempany, C.B.E., D.Sc. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1938. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1937, to work of the character indicated, Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1938, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.428 Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1937,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Pedler Research Scholarship.-The Council has not yet decided the appointment of the fourth Pedler Research Scholar. The Council will be prepared to consider an application from any Fellow or Associate who desires to work on a problem, suggested by himself, having special regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest, The appointment of the Scholar will be subject to such conditions as the Council may prescribe, including the following :-The Pedler Scholar will not be permitted to hold any other Scholarship or Bursary, except with the knowledge and consent of the Council.The award will be of the annual value of -&3oo, payable monthly, and be tenable for one calendar year, but at the dis- cretion of the Council may be extended for any further period at the same rate. The work shall be conducted in a laboratory approved by the Council and under the general direction of any person or persons, duly authorised by the Council for this purpose, who shall report to the Pedler Fund Committee from time to time as required. 429 The Council will defray any necessary expenses of the research out of the Pedler Fund, all such expense being subject to the approval of the Council or of any officer duly authorised for this purpose.The results of the investigations undertaken by the Scholar shall be the property of the Institute and shall be published as the Council may direct. Applications should include particulars as to the candidates’ knowledge or experience in the selected field of work, and the names of references. Suggestions may also be made as to the laboratory in which the work may be conducted. All applications should be addressed to the Registrar, and should be received at the offices of the lnstitute not later tnan 1st uecemDer. It is hoped that the successful candidate may be informed of his or her appointment on or before 1st January, with a view to commencing work as soon as possible after that date.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and fonns of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Studenu of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, 430 if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Labor at ory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. TheLibrary.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodical< are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Lewis's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the 431 Library (revised to December, 1927,with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33)is available in the Library of the Institute.A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Boots' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, annual subscriptions expire on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de mvo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute shortly before that date. Members who do not im- mediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirenieiits, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.--A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. 432 ‘*The Profession of Chemistry ” (Third Edition, 1g35), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar. The Annual Chemical Dinner, 1937, will be held at the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, N.W.1, on Thursday, 18th November, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. Fellows and Associates of the Institute and Members of other Societies and Institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate.Dinner will be followed by a Dance. There willbe no speeches. Tickets, price 12s. Gd. for each lady or gentleman, including gratuities but not wine, are obtainable from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9376100361

出版商:RSC    

年代:1937

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART VI: 1937. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER. Registrar and Secretayy. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LOKDON, December, 1937. Publications Committee, 1937-38. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairmas), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (Pvesidsnt), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, J. B. FIRTH, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRICALDY, EDGAR LEWIS, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, ADAM TAIT, E.A. TYLER, A W. M. WINTLE. 435 Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter. The result of the voting of the Fellows and Associates on the proposal to petition H.M. The King for a Supplemental Charter, which was under consideration at a Special General Meeting of the Institute held on 19th November, is as follows:- For. Against. Fellows . . .. 576 380 Associates .. 810 1063 1386 I443 Majority against .. .. '. 57 Of the Fellows and Associates who could have voted, rather less than one-half actually recorded their votes. Of the Fellows voting, the majority in favour of the proposal was 196; of the Associates voting, a majority of 253 voted against the proposal. The Council, whose opinion on the matter is unchanged, regrets this adverse vote and will review the situation in the light of the result, and of the opinions expressed at the Special General Meeting and since received.A further announcement on the subject will be made in due course. 436 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 19th November, 1937.-The Council sanctioned the formation of a Local Section to be called “The East Anglian Section,” embracing essentially the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and that part of Essex north of a line drawn east to west through (and including) Colchester. It was under- stood that no objection to this course would be raised by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, and that Cam- bridge and district were too far distant to be included in the new Section.A letter was received from the Malaya Section intimating that the Section would be glad to welcome and entertain distinguished chemists who might be passing through or calling at the Port of Singapore. The Council was aware that it was customary for the Officers of the Institute to give introductions to members proceeding to the Dominions and Colonies, and noted with pleasure the kind invitation of the Malaya Section. On receipt of a request from the Chemical Council for the appointment of representatives on the Joint Library Committee, the Council decided to invite the present representatives of the Institute to continue to serve on that Committee, namely, Professor Briscoe, Mr. Cremer, Dr. Fox and Dr. Vanstone.The Council concurred with the recommendation of the Chemical Council that the contribution from the Institute to the Library of the Chemical Society for 1937should be fT691 gs. &. Several letters from Fellows and Associates of the Institute were received directing attention to the use, in a brochure offering shares to the public, of the letters “F.I.C.” after the name of a Director of a Company, who is not a Fellow of the Institute. The Director had been communicated with, and it had been explained that “F.I.C.” in the brochure was intended to mean “Fellow of the Institute of Commerce,” an Institute which, it is understood, uses the letters ** F.C.I.”; further, both the Director and the Secretary of the Company had given an undertaking that the use of the letters “F.I.C.” in the literature of the com-pany would be immediately discontinued.Reports of the Finance and House Committee, Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and the Publications Committee were received and adopted. The name of the University of Manitoba was added to the list of Institutions approved for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. The Publications Committee reported that Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell had kindly consented to allow his paper on “Forensic Chemistry in the Criminal Courts,” which had been read before the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, to be published by the Institute as a separate monograph. The Council proceeded to consider communications received from Local Sections, and Fellows and Associates regarding the Supplement a1 Charter.The Belfast and District Section viewed with apprehension the idea of registering persons, otherwise qualified, to be members at a reduced fee, and asked for a referendum. The Birmingham and Midlands Section urged that a postal vote be taken. Cardif and District Section was practically unanimously in agreement with the general provisions, but roughly equally divided concerning the nomination to the Council of six Fellows to represent the Universities; it was suggested that, if the idea were adopted, Fellows of Senior Lecturer status should be eligible. East Midlands.-The Committee of the Section approved the proposal.Edinburgh and East of Scot1an.d.-The Committee of the Section suggested a postal ballot; the Committee viewed with grave misgivings the proposal to add a third category of members, if only graduates were included; holders of other qualifications accepted for the Associateship should be included. 438 Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Committee favowed the proposal and, at a Special General Meeting of the Section which has been held to consider it, the members were fairly generally agreed in their approval of it. HuddersJieZd Section.-The Committee was unanimously in favour of the proposal, and the Section generally was in favour. Leeds.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section approved of the proposal. I~ishFree State.-The Section approved of the proposal.Liverpool Section.-The Section was understood to be gener- ally in favour. Newcastle and North-East Coast.-The Section had circularised other Sections, stating that it disagreed with the principles involved, particularly the election of Members to the Council by non-contributing bodies, and the institution, at a lower fee, of a new class of member, having the essential qualifications for Associateship. The Section urged that a postal ballot be taken. South Africa.-Fellows and Associates resident in the Transvaal expressed the view that, while they were whole-heartedly in favour of a large measure of co-operation with the Universities, this should not be achieved by creating another category of members.They considered the position was adequately met by the present facilities for graduates to qualify as Associates. The reasons advanced in support of the proposal were inadequate and unconvincing to members resident overseas. Admission at reduced entrance fee was unsound and unjustifiable. Those who desired to be qualified for the purposes of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act should join the Institute and take their part in its work. The Institute should use the recognition afforded under the Act to encourage eligible persons to qualify as Fellows and Associates. The Institute “should continue to concentrate, notwithstanding rebuffs.” The reduction of subscriptions might meet the objection of those who did not desire to take active part in the Institute, and the increase in membership might counter-balance any loss in revenue.The President submitted a statement which he proposed to read at the Special General Meeting (held on the same evening) and indicated the order of proceedings. Council Meeting, 17th December, 1937.-Further corre-spondence was submitted regarding the unauthorised use of the letters ‘‘F.I.C.” and the action taken thereon. Attention was directed to the uneven treatment in respect of technical allowances of Professional Civil Servants in certain Government Departments. The Council gave authority to the Registrar to deal with the matter. Mr. F. G. Edmed was asked to represent the Institute at the Congress of the Royal Sanitary Institute to be held at Portsmouth from 11th to 16th July, 1938.Reports were received from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, and the Nominations, Exam- nations and Institutions Committee. The Council received the report on the result of the postal vote on the Proposed Supplemental Charter (see p. 435). The consideration of the matter was deferred. The President mentioned that he had received an intimation that exception had been taken to the use of a business prepaid reply card for the purpose of taking the vote. The Council did not consider the use of the card to be contrary to the pro- visions of the By-laws. It had been adopted because the voting involved no personal ballot, as in the case of an election of the Council. It had been suggested that junior members might feel that they were prejudiced or penalised in some way, if the opinions indicated by their votes became known to their seniors; but it was certainly a more covert method of voting than by a show of hands at a meeting.The cards could be completed and posted, without their being seen by anyone except the postal authorities, and were delivered in packages (with the account for postage) directly to the Secretary of the Institute. After the reception of the report on the result of the postal ballot, by the Council, the cards were destroyed. The Council proceeded to consider the preliminary arrange- ments relating to the nomination of the new Council to be elected at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March.1938 (see P* 537). 440 SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING, 19th November, 1937 A Special General Meeting of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, the 19th November, x937, at 8 p.m. The Secretary read the notice convening the meeting. The President, Sir Robert Pickard, said:-Ladies and Gentlemen: Before I formally move the resolution I want to read a statement, which has been before the Council, drawn up to give information on certain points, and to answer certain criticisms which have been sent in to me or to the office. You have all received copies of the proposals, and the resolu-tion standing in my name is also before you, but in order to enable you to visualise the situation with which these proposals are meant to deal, I want to tell you something of the proceedings from which that situation has arisen. In the Pharmacy Act, 1868, the principle was established that it was necessary for the safety of the public that medicines containing poisons should be prepared and delivered to the public by a person who was both qualified and responsible to some authority for his professional conduct.At that time most of such medicines were compounded in the retail pharmacists’ and druggists’ establishments. Since then, however, a large proportion of such medicines containing poisons have been compounded in wholesale houses to be sent to the retail phar- macists ready packed. When a new Pharmacy and Poisons Act was in contemplationin 1927 it was thought necessary for the safety of the public to provide that the manufacture of such medicines containing poisons should be supervised by a qualified and answerable person wherever they were made.When the Bill was being considered by an Interdepartmental Committee it was suggested that this work should be restricted to Registered Pharmacists; but it was felt that this might be unfair to members of our profession who were in charge of general manufacturing operations under conditions where the supervision of the preparation of medicines containing poisons 441 was only incidental to their other work. In the Act, therefore, power was taken to restrict these duties to-“ Registered Pharmacisits, or persons possessing the prescribed qualification in chemistry.” After the Act became law the Poisons Board, appointed under it, were faced with the difficulty of deciding upon a “prescribed qualification in chemistry.” It seemed necessary to this Board that the persons included should not only possess adequate qualification, but should also be under professional discipline. The Poisons Board pointed out, quite correctly, in my opinion, that the only qualifications fulfilling these requirements were the Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute.At the same time the trade was invited by the Board to make any further sugges- tions as to persons who might be included. It will be at once obvious to you that this decision immediately raised the thorny question of “Registration.” Your Council felt that it would not be wise to take this as an opportunity of bringing pressure upon chemists, who were not members of the Institute, to apply for admission if they were unwilling to do so.It was felt that the strength of the Institute lay very largely in the fact that it was a voluntary association, that its objects were supported by men and women who took a pride in their membership of a professional body, and that a great deal might be lost if it were felt that some of them were only members under compulsion. When consulted by the trade, therefore, the Council suggested that the position of graduates in chemistry, who were not members of the Institute, might be dealt with by a system of personal individual licensing.It appeared, however, that there was no power under the Act to introduce such a system, and when the Rule dealing with this point was actually promulgated by the Home Secretary, the necessary qualification stood, namely,-that a person en- trusted with the supervision of the manufacture of medicines containing poisons should be either a Registered Pharmacist or a Fellow or Associate of the Institute, provision being made for persons who had been previously engaged in this kind of work for a number of years, and for medical practitioners, in connection with the manufacture of certain gland extracts, etc. After this Rule had been made, much perturbation was shown, notably on behalf of the Universities, on the ground that the Rule was unfair to their graduates in Chemistry, that it might be taken as a precedent in any future legislation, and that it 442 was “the thin end of the wedge” to general compulsory Registration for our profession. At a later date the Council was approached on behalf of the Universities in order to ascertain whether the Institute would be willing to do anything to meet their point of view.I think that I: should say here that this approach was of a perfectly friendly nature. I was not myself at that time Vice-Chancellor of a University, nor a member of the Council of the Institute, but I can assure you that there never has been, from the start of these negotiations, any suggestion of pressure being put upon the Institute either by, or on behalf of, the Universities.As a result of the negotiations which ensued between the Council and the Commit tee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of Universities, appointed by the Universities’ Bureau of the British Empire, the proposals which are now before you were drawn up. At this stage, I want to remind you of the duties and responsi- bilities of a Chartered professional body. Charters granted to such bodies contain not only privileges but obligations. They are not granted only for the interests of the members, but they are granted mainly in the interests of public service, and the recogni- tion of such bodies by the State depends upon the services they render. I regard the proposals now before you largely a matter of public service. At the same time, I think it is hardlynecessary, but I will do so, to remind Fellows and Associates that the Council is a thoroughly representative one, of which the members are very conscious of the duties of the Institute to the State, and the proposals now submitted have not been put forward without very careful deliberation.I want you also to understand that the Council fully realises its duties to you as Fellows and Associates of the Institute. These proposals would not be put before you if the Council felt that in any way your interests would suffer. I hope that you will remember, however, that the Institute is very largely, if not primarily, an examining and qualifying authority, and it seems to the Council most desirable that there should be as close touch and association as possible between the Institute, acting in that capacity, and the Universities, which are the most important teaching organisat ions.The principle has been established for twenty years that the Institute should admit to its membership Honours Graduates in Chemistry, who have complied with certain conditions, without 443 it being thought necessary that the Institute should itself formally re-examine them. It is a fact that a very large proportion of our present membership has been so admitted. It should be clear to you, however, that if the Institute is to be generally and permanently accepted as the proper Registration authority, so far as any such Registration may be necessary for our profession, it is essential that this should be done with the goodwill of the Universities, and you, as Fellows and Associates of the Institute, have everything to gain by the increased recogni- tion of your professional qualifications. I will now proceed to deal with particular parts of the pro- posals, in the light of comments made by Fellows and Associates, which have been brought to my notice.THEPROPOSED NEW MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. In the actual document before you the references to these are-In the Petition, p. 4, “that there should be more direct association of the Universities with the Institute ” ; and in the actual proposed Charter, p. 10,“that the Institute shall have power to modify the constitution of its Council to provide for the direct association of the Universities with the said Council, through the nomination (subject to the provisions of any By-law) of six Fellows of the Institute holding Professorial Chairs in some branch of chemistry in such Universities.” We were advised that it would be better not to put into the proposed Charter itself, the actual mechanism by which such members of the Council should be elected, because, if any such mechanism were afterwards found to be inconvenient, it would be difficult to alter it, If the Charter is actually granted this mechanism must be the subject of a new By-law, and I may remind you that the new By-laws cannot come into force until they have been submitted to and approved by you in general meeting.I think, however, that it is right that I should inform you that when the Universities agreed to support the Petition for the pro-posed Charter, and they have individually and collectively done so, it was suggested that the Council should prepare a list of twelve eligible Fellows, of course annually, and should then ask the Vice- Chancellors of the Universities to indicate by vote their preference for six of these. The suggested By-law provided that the six so nominated would be declared elected, and should not be voted 444 upon by the general body of Fellows and Associates of the Institute. It was held that the Universities would thus feel that they had a more direct association with, and interest in, the work of the Council.If the Charter is granted the new By-law will of course have to be thought out very carefully, and the views expressed by any Fellows and Associates of the Institute will be very carefully considered. I suggest therefore that any of you who may feel doubts on this point might reserve your criticisms until the new By-laws are under consideration. I am going to break off here for a minute because I have some statistics which I have had looked up by the office. Since 1922 there have always been at least five, and there have been as many as nine, professors of the category described elected by you on the nomination of the retiring Council to serve on the Council. The average actually for sixteen years, if you can divide a pro-fessor, is 6.56.That is the number of professors who have served on the Council. I might perhaps elaborate the proposal, which is that the retiring Council should select twelve Fellows who hold pro- fessorial Chairs and intimate that, in their view, these twelve Fellows would be acceptable on the Council. The Vice-Chan- ceUors will then have the chance of selecting six out of that twelve, and those six will then automatically become members of the Council. That willreduce the number of votes, that you have for members of the Council which you will be asked to elect, by six. It is not a proposal to increase the number of the Council by six. It is merely a slight cutting down of your privileges as Fellows and Associates in the election of members on the Council.But, Ladies and Gentlemen, let me point out to you that in all the years since 1922, when your retiring Council has suggested to you the thirty names annually put up from which you are to elect twenty-seven, you have never rejected a single professor! I think I should add that in the years when I have been on the Council I have never been able to discern any difference in behaviour between ordinary members of Council and the pro- fessorial ordinary members of Council. NEW CATEGORYOF MEMBERS. Since the Council first issued the proposals to you, an im- portant alteration has been made, namely,-that it is now suggested that the new category of members may be entitled to describe themselves as “Graduates Registered by the Institute” 445 instead of “Registered Members of the Institute.” I will take you into my confidence on this matter.The Council was never very pleased with the term as originally suggested, because it was felt that, in the minds of some imperfectly-informed persons, the term “Registered Member” might even be thought to be more important than Fellow or Associate of the Institute. Of course there we all have in mind a member of the professional engineering bodies. The new term, however, should make the position quite clear. I think I should also inform you why it was thought necessary that the persons to be registered should be actually corporate members of the Institute. The reason is, and we have had legal advice on this, that a Chartered body cannot have any disciplinary control over a person who is not a member of it, but such a body can eject a member from its membership. We are informed that a Charter cannot give power to keep a Register, and to remove from such a Register persons who are not members of the Chartered body.Now I would remind you that the only privilege granted to this new category of members will be to have their names on a Register; but they will be required to accept exactly the same obligations towards the Institute, and to the profession as a whole, as the Fellows and Associates now do. They will not merely be pledged to comport themselves properly as regards any particular branch of work, but they will have to conform to the Institute’s standard of ethics in all matters.In view of the fact that they are to have none of the ordinary privileges or services rendered to the Fellows and Associates, it is clear that they should not be asked to pay the full entrance fee or subscription. I leave it to you to make up your minds as to whether this new category is likely to be attractive to a large number of persons. My own feeling is that it will not. It is frankly a device to avoid the sting of compulsion, and I firmly believe that any person coming initially within the new category will soon wish to be “one of us ” by transferring to the Associateship, which-by definition-he will be eligible to do without examina- tion. OF PASTFELLOWS FOR ADMISSIONINELIGIBILITY OR ASSOCIATES TO THE NEW CATEGORY.It has been suggested that it is unfair that persons who have been Fellows or Associates, and have ceased to be such for any 446 reason, should not be eligible for admission to the new category. I would like to explain the reasons for this provision. It arises largely out of the Censorship system. I would remind you that if, in the opinion of the Censors, any Fellow or Associate has been guilty of professional misconduct, they may call upon him to resign. If he does so, nothing more can be said, nor may the reasons why he has resigned be disclosed. It would obviously be unfair to you as Fellows and Associates of the professional body that a person who had, in the eyes of the Censors, professionally disgraced himself, should be eligible to be in any way associated with the Institute.Furthermore, the Council felt that there may be some slight tendency for a few persons to seek admission to the Associateship in order to obtain some particular facility, and then after the desire for that particular service had been satisfied, wish to transfer to the new category; then at a later date having a desire perhaps to use the Institute’s Appointments Register, or the Benevolent Fund, might wish to become again an Associate. In other words, the position of the Institute would not be fairly protected if a man were to think that he could “hop in and out ” from one category to another as it suited his immediate and rather short-sighted views of his interests.It has been suggested to us that the new category should be extended to include persons other than graduates of Universities, and in this connection I want to make a few points clear:- The application and credentials of any person who desires to come into this new category will be individually scrutinised by the Institute, in exactly the same way as in the case of applica- tions for admission to the Associateship and Fellowship. The Institute cannot give professional recognition to any body of persons without such individual scrutiny. It has been suggested that because the Diplomas of one or two Technical Colleges are at present accepted as exempting from the Institute’s examination, persons holding such Diplomas should be eligible for admission to the new category, but I think that you will agree that it would be impossible to include in a Charter, as a general principle, any provision dealing with such cases. Diplomas of Technical Colleges vary so greatly that it must remain for the Council of the Institute to decide from time to time as to which of these may be so accepted.In conclusion, 1would like to refer to a few suggestions which have been made with regard to procedure in calling this meeting. 447 It appears that a few Fellows and Associates feel that these proposals have been rather “sprung” upon them. I would remind you, therefore, that the general nature of the proposals was explained at the Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections held on the 26th June, and that the Council decided that copies of the proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter should be sent to all Fellows and Associates early in September, so that Local Sections should have time to meet to consider the proposals if they wished to do so.With regard to the actual issue of notices of the meeting, etc., all I can say is that the correct procedure is laid down in great detail in the present By-laws, and that the Council has followed this procedure in every particular, as it was bound to do. That, Ladies and Gentleman, is my statement on the proposal, and I will now move the resolution. I shall ask a member of Council formally to second it, and then anybody who objects to the resolution or wishes to speak against it will be asked to speak first so that we may attempt to answer any objections.I now move from the Chair:- “That this Meeting approve and adopt the Proposed Petition to the King’s most Excellent Majesty in Council for the grant of a Supplemental Charter and approve and adopt the Draft of the Supplemental Charter, now submitted, and that the Seal of the Institute be affixed thereto.” I will ask a member of Council to second that. Dr. A. E. EVEREST.I have much pleasure in seconding that Motion. The PRESIDENT.The Motion is now open for discussion. Dr. J. T. DUNN:Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It makes me very unhappy to have to oppose any proposal of the Council because I know very well the care and thought which they gave to the consideration of their proposals.But I do feel so very strongly that these proposals are not in the interests of the Institute that I am compelled to express my thoughts on the matter. There are two different matters dealt with in the proposed Charter. One is the admission of members of Council elected by the Universities, and the other is the introduction of this new class of graduates registered by the Institute. I deal with them separately. I think that government from the outside is wrong in principle. Fellows and Associates of the Institute 448 through their subscriptions provide the funds by means of which the work of the Institute is carried on. They elect the Council to administer those funds. It is proposed that a body with no financial responsibility, not contributing in any way to those funds, should assist in their administration.I think that is wrong. There are, I know, many institutions and societies on the councils of which are members elected by and representing other bodies, but I think it will be found in nearly all those cases, if not in all, that those outside bodies contribute to the funds, and that their representation upon the Council is dependent upon and arises from their contributions, and it seems to me that exceptional and compelling circumstances are necessary to justify the step which is proposed here of an outside body which has no financial responsibility as regards the Institute electing members on the Council. Do these compelling cir- cumstances exist ? I think this proposal is wholly unnecessary.It has been shown from the statistics which the President has just read to you that we have always had at least six pro- fessors from the Universities upon the Council. From the nature of our membership and the way in which our Council is elected it is almost certain that that condition of things will continue. On the present Council I find that there are ten professors. There are four or five lecturers and, we have in addition a Vice- Chancellor. But surely, ladies and gentlemen, this body of representatives of the Universities, although they are not elected directly by the Universities, are capable of bringing before the Council the views and suggestions of the Universities just as strongly as any body of professors who might be directly elected.In point of fact, I think it is very likely that, supposing the Charter goes through, the persons who are elected by the Universities would be the very men who, had the Charter not gone through, would have been elected in the normal way. The PRESIDENT:I agree. Dr. DUNN:The Council, I am sure, has always been most sympathetic towards the views and suggestions of the Uni- versities; and I cannot see that other Members of Council are likely to be more sympathetic to Members representing the Universities who are directly elected by them than to those who are elected under the present system. Then there is another point.It has been stated that very little material change is likely in the constitution of the Council, because the Council has always had these half-dozen or so 449 members elected from the Universities. Well, if the change is going to produce no material alteration in the constitution of the Council, is it worth while going to the expense and trouble of having a new Charter prepared? There is another point which suggests itself to me-I do not know if it is a very likely one-and that is, that if we admit Members to Council who are elected by one outside body, perhaps we should find a difficulty in excluding Members being elected to Council by another outside body. If, for example, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers said: “We take a very great deal of your product, we employ large numbers of chemists who are Associates and Fellows of the Institute, is it not desirable that we should be able as a body to put our views before you? ” If you have a number elected by the Universities and a number elected by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and so on, there is a danger it seems to me-it may be remote-of the ordinary elected Member of Council being swamped by what I may call outsiders, Those are my views on the question of the representation of the Universities.In regard to the new category of “Graduates registered by the Institute,” I have always felt that the strength and prosperity of an Institute depends upon, shall I say, the loyalty of its members.There is a feeling of unity and fellowship amongst them. They are drawn together by the fact that they are members of one society. I think that this is, if I remember rightly, mentioned in what the president has just read to us: “It was felt that the strength of the Institute lay very largely in the fact that it was a voluntary association, and it is obvious we are supported by men and women who take a pride in their membership of a professional body, and that a great deal might be lost if it were felt that some of them were only members under compulsion.” Here you are proposing to admit a class of members who avowedly have no interest in the Institute as a body, who, in the words of the President, may not desire to take part in the work of the Institute.I think that a body of members of that description, far from being a source of strength to the Institute, is a source of weakness. They are proposing to enter the Institute for a particular purpose. They do not want really to have anything to do with the Institute, but they will regard the Institute very much as a man who has just secured his motor driving licence regards the licensing body. They have associated themselves with the Institute, if I may put it in that way, for 450 the particular purpose of obtaining positions which will qualify them under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act. A great deal has been said about compulsion. To compel people, or to put pressure upon them to enter the Institute as Associates has been deprecated, and I think rightly; but what is the difference between compelling a man to enter as an Associate and compelling a man to enter as a “Graduate registered by the Institute ”? The PRESIDENT:No, they are not compelled.Dr. DUNN:You are compelling them, as they are entering the Institute simply because they are obliged to enter the Institute before obtaining these positions. If this does not go through there would be the compulsion on a man who wished to obtain one of these positions to enter the Institute as an Associate. If it does go through there will be the same com- pulsion on a man who wishes to obtain one of those positions to enter the Institute as a “Graduate registered by the Institute.” The only difference will be that the one form of compulsion is a little more expensive than the other.That is where I think the proposals are unfair to our own Associates. Some of these Associates may be competing with some of the Registered Graduates for the same kind of positions. The Registered Graduate will say: “It is true I am not an Associate, but I am equal with an Associate.” He will produce to the employer the Charter, Section 13,paragraph 2; and, in spite of the bad English there,* he will prove it: and I do think that that is unfair to our own Associates. I think that is all I have to say, except that it has been pointed out-indeed the President has just said-that he does not think that this proposal will appeal to very many.Well, * In (13) (ii) the word “as” should be substituted for the word “which”-(ii) By the addition of a third category of members, to be termed “Graduates Registered by the Institute,” to the present categories of Fellows and Associates, as laid down in Section I11 of the Original Charter, which new category shall include persons who shall be possessed of such university degrees obtained by ex-amination, which are accepted by the Institute as exempting from any examination conducted by the Institute itself for admission to its Associateship, provided always that such persons shall have complied with tho Regulations prescribed from time to time by the Council of the Institute and that their privileges as Members of the Institute shall be limited to the inclusion of their names in a Register compiled and maintained by the Council of the Institute.45 1 if it does not appeal to very many, if it is going to be such a small thing as that, is it worth while for that small number to go to the expense and trouble of having this amendment to the Charter of the Institute? At the present time, no doubt, the only people who will be candidates for the new class of members will be those who are seeking these particular positions. But if it becomes generally known, as it will do, of course, that a Registered Graduate of the Institute has, in regard to obtaining a post, the same standing as an Associate, is it not likely that in the future many of those who, in ordinary circumstances, would become Associates, may think that it would serve their purpose well enough if they become registered Graduates? Probably it will be a great temptation to a young man who has not too much money to join the Institute in future as a Registered Graduate rather than as an Associate, in order to save the difference in subscription; and I think there will be that tendency to increase the number of Registered Graduates at the expense of those who should occupy the r61e of Associates.Therefore, I think we are unwise if we carry this Motion; and I propose to record my vote against it. Mr. D. W. PARKES:Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I had no real intention of attending this meeting; but at the local meeting in Birmingham there was almost unanimous opposition against the prosecution of this venture.The reasons for the opposition were very different. A number of spontaneous proxies was offered to me if I would come to the Meeting; and I felt it my duty to put those reasons before this Meeting. I looked for the objects of this Charter; and as far as I could see from our President’s statement, and from the Petition and Charter itself, there would appear to be four reasons for it; but I am not at all certain what the real reason is. One reason appears to be a grievance on the part of the Universities because, unless their Graduates pay full subscriptions to the Institute, they cannot work under the Poisons Rules. I am wondering whether there will not be a similar grievance on the part of those bodies, such as the Government Departments who specify an Institute qualification. Why should not they say: “We are qualified to be members of the Institute, but give us registration and we need not be, and the Government will recognise us just the same”? There is also a slight suggestion, at the end of our President’s statement in the “Journal” in August, that one of the objects 452 of this new Supplemental Charter was that the Institute should obtain more complete recognition.I do not know whether that is the real object of this proposal, or not, Then, in the Petition and Charter itself, there is another object suggested, namely, to widen the scope of the Institute, because at its foundation it only dealt with analytical and consulting chemists, whereas now it is to embrace industrialists, manufacturers and many other branches.If that is the object of this proposed Charter, I cannot quite see what it is doing for the manufacturing side of Chemistry, or for the industrialists. I do not want to repeat the points that Dr. Dunn has so ably made; but a fourth point is suggested, namely, that association with the Universities would be a great advantage. It is not clear to me whether the advantage of that association would be to the Institute or to the Universities, or to both; and I would like to know what is the advantage which is suggested. But, as Dr. Dunn said, if these new Graduates registered by the Institute are to have no association whatever with other members in the local districts and elsewhere, I think it is going to be very difficult, either for them or for us, to get any advantage out of the so-called association. The methods of achieving these objects seem to be, if I may put it in a commercial way, to issue a cheap line; and it is only to be issued to a section of chemists.It is not to be issued to the whole of the chemists at large, to the competent chemists, I would say, but just to a small section. Again I would ask the question: Why should not those chemists, who desire Government appointments and who have to become Associates before they can get these appointments, claim registration at the cheap rate? Now we come to some of the consequences, as I see them.There is said to be a safeguard for the present Fellows and Associates of the Institute; but the safeguard as I see it is a safe-guard for the coffers of the Institute mainly, and only indirectly for individual members. The position seems to me to be this. If an Associate or Fellow, through no fault of his own, cannot afford to keep up his subscription, and ceases to be a member of the Institute, he cannot become a Registered Graduate; but his brother from the University, who has become a Registered Graduate, can step into his job. Then the question arises as to the position of the Universities themselves. It is a matter for them, of course; but do they really 453 feel happy in giving Degrees, certificates and pieces of paper to their members, after what, presumably, they consider is a thorough training, and then say to their own Graduates: “I am sorry, you are not a real chemist at all; you are not allowed to compound dangerous drugs ”? I do not think such an association would be welcomed.Among all this talk of registration, and this new class of registered members, there is the question of the bogey of discipline. I admit it may be an absolutely impassable technical bogey raised possibly by the Government-I do not know-we have not been told. But if it is, what does it amount to in practice? I would. like to ask how many members of this Institute have been dismissed in say the last five years? If you go to the Medical Profession, what happens in fact? The man is prosecuted first and dismissed afterwards.It is not his own registration body who prosecutes. So, although I must admit that it may be a technical point that has to be got over, shall we say, somehow, with the Government, it means very little in practice. I would suggest that this Proposed Petition and Supplemental Charter should be shelved; and that the whole question of registration should be considered by the Chemical Council, and that they should be asked to make recommendations (a) with regard to qualifications for registration; (b) with regard to a suitable body or organisation for carrying out the registration; and (c) with regard to the fees that the registered chemist should pay, and what should be done with those fees.I do feel that the whole problem of registration could now be dealt with satisfactorily on those lines. I do not think that we as an Institute should do ourselves any good by maintaining the position that we are the only body qualified to say what is a competent chemist. There are many competent chemists in industry, as we know from personal contact and experience, who have not come up to the qualifications required by the Institute. They are at present being allowed to work under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, and they will go on working under it-they are perfectly competent to work under it. There are many things more difficult to do than that; they are doing those things now, and they should be registered as competent chemists.By this means the Institute will lose nothing of its own high qualification standards, of which it is rightly proud.It can still admit a third class, if it desires all competent chemists to be registered, I do not know whether Dr, Dunn formally 454 moved the rejection of this proposal; but, if he did, I will second that rejection. The PRESIDEKT:On a point of order, there can be no amend- ment or resolution to reject-it is a direct negative. I say that to keep the issue clear. Is there anyone else who wishes to speak against the resolution? Mr. C. L. CLAREMOKT:Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, I have very little to add to what has been said already by Dr. Dunn, but I hold similar views to his. But I do think much too much is being made of this relatively small matter of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act.It is clear that a great many people have not read the Act or the Poisons Rules. Some of you no doubt have seen recently singularly ill-informed letters in papers which circulate among chemists; and it is clear that the authors of those letters do not know the Act and have not read the Rules. The Act provides for certain Rules; and among those Rules was the rule to control the manufacture of all preparations containing poisons within the meaning of the Act. It does not say poisons generally or specifically, but preparations containing poison for treatment of human disease; and it laid down that, for the purpose of controlling this manufacture, there should be certain classes of competent persons recognised; and the Poisons Board laid down that these people, if recollect the wording aright, but I am open to correction, should be Members of the Pharmaceutical Society, as one class, and Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry as the other class-I do not think it said “Members.” The PRESIDENT:I quite agree.Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:I have spent many, many hours in studying this Act in the interests of the peculiar business that I control. Well, it is all right-to-day I was sitting in Court as an expert witness in conjunction with friends of mine in the same sort of business. I think I know the general lines of this Act. It does not say, and there is no real ground for supposing, necessarily, that the Poisons Board would put the new Graduates registered by the Institute in that category. There is no provision for such.It also recognises people who have been so engaged for the past three years. I would like to make it clear that it does not apply so widely as many people seem to think. I draw your attention, if you never saw them, to some articles in the Journal of the B.A.C., in which the author clearly had not the vaguest notion of the Rules. 455 Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:It does not say, for example, that because sodium hydroxide is a poison, or sulphuric acid, that the chemist making either has to be a Fellow or Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. It is only when compounded in medicines for human consumption that it is a poison within the meaning of this Rule.I maintain that the members of our Profession, or even of the whole profession of chemistry, who would be likely to be influenced by that, would seem to be extremely small. 1 do not know much Latin, but I have a recollection of a Latin tag something like de minimis, is not it, Mr. President? The PRESIDEXT:I do not know-do not ask me! Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:It is something like: The Law does not worry about trifles. Why, if the Law does not worry about trifles, should the Institute of Chemistry worry about what I consider is a comparatively trifling proportion of the practice of chemistry ? On the face of these documents which we have before us to-night, that seems to be the main reason for this proposed Charter.Clearly I appreciate that one may assume that where one form of legislation has trod, another will not be frightened to follow: but, even so, why knock your castle down before it is built? It seems to me that the grounds for this proposal are totally insufficient. To my mind, it is not a proposal which can carry much weight with those of us who have spent time and money in getting qualified, and in maintaining our qualifications. Nobody would suggest that, because a person is not a Member of the Institute, he is not a competent chemist in the ordinary sense of the word. If he can earn his living without joining the Institute,-well, good luck to him! We cannot help that. I cannot see why we should expect to force registration on chemists in any sense of the word.The only category in which chemists are registered seriously is as public analysts. There, although the law does not actually say so, it is the general practice, I believe, of the Ministry of Health to expect that a man appointed as a Public Analyst should have the qualifications of the Institute of Chemistry,-but not generally, only in the specific branch, I think. The average chemist does not have much to do with the public; and the Law does not care two- pence about how unrighteously you behave to or serve a firm. The Law is only concerned with your relations to the public. If you take Medicine, Dentistry and professions like that, the 456 Law does take some notice, because those gentlemen have direct relationship, and important relationship, to individual members of the public, which does not arise in the case of chemists.Other professions have tried to get registration, and they have nearly always failed. Does anyone suppose, because there are such people as Chartered “Thises” and Chartered “Thats ”-and have in mind some correspondence I saw in a paper that probably most of you never see-it is nothing to do with chemistry-where exactly the same thing arose-that that will have any effect on those concerned; or that the people who employ these other professional gentlemen know or care whether that are chartered or not? It does not make much differeme; and I think the same thing applies to chemists. I think we are very unlikely to get anything from the Law in the way of forced registration.Taking the actual proposals of this Petition, 1 must confess that I have no objection to the special form of selection of Professors by the Universities; because, as we have heard, there are always some on the Council. I believe it is a fact that the members themselves do not as a rule bother to nominate enough gentlemen even to produce a vote for the Council. The largest number are put forward by the Council themselves, simply be- cause the members do not take enough interest to put up their own candidates. I think that occurs very often, Mr. President. The PRESIDENT: The facts are correct, but not the inference. Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:Well, the inference does not alter the matter, if the facts are correct.Personally I do not take any objection to that particular part of the Charter. The PRESIDENT:I feel I am compelled to make this a little more clear. The facts are correct; but the insinuation which underlies the statement that the members do not take sufficient interest is not correct. There is another inference, namely, that the members of the Institute have sufficient confidence in the Council. Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:I fully appreciate that. I was only instancing it for this particular point which I was making: that I do not think it is an objectionable feature of this Supplemental Charter. After all, it is not suggested that “any old Professor ” would be elected. He must be by definition a Fellow of the Institute first.But I do think that this third category of member is most unnecessary and unfair to the existing Fellows and Associates. After all,if a man wants to join the Institute,- surely the difference of 41 IS. od. ought not to deter him; and 467 if he does wish to practise this particular branch of chemistry and obtain one of the positions which entail the coritrol of manufacture of medicines containing poisons in a manufacturer’s business, it should surely be worth the extra small sum. I take the same view as the two gentlemen who have spoken before me; and I, personally, am not in favour of this Supplemental Charter. Mr. G. ELLIOT (Edinburgh):Mr. President and Gentle- DODDS men, after what has been said by the last three speakers, there is very little for the opposition to say: but a number of Members of my own Section, which is the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, asked me to come here and represent them; so that I feel, although I have very little to say, I must say something to save my face. We have rather Machiavellian minds in the North: but the point which did occur to us, andwhich occurred to me most clearly, was this-the proposition before us is a frightful lot of tripe, to put it in common language-there is so little in it.We have gathered here about IOO people to discuss a thing which to my mind, and in the minds of many of my friends, was not worth discussing-it is so trivial. I have very great faith in our Council.At one time I was “agin” them all; but I am with the Council now; and I think we have a very fine Council, and have had for many years. Since we have such a fine Council, and they have gone to all this bother, what is it all about? Do we know what it is all about? (A voice: “They will not tell us.”) That is exactly the position I am in. The proposal as it stands is not worth voting for or against; although I am going to vote against it. My point is this. Surely there must be something of greater import than we understand in this. I am afraid we have not got, in vulgar language the “low down” about the whole of this business. In my own Section at Edinburgh we have one or two specific objections. The worst, and undoubtedly the one which our President glossed over so smoothly in his explanatory leafiet, was the matter which was raised by the gentleman from Birming-ham, of qualified Graduates.It is all very well saying that the Secretaries were told about this in June. We had a delightful Annual Conference in June, and we were undoubtedly told about the scheme: but the first word we heard about these Graduate members was two weeks ago, Arn I not right in that? 458 T he PRESIDENT:Within a month. Mr. G. ELLIOTDODDS:It was not a month, but it was two or three weeks ago. The PRESIDENT: 1said within a month. Mr. G. ELLIOTDODDS:I beg your pardon. That is a very vital point. The PRESIDENT:As a matter of fact, the original suggestion put forward on 26th June was limited to Graduates. The principle has not been altered; but merely the name has been altered. Mr.G. ELLIOTDODDS:Yes; but what is what happened on the 26th June to do with the ordinary member? The PRESIDENT:Let me make this clear. The original proposition put before the Conference of Secretaries on 26th June of this year included a statement that the proposed Regis- tered members of the Institute were confined to Graduates whose Honours Degrees were already accepted by the Institute. There has been no change in that respect. The only change has been in substituting for the term “Registered Member of the Insti- tute ” the phrase ll Graduates registered by the Institute.” Mr. G. ELLIOTDODDS: Thank you. Going back to the same point, my argument is simply this.We know perfectly well that the average members are not particularly interested in the literature which comes from here. I am saying that advisedly. I do not want the Chairman to get up and say my facts are wrong in this case. They are right. The average member does not read very carefully what comes to him in the form of literature from London. No doubt it is his fault, but he sees ‘I Registered Member ” and l‘ Registered Graduate ” and it leaves him untouched: but the minute some of my members saw this phrase l1Graduate registered by the Institute,” the trouble began. As you know perfectly well, for forty or fifty years the Technical Colleges up and down the land have been our support. It is they who have made the Institute what it is, and not the Universities.When we began to get useful to the community and to the Universities, then they came in. A nfimber of these Technical Colleges, two I know personally at Glasgow and Edinburgh, and no doubt there are more, have an Associateship which entitled a man, with certain slight formalities, to apply for his Associateship, and normally he gets it; but these men are not to be allowed, except by some roundabout way, to apply 459 for this registered membership. That is the point that my Section specially wanted me to raise here. To get back to the main point again, was it not in the mind of the Council that here, at least, the matter of finance was all-important? By this means we can retain as much of our present income as possible and still be the registering body for all so-called qualified chemists. I was reminded very much of a story you all remember from your school-days about the dog crossing the brook with a bone in his mouth.Let the bone represent the present membership-a nice, juicy membership. Going across the water, the dog sees reflected in the water a much larger, more succulent bone. That is the present member- ship plus the registered membership which is now proposed to be brought into being. We all know what happened. The dog lost the real bone; and he did not gain the reflected bone. Is not that what one can visualise may happen in thirty years’ time, when we have 2,000 proper members, and perhaps 4,000 or 5,000 half-price members ? Actually to-day there are two classes of chemists who are not in the Institute-they are extremely important classes in their own estimation-who regard it as not being worth while being members.They are members of the Senates of various Universities that we know; and the people of the kind who are too mean to be members. Those, gentlemen, are the two kinds that we now propose to admit at half-price. The PRESIDENT:Does anybody else wish to speak in opposi- tion; or would you prefer to hear some of the arguments for the proposal repeated ? Professor ROBERT ROBINSON(Oxford): Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,-I should like to start by dealing with the last speaker; but he was so amusing in his mixture of argument and innuendo that I cannot pretend to remember precisely what he said; so, perhaps I may leave what he said, which I enjoyed very much indeed, to somebody else to deal with.Mr. Claremont, who spoke before him, told us that he was an expert witness: but I must confess that to my mind, in his earlier remarks he was an expert forcer of open doors; because what he said about the Poisons Board is common ground- we all agree with that. There is, however, a certain gentlemen’s 460 agreement, to put it no higher than that, that if this class of Graduates registered by the Institute is brought into being, the Home Office will make rules to give these Graduates the required privileges in regard to this small matter of the Poisons Act.In another respect, I think too much has been made- and that is why I called it forcing an open door-of this question of the Poisons Rules. It was certainly a small incident but it brought to the notice of some of the Universities that there was a privileged class of qualified chemists for whom the Government were beginning to make regulations which distinguished the Associates and Fellows of the Institute from their own Graduates. Whatever we may think, the latter are certainly regarded by the Universities as qualified chemists in some respects, and by us, too, because we admit them to the Associateship of the Institute on payment of fees and on fulfilling certain formalities. There was a very definite ferment of opinion and it was a question as to what was to be done.There were several conferences at the Home Office on this subject. Then it was suggested by those who had the interests of both the Universities and of the Institute at heart, that, after all, the Institute is the professional body of chemists in this country; and it was the Institute which ought to be asked to try to solve this problem. That is, I think, roughly the position of the Members of Council of the Institute and other interested persons who knew the facts and who tried to bring about such a modification of the situation as would result in the Institute taking the lead in the matter. One does not wish to say anything which can in any way be regarded as minatory; but I certainly do think that the Uni- versities, knowing of the existence of this Proposed Charter, if it is not accepted by the general body of members of the Institute after having been proposed to them by the Council, will take a very strong course of action.I do not want to threaten in any way; but I believe that to be the fact. (A Voice: “Now we know what is behind this.”) The Poisons matter was nothing but the spark. It is only the thing which drew attention to a very serious situation, namely, that University Graduates qualified in chemistry, are gradually being excluded, to put it quite plainly, from important jobs. Mr. G. ELLIOTDODDS:On a. point of order, should not this have been disclosed to the general body of Members much earlier than this? The PRESIDENT: A point of order has been raised.I am 461 not quite certain what the point of order is that you ask me to decide-whether you are urging that what Professor Robinson is now saying should have been disclosed, or the objections which the Universities took should have been specifically mentioned at an earlier time than this to the Institute? Mr. G. ELLIOTDODDS:On a point of order, I suggest that this threat or attitude of the Universities should have been made known to members at the time the Charter was first put before them. I take it Professor Robinson is speaking as a Member of the Council, following on antecedent conversations. The PRESIDENT:There has been no threat made by the Universities; but everybody must know that, at the time of the publication of the Poisons Rules, there were long letters written on behalf of the Universities; and there were questions asked in the House of Commons.Mr. G. ELLIOTDODDS: On a point of order, if no threat has been made, why does Professor Robinson say that a threat has been made? The PRESIDENT: I did not hear him make the assertion that a threat had been made. Professor ROBERT ROBINSON: If I may reply, I may tell you that I was simply giving the Fellows and Associates of this Institute the benefit of my private opinions. The Universities have made no threats; and that would be a very undignified thing to do. But my private opinion is, that if the proposals before us are not implemented by the Institute, the Universities will again approach the Government Departments and will either endeavour to secure from the Government Departments recog- nition of their own qualifications, or find some other way of remedying what is an intolerable situation. I do not for a moment assert that they have said that; but I am simply in- forming you that that is my view, and I thought it was my duty to tell you what was in my mind with regard to this matter.This is pre-eminently a case where the Institute can take the lead. It may seem a small matter now, but it should bring the Institute into closer touch with the national life; and into closer association with those institutions which, although there has been a good deal of innuendo against them to-night, I think we are all proud of, namely, our British Universities.Dr. Dunn spoke of government from the outside. But there is no question of government from the outside here. Most of his earlier remarks could be considered in the discussion on the 462 By-law, as they dealt with the question of the method of election of the Council. I do not want to take up your time any longer. I have said my say, which was to point out that this was really a serious matter-it is not a trivial matter at all-and it is one that I hope, in the interests both of the Institute and of the Universities, will be settled in accordance with the very careful consideration which has been given to it by our President and by the Council. Professor H. V. A.BRISCOE: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: what I had in mind to say has already been said better than I can say it by Professor Robinson; but if I may put the same points from perhaps a slightly different angle, it seems to me that the essential matter before us is this. I take it you will accept it as a matter of fact that the Institute is the register- ing body for professional Chemists? (“ No ”) I hear some folk say “No”; but it is the fact that, for purposes where there is some critical importance attaching to the adequate qualification of chemists, the Institute of Chemists has for many years past- how many Mr. Pilcher will remember, though I certainly do not- been recognised as the registering body, The PRESIDENT:The only one.Professor H. V. A. BRISCOE:The only recognised body for registering chemists. I think it is obvious that it is the view of the Government that that function has been satisfactorily fulfilled; and, therefore, the Government is justified in saying, if and when it is necessary to extend the specification of a registered chemist for particular purposes ; that they recognise, and will continue to recognise, the Institute as the registering body. Perhaps there may be one or two who do not feel with me on that, but I think most of you do. This justifies us in saying that the Institute is, and is likely to remain, the registering body for Chemists. If that is so, as our President pointed out at the beginning, certain obligations go with that privilege of being the registering body.It is clearly the case that, if we have the privilege of being the sole registering authority for chemists, we ineur automatically and unavoidably the obligation of so arranging our affairs that we do in fact register all those chemists whose registration is desirable in the public interest. The only real questions, therefore, are these: What shall we call them; and what shall they pay? It is quite possible to take the line: “We are not going to register anybody but Fellows and 463 Associates; and they shall pay what our Fellows and Associates normally do pay.” But that, as you heard from Professor Robinson, has aroused in the Universities quite a strong feeling that this may involve hardship.While I do not myself sympa- thise with that feeling, I think there are excuses for it, if I may put it in that way; and that it would be well for the Institute to recognise it and deal with it. It is true, I think, that many of my colleagues, both chemists and non-chemists, in the Uni- versities, feel that it is unfortunate that there is no alternative means of registration for a man who is certainly well qualified by having a good Honours Degree from the University, and that that man must willy-nilly become a full Associate and pay the full Associateship fee. (Cries of “Why not? ”) Simply on the ground that, as you have heard, he may not be interested in anything other than the mere registration of the fact that he is a qualified chemist.(Cries of “What about the Bar? ”) The PRESIDENT:It is not open yet. Professor H. V. A. BRISCOE: The question we have to decide is whether it is sensible or not, as a matter of psychology chiefly, to make a gesture in deference to this feeling in the Universities by saying :“We will register your fully qualified Graduates under such conditions that they can feel no hardship, at a cheap price, but without giving them the normal benefits of Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute.” It seems to me it is probably the path of wisdom to do that. I regard it myself as a temporary phase in the extension and development of the Institute; and I, personally, have sufficient faith in the benefit that we all get from full membership of the Institute to believe that only a very small fraction of those who wish to join will adopt this rather backstairs, cheap way of coming in as registered chemists.(A voice: “Then why have it?”) If that view is correct (and I think very largely it is a matter of whether one has sufficient faith in the vitality and value of the Institute of Chemistry generally speaking), if that faith in the Institute is justified, I think most of the objec- tions to this p,roposed course fall down. My personal feeling is that we may safely and properly make this gesture to meet what, as Professor Robinson has indicated, is certainly felt by many University people, more especially non-chemists, to be a serious difficulty. On the matter of representation on the Council, there is just one point I want to make, It seems to me that what is proposed 464 in the draft Charter is again a gesture, and I think a very proper one, to the Universities to provide a means of ensuring that what has happened with the six-plus Professors on the Council shall continue to happen.We are delegating neither representation nor more than a very small degree of selection to the Universities in this matter. We, through the Council, shall elect twelve suitable people ; and the Universities mill, from those twelve, select half-a-dozen. When you contemplate that position, I feel sure you must agree with me that in fact we are really, as we have done in the past, electing by the Council’s vote the whole of these half-dozen proposed professorial representatives.They have no responsibility to report to the Universities. They have no responsibility to represent the Universities’ point of view more than they are inclined to do; any more than they would normally do, if they were elected in the ordinary way as Members of the Council. I deprecate, therefore-I am sorry to deprecate any- thing that my old friend Dr. Dunn says-what has been said about government from outside being wrong in principle. Well, it is: but this isn’t it. I think that we might very properly, therefore, give to the Universities this undertaking (because that is what it amounts to) that there shall be half-a-dozen professorial chemists on the Council of the Institute from now on. That really is all I have to say; and I hope that in saying it I have conveyed the impression I meant to convey, which is, that there is not, as it were, anything behind this proposal more than the points I have stated as plainly as I can.The matter of the Poisons Board is a very small matter indeed. It may affect a dozen to twenty cases. But it has disclosed a situation with which it is well that we should deal now that it is seen. It is this situation which I have tried to describe. I think if we, in a calm and sensible fashion, deal with it by making it possible for those who for some reason do not wish for Associateship or Fellowship, none the less to come within the sphere of our registration, we shall act wisely, and in the best interests not only of the public, but of the Institute itself.Mr. W. A. S. CALDER: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, you have heard some eminent speakers to-night; but I am speaking as a simple industrial chemist. I may say that the opposition has been very fortunate to-night. It has had a perfect galaxy of talent employed in criticism; and I should like to say straight-away that I practically agreed, for the moment, 465 with every word uttered by the opposition; but then it flashed through my mind that, having at one time agreed with all of these objections, I have come to the conclusion that, by and large, this is a step of which we should all strongly approve. Every right-minded member of the Institute, I take it, is anxious to have some registering body of chemists which is a power in the land.Also, every right-minded member of the Institute is anxious that every qualified chemist should ultimately be enrolled in the Institute in some way or another. We do not see it yet: but I submit to you this is a step in the right direction. It might not be a very long step; but we are going in the right direction. That is what I feel-it is a step towards the ultimate goal which I have just specified. I strongly urge that this meeting should support the very well-considered action of the Council. I believe I am right in saying, Mr. President, that there was a certain Committee, not so large as to be ineffective, as has been said on other occasions, I think containing names which would carry conviction to all classes of chemists, who considered this.I do beg of you to-night to support this proposal, even though it is not perfect. I am sure that those who framed it know that it is not perfect. It contains a good many things which might possibly be slightly modified. At some further stage we shall be able to modify the election in some way by some process of machinery. We are going to put a little extra greasing- box on here and there. I do submit that this is decidedly a step in the right direction, and one which should have your full support. The PRESIDENT:Mr. Calder’s last remark refers to the By-laws which, if the Petition is successful, will have to be put before a subsequent General Meeting. Mr. TRITTON: Mr.President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The point has been made this evening that the matter before us seems to be rather a small one; that is my view of the matter. We are opening, or may be opening, a cheap way into the Institute, which is undesirable, simply on the ground that the Pharmacy and Poisons Act exists, and that there is a difficulty which we have to overcome. But I think there should be some more satisfactory way of dealing with this problem than by making another class of members who are limited to just those persons who ought to be Associates of the Institute, allowing them to come in at a cheaper rate. I believe that, unless we have a much more live Institute than we have had up to the present, a very large number of people will believe that they can save money by becoming registered members, and I do not blame them.I feel much more strongly, however, on the question of the professorial gentlemen. I have been among those who have voted for them, and I have no doubt I shall continue to do so. I have nothing against professors in any shape or form, but I do not understand why they should need to be on the Council without election. If, as we have been told, there always have been about six elected, and it is only proposed that there should be six, it appears a small point, yet we have not been told that professors other than the six nominated shall be automatically excluded from the ballot paper. If that proviso were put in, then the objections I should feel to this proposed Charter would be relatively small.But I suggest this matter be referred back to the Council to produce a Charter of very much more value to the general body of members of this Institute, especially those engaged on the industrial side, and the younger members, the Associates. Much more, in my opinion, can be done for them than is being done, and I think that if the Council gave their mind to that they could incorporate in a bigger scheme some method of overcoming the minor difficulties confronting them at the moment instead of spending their whole energies on the minor points. The PRESIDENT:Ladies and Gentlemen:-There seems to be some misconception, namely, that this proposal comes from the Council to obviate the difficulties which exist over the Pharmacy and Poisons Act.It is nothing of the kind. As far as I know, there are no difficulties over the present administration of that Act. There were difficulties. Rightly or wrongly, according to your views, those have been overcome. The difficulties that did arise, and as far as I know have been overcome, have, as has been indicated by Prof. Briscoe, aroused feelings of anxiety among the Universities; and the present proposition is to get over difficulties that may arise in the future. If you are going to take the longer view as to the Institute’s reputation, its status and its capacity for public service, I cannot see how you can object to what has been called a small thing-I do not agree that it is small-and I cannot see, taking the long view, how anybody in the Institute can object to this proposed Petition for a SupplementalCharter on the grounds which have been advanced.All the very 467 accurate description that we have had from Mr. Claremont about the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, in my humble opinion, has nothing whatever to do with the question, except that it is an historical fact that the Institute in obtaining the voluntary enrolment of 7,000 chemists has aroused anxiety on the part of the Universities. The objections that have been raised to the Charter, in my opinion, are very small in comparison with the advantages that the Institute stands to gain in the long run. It is for that reason that the Council has put this proposition before you.Now I think it probably will meet your wishes that the vote should now be taken. If that is so, and I hear nothing to the contrary, I should announce to you that we have received, in the office, notice that the Petition did not meet with favour from the Belfast Section, the Birmingham Section, the Edinburgh Section, the Newcastle Section, and from the Transvaal. We have received information that there is unanimous or general support for the Petition from Cardiff, Leeds, Huddersfield, the Irish Free State, the East Midlands, and I believe the Liverpool Section, whose members have sent in their opinion by proxies. There are gentlemen here who have received a large number of proxies in addition to those I have received myself.I am happy to tell you that two members had sufficient confidence in the President to send in proxies with the request that he should vote against the resolution. The President then made a statement concerning proxies. On a vote being taken by show of hands, 61 voted for the resolution and 41 against. The President declared that, in- cluding proxies, the total vote in favour of the resolution was 359 and 117against. A demand for a Postal Vote was presented. The PRESIDENT:I have now received a demand signed by 14members, that in accordance with the provisions of By-law XI, Section (I), a postal vote be taken on the motion. That request having been made, it will, of course, be carried out in accordance with the By-laws.Mr. N. E. COOPER: May I suggest that a report of the dis- cussion which has taken place here this evening should be circulated with the voting papers. Mr. J. R. JOHNSON: I second that. 468 The PRESIDENT:That has been proposed and seconded, but it is a suggestion with which I am very willing to agree. Unless there is any other business that concludes the meeting. Mr. N. E. COOPER:There is a point I should wish to raise here. It seems to me that the Pharmaceutical Society must be in-terested in this matter as well as ourselves, and if a postal vote is taken it would be just as well if the Council should advise us of any course of action the Society is adopting. The PRESIDENT:With due respect, I do not think there is anybody in authority here who is entitled to speak for the Pharmaceutical Society.This is a matter for the Institute of Chemistry. Members have voted for the resolution and a postal vote has been asked for in accordance with the By-laws, and we are now to have that postal vote taken. The suggestion is that a record of the speeches, as far as we have them, should be cir-culated. That will be done including, of course, the statement that I made on behalf of the Council. Mr. R. H. HENRIKSEN: In reply to Mr. Cooper, may I say that the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society has published in its official Journal its decision that it sees no reason why it should interfere in myway with the Institute's proposed Charter. It is not its business. It has all the power it wants under the Phar- macy and Poisons Act.The PRESIDENT:That concludes the meeting. Dr. J. T. DUNN:I am sure we should not wish to depart without offering our thanks to the President for the manner in which he has conducted the meeting. This was carried by acclamation. The PRESIDENT:I thank you very much. The late M. S. GLUCKSTEIN 469 Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture THE Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was delivered by Mr. W. A. S. Calder (Member of Council), at the Institute, on Wednesday, 17th November, 1937, at 8 p.m. Sir Robert H. Pickard, D.Sc., F.R.S., President of the Insti- tute, occupied the Chair. The President: Some ten years ago a lecture was given to the London Section of the Institute which had as its title “Chemists and Dividends.” The topic of the lecture, the substance of the lecture and the way in which it was delivered fired the imagination of many people in the Institute, and when, unfortunately, the lecturer was removed from among us his staff decided that they could not commemorate his memory in any better way than by arranging with the Institute to have an annual lecture, the topic of which should be related to that of the lecture which the late Mr.Gluckstein gave us in 1927. That custom of having a Gluckstein Memorial Lecture every year has continued, and this evening we are to have the great good fortune of listening to Mr. Calder, a very distinguished industrial chemist, who will deliver the Ninth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, entitled- “Chemist’s Progress” Mr.Calder said-When men of science meet together in amicable discussion they frequently proceed to discuss the number of meetings and the amount of current literature. Both these subjects continually crop up, but, as Mark Twain says, “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody seems to do anything about it.” Two questions have recently occupied my mind. The first is this: Why do people attend lectures? I have come to the conclusion that it speaks very well for human nature, for in the majority of cases they come from a sense of duty or from a kindly feeling towards the unfortunate speaker. A much more difficult question is: Why do people give lectures? Sometimes I fear that a list of suitable speakers is prepared in some order of merit, and man after man is invited until someone is found who has not sufficient strength of charactcr to refuse.You will all have heard that pathetic little tale which comes to us from the provinces, the story of the sweet little child whose pensive look caused her mother to enquire what she was thinking about, to which the child replied, “I was hoping that that nice man who had break- fast here last Friday would be coming to see us again.’’ “That is your father, Shirley,’’ said the mother, but he is on the council of several societies in London and I am afraid we shall not see him here for some time.” No such problem, however, confronts us to-night, for we are voluntarily gathered together for a specific purpose, to keep green the memory of a great man who, although laying no claim to be a chemist himself, was of material assistance by his encouragement to individual chemists and to the profession at large.Ex-periments can be repeated at any time, but it becomes more and more difficult to recapture personalities, and I am glad to say that there is an increasing interest developing in the men them- selves, apart from their experiments. Sam Gluckstein, as he was affectionately called, was a man of great attainments, of foresight and breadth of view, and also a leader who could impart the “Nelson touch” in his dealings with his fellows. He faithfully served his country and his fellow men in a variety of ways, all of which pay tribute to his qualities both of head and of heart.His lecture “Chemists and Dividends” is a notable contribution, and is well worth reading and re-reading. Among other important points, he gave the valuable advice to have copies of all reports sent to one person, and the need for that has been fully borne in on some of us when records have been destroyed by fire. I could say very much more about MI. Gluckstein and am tempted to do so, but sincerity finds few words, as the late Mr. Justice Avory said. There is one point in that lecture which reveals that Mr. Gluckstein was not himself a professional chemist, and that is when he says, in connexion with the laboxatory, that “a reputa-tion for infallibility is almost essential for its continued existence.” Now we as chemists know that we regard with the gravest suspicion the man who is always right; in an imperfect world, there seems insufficient justification for the existence of such a phenomenon.We have all heard of the works at which no mistakes were ever committed, with the inevitable result that no 471 reports from that works were ever believed by anybody. rt is clear in the minds of all of us that Mr. Gluckstein acted as one of the Mr. Greathearts who assist the chemical pilgrim. It is extremely probable that many of us here did not have the opportunity of seeing Mr. Gluckstein, and so, through the kindness of Mrs. Gluckstein, we have a photograph which I will throw upon the screen.I am sure that those of us who had not the privilege feel that we have indeed missed a privilege in not meeting such a man. There is an immense amount of erroneous information con-veyed by chemists about themselves to the general public. In the first place, we are very prone to assume that everyone confuses us with our confr6res of the pharmaceutical profession. Now I am convinced that this is not so. This confusion does not really exist; it is very largely in the nature of a “leg-pull” by our friends, who like to assume a judicial ignorance of the functions of the chemist in order to infuriate us, whereas reference to the works of Dickens will prove that even in his day the functions of the chemist were fully understood. It is true, however, that we have indeed been making marked progress, and possibly some of you to-night will permit a few hints to be given to the junior watch-keeping officers by one who may claim to have been trained in sail.The first question which arises is “Why be a chemist? ”, and there is only one sound reason, which should be a positive one, namely, a positive urge to join the chemical profession, and not merely an idea that it may be a less objectionable method of gaining a livelihood than any other. If it were practicable, it might be desirable that anyone leaving school should spend a probationary period in a commercial office for, say, twelve months, and then, if the sacred flames of desire for the chemical profession were still burning brightly, he might proceed with his education in that direction.There are so many facilities for chemical training nowadays, and so much has been written on the training of the chemist, that I will spare your feelings to-night, and merely affirm my agreement with Professor Philip that a sound grounding in chemistry and allied sciences is the best preparation for a chemical career. It is so popular nowadays to endeavour to tack on to the curriculum of the unfortunate chemi- cal student any or all of the sciences and pseudo-sciences which come to the mind. The chemist will indeed find his time fully occupied in obtaining a sound grounding in his own profession, 472 and it does not appear desirable to employ his time in the study of subjects on which the principal exponents themselves are entirely unable to come to any agreement. One of the most valuable, if not the most valuable, assets seems to me to be a sense of proportion.For example, the governors of a school should not spend too long discussing whether two or three of their most distinguished and brilliant students should be allowed, at their own expense, to have jam instead of marmalade for breakfast. There was a time when an extremely difficult struggle was necessary to procure scholar- ships, but, thanks to the munificent generosity of many of the leaders of industry and others, plenty of openings are now avail- able for men of average intelligence; in fact, in connexion with some post-graduate courses, I am given to understand that there is competition to obtain scholars! We will now imagine that the chemist has reached the stage of having completed his academic training. Let him always remember with pride that he is a chemist, but let him be studiously careful not to rub this fact into his friends.It is not everyone who can be a chemist; a certain number of other callings must be filled. Deal very gently, therefore, with those less fortunate than yourselves, and especially with members of the medical profession, who have not the same opportunities that you have of repeating their experiments from time to time under identical conditions. Never endeavour to persuade others that you are a superior person. Even if you should succeed in that endeavour, you will probably incur their undying hatred.The chemist, having enrolled as a member of our Institute, is now ready to commence his career, let us say, in industry, and we may imagine him with his foot on one of the lower rungs of the ladder of success. What points are most likely to contribute to his subsequent success? We can, of course, deal only with the average man; the genius and the dilettante, who have not yet realised that their profession is an experimental one, must be left to their own devices. I need not remind you that our science is an experimental one, and we all rejoice to see the portrait of one of our presidents wrapped in contemplation of a liquid in a beaker. I trust no one here has had the temerity to enquire whether the contents of that vessel were of a potable character.Surely character comes high in the list of necessary attain ments. I do not mean that a man should merely strive to attain the distinction of being known as honest and industrious; this 473 should surely be assumed, and, if emphasised, is likely to produce a negative effect. Character includes correct dealings with one’s fellow men and requires understanding of the necessity for discipline, though not necessarily discipline of the sergeant- major brand. Let us make an approximate analysis of discipline. We shall find, somewhat unexpectedly, that one of the chief components is a correct realisation of the rights or others. One must realise the rights of superiors, colleagues and subordinates.The superior has the right to have his orders loyally obeyed; the colleague has the right to intelligent and cheerful co-operation; and the subordinate has his own rights, which include a careful considera- tion on the part of his superiors that only reasonable demands are made upon him. It is surely as much a breach of discipline to issue an unnecessarily harsh or unintelligible order as to refuse to comply with an impossible task. One extremely serious source of heartburn and friction is the non-fulfilment of promises, and so it is a wise rule, especially in dealing with workmen, never to make promises, One is so tempted, when carried away by the circumstances of the moment, to promise favours which sub- sequently one finds oneself entirely unable to carry out, and the “square deal” which is so essential in dealing with others becomes a vanished quantity.I think it was Rousseau who said that those who are slowest in making promises are the most faithful in carrying them out, I have always laid it down that the main duties of any com- missioned officer in the army of industry should be placed in the following order: first, care for the safety of those for whom he is responsible; second, maintenance or improvement of the quality of the article produced; third, reduction in the cost of pro-duction. The last item is one which there is no temptation to forget. I was somewhat amused a few years ago to receive this list, in the same order of precedence, from our cousins across the water.Do not make the mistake of under-estimating in any way our British workmen. Among fishermen and workmen there is such a proportion of highly educated men as would excite surprise on the part of those who regard book-learning as the only path of education. Education must not be confused with book-learning ; in fact, activated carbon, in spite of the large volume of precious gas which it may absorb, is not transmuted to one of the noble metals. There is no evidence, to my knowledge, that it even 474 makes any progress towards the more valuable allotropic form of the diamond. Those remarks, however, are made with some reserve, as my mathematical ignorance of the Russian language may have caused me to overlook some recent work.Lord Haldane’s reference to Mr. Lloyd George as an illiterate was surely one of those chance utterances to which we are all liable and which we should all regret. The value of tact cannot be ignored. For instance, if advertising for the back numbers of a Journal, it is not extremey tactful to specify that any issues containing references to the President are not required. Do not be beguiled by the doctrine which is rather common at present, that creating a nuisance value for yourself is a sure road to fame and fortune. Even if such a course may occasionally be successful, there is a dire risk that anyone who reduces this principle to a fine art may become eventually an intolerable nuisance to himself.Loyalty is a most desirable asset in connexion with one’s relations with others. Promising careers have been wrecked by the fatal habit of running down and belittling one’s employers and colleagues. It is inevitable that occasionally in any contractual relationship the parties concerned will become thoroughly fed-up with each other. At times I have the fear that the gracious lady who presides over my household may become extremely annoyed with me. However, there is no justification, when boiling over from an imaginary grievance, for holding forth on the subject to the stranger in the corner of the railway carriage or even to one’s colleagues; it is safer to go home and kick the cat. Bear in mind also that it is aswell to avoid intentionally wounding the susceptibilities of others.This has been brought home to us all by an occurrence in the United States, where we read that someone who insisted on playing golf with a spade and a rake narrowly escaped electrocution on a trumped-up charge, doubt- less instigated by the enraged followers of that royal and ancient game. Cultivate a hatred of accidents, but do not let yourselves be tempted to vent such hatred on the unfortunate victims. Acci-dents should be regarded as casualties in the army of industry. Owing to the larger proportion of workmen than of staff, it is probable that there will always be a larger number of the former class who suffer accidents, but do not be tempted to draw the wrong conclusion from this, that workmen are more careless and negligent than others.The human element, which so much 475 enrages our workmen friends when we allude to it, and is largely responsible, directly or indirectly, for a large proportion of accidents, is not the unique perquisite of any class. I have, indeed, been struck by the absence of average distinctions between the so-called classes, and have met roughly the same proportion of fine gentlemen, in the true meaning of the term, among all classes. In connexion with safety, you will expect me, I know, to refer to the question of sulphuretted hydrogen. It is such a general nuisance in most industries that I feel justified in referring to it. I will content myself with pointing out that sulphuretted hydrogen does not necessarily cause death.It may act merely as an anaesthetic, and it is your bounden duty as chemists to see that the sufferers are brought round. While a complete record should obviously be kept of any work done, it should always be remembered that words are costly. Do economise in words! This advice will obviously raise the ire of printers, stationers, paper-makers and cabinet-makers, but I would venture to make a practical suggestion in connexion with some of our literature. Would not it be possible to print, in a specially conspicuous place on some of our magazines, a clear statement on the following lines: “Pages I to 5 contain matter which may be of interest to some of our members. The other pages are published for excellent reasons, and we sincerely hope that some people may enjoy reading them, but we are quite unable to suggest to whom they can possibly appeal.” In the making of books there is no end, but I would venture to suggest that a comprehensive survey of an industry should not consist entirely of the reproduction of all the available plant-makers’ catalogues, as this involves the risk of the omission of other valuable work which is not available in the way in which an illustrated pamphlet can be procured.It is, of course, unnecessary to remind chemists of the value of facts, but I would urge the desirability of ascertainingsome proportion of facts for oneself by experiments. It is, I believe, authoritatively stated that Homer nodded, and so it is unwise to believe confidently everything which is printed, except possibly in the case of the popular press.Facts are not popular; they are generally dull and uninteresting, and sometimes even discon- certing. This helps to explain the rooted objection held in certain quarters towards the truth. We tend to speak of truth as if it was somewhat indelicate, and indeed we refer blushingly 476 to it as “the naked truth,” thus inferring that it is not in a fit condition to be displayed to the general public. I have referred to the danger of the lack of basic knowledge, and this was very forcibly brought home to me some years ago and made a very marked impression on me. An official-not a chemist-who had obtained the control of the steam-generating plant at a somewhat large works was strongly urged by a then director to economise in fuel by reducing the loss of calories in the blow-off water from the boilers. He carried this out so success-fully that practically no blowing down was allowed, and in several cases the fire tubes of the Lancashire boilers caved in; as a matter of fact, in one day about half a dozen of them gave way.Samples of the water drawn from these boilers went solid on cooling. I am sorry you laugh; I expected more sympathy in these personal reminiscences. The man responsible explained that he relied on the hydrometer for testing the water, but unfortunately he did not realise that even a hydrometer was intended to be employed at certain temperatures, and not on boiling water.The old impression that during one’s official working hours it was essential to avoid any semblance of enjoyment, either for oneself or others, has fortunately disappeared to some extent. I well remember as a boy travelling up to London from the coast with an expansive and genial host, who, on his arrival in the City, seemed to assume the aspect of a lone wolf of commerce. When we spend such a large proportion of our time at our work, we might surely try to enjoy it somewhat, and even allow others to do the same. I am sure it is clear to us all that a chemist, like other mere mortals, requires for success opportunity, encouragement, and support. I venture to think that it was largely owing to his generous gifts of these to members of our profession that Sam Gluckstein is held so high in our affectionate remembrance.I know that Dr. Lampitt would agree when I say that the para- mount position which we hold in the realms of food chemistry is due in no small degree to the sympathetic support of Samuel Montagu Gluckstein, that great contributor to chemists’ progress. VOTE OF THANKS The PRESIDENT:We have had a very interesting lecture, and I propose to make a few comments upon it, but I will first warn Mr. Davidson Pratt and Mr. Butterfield that I shall ask them to propose and second a vote of thanks. 477 The first and most obvious comment to make on Mr. Calder’s lecture is that it has been so good that it is a pity it has been so short.The brilliantly witty way in which he has given us these doses of common sense has been most refreshing. I think it is a pity that chemists-not only industrial chemists but academic chemists-do not have more opportunities of hearing industrial chemists who have been successful leaders of industry, and who have had a very large experience. It is a pity that such men do not come forward in greater numbers, as Mr. Calder has done this evening, and give us the benefit of their experience. I am sure that if I as a young man had had the opportunity of reading Mr. Gluckstein’s lecture on “Chemists and Dividends,” or of listening to a lecture such as we have heard to-night, I should not have made so many mistakes or thought so many foolish thoughts.Conditions are very much better for men who are starting on a chemical career to-day than they used to be, and that is largely due to lectures of the type which we have heard in these Gluck- stein Memorial Lectures. I have enjoyed Mr. Calder’s lecture very much, as I ain sure we all have. Mr. J. DAVIDSON I do not know whether to thank the PRATT: President or not for the two minutes’ warning which he gave me; I think that perhaps I would rather not have had it! Anyhow, I feel that I have been given a very easy task this evening, because I am quite sure that it needs no words of mine to ask you to accord a very hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Calder for his most admirable lecture. It is a lecture which is packed so full of good advice and gems of wisdom that one needs to read it and to re-read it in order to derive the utmost value from it.I was very interested indeed to hear Mr. Calder’s definition of discipline. I think that it is a very good definition, and my experience is that discipline and the other characteristic which Mr. Calder mentioned, namely loyalty, are very closely associated and arise one from the other. I was particularly glad that Mr. Calder mentioned the fact the people should not criticise their superiors, their subordinates or their organisation; in fact, as one gets older one comes to the conclusion that where that is going on in an organisation it is better to have nothing to do either with the organisation or with the individuals concerned, because a good organisation invariably breeds loyalty in those who serve it.I would therefore say that loyalty, the team spirit, is one of the most important characteristics at which we can aim. We so often find, in the realm of sport, that a team of average 478 players, because they are loyal and play for the team, do far better and win more matches than a team of stars, whose tendency is to play for themselves. I was interested in Mr. Calder’s references to the truth and to the daily press, but I think that we have to remember that although we may see it in a well-known daily paper it is not necessarily wrong! At the same time I should like to remind you that although truth may be naked it is also many-sided, and it depends very much on the side which we see.Perhaps if we all remember that there may not be so much argument as to what is the truth and what is not. We have had a most enjoyable lecture. Like our President, I regret very much that it should have been so short; I became very anxious when I saw Mr. Calder getting towards the end of his pages. Perhaps he may be able, when he replies to the vote of thanks, to add a few more gems of wisdom. The lecture seems to me to uphold worthily the high tradition of the Gluckstein Memorial Lectures which have preceded it, and it is a very fine tribute to the man whose memory we honour in the Institute by this series of lectures, I have great pleasure, therefore, in proposing a most cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Calder for his admirable address.The PRESIDENT:If that is what Mr. Pratt can do with two minutes’ warning, he shall have four minutes next time ! Mr. BUTTERFIELD:Personally, I have had four minutes’ notice! I think that the President, when he asked me to second this vote of thanks, showed a want of confidence in Mr. Calder as our lecturer to-night and was a little dubious whether Mr. Calder would interest us and give us a due amount of instruction. think that the President wanted to make me the scapegoat for Mr. Calder being the Gluckstein lecturer this year, because about four months ago, when Mr. Calder and I were taking the waters of Harrogate-and the other beverages of that town-someone inspired me to approach Mr. Calder to give us this lecture. Mr.Pilcher is far too diffident to disclose the name of the person who prompted me, but I was prompted by someone in authority to approach Mr. Calder to see whether he would be willing to give us the lecture this evening. I think that that prompting was very well inspired, and I am sure you will agree with me that my prompter could not have done better than ask me, when I met Mr. Calder accidentally in the congenial atmosphere of Harrogate, 479 to approach him to give us this lecture. I repudiate the implica- tion that a scapegoat is called for! I should like to draw attention to the fact that although the lecture has been full of humour it contained a fund of great common sense which even the more senior among us may profit- ably assimilate. The juniors do not need to be advised that common sense will carry them very far in this world, whether in the chemical profession or in any other.I am sure that those of us who have had the good fortune to hear Mr. Calder this evening will be only too pleased to read this lecture when it appears in print, and as chairman of the Publica- tions Committee, I should like to ask Mr. Calder for his formal permission to allow his lecture to be printed and disseminated to the members. It gives me very great pleasure to second this vote of thanks to him for his most illuminating address. The PRESIDENT:Before putting the motion to the meeting, I should like to ask Dr. Lampitt to express his thanks to the lecturer. Dr.Lampitt was instrumental in the inauguration of this series of lectures by the staff of the Lyons laboratory, and he was, I think, the first Gluckstein lecturer. Dr. LAMPTTT:Mr. Calder has referred to Gluckstein the man. It was, I think, in 1916 that, having been invalided out of the Army, I was given other work to do and was in due course sent to Dunkirk, which at that time was a very unhealthy spot, as a Deputy Assistant Director of Railway Traffic. I was introduced by the man whose command I was taking over to the various officers on the staff. One of them was an ex-gunner officer, a Lieutenant Gluckstein, M.C. Night after night in Dunkirk, we were bombed, and the whole of that time, although a sick man, Gluckstein was perfectly marvellous; he was always the man who kept our spirits up and our nerves quiet when we heard the crashing of the bombs around us.That is one aspect of Gluckstein which is not so often recognised to-day-that marvellous spirit of his to keep things going. By a series of curious coincidences, I eventually joined the Lyons organisation, and I was put under him. He was a man who had that vision and foresight to see that a laboratory could be of use in that organisation, and when things were very difficult to start with and when every man’s hand seemed against the chemist-as Mr. Messenger, who was the first man to join me, can tell-it was Gluckstein who constantly urged us on and who 480 constantly helped us by that wonderful spirit of his, the same kind of spirit shown in a slightly different way.He could be very severe, but afterwards he would turn round and smile and it was all finished with. It is particularly pleasant for me to hear Mr. Calder, with his great experience of men and affairs, speak as he has done of Mr. Gluckstein, and that he should come here and give us these words of wisdom shows that the stimulation which Mr. Gluckstein gave in his first lecture and which he gave to everyone who came in contact with him is not lost to-day. The PRESIDENT:Mr. Calder mentioned a passage in Dickens which he did not quote, and perhaps I may be permitted to do so. In the early chapters of “Our Mutual Friend” Dickens introduces the character of the melancholy retainer of the Veneerings, who announces “Dinner is on the table,” as if to say “Come down and be poisoned, ye unhappy children of men.” He goes round, “like a gloomy Analytical Chemist”; always seeming to say, after “Chablis, Sir? ”,-“You wouldn’t if you knew what it is made of.” It is my pleasant duty to put the vote of thanks.The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation. Mr. CALDER:I sincerely thank you Sir Robert, Mr. Davidson Pratt, and the other gentlemen who have spoken, and I thank you all, ladies and gentlemen, for your reception of the few remarks which I have made to-night. I was anxious to add a chaplet to the memory of a man whom I have never had the pleasure of meeting, but for whom I have always had a great and affectionate regard.481 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views exfiressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on 10th December,-Mr. W. Godden in the chair. A paper was read by Mr. Patrick Mitchell, entitled- 66Some Aspects of the Application of Chemistry to the Paint and Varnish Industry.” Mr. Mitchell said that the scientific development of the paint and varnish industry had only become general in post-war years. In that comparatively short period the industry had turned from what had been largely rule-of-thumb methods to highly scientific methods. Every paint factory of importance employed at least one chemist to control raw materials and production, and large firms had realised also the importance of maintaining research laboratories.In addition to the specific research being carried out by individual firms, there was a Research Association, financed partly by the industry and partly by Government grants, which was in a position to engage in fundamental research of value to the industry as a whole. The variety of oils, solvents, pigments and driers that had in recent years become available for paint-making was some indication of the necessity for the services of the chemist being utilised by the manufacturer. Paint was no longer the simple composition that it had been in earlier days, when white lead and linseed oil were the bases of practically all paints.White lead was gradually being replaced by modern pigments. The lecturer described the raw materials in general use for the manu- facture of oil paints, showing how each had properties peculiar to itself, which made it suitable for compounding a paint for a specific purpose. While linseed oil retained, and possibly would continue to retain, its position as the most important raw material of the 482 paint and varnish industry, other oils were now being used. In particular, the use of tung oil (China wood oil) had increased very considerably and it had special application in the formulation of quick-drying and water-resisting finishes. The war in the East had further unsettled the balance between a slowly increasing supply and a rapidly increasing demand, as the main source of supply had been practically cut off.As a result, some attention was being given to the possibilities of finding a substitute for it in oiticica oil, a product of Brazil, having somewhat similar characteristics. The development of the manufacture of pigments had placed at the disposal of the paint industry a wide range of materials and the extent of this range was not entirely, though very largely, due to advances in organic colours. For example, the natural earth colours were now being seriously rivalled by artificial products. A complete range of iron oxide pigments from yellow, through marigold, brown, red, maroon and purple, to black, was now available and these colours had the advantage over the natural earths not only of being consistent in quality but also of having twice the strength.The organic colours used in the paint industry were too numerous to mention, and while it was true that many had defects, their use was increasing, and new and improved colours were always being produced. A recent addition, monastral blue, had a combination of properties previously unequalled and, on account of its fastness to light, strength and good colour, it was being taken up by the industry to replace Prussian blue. In conclusion, the lecturer referred briefly to the application of synthetic resins in paint and varnish. From the simple phenol-formaldehyde resin developed commercially by Baekeland in 1909as a new and important addition to the plastic materials then in use, there had developed an apparently inexhaustible range of synthetic resins.While the majority of these had been developed for the plastics industry in the earlier stages, in post- war years, and more particularly in the last ten years, the paint and varnish industry had been presented with a vast number of new products from the synthetic resin range. The majority of the products were modifications of the phenol-formaldehyde and alkyd types and the industry had taken them up with considerable enthusiasm. The displacement of natural resins by the synthetics had caused attention to be given to the improve- ment of the natural resins in order to retrieve their place of 483 importance, and there was apparent an indication that they might regain, at least to some extent, their former importance.On the 9th November, Dr. J. F. Tocher, Fellow, was presented with portraits of himself, by Mr. Alexander Christie, in recogni- tion of his services to science and to North-East Scotland in many different ways. Among the congratulatory messages which were received by Dr. Tocher on the occasion were letters from Mr. Neville Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, and Mr. Walter Elliot, Secretary of State for Scotland The Prime Minister referred to Dr. Tocher’s activities connected with public health, and antiquities and Mr. Elliot said how glad he was that Dr. Tocher’s services to the North-East and to the country in general were being recognised.Sir Arthur Keith referred to him as a pioneer in anthropology. Lord Forbes, in presenting the portraits, said that the sub- scriptions were drawn from all classes throughout this country and from the Dominions. Dr. Tocher could discourse with equal authority and facility upon many subjects,-Burns, eugenics, stone circles, the proportion of solids-not-fat in respectable milk, relativity, Scottish history and Omar Khayyam. One of the portraits was presented by Dr. Tocher to the Rowett Institute and the other to the Art Gallery at Peterhead. Birmingham and Midlands.-A special meeting of thk Section was held at the University of Birmingham, on 27th October, to consider the Proposed Petition for a Supplemental Charter.Members felt that on an issue of this sort much more dis- cussion of the reasons for the proposal and of its implications was necessary. The majority of those present agreed that the time was most opportune for proceeding with a much wider scheme to secure Registration of Chemists, that reasons for the proposed Supplemental Charter were not known by them, that details printed in the JOURNAL were insufficient to justify proceeding with this Petition, and that on any matter of this kind it was not satisfactory to take the opinion of a special meeting held in London as truly representing the views of the whole Institute. It was resolved that the Council be requested to submit the question of approval of the Supplemental Charter to postal ballot.484 Accordingly, the Council was petitioned to conduct, on this issue, a postal ballot of all members of the Institute, and to record the votes of Fellows and Associates separately. On 15th December, Mr. J. Ivon Graham delivered an address on “The Work of the Mining Research Laboratory” of the British Colliery Owners’ Research Association, of which the following is an abstract- The laboratory was founded at Doncaster in 1912,when the late Professor J. S. Haldane was asked to undertake research on problems of the mining industry: it was transferred in 1921to the Mining Department of Birmingham University, and, after the lamented death of Professor Haldane in 1935,it was moved to the Royal School of Mines, London.The early work at Doncaster dealt with the spontaneous combustion of coal: it was found that the ratio of carbon mon- oxide content to the oxygen absorption under specified conditions, together with a knowledge of the concentration of pyrites present, could be used to determine the liability of coal to undergo spontaneous combustion. Delicate methods were worked out for measuring the amount of CO in as low a concentration as three parts per million of air. The iodine pentoxide method used for this determination was described, Mr. Graham believing that this was the most delicate reagent known for the purpose. Experiments on the human absorption of CO from air under working and resting conditions have shown that, although the resting bird is about fifteen times as sensitive to CO as is the resting man, the ratio in the case of the resting bird to the man doing heavy work is very much smaller.From work on atmos- pheric humidity in deep mines, where the rock temperature may be as high as 118O F., it has been found possible to maintain comfortable working conditions only by high rates of air flow-the attempts at cooling air by refrigerating plants having proved unsuccessful. Experiments were described showing that the permeability of coal to gas was very low, and the importance of this fact in accounting for explosions in old workings was ex- plained. Research on high pressure hydrogenation of coal carried out in this laboratory some years ago distinguished the coals which hydrogenated most readily, and provided some help to the present industrial production of oil from coal.Delicate methods for the determination of silica have been elaborated 485 and these are now being applied in the wider research on silicosis among miners. In this connexion it has been found that even small concentrations of nitrous fumes left after shot-firing increase the liability to this disease. The work of this laboratory may therefore be looked upon as a contribution to the improvement of the comfort, health and safety of the mine workers, the prevention of loss to the mine owners, and the expansion of the coal industry. On 17th November, Dr. J. H. Quastel delivered a lecture on “Enzymes.” Starting with the recent success in the crystallisation-presumably isolation in a pure state-of certain enzymes, the lecturer showed how it was now possible to obtain a good deal of information concerning the composition and constitution of ferments.The NH, groups of pepsin may be acetylated without in- activation: the essential point being that the COOH groups of pepsin shall unite with the NH, groups of the substrate. On the other hand trypsin, which acts in alkaline media, requires that its NH, groups shall be free to unite with COOH groups in the substrate. The combination between the enzyme and the substrate appears to be quite definite. In many instances this reaction may be inhibited by dyestuffs-their toxic action being ionic in nature, and taking place in such great dilution that it may, some day, find application as a means of measuring minute concentrations of dye.In some cases the combination of sub-strate and enzyme is able to provide protection against the toxic action of the dye: in other cases activity is restored by the addi- tion of a non-reactant. Consideration of all these reactions leads to the suggestion that high specificity of enzymic action is due to the chemical combination between enzyme and substrate at several points in the molecule. The amino polypeptideases have been shown to bring about hydrolysis at the peptide linkage adjacent to the free NH, group. Reactions such as this may be used to throw some light on the constitution of the substrate. The powerful nature of certain enzymic reactions was em- phasised; for instance, succinic acid, which may be crystallised from solution in such a powerful oxidising agent as nitric acid, may be oxidised by methylene blue in the presence of fumarase.486 In discussing the enzyme content of cells, the lecturer distinguished between cases where the cell can be lysed without destruction of the enzyme , (e.g. lysis of Micrococc.us lysodeikticus cells readily effected by egg white, tears or saliva), and those where mincing of cells destroys some enzymic actions (the power of liver slices to produce acetoacetic acid is lost on mincing the liver). Mincing of cerebral cortex gives little change in enzyme activity of the cells, whereas cerebrella cortex undergoes a great change when similarly broken up.Co-enzymes were then discussed and several instances re- corded of the action of well-known substances as co-enzymes, e.g, glutathione added to lysed red blood cells, plus glyoxal, immed- iately restored the activity found in the intact red cell, of bringing about formation of lactic acid. Adenylic acid may be regarded as a catalyst or a co-enzyme in the action of phosphates in carbohydrate metabolism. It was suggested that enzymes are metabolites of the cell and it was shown that altering the environment of a cell may alter its enzyme content. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. F. E. Needs presided over a meeting of the Section held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, on 18th November, when a lecture on Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Food,” was given by Dr.H. E. Cox, Member of Council. The following abstract has been supplied by the lecturer. Dr. Cox showed how a survey of the most interesting advances in the chemistry of foods illustrated the great value of a sound knowledge, of organic and analytical chemistry in particular, in elucidating the constitution and properties of some of the principal food materials. Our knowledge of most of the important foods has been furthered by the recognition and determination of various chemical substances present, sometimes in large and sometimes in small proportions, but upon which the peculiar propertiesof the foods depend. The advances made in the scientific management of the storage and transport of fruit from abroad have been based upon the study of the respiratory activities of fruit, coupled with 487 the recognition of the subtle changes in quantity and identity of the sugars in them and the influence of traces of unsaturated compounds, such as ethylene.The more important conclusions were described. The practical value of these investigations has been enormous, and they have explained such a puzzling phenomenon as the influence of one fruit upon the ripening of an0ther. Direct chemical methods for the determination of vitamins A, C and D have greatly facilitated the study of the production and disappearance of these vitamins and the recognition of their importance in connection with the canning of food.Study of the structural relations of vitamin A and of carotene has led to some understanding of the natural origin of vitamins and their significance. In respect of food flavours, also, important discoveries have been made, as substances such as diacetyl, responsible for flavour in several foods, have been detected, then synthesised. On the other hand, the chemistry of tannin and of tea and coffee has somewhat lagged behind. Little is known of the real constitution of the active substances in these commodities. Recent work on fats, by Hilditch and others, has raised the standard from the collection of empirical data to some knowledge of the true glyceridic constituents of the fats, and promises to provide some insight into their synthesis in animals and plants.Similarly the advance in our knowledge of myosin and other proteins has led to appreciation of the factors underlying rigor mortis and “drip” of meat; while study of the effects of carbon dioxide on bacterial growth has resulted in the transport of thousands of tons of chilled meat from the antipodes in a manner hitherto impossible. The development of analytical technique for the recognition of traces of metals has also proved of great value in assessing the true importance of various elements. Thus fluorine is now known to be injurious, even in very minute quantities, whereas the absence of traces of cobalt in certain pastures results in diseases of sheep; examples of the importance of traces of various substances were given.Cardiff and District.-The first meeting of the session was held at the Technical College, Cardiff, on 4th November,- Mr. S. B. Watkins in the Chair. 488 A lecture was given by Dr. A. E. Dunstan on (‘Operations of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Go., Ltd., in Iran.” Dr. Dunstan introduced his subject by explaining the geologi- cal conditions in which oil may be expected to occur and where borings should be sunk. It was mentioned that, in Persia, oil was probably known and used at least 3000 years ago owing to its appearance, for example, from outcrops. Lantern slides illus- trated the crude native still compared with one of the modern installations at Abadan. Details were given of the boring operations and of the completed well.The gaseous hydro-carbons issuing from the well, instead of being burnt as waste, are now being collected and are finding important applications. The barren nature of the scenery in the Persian fields became very apparent in the illustrations given. Dr. Dunstan described the task of taking the oil to the sea coast, a distance of some 150 miles, the pipe line being a striking feat of engineering skill. He then explained the process of continuous distillation and the cracking of the higher hydrocarbons as carried out at Abadan. A film of the Scottish Shale Industry was also shown. This proved to be particularly interesting, and the audience found itself making comparisons between the mining of shale and that of coal.The use of naked lights and of unhindered shot firing in the former showed how much safer is the shale mining industry. The processes of mining the shale, bringing it to the surface, and there heating it in vertical retorts in order to drive off the volatile constituents were fully shown. The range of products obtained, from light oils to paraffin wax, indicated the usefulness of the industry, and it was mentioned that even the residue in the retorts which is taken away to form the unsightly and mountain- ous tips may find application in the making of bricks. Mr. S. B. Watkins presided at the meeting of the Section held on 3rd December at the University College, Cardiff, when Mr. H. W. Cremer gave an address on ‘* The Choice of Constructional Methods for Chemical Plant.” The following summary has been provided by the lecturer.The attention of the audience was first directed to the fact that developments in the science and practice of chemical engineering are making heavy demands upon the metallurgist in 489 order that the conditions imposed by the design and operation of plant should be adequately met by the materials of construction. Not very long ago, mild steel, cast iron, lead and earthenware represented the basic materials of the chemical industry. To-day the position is very different, and all the resources of modern metallurgy are needed to meet the requirements of the chemical engineer, Not only is this the case with the heavy and fine chemical industries, but it is equally true of many allied indus- tries, the so-called "process " industries, e.g.the fuel, textile, leather, food, brewing industries, etc., which also come within the province of the chemical engineer. Moreover, modern industry as a whole demands an increasingly wide range of chemical sub- stances for everyday use, which can be suitably transported and stored, and which in many cases must be kept scrupulously free from contamination by impurities dissolved from containing vessels, both from the point of view of physiological effects and appearance. After a brief reference to the effect on plant of impurities in the substances handled, followed by some examples of the chemi- cal effects which are sometimes brought about by the construc- tional material itself, the lecturer outlined the conditions com- monly met with in practice, viz., corrosion, erosion, abrasion, and severe conditions of temperature and pressure. During the elaboration of these points considerable reference was made to the important bearing which the texture of the constructional materials has upon chemical attack, and the value of laboratory tests on samples in selecting such materials.Great emphasis was laid on the fact that such tests may be most misleading when a final choice has to be made, for the actual processing of a metal or alloy (e.g. casting, shaping, welding, riveting, caulking, etc.), may affect its corrosion-resisting properties to such an extent that failure occurs when it is brought into service.The import- ance was stressed of ensuring that the material should be tested out in the condition in which it is to be eventually used, i.e. in the form of a casting, forging, tube, plate, etc., and better still, as an item of fabricated plant. During this portion of his address the lecturer touched upon such matters as corrosion-fatigue and such forms of intergranular attack as weld decay in stainless steels, caustic embrittlement and hydrogen attack. Modern syntheses which utilise high temperatures and pressures were treated at some length, and further reference to hydrogen attack was made under this heading. 490 The lecture, which was illustrated by a large number of lantern slides, concluded with an account of some of the more recent developments in the use of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys as they affect chemical engineering.East Ang1ia.-On 13th October a number of Fellows and Associates in East Anglia held an inaugural meeting at which, as reported in Part V, it was decided to apply to the Council for the formation of an East Anglian Section,-an application which has since been granted. At the same meeting, which was held at Ipswich, under the Chairmanship of Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton, a symposium was held on ‘‘Molasses.” Mr. P. F. Stoton outlined the process for the extraction of sugar from beet and cane juice, to the ultimate formation of the uncrystallisable molasses. The various theories evolved to explain why no further sugar could be crystallised from the molasses were discussed and it was shown that Geerlig’s theory, though much criticised, still held its place.The composition of cane and beet molasses was dealt with and their various industrial uses explained. Mr. N. Van Perlstein discussed the qualities of yeast required by bakers. The raw materials and the treatment of these for the production of yeast by both the old Vienna process and the modern tir-molasses process was described. Yeast activity was a function of enzyme content and this was a function of N content. Some yeast activity was dependent to a large extent upon the nitrogenous properties of the wort. The most active yeast was prepared from a grain wort and hence grain yeast always commanded a higher price than molasses yeast or yeast from grain molasses mixtures.Dealing with the production of alcohol from molasses, Mr. G. C. Green showed that, technically, fermentation of molasses for alcohol had developed from the manufacture of Demarara rum. The brewing section of a molasses distillery was described and the criteria of efficiency discussed, with emphasis on the relation of the metabolism of the organism to these. By means of a series of lantern slides, Mr. G. H. Whyatt illustrated the evolution of the industrial alcohol still, from the simple fire-heated whisky pot-still to the modem column stills, 491 with their many elaborations for the production of high strength and high quality spirit.A meeting of the newly-formed Local Section was held at Nonvich Technical College on 7th December,-Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton in the Chair-when papers were read by members of the chemical staff of Messrs. Nobel Chemical Finishes, Ltd., of Stowmarket, on ‘‘Nitro-cellulose Finishes ” Guests of the Section on this occasion included many who were interested in the matter,-boot and shoe, furnishing and cable industries were represented, all of which are users of nitro- cellulose finishes. Dr. J. S. Gourlay reviewed briefly the work of the more important investigators concerned with the manufacture and application of cellulose nitrates, from the early experiments of Braconnat in 1833 until modern times, and made particular reference to the more notable achievements, for example, the introduction by Schonbein of a nitrating medium (1846)com-prised of mixed nitric and sulphuric acids, the classic researches of Abel on stabilisation, and his association with Prentice of Stowmarket (1861-1870).Mention was also made of the in- fluence on the development of the nitrocellulose lacquer industry of the pioneers of celluloid manufacture, to Stevens who, in 1882, obtained a patent covering amyl acetate as a solvent, and to Crane and Hale, who contributed largely to the early commercial success of the industry. The rapid growth of this industry in post-war years was ascribed to the development of mass-production methods for the manufacture of motor-cars, furniture, etc., and to the demand for fast drying, durable protective coating for these articles.The industry was indebted to Haddon (I~oo), Chandelon (I~II),Delpech (1912)and Carlsson and Thall (I~zo), €or valuable information on the method of reducing the viscosity of nitrocellulose by “Kiering ” under increased pressure and temperature, and to the work of biochemists such as Weizmann for cheapened methods of preparing organic solvents-for example, butyl acetate, from butyl alcohol made by fermentation of starch. The present views on the structure of cellulose, as a long chain micelle built on cellobiose units, were mentioned and the modern methods of manufacture of industrial nitrocellulose 492 were contrasted with those of half a century ago, illustrated by means of a series of lantern slides.The lacquer factory used the nitrocellulose after it had been damped with ethyl alcohol or butyl alcohol. Mr. W. H. Ferguson, before discussing the application of nitrocellulose finishes to rigid surfaces, briefly outlined their process of manufacture. The pure nitrocellulose film deposited from solution was too brittle and had to be made flexible by substances such as dibutyl phthalate or castor oil, which were of low volatility and were known as plasticity inducing agents. The gloss of the finish was improved by the use of resins such as damar or synthetic ‘‘Glyptal ’’ resins, and any pigment or colour- ing matter added required to be finely dispersed in a mill. The solvents used for dissolving the alcohol-damped nitrocelluose were usually alkyl acetates of medium boiling range, and diluents --on-solvents for nitrocellulose, but often solvents for resins- comprised aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons of suitable boiling range.Three types of rigid surfaces-pressed steel, light alloys (such as duralumin), and wood-were dealt with in detail, and the importance of thoroughly clean metal surfaces was stressed where maximum durability was required. Wood, on account of its more porous nature, required to be filled with special oil-base fillers, or nitrocellulose sealers in order to prevent undue sinkage into the wood of the lacquer coats, and metal surfaces after thorough cleaning were usually treated with oil, synthetic resin, or nitrocellulose-derived undercoats in order to achieve optimum results.Mr. Balfe, after classifying flexible surfaces into two groups- fibrous and non-fibrous-dealt in detail with the problems associated with the more important members of these groups. The special problems associated with the applications of nitro- cellulose finishes to leather were emphasised. For example, undue sinkage into the fibres was undesirable when grain leather is being finished, but on the other hand, when leather is being cemented to leather, as in the “stuck on” process in shoe manu- facture, it was very desirable that good penetration should take place in order to obtain a joint of maximum strength. As a general rule, sinkage into the fibres of leather decreased as the molecular weight of the solvents used increasesd.Finishes for leather further required to be balanced by solvent choice in order to minimise the withdrawal of “water solubles” which might cause staining of the finish or cracking. 493 In the textile field probably the most important outlet for nitrocellulose finishes was aircraft dopes. Linen fabric, which was stretched over the wings and fuselage of certain types of aircraft, was treated (I)with a red pigmented dope which tautened the fabric, (2) with a covering dope which protected the tautening dope. Finally the use of nitrocellulose lacquers for protecting cable leads from oil, dirt and ozone and the potentialities and advantages of nitrocellulose lacquers for the beautifying of paper wrappings, cartons and linoleum were reviewed.East Midlands.-The first meeting of the section was held jointly with the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society at Leicester on 7th October, at the Leicester College of Technology. Dr. L. Hunter, President of the latter society, took the chair. Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson gave a lecture on 4b Some New Micro- Analytical Reagents,” Dr. Dyson, who illustrated his lecture with numerous demonstra- tions, described many reagents for the detection of various classes of organic compounds in very minute quantities. In particular, he showed how xenylcarbimide is used in the detection of phenols, and of 9-nitrophenylthiocarbimide for determining the presence of alcohols up to Cll.Aldehydes and ketones were shown to be detectable with 2 :4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Formaldehyde, in solutions as dilute as four parts per million, can be found by the use of dimedon (dimethylcyclohexanedione). The use of $-tolylthiocarbimide was suggested for determining the presence of small quantities of amines. Dr. Dyson concluded his lecture by showing the use of diuridothiourea for the detection of copper, while the reaction between the fluoride ion and triphenyl-tin chloride was demonstrated. A joint meeting of the Section with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at University College, Nottingham, on 11th November,-Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson in the Chair.Dr. E. W. Smith gave an address on (‘The Up-Grading of Coal.” (No report has yet been published.) 494 A meeting of the Section was held at the St. James Restaurant, Derby, on 2nd December,-Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson, in the Chair. Mr. A. D. Powell gave a lecture on ** The Analytical Control of Drugs and Medicines.” Mr. Powell referred to the great changes which had taken place in the manufacture and control of drugs since the passing of legislation in the middle of the nineteenth century. The various laws concerned with medicine and food and drugs control brought into being the British Pharmacopoeia and the public analyst, and resulted in the transference of manufacture from the individual pharmacist to large wholesale houses em- ploying pharmacists and analysts for manufacture and control of their products. Dealing with standards for drugs, he traced the history of the British Pharmacopoeia from its early days to the current edition and described the methods of revision of its contents and stand- ards.The British Pharmacopoeia and the British Pharmaceuti- cal Codex provided standards for a very wide range of drugs and pharmaceutical preparations. In fulfilling his function of applying these standards, the drug analyst has to consider a number of factors which may influence purity at various stages during manufacture,-bulk storage, and finally storage in the pharmacy, tendencies to lose or gain mois- ture, loss of volatile constituents, and metallic contamination from containers, while deterioration as a result of rancidity, resinifica- tion, or attack by insects has to be guarded against.The methods of quarantine of untested material, systems of identifica-tion by batch numbers, the importance of correct sampling and of re-testing, either before or after packing, were referred to, and the varied nature of the analytical work involved was illustrated by a number of examples. An informal discussion then took place on the proposed Supplemental Charter, and questions asked by members present were answered by the Chairman (District Member of Council) and Dr. Firth (Member of Council). Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the hall of the Pharmaceutical Society, Edinburgh, on 26th October,-Dr.A. M. Smith, Chair- man of the Section, presiding. 495 The meeting took the form of a display of non-advertising sound films, the titles of those shown being: “The Circulation of the Blood,” “The Use of Algae in Water Filtration,” The Growth of Crystals,” “The Cathode Ray Oscillograph,” “Beef-farming in North Devon,” and “A Pure Milk Supply.” This last film was written and produced in Edinburgh by members of the School of Agriculture, and was introduced by one of the producers, Dr. Cunningham, bacteriologist at the Edinburgh College of Agriculture. At the end of the exhibit, Dr. Hiscock spoke appreciatively of the programme and moved a vote of thanks to the Chairman, the operator, Mr.Sellars, and the Secretary, who were jointly responsible for arranging and carrying out the programme. An ordinary meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section and the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 12th November,-Mr. A. M. Cameron, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, presiding. Dr. J. P. Baxter read a paper, of which he was joint author with Mr. J. G. Moore, entitled “The Properties of Chlorinated Rubber.” The lecture, which was fully illustrated by lantern slides and a display of specimens, dealt with the general properties of chlorinated rubbers now available in commerce.The properties discussed included general composition, viscosity and stability relationships, film-forming, electrical and mechanical properties, thermal stability, resistance to chemicals and sound and heat insulation properties. The authors also discussed suitable plasticisers for use with chlorinated rubber and the use of this material in paints and lacquers. A two-page abstract was published in Chemistry and Industry, on 11th December, 1937 (pp. 110-112). Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 22nd October and 5th November, the members of the Section attended lectures in the Royal Technical College,-the first, by invitation of the Chemical Society, when Mr. J. D. Bernal, M.A., F.R.S., dealt with “The Systematic Theory of the Liquid State.” The second, by invitation of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Prof.C. H. Desch, F.R.S. spoke on “Alloys of Some Light Metals.” 496 On 27th October, a Special General Meeting of the Section was held in “The Gordon,” Glasgow, when Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary, attended by invitation to open a discussion on the proposed petition for a Supplemental Royal Charter.- Dr. P. F. Gordon occupied the Chair. Mr. Collett dealt with the history of events leading up to the present proposal and explained a number of points about which there has been some controversy in the Section. During the discussion, private opinions were voiced and questions were asked, particularly regarding the exclusion, from the proposed register, of Associates of several Technical Colleges.While no formal motion was put forward, the impression was gained that the meeting was in fairly general agreement with the proposal. On 19th November, another of the series of Refresher Lectures was delivered in the Royal Technical College, by Dr. C. P. Stewart, of the Department of Medical Chemistry of Edinburgh University. His subject was “ Some Recent Advances in Biochemistry.” The Chairman was Dr. P. F. Gordon. Members of other scientific societies were present by invitation. Dr. Stewart referred to the very large development that had taken place in recent years in Biochemistry, which compelled him to limit his survey to three main points. The three examples were chosen to illustrate the ways in which biochemistry has advanced.Two of these might be regarded as illustrating primarily the “static ” side of bio-chemistry, which deals with the nature of the substances present in living organisms, while the third showed the progress made along one line in “dynamic ” biochemistry, which is concerned with the changes undergone by those substances in the cell. The first subject was the fused ring system present in the sterols, and it was shown how this occurred in a large, and growing, number of substances of biochemical interest-the sterols, the bile acids, the pro-vitamins D, the sex-hormones, the hormone of the adrenal cortex, the cardiac glucosides, certain toad poisons, saponins, etc.The relation of these substances to the highly active carcinogenic hydrocarbons was pointed out. It was mentioned, in discussing this point, that neither oestro- genic activity nor carcinogenic ,activity was confined to sub-stances containing the phenanthrene nucleus, nor did the two 497 activities run parallel, although oestrone itself had been shown to be carcinogenic. The important discovery that certain car-cinogenic substances could actually inhibit growth of both normal and tumour tissue was mentioned. The constitution of a-and y-tocopherol, substances with vitamin E activity, was discussed, in view of the resemblance of their molecular formulae to those of the sterols. The second group of substances to be discussed had, as the connecting link, the pyrimidine ring.This ring is, of course, present in the barbiturates, and the modifying effect on their pharmacological properties of varying the substituting groups was briefly considered. Vitamin B, amd vitamin B, were considered. It was pointed out that these two pyrimidine derivatives were both concerned in carbohydrate metabolism. The second, lactoflavin phosphate, provided the best example of a separate enzyme prosthetic group since, combined with a protein, it formed Warburg’s yellow enzyme. The structural similarity of vitamin B, to that of nucleotides was of interest, since others of that class were also intimately concerned in carbohydrate metabolism. In this connection the probable structures of adenylic acid, adenylic acid pyrophosphate and of Euler’s co-dehydrases I and z were shown, and their functions discussed.This introduced the third subject,-the mode of breakdown of carbohydrate. The steps involved in the anaerobic formation of lactic acid were detailed, and the mechanism of phosphorylation discussed. It was argued that the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate probably follows the same route, which is then linked up with the citric acid-succinic acid-oxaloacetic acid-citric acid cycle of Szent Gyorgyi and Krebs. In the discussion which followed, Professor Wilson, Drs. Tucker and Eaton, and Messrs. Schorn and Jamieson participated. The Ramsay Chemical Dinner was held on 3rd December under the joint auspices of the bodies representing chemistry in the Glasgow district.Sir James Irvine, C.B.E., F.R.S., Principal and Vice-Chancellor of St. Andrews University, presided over a large attendance including Mrs. Tidy, daughter of Sir William Ramsay, Professor G. G. Henderson, Professor and Mrs. Barger, Professor and Mrs. Heilbron, Professor C. S. Gibson, Miss Melvin, and Miss Andross, Convener. 498 After the Loyal Toasts had been honoured, the company pledged in silence “The Memory of Sir William Ramsay.” Sir James Irvine said that the passage of years had abundantly justified the place of honour which Ramsay occupied among his contemporaries. It was not always the lot of men to have the verdict of history so uniformly kind. To-day, in the bright light of subsequent events, the fame of Ramsay was even greater than in his own time.The memory of his warm-hearted, human personality was kept green at these annual gatherings, although the roll-call of his own generation ever decreased. There were some present who knew him well; they had the advantage of being able to conjure up the recollection of that arresting figure, to hear his voice, to see the kindly eyes which flashed in moments of exaltation the fire of genius. He (Sir James) had seen it, for he was with Ramsay on the day that he calculated the density of helium. But, to many others, indeed to most, Ramsay could be but a name,-the name of the greatest Scottish chemist since Joseph Black. It was well that in pledging his memory they should endeavour for a moment to identify the scientist with the man.It might be thought that good fortune was ever at his side guiding him into paths which led to distant and brilliant goals. His isolation of the rare gases was not the only example of his discoveries which seemed to come most opportunely, enabling the chemist to join forces with the physicist in the investigation of radio-activity which was soon to revolutionise the whole conception of atomic structure. It could not be said that the hazard of fortune played any conspicuous part in the achievement of the man whom they were commemorating. What he had accomplished sprang from his own enthusiasm, his own indomitable energy, and his capacity to look both back and forward,-back into the records of history, for he appreciated what the past could teach, and forward into the unknown, for scientifically he was a visionary and a prophet.These were among the attributes of his genius; but he added to his rare gifts of the mind that combination of simple human virtues which gave him power over youth and capacity for leadership. What an inspiration it was to be with him! How he loved to draw a bow at a venture, and how often he hit the target ! How gracefully the laurel of fame rested on his brow, and how closely woven were his greatness and his humility! He knew the bitter truth that “courage is the thing, and all goes if courage goes.” 499 The toast of “The Profession of Chemistry” was proposed by Professor George Barger, F.R.S.Professor I. M. Heilbron, F.R.S in responding, referred to the development of British chemical industry, urging that the industrial side of chemistry could only progress provided that the academic side were well supported. On behalf of the local Fellows of the Chemical Society, Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry and Members of the Society of Chemical Industry, Sir James Irvine then made a presentation to Professor G. G. Henderson on his retirement from the Regius Professorship of Chemisti-y in the University of Glasgow. Sir James paid a warm tribute to Professor Henderson for his work on behalf of the three Societies of which he was a Past-President, and expressed the esteem in which he was held by his students and staff.Professor Henderson, he said, was the doyen of Scottish chemists, and for well over half a century had been the leading exponent of chemistry in Scotland. He was a shining example of what a professor should be; he was appreciated by his colleagues and venerated by generations of students. The presentation took the form of a boat with fishing gear, and a silver model of the “Comet ” mounted on a cigar box, containing a cheque which, Sir James Irvine suggested, would enable the Professor to buy fish so that he might never return home without a “catch”! Professor Henderson replied briefly, thanking his friends for their gifts. The Registrar of the Institute replied to the toast of “The Guests” proposed by Mr.W. H. Nuttall. Huddersfie1d.-On 20th October, a party of members of the Section and friends visited Messrs. Hailwood and Ackroyd’s works at Morley, near Leeds, where an interesting evening was spent in seeing all the stages in the manufacture of a wide variety of glass and metal articles, particularly electric light shades and fittings, which are the firm’s speciality. Members were parti- cularly interested in the details of manufacture of miners’ safety lamps. At the conclusion, the thanks of the Section were expressed to the management and to the guides by Mr. F. Robinson. A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Hudders- field Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists on 17th November, in Field’s Caf6, Huddersfield.Dr. A. E. Everest presided, and introduced Dr. J. B. Speak-man, who gave a lecture entitled:- “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Wool and Wool Textile Processes.” The generally accepted structure of wool is a system of polypeptide chains linked by means of disulphide linkages -+ alternating with salt linkages of the-COO-NH3-type and it can be stated that the future of the wool textile industry lies in the discovery and exploitation of new linkages. The arrangement of the layers within the crystal is such that only reagents of small molecular weight can penetrate the dry fibre, and this is the limiting factor so far as attack by reagents on untreated wool is concerned. On the other hand, this difficulty can be turned to advantage in cases where attack must be restricted to the surface of the fibre, e.g.when an unshrinkable finish is obtained by gelatinising the surface by means of suitable reagents such as gaseous chlorine or sulphuryl chloride in white spirit. In order to enable reagents to attack the interior of the fibre it is necessary to use swelling agents, of which water is the com- monest. This has the effect of increasing the spacing between the crystals and perhaps between the polypeptide layers within the crystals. Acids produce a further swelling action by splitting the salt linkages and a strong solution of a weak acid such as chloracetic acid gives a much greater swelling action at ordinary temperatures than a solution of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid at the same @H.The swelling action of water first decreases and then increases with rise of temperature, because at a temperature of 45” C. the disulphide bond begins to be attacked. Accessibility to dyes therefore increases with temperature, and in this con- nection it is interesting to note that absorption of dyes is from a surface film; so long as this film is maintained the rate of absorption is independent of the concentration of the solution of dye. This is the reason for the success of the turbulence method of dyeing introduced by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. 501 The attack of water on the disulphide bond, beginning at 45"C., increases with rise of temperature, and causes a diminution of fibre strength and consequently the lower the dyeing tempera- ture, consistent with satisfactory absorption of dye, the better the result.In the process of milling, an important part is played by reagents which weaken the side chains. Acids assist milling by -+ splitting the-COO.NH,-linkages and alkalies by attacking both these and the disulphide bonds. Shrinkage is at its maximum at the critical temperature of 45" C. Alkalies attack the disulphide bond in the following manner :--co OH co-\CH-CH,--S S-CH,--CH<NH--NH / H I -co J. \CH-CH,--SH + OHC-CH Po-+ -NH / \NH-and above 9H 10 the attack on the fibre becomes too great. During -the storage of "tops" before spinning two processes occur, namely decay of tension and oxidation of oil, and it has been shown that the rate of decay of tension is greater when the material is stored in an alkaline condition as compared with a neutral or acid condition. Oil oxidation takes place most rapidly at pH 10 owing to the formation under more severely alkaline conditions of anti-oxidant SH groups by attack on the wool.The attack of various reagents on wool is affected by catalysts of various kinds. Exposure to light, for instance, increases attack by water and in the tips of wool fibres, which have of necessity had the maximum exposure to light and moisture, the presence of SH groupings can be detected by titration methods and by reaction with cyanamide. The disulphide linkages and the salt linkages can be broken by boiling with 5 per cent.sodium bisulphite and a contraction of 30 per cent. in the length of the fibres occurs. This is the basis of a crgping process. Sodium sulphite does not produce the same effect since only the disulphide linkages are broken. If, how-ever, the salt linkages are previously broken by another reagent, then boiling with sodium sulphite produces the same crGpe effect as with bisulphite, and with less damage to the fibre. 502 The possibilities attendant on the production of new linkages have already been mentioned, and it is interesting to note that the effects produced by the processes of crabbing and blowing (i.e. treating tensioned fabric with boiling water and/or steam), are dependent on the formation of new linkages in the following manner.-s-s -SH HOS--NH3+ OOC-I-NH; ooc-I -+ -1 -SH /S /NH /HOOC-oxidation -SH HS--1 -s-s- 503 In the work so far carried out, as many as five new types of linkage have been produced] and since all existing processes are based on the original linkages, the enormous possibilities of new developments can be visualised. DIscussIoN.-Mr. Mallinson asked if a permanent set could be satisfactorily obtained using water under 10 lb. pressure, and why indigo, although the molecular size was high, could be satisfactorily dyed at 120’F. In reply to the former question the lecturer said that a satis-factory set could be obtained under the suggested conditions, and with regard to the latter indicated that indigo did not actually penetrate into the fine structure of the fibre, but was mainly intennicellar.The low temperature dyeing was neces- sary because of the alkaline bath. Mr. D. Hanson enquired if sodium dichromate could be used as an oxidising agent instead of persulphate in producing a per-manent set by chemical means. The reply was that this agent could be used but the tendency to colour the fabric was sometimes a disadvantage. Mr. Hanson further asked the reason of resist effects sometimes produced in the carbonising process, The lecturer replied that this was said by Harris to be due to formation of sulphamic acid groups by the inter-action of basic side chains and sulphuric acid. Mr. A. 0. Jones enquired whether phosphoric acid had been tried in place of chloracetic acid as a swelling agent and secondly, whether there were any physical changes due to the introduction of metallic atoms into the linkages.Dr. Speakman replied that phosphoric acid had been tried, but was not so effective as chloracetic acid. There were definite alterations in the physical characteristics, e.g. “handle ” of wool into which metals had been introduced. Mr. M. Robinson asked whether the metals introduced into the structure could act as mordants and in what way metallic mordants were combined with wool. The lecturer replied that metals in the structure could act as mordants] and that in mordanting with, for instance] chromium compounds, the active agent was chromic acid which combined with the amino groups.504 Irish Free State.-Mr. B. G. Fagan presided at a meeting on 27th October, in University College, Dublin, when Dr. A. G. G. Leonard delivered an address on (‘Atmospheric Pollution,” of which the following is a summary. Smoke from coal-fires contains carbonaceous matter, tar, sulphur gases and ash. Domestic soot has a high content of tar and is particularly objectionable owing to its adhesive properties. Smoke causes extensive damage to textile fabrics, and to certain building stones. It also tends to increase respira- tory diseases. The systematic investigation of atmospheric pollution began in England in 1912 and has gradually increased until at the present time there are 115 stations in Great Britain taking part in the investigation, while the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research embodies the results in an annual report.The total solids deposited per square mile in London are not by any means the highest for English cities, but are actually about the mean. Birmingham, Edinburgh and Liverpool give higher deposits. Cardiff, Gloucester and Bournville are lower. In addition to deposited matter there are also fine particles which remain suspended in the air. The quantity of this suspended matter varies periodically during each day, being a minimum from I a.m. to 5 a.m. then rising steadily as fires are lighted up and reaching a peak value about 11 a.m. There is usually a rise again towards evening, after which there is a fall from about g or 10p.m.to the early morning minimum. Sulphur dioxide can be measured volumetrically by bubbling a definite volume of air through hyperol solution and titrating the sulphuric acid formed with dilute alkali. A second method, which may be said to measure the activity of sulphur dioxide, so far as its attack on building stone is con-cerned, is carried out by exposing a prepared (IOO sq.cm.) cylindri- cal surface of lead peroxide for one month. The lead sulphate formed is then determined. A modified form of this method is now in use; the cylinder of lead peroxide is divided into eight sectors, each of which is exposed according to the direction of the wind, an electric counter recording the duration of the various winds.The lecture was illustrated by slides illustrating the nature of the results obtained by the Atmospheric Pollution Research 505 Committee as well as by apparatus demonstrating the simplicity of the standard methods used in their investigation. Dr. Leonard carried out some determinations of the suspended matter in air at Merrion Street, Dublin, on the zoth, 2Ist and 22nd October, and found in each case that the suspended impurity exceeded the average value for winter days at Westminster, London. The lecturer pointed out that it would be unwise to draw any conclusions from these isolated results as to the relative purity of air in Dublin and London, but suggested that a systematic series of observations on atmospheric pollution in Dublin merited consideration.The Committee of the Irish Free State Section of the Institute has been co-operating with the Chemical Association of Ireland on the question of the remuneration of chemists in the State Service. A memorandum on the subject was drawn up by the committee, and two of its members-Professor O’Farrelly and Dr. James Bell-were delegated to act with representatives of the Chemical Association. It was hoped that some definite improvement in the existing scales of salaries would be effected. Recently, the important position of State Chemist was advertised at a salary of L6oo per annum, rising by annual increments of L25 to L800 PLUS cost of living bonus. The salary hitherto attached to the post was E700, rising by annual incre- ments of L25 to L900 PLUS bonus.The new salary offered was considered inadequate and, if allowed to go unchallenged would tend to the degradation of the profession of chemistry in the Free State. The members of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Chemical Association considered the matter and decided to advise candidates to sign a withdrawal notice and to place these notices in the Committee’s hands to be used at their discretion. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Trinity College, Dublin, 24th November,-Mr. B. G. Fagan presiding. The members of committee were elected as follows :-Messrs. Andrews, Bell, Fagan, Gilmour, Leonard, Nolan, O’Farrelly and Parkes. It was suggested by Mr. Thornton that meetings might advantageously be held in the evening, thereby giving more time 506 for discussion, and also making it possible for certain members to attend more frequently.It was decided to hold evening meetings in view of Mr. Thornton’s remarks. By kind permission of the Minister for Industry and Com- merce, members of the Belfast and Irish Free State Sections visited the Alcohol Factory at Cooley on 4th December. The two parties travelled to Dundalk by train and thence by bus to Cooley, where they were received by Mr. S. A. A. Maas, Managing Director. The visitors, numbering 40, were conducted over the factory by Mr. Maas, and the technical staff. The potatoes are sampled on arrival and the starch content determined, the farmer being paid on the content of starch.The tubers are washed and cooked, after which they are mashed with malt, which process converts the starch into malt sugar. Fermentation follows, whereby the alcohol is produced. The wash is then submitted to continuous fractional distillation, using the method devised by the late Prof. Sydney Young, F.R.S. The products of the factory are absolute alcohol and stillage which is sold hot to farmers as cattle food. The visitors were much impressed with the design of the factory and the efficiency of the equipment installed. The visit was followed by tea at the Great Northern Railway Hotel, Greenore. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 15th November, at the University of Leeds,-Dr.F. A. Mason in the Chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were adopted. Dr. C. G. Addingley, Mr. G. J. Denbigh, Mr. H. M. Mason, and Dr. H. Phillips were elected to serve on the Committee, and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-appointed Honorary Auditors. Dr. H. Burton, District Member of Council, moved “That this meeting approve the provisions of the proposed Supplemental Charter of the Institute.” A keen debate followed. An amendment, moved by Mr. H. E. Goodson, “That this meeting does not approve the provision for the nomination to 507 the Council of six Fellows holding professorial chairs in Chemistry in Universities,” was negatived by a large majority. The original motion was then carried nem.con. On the same evening a lecture was given on ‘‘Chemical Warfare and the Civil Population ” by Major-General C. H. Foulkes, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., formerly G.O.C. Special Brigade R.E., and Director of the British Gas Services in France. Representatives of the Air-Raid Precautions Department of the Home Office and of the authorities of the city of Leeds and the surrounding areas were present by invitation, and the lecture was followed with the keenest interest. General Foulkes pointed out that, on account of the speed and range of modern aircraft, no part of the United Kingdom could be considered safe from the air raids that any future war would certainly bring. London and the important industrial centres would prove a great temptation.Dealing with the various types of risks that would have to be faced, he was unable to agree that incendiary bombs were the chief danger. These proved so disappointing to the enemy in the early Zeppelin raids that their use was almost abandoned, and with all modern improvements, they did not seem to have produced very notable results in Spain. As regards high-explosive bombs, the chances of a direct hit on any one building were too small to warrant the very high cost of any sort of adequate protection, but flying fragments from such bombs bursting in the streets could be guarded against, and they, in fact, constituted the most frequent and serious risk. They would fly out more or less horizontally and could therefore be avoided by occupying basements and cellars, or, if there were none, then floors situated well above ground level; ground floors if occupied would need sandbag protection.There remained the use of gas. Gas was a mystery to most people, and ignorance of its possibilities had been widely exploited. Statements forecasting the wholesale destruction of populations in a few hours by some new gas of incredible potency were fantasti- cally absurd. Gas had proved a very effective weapon in the chaotic conditions of the battlefield, where exposure to it was unavoidable, but protection could be much more easily provided in an organised community. Gas from a bomb containing a volatile substance, such as phosgene, might be thrown moment- arily IOO feet up into the air, but it would quickly settle down, 508 and unless the resulting cloud could be steadily reinforced by a systematic and sustained bombardment it would soon drift away.The methods recommended officially for gas-proofing rooms were precisely those employed during the war to protect dug-outs, when they proved effective in circumstances much more trying than any likely to arise from air-raids. Mustard gas, sprayed from the air, would not do much harm if people took the official advice and remained under cover (when they would also be safe from the fragments of anti-aircraft shells which were responsible for as many as one-third of the air-raid casualties in the last war); but danger would arise if the liquid remained out on the ground, and an efficient gas-detection service was essential.In the lecturer’s opinion, the casualties that would result from the use of gas, even in a densely populated centre, would be less severe in nature and far fewer in number than if an equivalent quantity of high explosives were used, though its presence might contribute towards the disorganisation of the public services and the creation of panic, unless its limitations were fully realised. The lecturer considered the problem of factories employing large numbers of people. Special dangers arose from the presence of heavy plant on upper floors, the existence of bulk stores of inflammable liquids, and the operation of ventilation and air- conditioning plants. The risk of fracture of gas and high-pressure steam and water mains, ammonia-cooling systems, and plate glass was serious.Personnel could only be dispersed if they could reach their homes in less than ten minutes; otherwise adequate shelter would have to be provided for them on the premises. In the case of single-storied, glass-roofed workshops this might even involve the construction of a system of covered trenches on an adjoining vacant site, with all the attendant problems of drainage, lighting, ventilation, and sanitary services. It was essential to have a manager responsible for the planning and control of precautions, to organise internal fire and first- aid services and to have a responsible subordinate trained in gas detection. A number of firms in London had already employed specialists to draw up complete schemes applicable to their own particular circumstances, Arrangements should be as simple as possible so as to be effective, and a knowledge that a complete scheme of precautions had been prepared-and per-haps rehearsed-could not fail to have a beneficial psychological effect on everyone.General Foulkes made a strong plea for greater interest in these matters in this country, Air-raid precautions were being taken much more seriously abroad: in France, Germany, and Scandinavia they were obligatory, and the people co-operated with enthusiasm. Our own lack of interest was aLl the more remarkable as we were exceptionally vulnerable to sudden and unexpected at tack.Men with scientific training could render important service to the community by qualifying as gas-detec- tion officers, and they were well equipped to reassure the man in the street, and to counteract the harm already done by absurd forecasts of inevitable disaster. A discussion followed, in which many points of general interest were raised. With regard to the possibility of disseminat- ing infectious diseases, General Foulkes disclosed that he had investigated this danger at the outset of chemical warfare. Experts then assured him that, with modern methods of com- bating epidemics, the risk was negligible. Mustard gas dropped into reservoirs, even in large quantity, would mostly sink to the bottom and any that reached the outflow would be effectively retained in the ordinary filters.Arsenical compounds might give trouble by reason of their cumulative effect. The use of mustard gas and incendiary bombs simultaneously, or in close sequence, was to be expected, but spray could be of little, or no use, unless the aircraft could venture to fly comparatively low. Gas detection was of the first importance; if some form of paint could be evolved which would change colour on exposure to gases it would be most valuable. Non-technical air-raid wardens might usefully be employed to give general gas warnings, but such people should be thoroughly trained in their duties. The Honorary Secretary, moving a vote of thanks to General Foulkes, said that in desiring to know more of these matters, the Section had gone to the greatest authority on gas warfare in this country, and they greatly appreciated his generous response.Commander I. B. Franks, Home Office A.R.P. Regional Inspector, seconding the motion, expressed the gratitude of the visitors for the privilege of hearing General Foulkes’ experienced and authoritative views. The Section, jointly with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held a Dinner and Dance on 26th November, at Powolnys Rooms, Leeds. Dr. F. A. Mason, Chairman of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute presided, and was supported by Mr. B. G. McLeIlan, Vice-chairman of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. J. A. Craven, President of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society, was present as a guest.The Chairman proposed the toast of “Chemistry” to which Mr. Craven responded. Liverpool and North-Western.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the Constitutional Club on 11th November,- Mr. A. W.M. Wintle in the Chair. Mr. G. Thompson, of Messrs. Bowaters Mersey Paper Mills, Ltd., spoke on bb Our Newspapers-From Forest to Fireside.” Mr. Thompson said that in these days of mass production many things which were at one time luxuries now belonged to that ever increasing number of those things we now looked upon as essentials. In this category newspapers found a place. Newspapers in England might be said to have properly commenced about 1622 when Nathaniel Butters’ Weekeley Newes first circulated.This paper contained chiefly trans- lations, or adaptations from foreign periodicals, of continental happenings, as apparently at that time domestic news was banned by Royal Prerogative. Even this activity was checked in 1632 by the Star Chamber Edict which forbade the printing of news from foreign parts. It was the desire for war news which created the demand for these early sheets, and it was not until the outbreak of the Civil War that newspapers became firmly established. In 1665 the London Gazette made its appearance, being printed first in Oxford, as the Court was there on account of the plague. Coming to later times, the LiverPooZ Mercury was published in 1811,- a weekly paper of eight pages, priced sevenpence “ready money,” to use the expression of the paper itself.Fourpence of the price was for Stamp Duty, and the abolition of this duty resulted later in the production of cheaper papers. Dealing with the circulation of newspapers in earlier times, it was estimated that, in 1836, there were 300,000 readers and that the total circulation for the country was not more than 36 million copies per annum. To-day it might be said that this annual figure was exceeded by the weekly output alone of three well-known national newspapers. The early papers were printed on hand-made paper made from rags and then, towards the end of last century, the manufacture of wood pulps became possible, the various processes connected with the latter being next described.The felling, cutting up and water-carrying of the logs, the latter procedure by the use of river current, and, where this was lacking, by boom construction and towage, were dealt with, and it was shown how the pulp mills received their raw material. In the mills the procedure varied according to whether “groundwood pulp” or “sul-phite pulp” was required, and it was mentioned here that news- print, the name for the paper used in printing newspapers, was made from a mixture of approximately 80 per cent. groundwood pillp with 20 per cent. of sulphite pulp. In making groundwood pulp, the logs were introduced into machines known as “slashers,” where they were automatically cut to size, and from there they passed to the “barkers” where the bark was removed.Passing to the grinder house, the logs were held against rotating stone rollers which were copiously sprayed with water. The resultant pulp suspension could be used directly for paper-making if a paper mill formed part of the plant, otherwise the suspension was acted upon by rotary filter drums, and by suitable further treatment was made up into sheets for shipment. In making sulphite pulp the logs, with preliminary treatment as for making groundwood pulp, were reduced to small chips. The chips were transferred to digesters where they were subjected to the action of calcium bisulphite liquor with steam heat, the result being a breakdown of the chips into individual cellulose fibres more or less free from lignin. After thorough washing the resultant pulp was treated as described for groundwood Pulp.Coming to actual paper manufacture, it was shown how the baled pulp, as it arrived, was disintegrated, and after being freed from lumps by a grinding process, was mixed with further large quantities of water and allowed to run on to an endless wire gauze belt supported by rollers known as table rolls.Part of the water drained away by gravity, but stronger treatment soon became necessary and this was provided by suction boxes placed under the wire gauze near the end of its outward course, and by passing the web of paper so formed through roller presses, the nips of which were under vacuum.The final drying was accomplished by passage over steam-heated drying cylinders, A calendering process followed to give a finish and the paper was afterwards cut to the desired width and sent to the printing offices. It was interesting to note that a modem newsprint machine would turn out about seven tons of paper per hour, which corresponded to a length of between 12 and 14 miles. Mr. Thompson next dealt with the printing and publishing of the newspaper. The news was sent to the linotype machines, where by means of a keyboard like a typewriter, a block of type was produced. These blocks, together with the blocks for advertisement and pictures, were assembled in the proper order in a frame. A proof copy was usually taken at this stage as a precaution, and then a specially prepared papier m2ch4 sheet was placed on the frame.By passage through a machine known as the “mangle ” a beautiful impression of the type was made on the papier m2ch6 sheet, which was then sent to the foundry. In this machine the embossed sheet was bent into a semicircle with the impression on the concave side, molten type metal was poured in and by an automatic cooling device, setting took place almost at once, so that a semicircular block was formed. After trimming, this block, which constituted one page of the newspaper, was mounted, together with others already prepared, on the cylinders of the printing press. The printing press, ready with ink and paper, being started, copies of the newspaper were printed, folded, counted and delivered to the despatch department, at a rate varying from zo,ooo to 80,000 copies an hour.Mr. Thompson expressed his indebtedness to the Daily Express, Manchester Guardian, Liverpool Daily Post, Liverpool Echo and to Messrs. Bowaters Mersey Paper Mills, Ltd., for help generously given to him. The subject-matter was illustrated by a large number of interesting slides, and exhibits were available for inspection. In the discussion the Chairman, Drs. W. F. Higgins and F. J. Smith, and Messrs. G. Brearley, A. McFarlane, J. F. Hard-wick and E. Reid participated. Mr. Thompson answered questions on various points including the use of esparto grass, the pH of paper, the use of pinewood as compared with spruce, the “life ” of newsprint, re-afforestation, disposal of sulphite liquor, nature of wire-gauze belt used in paper-making, and the technique of the transference of the paper from an endless gauze belt to the rollers.513 Professor T. P. Hilditch, Chairman of the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Thompson for his admirable lecture, expressed the pleasure it gave members of the Society of Chemical Industry to participate in a meeting jointly with their hosts of the Institute of Chemistry, and commented upon the especial suitability of a paper such as they had just heard on the occasion of a joint meeting. All would have been impressed by the magnitude and com- plexity of the paper industry, as revealed by Mr.Thompson. Much of the organisation required skilful application of engineer- ing, perhaps more than that of chemistry; but the story was intensely interesting to chemists and it concerned a division of chemistry of particular complexity, that of cellulose and the other substances present in natural wood. Had time permitted, it would have been interesting to hear an account of the by- products produced, along with cellulose, for which uses had been found. The ground covered by the lecturer was, however, already very large, and all would congratulate him on the facility with which he had presented an orderly and interesting survey of an important and fascinating industry. Professor Hilditch said that the thanks of the meeting were also due to Mr.J. Farrar Hardwick, Assistant Secretary, for operating the lantern. Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, in seconding the vote of thanks, associated himself with what had been said by Professor Hilditch, The Annual Social Evening was held at the Constitutional Club, Liverpool, on 9th December. After dinner an entertain- ment, organised by Messrs. H. Jasper and H. Weatherall, was much enjoyed by the members and their friends. The growing popularity of these Social Evenings was shown by the greatly increased attendance. Those taking part in the entertainment were, with few exceptions, all members of the Liverpool Section. Vocalists, Mr. and Mrs. B. D. W. Luff, Dr. L. J. Burrage and Mr. H. Jasper-son; accompanists, Mrs.L. J. Burrage and Mr. H. Weatherall musical saw and accordion playing, Mr. W. H. Pedelty; conjuror, Mr. A. C. H. Cairns; recitatiom, Mr. F. Robertson Dodd; humorous stories, Mr. R. K. Matthews; humorous sketches, written by Dr. R. W. H. O’Donnell, the players being Dr. W. J. Bushell, Dr. R. W. H. O’Donnell and Dr. H. M. Thompson. 514 Votes of thanks were accorded to the organisers and artistes for the entertainment, and to the Chairman, Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, for his services as cornpitre. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A special meeting of the Section was held on 29th September for the purpose of considering the proposed supplemental charter,-Dr. E. B. Hughes in the Chair. The discussion was opened by Mr. J.R. Nicholls, District Member of Council, and many speakers contributed. Many important questions were raised and answered by the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. As it was felt that the intention of the meeting was to enable members to obtain further information rather than to afford an opportunity of offering criticism, it was considered inappro- priate to submit a motion. On 2and October, a Dance, held at The Princes Galleries, Piccadilly, was considered one of the most successful social meetings which the Section has held in recent years. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 24th November at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street,- Dr. E. B. Hughes presiding. There was no change in the officers of the Section for the year 1937-38.New members of the Committee were elected as follows:-Fellows-C. T. Abell, H. Baines, L. E. Campbell, R. L. Collett, R. C. Chirnside and G. A. Stokes; Associates- A. Batley, G. L. Riddell, S. Stevens. After the formal business, the members enjoyed a Smoking Concert. The programme, which included recitations, songs, conjuring, cameo sketches, and violin and saxophone solos, all supplied without recourse to professional help, were of a high standard. Manchester and District.-On ant October, at the Con- stitutional Club, under the chairmanship of Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, a meeting of the Section was held to receive a paper by Mr. F. R. Cooper, entitled Aspects of Personal Finance.” in which Mr. Cooper dealt with the annual budget of the profes- sional man of moderate means.515 The chairman, Messrs. Ashton, Bearder, Blakey, Chorley, Coulthard, Lester, Lomas, Sylvester and H. Thomas participated in the discussion. It is hoped that an abstract of the paper may be published in a future Part. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, Chairman of the Section, Member of Council, presided at the Annual Dinner of the Section, held at the “Manchester Limited,” Royal Exchange, Manchester, on 2nd December, which was, as usual, very well attended. The guests included Dr. A. E. Everest, Vice-president of the Institute, Chairman of the Huddersfield Section, and Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section, Member of Council. The Loyal Toasts having been honoured, the Chairman proposed the toast of “Our Guests,” to which the Registrar of the Institute replied.A meeting of the Section was held conjointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, together with Fellows of the Chemical Society, and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 5th November, in the Central Library. The meeting was arranged by the Society of Chemical Industry, whose Chairman, Mr. C. M. Whittaker, presided. A large audience was present to hear an address given by Prof. Dr. Kurt H. Meyer, of Geneva, entitled: “Researches on Rubber and Rubber-like Substances,” of which the following abstract was contributed to Chemistry and Industry 1-Rubber consists of polyprene chains with cis-configuration , as shown by X-ray analysis.In the crystallite, two types of chains are present: right- and left-handed spirals. On vul- canization the chains become connected by sulphur bridges ; these bridges can be determined quantitatively by means of methyl iodide addition. The “netting” of the chains accounts for the physical changes accompanying vulcanization. The tendency of stretched rubber to contract depends on thermal motion, which tries to restore the chains from their stretched position of lower probability and entropy to the unoriented position of higher probability and entropy. From this, conclusions can be drawn regarding the state of aggregation of rubber: atom-groups are linked in one dimension with their neighbours by solid linkages (viscosity 7 > zolo c.g.s.units) and 516 in the other two dimensions by liquid bonds (viscosity 7 < 10’ c.g.s. units). It is proposed to designate this state of aggregation as the “rubber-like” state, as its position between the solid and liquid states can be defined. Numerous chain-polymerides can occur in the rubber-like state : sulphur, polyphosphorus nitrile chloride, many organic chain-polymerides (e.g., elastin), and, according to recent researches, selenium and polymeric sulphur trioxide. The viscosity of the liquid bonds can be measured by the damping of torsional oscillations ; one obtains for unvulcanized and weakly-vulcanized rubber 7 N 106 c.g.s. units. If the viscosity in plastic flow is measured, much higher values are obtained from IO* to cc , depending on the material concerned.The relaxation of stretched rubber depends on the sliding of free chains over one another; during relaxation the degree of orientation, measured by double refraction, becomes lower. In weakly- vulcanized rubber two systems interpenetrate each other: one system of “netted” chains, and one of free chains, of which only the latter can relax. An investigation of the elastic and thermoelastic properties of resting muscle, and of its relaxation, reveals a system similar to that of the rubber-like state: a netted, non-relaxing system and a system of free, relaxing chains, which interpenetrate each other. The relative proportions of the two systems are different in different types of muscle; in smooth muscle the proportion of unnetted system is much greater than in trans- versely-striped muscle.Contracted muscle is no longer in the rubber-like state; by a chemical process, which has been designated “coagulation,” the “liquid” linkages have been converted into linkages of much higher viscosity, with simultaneous curling-up of the chains. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 9th November a joint meeting of the Section with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals was held at Billingham, where, by kind permission of the Directors of I.C.I., Ltd., a visit was paid to the Coal Hydrogena- tion Plant. After an informal dinner held at the Queen’s Hotel, Stockton,-Mr.F. Hudson of the Mond Nickel Co., Ltd., read a paper on ‘‘ Corrosion Problems in Chemical Industry ” 517 in which he described the corrosion resisting properties of nickel steels, and illustrated the widespread uses of nickel alloys, such as “Staybrite steel and “Monel ” metal. Later, Mr. Hudson exhibited an interesting film illustrating the manufacture and uses of “Monel” metal. Members of this Section attended the Fortieth Bedson Lecture which was delivered on 26th November, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne by Professor J. R. Partington, M.B.E. , on 66 Chemistry in the Ancient World.” The lecture dealt mainly with the period 4000-1000 B.c., and showed how the outstanding achievements in applied chem- istry during that period were made in three principal regions, namely, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Crete.Metals were worked before 3500 B.C. in Egypt and Mesopotamia and somewhat later in Crete and Cyprus. The earliest metal known was probably gold, although copper was known very early in Egypt. The metals silver, lead and iron were also known in the earliest period, but were scarce. Refining of gold appeared about 525 B.C. An important copper industry was established in Egypt, the malachite ore being mined in Sinai. The use of iron was found among the Hittites and related peoples at the time of the eighteenth dynasty in Egypt, and iron was freely used by the later Assyrians.Brass was known in Palestine about 1400-1000 B.C. and, since the brass industry was later established in Cyprus, some re- lation between the two regions by way of R%s-Shamra seems to be indicated. The techniques of metal workers differed in different regions. The production of bronze was an important event : the source of the early tin is still doubtful. Zinc occurred only in small quantities in the Roman period. The production of black-topped pottery in Egypt was described and also the prepara- tion of glazes. In some cases the results have been imitated with difficulty and only recently. Glass itself was known in Egypt and Mesopotamia in 3000 B.c., the Egyptians being very skilled in its manufacture and colouring, although blown glass does not seem to have been made until the beginning of the Christian Era.The dyes indigo and safflower were used in ancient Egypt, and in Mesopotamia there were the beginnings of the petroleum industry, with extensive use of bitumen for cement and asphalt. 518 Notes. The following Fellows have been appointed External Ex-aminers of the University of Sheffield-Dr. A. E. Dunstan, in Fuel Technology and Mining Chemistry; Dr. C. J. Peddle, in Glass Technology; and Dr. Frank S. Sinnatt, C.B., in Fuel Technology. Mr. C. W. Dannatt, FeZZow, has been appointed Reader in Metallurgy, and Dr. €3. J. T. Ellingham, Associate, Reader in Physical Chemistry, in the University of London. The 7th International Management Congress.-The Chairman of the American Congress Council has announced that the 7th International Management Congress will be held at Washington, D.C., from 19th to a3rd September, 1938.The Congress will be held to discuss the latest advances in the organisation of men, machinery, materials and money to raise standards and conditions of living, and will also discuss the social and economic significance of current management practice. The Congress will afford opportunity of examining outstanding examples of the application of American management methods. Tours will be arranged for foreign visitors. The Chemical Council.-The Second Annual Report of the Chemical Council, with Financial Statements, will be published in January. Lantern Slides.-Through the kind offices of Mr.G. R. Boyes, Fellow, the set of slides on the subject of “Vitamins,” in the Institute’s collection, presented by Messrs. Parke Davis & Co., has been restored and improved. On 3rd December, the Registrar gave his lecture entitled, “From Boyle to Priestley, ” before the Andersonian Chemical Society, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. 519 Obituary. EDMUNDARTHURELSBYdied at Bebington, Cheshire, on 30th October, n his 37th year. Educated at King’s School, Chester, he matriculated in 1918, and after a short service with the Navy, received his professional training at the University of Liverpool, where he graduated with honours in chemistry in 1922, in which year he joined the staff of Messrs. Lever Brothers, Ltd., at Port Sunlight.In 1929 he was awarded a Chadwick Scholarship and studied chemical engineering for one year at University College, London, after which he returned to Port Sunlight, where at the time of his death he was manager of the Glycerine Refinery. He was elected an Associate in 1922. HERBERT FORTHTHOMAS EVANSdied on the 25t,h November, in his 25th year. He was educated at Waverley Road Secondary School, Birmingham, where he matriculated in 1930. In the following year he was appointed assistant chemist in the Engineering Department, Test Section, of the Post Office, the position he held until his death. He attended evening classes at the Birmingham Central Technical College, and had completed his course for the Associateship Examination.He was registered a Student of the Institute in 1933. ROBERTOSWALD HALL died in London, as the result of an accident, on 28th November, in his 33rd year. Educated at Queen Elizabeth’s Gram- mar School, Wakefield, and Lee& University, he held a Lord Kitchener Memorial Scholarship from 1925-1929, and graduated B.Sc. with second- class honours in 1925. He continued on Walker-Wilson and Clothworkers’ Research Scholarships in Textiles for three years and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in 1930, his thesis being entitled, “The Ventilating Properties of Textile Materials and Fabrics.” In the same year he was appointed an assistant chemist in the Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn, but soon after was appointed Research Fellow in the Textile Depart- ment, Ontario Research Foundation, Toronto, where he remained for three years, devoting particular attention to the quality and specifications of textile materials used in the motor-car industry.In 1934 he became Research Chemist with Messrs. C. W. Martin & Sons, Ltd., Dressers, Dyers and Cleaners of Fur Skins, of Bermondsey, with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. HENRY died at Dulwich, on 8th November, in his CHARLESJENKINS 76th year. He received his training in chemistry at the Royal School of Mines, and was awarded the Associateship of the School in 1888. In the following year he was appointed chief research assistant to the late Pro-fessor Sir William Roberts-Austen, and later became instructor in assaying.He resigned his connection with South Kensington in 1898 and proceeded to take up a position in Australia as Government Metallurgist to the State of Victoria. He returned to England after ten years and, during the War, was engaged in erecting and installing plant for the Ministry of Munitions. Later, he carried on a private practice in London as consulting engineer and metallurgist. He wa8 elected a Fellow in 1919. 520 ANDREWSTEWARTdied at Williamstown, Victoria, Australia, on 6th October, in his 45th year. He was educated at Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow, and later proceeded to the University, where he graduated B.Sc. in pure science. In 1915, he was appointed junior chemist in tlle laboratory of the Nickel Co., at Kirkintilloch.In 1916, he secured a postwith the Abbey Chemical Co., of London, and was engaged in the manu- facture of aspirin and /3-eucaine, but soon after joined the staff of Nobel Explosives Co., Ltd. In 1919, he was appointed chemist at Messrs. Chance Brothers Glass Works, in Glasgow, and later was, for a short time, chemist to Alexander Cross & Sons, Ltd., Port Dundas, where he was in charge of the laboratory. In 1922, he became chemist to Scottish Oils, Ltd., at Broxburn and Uphall, and, two years later, received an appointment in Australia with the Commonwealth Oil Rehery, Ltd., where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate in 1916, and a Fellow in 1922. JOHN VOELCKERATJ~VSTVS died at Kensington, on 6th November, in his 84th year.The son of Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S., he was born at Cirencester on 24th June, 1854, and educated at University College School, London. He proceeded in due course to Universit.y College, and graduated B.A. and B.Sc., with honours, before he went abroad to study chemistry at Giessen University, where he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. Later, he received the dogree of M.A. (Cantab.), honoris causa. On his return to England, he assisted his father in his practice as an analytical and consulting chemist, making a special study of chemistry in relation to agriculture, and in 1885 was appointed consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England and director of the Experimental Farm and Pot-Culture Station at Woburn, Beds.Four years later he was sent to India to investigate, on behalf of the Government, various scientific problems relating to agriculture. The result of this work, which eventually proved to be of great assistance, was recognised nearly 40 years later, in 1928, when an inquiry was held to investigate agricultural problems in India, and he was appointed C.I.E. Among his appointments were those of official agriciiltural analyst for the counties of Buckinghamshire, Isle of Ely, Middlesex, Northampton- shire, Northumberland, Oxfordshire, and chemist to the Royal Horti- cultural Society. He wa8 a Past President of the Society of Public Analysts and had been a member of Council of the Chemical Society.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888; was a Vice-president from 1896-99, a Censor from 1904-06, and served as a Member of Council from 1893-96, 1901-04, and 1907-10. As a member of the Public Appoint- ments Committee he was very active in the cause of the proper administra- tion of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Acts and the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Acts. He gave evidence before the Departmental Com-mittee on Agricultural Education in 1907, and in the following year was a member of a deputation to the President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries on the question of security of tenure of Official Agricultural Analysts. He was also a member of the Special Committee which recom- mended the provision of the Appointments Register of the Institute.The Institute was represented at the funeral by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, and a tribute of flowers was sent in the name of the Institute. 521 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :-“Analytical Chemistry.” Based on the German text of F. P. Treadwell. Translated and revised by William T. Hall. Vol. I: Qualitative Analysis. 9th English Edition. Pp. x + 630. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ;London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 22s. 6d. net. General principles; reactions of the metals (cations) ; reactions of the acid constituents (anions) ; systematic analyses ; reactions of some of the rarer metals. Index; table of atomic weights.“Asbestos.” G. E. Howling. Second Edition. Pp. 88. (London: The Imperial Institute, Mineral Resources Department.) 2s. net. Varieties of asbestos ; mining methods ; dressing and grading ; uses; manufactured products; marketing ; Worlds production; references to technical literature. “Rubber Chemistry, Modern.” Harry Barron. Pp. 342. (London: Hutchinson’s). 18s. History; sources; latex ; properties of latex; commercial rubber ; theory of coagulation ; machinery and processes; physical and chemical properties ;mastication ;chemical composition ;structure ;vulcanisation; testing ; compounding ; accelerators ; ageing; vulcanisation ; accelerator and anti-oxidant theory; reinforcement ; re-claimed rubber ; hard rubber; direct use of latex; synthetic rubber; analysis.Index. 70 illustrations. “Theoretical Chemistry, Outlines of .” Frederick H. Getman. Sixth Edition, by Farrington Daniels. Pp. x + 662. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 18s. 6d. net. Fundamental principles ; gases; liquids ; cryst,als; physical properties and molecular constitution ; principles of thermodynamics ; solutions ; properties of dilute solutions ; solutions of electrolytes ; colloids; therniochemistry ; homogeneous equilibrium and heterogeneous equi- librium; chemical kinetics ; electrical conductance ; electrolytic equi- librium ; electromotive force ; electrolysis and polarization; chemical thermodynamics ; quantum theory ; photochemistry; nuclear structure; atomic structure ; molecular structure; appendix; author and subject index; table of logarithms.“Copper in Cast Steel and Iron.” Pp. 136. (London: Copper Development Association). Gratis. Dealing with the influence of copper additions on the properties of cast steel and cast iron. “Mother Earth.” Being Letters on Soil, addressed to Pro-fessor R. G. Stapledon, C.B.E. Gilbert Wooding Robinson. Pp. zoz. (London: Thomas Murby R: Co.). 5s. 6d. net. Soil; humus; manures and fertilisers; soil surveys; waste lands; cormptio optimi pessima; concluding reflections. “Public Health and Tropical Medicine, School of.” Collected Papers No. I: University of Sydney, New South Wales.Published by the Commonwealth Department of Health and the University of Sydney. “Welding Flames, High Temperature.” D. Skfkrian, translated by N. F. Daniel. Pp. 52. (London: The Penton Publishing Company, Ltd.). 3s. gd. Preface by G. Ribaud; Specific heats of gases at high temperatures: classical theory ; new theory of specific heats of gases; dissociation constants for flame constituents; welding flames :principle of the thermo- dynamic calculation of flame temperatures : the oxy -acetylene flame ; investigation of hydrogen flames ; calculation of flame temperatures for other hydrocarbons ; new method for the determination of flame temperatures ; the oxy-acetylene flame as a photometric standard; results and conclusions ;bibliography.“Very Low Temperatures: Their Attainment and Uses.” Book I. A survey of the physical principles underlying the attainment of extremely low temperatures and of their technical and scientific applications, as illustrated in a special exhibition held in the Science Museum-March-May, 1936. T. C. Crawhall. Pp. 32. 6d. net. Book 11. An illustrated descriptive account of the Exhibits in a special exhibition held in tho Science Museum from March to June, 1936. T. C. Crawhall and 0. Kantorowicz. Pp. 60. 2s. net. Book 111. A symposium of lectures delivered in connection with 8 special exhibition held in the Science Museum from March to June, 1936. T. C. Crawhall. Pp. 76. (London: H.M. Stationery Office). 1s. 3d. A Joint Committee of the Chemical Society, Faraday Society and the Physical Society has produced a Report on “Symbols for Thermodynamical and Physico-Chemical Quantities, and Conventions relating to their use.” This Report has been adopted for the publications of the three Societies, and for British Chemical Abstracts. Copies 523 can be obtained by members of any of the three Societies at 4d. a copy or 5s. for 25 copies, post free, on application to the Secretary of either Society ; non-members may purchase copies at 6d. a copy or 7s. 6d. for 25 copies, obtainable from the Assistant Secretary of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I. On the occasion of the retirement of Professor G. G. Henderson from the Regius Chair of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow, the University Alchemists’ Club published a special number of The Alchemist, containing appreciations of Professor Hender- son’s valuable services rendered to the science and profession of chemistry. It will be recalled that Professor Henderson is one of the few who have been Presidents of all three chartered bodies,-the Chemical Society, The Institute, and the Society of Chemical In- dustry.He was Honorary Secretary for nine years, and Chairman for 1899-1900 of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was Secretary of Section “B” of the British Association for three years and President of the Section in 1916. He was Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, from 1892-1919, and Regius Professor in the University from 1919 until the present year. The brochure includes tributes from Viscount Leverhulme, Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, Professor F.G. Donnan, Sir Hector Hetherington, Professor Wilson, Principal Sir James Irvine, Professor Heilbron, Sir J. C. U’.Reith and “A First Year Student.” Miss Andross contributes a breezy picture of ‘I The Fisherman”; Dr. Kent a poem--“Frae Harris”; and Dr. D. T. Gibson, a review of Professor Henderson’s Researches and Publications. The Report of the Government Chemist on the work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March, 1937, has recently been issued (H.M. Stationery Office, price 9d. net). The Report consists as usual of a detailed account of the work done by the laboratory for a large number of Government Departments.Much work has been done in connexion with the revision of existing methods, and the development of new 524 methods of analysis. Many original papers have been published by members of the Staff. It may be noted that, during the period under review, in only twenty-one cases was there an appeal to the Laboratory under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. In all cases except one the results were in agreement with those put forward by the prosecution. In this one case a sample of milk had undergone further decomposition and, as it was not possible to make a satisfactory analysis, no certificate was issued. The Scottish Development Council has recently issued the Third Report of the ‘I Oil from Coal ” Committee (revised),- obtainable from the Scottish Development Council, 75, Bothwell Street, Glasgow, C.Z.; 6d.net. The “Oil from Coal” Committee has substituted this Report for an edition which was published in July. The Report deals with the selection of coals for tests; arrange- ments for finance, distribution of test fuels, and observation of tests; tests with Scottish non-coking coals on plant of Messrs. British Coal Distillation, Ltd. ; test with Scottish semi-coking coals on plant of Low Temperature Carbonisation, Ltd. ;distribu-tion of test fuels; domestic tests and valuation of test fuels; test smokeless fuels in high speed gas generators for motor vehicle propulsion. Appendices dealing with,-Observers’ report on tests with non-coking coals on plant of Messrs.British Coal Distillation, Ltd. ; observers’ report on test with semi-coking coal on plant of Low Temperature Carbonisation, Ltd. A supplementary statement from the Duke of Montrose, who enters a caveat on the subject of the economic production of smokeless fuels. The British National Committee of the World Power Confer- ence announces the publication of Statistical Year-book of the World Power Conference, Number Two, with data on Resources and Annual Statistics for 1934-1935;Edited, with an Introduction and Explanatory Text, by Frederick Brown, B.Sc. (Econ.),-20s. net. Obtainable from the Central Office, World Power Conference, 36, Kingsway, London, W.C.2.Special attention is drawn to the inclusion of Statistics on Manufactured Gas and Coke. The British Standards Institution has presented the following specifications :-Nos. z84-z88.-Black (Carbon) Pigments for Paints. Nos. 306 and 339.-Black Oxide of Iron. Purple Oxides of Iron. No. 540-1937. Salt-GlazedGlass (Vitreous) Enamelled Fire- clay Pipes. (SupersedingNo. 540-1934.) No. 753-1937. Density-Composition Tables for Aqueous Solutions of Sulphuric Acid for use in Conjunction with British Standard Density Hydrometers. No. 755. Parts I-II-1g37. Apparatus and Methods for the Determination of the Percentage of Fat in Milk and Milk Products by the Babcock Method. No. 756-1937. Apparatus for the Determination of Small Quantities of Water by Distillation with an Immiscible Liquid.Official Chemical Appointments.-The ninth edition of the List of Official Chemical Appointments, published in November, has been increased by 26 pages over the eighth edition, published in 1934, and contains nearly 9,000names. The publication clearly illustrates the increasing use of professional chemical services in Government and Municipal administration, and the Council is indebted to all who have assisted in its preparation. 526 The Register. At the meetings of Council held 011 19th November and 17th December, 1937, I new Fellow was elected, 9 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 68 Associates were elected, and 71 Students admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 4 Fellows, 2 Associates and I Student.New Fellow. Lunge, George Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Geneva), Wellhead, Merstham, Surrey. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Byron, Francis Eric, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), c/o Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Coulson-Smith, Carl, M.Sc. (Dun.), 23, Boycroft Avenue, London, N.W.9. Davies, Trefor, B.Sc. (Wales), A.M.I.Chem.E., 5, Greenville Gardens, Lower Wortley, Leeds, 12. Dippy, John Frederick James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 81, Heol-y-deri,Rhiwbina, Cardiff. Hollings, Harold, M.Sc. (Leeds), 10, Orchard Drive, London, S.E.3. Mieras, Adrian Pieter, B.Sc. (Edin.), 32, Dreghorn Loan, Colinton, Edin- burgh, 13. Sen, Nagendra Nath, RI.Sc. (Calcutta), A.R.S.M., Bengal Engineering College, Botanic Garden P.O., Howrah, Bengal, India.Tattersall, Cecil Owen, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 25, Cantonments, Cawnpore, U.P., India. Truss, Lionel James, Dudley House, Burton Road, Ashby-de-la-Zouche. New Associates. Adams, Edward, BSc. (St. Andrems), 29, Kirk Roads, Bathgate, West Lo thi an. Albert, Adrien, B.Sc. (Sydney), P1i.D. (Lond.), c/o The Union, The Uni- versity, Sydney, Australia. Alton, Michael Lester David Mitchell, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Woodlands Road, Warley Woods, Smsthwick, nr. Birmingham.Appleyard, Miss Margaret Elsie Snowden, B.A. (Cantab.), 1, School Lane, Berry Brow, Huddersfield. Best, Stanley Robert, M.Sc. (Mane.), 43, Southdown Crescent, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire. Black, William Aird Pedcn, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Edin.), Croftfoot House, Polmont, Falkirk. Born,John Jacob, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33a, Crouch Hall Road, London, N.8. Bradly, Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.), Woodclyffe, Worlds End Lane, Chelsfield,Kent. 527 Bywater, Richard Arthur Samuel, M.Sc. (Birm.), 35, Manilla Road, Selly Park, Birmingham. Callaghan, Arthur Samuel, BSc. (Q.U.B.), 14, College Green, Belfast. Carroll, James McGann, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 15, Bruce Street, Dundee. Carter, Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bylanes, Copse Road, Keynsham, Somerset. Charavanapavan, Champanther, B.Sc. (Lond.), 112, Gower Street, London, w.c.1. CIifYord, Wilfred James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Oaklands Avenue, Syon Lane, Osterley, Middx. Crewe, Mortimer George, M.A. (Oxon.), Crogland House, 138, Lordship Lane, London, S.E.22.Davies, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 4, Park Hill, Tredegar, Mon. Davies, Gwyn Islwyn, M.Sc. (Wales), Ardwyn, Cornelly, Bridgend, GIam. DOSS, Kadarundalige Sitraramadoss Gururaja, M. Sc. (Mysore), Department of Chemistry, Central College, Bangalore, India. Drane, Charles William, B.Sc. (Wales), 22, Marshall Road, Norwich. Drwnmond, William, B.Sc. (Edin.), Borrowash House, Borrowash, nr. Derby.Dyson, Peter, B.A. (Oxon.), 113, Derby Road, Farnworth, Widnes. Evans, Hywel, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 14, Newlands Avenue, Norton-on- Tees, Co. Durham. Firrell, John Pindar, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Priory Hill, Dartford. Ford, Alexander Langridge, B.Sc. (Lond.), 161, Lathom Road, London, E.6. French, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Elborough Street, London, S.W.18.Ghose, Arabinda Bhushan, M.Sc. (Allahabad), 27G, Balaram Ghose’s Street, Calcutta, India. Gordon, Roy Robert, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. (alas.), Granshaw, Hamilton Road, Motherwell, Scotland. Gowland, Thomas Brown, B.Sc. (Mane.), 5, Mead Way, Hough Green, Widnes. Hallett, StJanley George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, West Ham Lane, London, E.15. Halstead, Philip Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Elgar Avenue, London, S.W.16. Harrison, Antony Ashwin, A.R.C.S., Todhurst, Barnham, Sussex. Harrison, William Scott Wells, B.Sc. (Leeds), 4, Weetwood Court, Leeds, 6. Hollis, Charles Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Powick Road, Erdington,Birmingham. Holman, William Ian Maxwell, B.Sc.Agr. (Sydney), 144, King Henry’s Road, London, N.W.3.Innes, Robert Francis, B.Sc. (Wales), Rhosgoch Hotel, Rhosgoch,Anglesey. Isaacs, Elias, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Clive Avenue, Dales Lane, Whitefield, nr. Manchester. Jackson, John McGregor, B.Sc. (Mane.), 436, Buxton Road, Hazel Grove, Stockport.Jobin, Reginald Stafford, B.Sc. (Liv.), 239, Queen’s Drive, Liverpool, 4. Johnson, William Arthur, M.Sc. (Shoff.), 2, Moor Oaks Road, Sheffield, 10. Johnston, Richard, 476, Stenson Road, Littleover, Derby. Keeler, Walter Richard Cubitt, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 49, Harley Road, Great Yarmouth. Koch, Douglas Everard Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Hampstead Hill Gardens, London, N.W.3. ’Blaillard, Ehund Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), No. 1, Residential Flat, Q.V. Seamen’s Rest, Jeremiah Street, London, E.14. Masters, Miss Margery Enid Maud, B.Sc.(Lond,),One Tree Cottage, Lower Ham Road, Kingston-on-Thames. McEwen, George, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., 23, The Ridings, Ealing, London, W.5. Mehta, Dhirajlal Ratilal, M.Sc. (Bombay), Dr.Sc.nat. (Germany), Pur- shottam Buildings, 3rd Floor, Opp. Royal Opera House, Bombay, India. Moffat, James Cowan Dickie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Chalmers Road, Ayr. Mollan, Terence Rutherford Moore, B.A., B.Sc. (T.C.D.), c/o San Paulo Railway Co., 111, Gresham House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C.2. Murray, Kenneth Angus, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), Municipal Offices, Germiston, Transvaal, S. Africa. Norris, Edward Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Havelock Road, Bexhill-on-Sea. Nunan, Thomas Henry, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Intermediate School, Lisburn, N.Ireland. Orr, Andrew, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 62, Wallace Street, Greenock, Renfrewshire. Page, George Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, Hamilton Road, London, N.W.11. Rae, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 11, Grantley Gardens, Shawlands, Glasgow, S.l. Ragg, Leonard William, Ph.C., 9S, Oakley Street, London, S.W.3. Reid, John Henderson, B.Sc. (Aberd.), 30, Marischal Street, Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Robertson, William Stirling, B.Sc. (Glas.), Bendarroch, Balfron, Glasgow. Selby, Joseph Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 247, Commonside East, Mitcharn, Surrey.Strain, Robert Noel Claude, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 48, Queens Parade, Bangor, CO. Down, N. Ireland. Sutton, Robert Arthur, B.Sc. (Liv.), 88, Chapel Street, St. Helens. Taylor, Edwin Percival, B.Sc., B.Pharni.(Lond.), 129, Waldegrave Road, Brighton, 6. Thomas, Oswald, M.Sc. (Wales), Tegfan, Clare Road, Ystalyfera, Swansea. Waites, Gordon Adams, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44, Cranbrook Avenue, Cottingham Road, Hull. Walpole, John Leonard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, St. Mark's Road, Salisbury. Ware, Lancelot Lionel, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 65, The Chase, Wallington, Surrey.Wechsler, Abraham, M.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Berkeshiro Gardens, London, N. 13. U'hitney, Geoffrey FitzWalter Herron, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Marshfield Street, Bradford. Young, John Paterson, B.Sc. (Glas.), 37, Forth Street, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. New Students. Adcock, Leonard Harold, 1, Maplestead Road, London, S.W.2. Ainley, Derrick Gerald Theodore, 3, Arthur Street, Golcar, nr.Hudders-field. Allen, Hubert Raymond Horace, 234, Sovereign Road, Coventry. Arden, Thomas Victor, 2, Old Deer Park Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, Asquith, James Philip, Fair Bank, Chaddesden Lane, Chaddesden, Derby. Bakes, William Eric, 426, James Reckitt Avenue, Hull. Bale, Joseph Norman, Oudenarde Lodge, North Camp, Aldershot. Bamford, Harold Firth, 33, Stafford Road, Warrington. Barnes, Geoffrey Musgrave, 74, Hodges Street, Wigan. Bingham, Albert Roy, 64, High Road, Toton, Notts. Binks, Alfred Kirk, 52, Nicholls Street, Coventry. Birkinshaw, John Leedham, 88, Aberdeen Road, London, N.5. Blaok, @oil Patrick, Ballymenooh Park,Marino, Co. Down, N. Ireland. Boscott, Ronald Joseph, 67, Upper Tollington Park, London, N.4.529 Bowker, Fred Barlow, 304, Crescent Road, Bolton. Broadley, Herbert, 357, Briercliffe Road, Burnley. Cooper, Graham Percy, 8, Buckingham Place, Brighton, 1. Cossham, Bernard Handel, 108, Downend Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7. Davies, Aldred Devri Wynne, 42, Greenland Road, Brynmawr, Brecon- shire. Dennis, Ernest Ronald, 109, Woodland Way, London, N.21. Earp, Francis Kenneth, 88, West Hill, Putney, London, S.W.15. Fegan, John, 48, Calder Terrace, Longcauseway, Dewsbury. Fisher, James Edwin, 10, Lyndhurst Road, Hove, 4,Sussex. Forsyth, Gerald, Magnolia, Parkside Road, Chaddesden, Derby. Fraser, Alan Robert, 4, Bristol Road, Liverpool, 15. Godfrey, William Reginald , 83, Briar Way, Hillfields Park, Fishponds, Bristol. Grant, Ewan Charles Sirnpson, 29, Falcon Avenue, Edinburgh, 10.Guy, James Alexander, 42, Grosvenor Buildings, Manisty Street, London, E.14. Hamnett, Ernest Norman, 11, Spinney Road, Northenden, Manchester. Hargreaves, Robert, 12, Green Street East, Darwen. Henderson, Ernest Hamilton, 85, Alabama Street, London, S.E. 18. Henderson, James Alexander, 9, Wildwood Avenue, Mt. Pleasant Lane, Bricket Wood, Herts. Holme, Fred, 2, Porlock Road, Flixton. Hosking, Douglas Arthur, 83, The Avenue, Moordown, Bournemouth. Humphries, Ellis Arthur, 168, Billinge Road, Pemberton, Wigan. Johnston, Thomas Roberks, 4, Newlands Avenue, Patricroft, Lanes. Jones, Geoffrey Kempson, 3, Thornton House, 20, Thornton Hill, London, s.w.19. Keel, Charles Frederick William, Hillcrest, Dorchester Road, Poole, Dorset.Lister, Alfred Harvey, 10, Ewe11 Road, Wollaton, Nottingham. Mackinder, Richard, B.Sc. (Liv.), 34, Cressington Avenue, Higher Tran-mere, Birkenhead. Martin, William Francis, Ivanhoe, Ridgeway Avenue, Newport, Mon. Mason, Harold, 12, Dymock Road, Preston, Lanes. May, Ivor Clifford Herbert, 87, St. James Road, Shirley, Southampton. Mitchell, Stanley Cecil, Inglebank, Clayton, Bradford. Mitson, Charles Howard, 2, Park Avenue, Bingley, Yorks. Morris, George Oswald, 4, New Road, Eccleston Lane Ends, nr. Prescot, Lancs. Owles, Reginald Scarsez, 96, Herrick Road, Loughborough. Parkhouse, Denys, 1, Crystal Palace Road, London, S.E.26. Porter, Geoffrey Veale, 15, Beresford Avenue, London, W.7. Pritchard, Bernard Edward, The School Home, Hernhill, Faversham, Kent.Rhodes, George Norman, Lyndene, Hardcastle Road, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs. Robertson, Robert Hogarth, 146, Main Street, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Sanders, Francis William, 26, Toronto Road, Heaviley, Stockport. Saravanos, Nicholas, Philconda, Kemp Road, Swanland, E. Yorks. Sharp, Alexander, 59, Kerr Avenue, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Slade, Cyril Douglas, 61, Highfield Crescent, Southampton. Smith, Clarence Ewart, 221, Phipp’s Bridge Road, London, S.W.19. Southern, Thomas Alan Robert, 36, Park View, Eagley Bank, Bolton. Storey, William Stevens, 1, Logan Street, Edinburgh. Tait, William, Graemes Dyke Cottage, Lime Road, Falkirk. Thornes, Donald Earl, 172, Wakefield Road. Dewsbury, Yorks.630 Timmins, Frank Dorian, 122, Princes Street, Derby. Tromans, Benjamin, 68, Petford Street, Old Hill, Staffs. Watson, James Henry Edwin, Pinowood, Highland Road, Upper Park- stone, Dorset. Webster, Harold Lawson, 58, Egerton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, 2 1. Westwood, Austin Charles, 60, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex. Whalley, Ian Hammond, 59, Cleveland Gardens, London, S.W. 13. Whiteside, Thomas, High Street, Stokesley, Middlesbrough. Williams, Joseph Leonard, 37, Island Road, Liverpool, 19. Williamson, Leonard John, 1, Craston Road, Anson Estate, Longsight, Manchester, 13. Woollard, Leslie Delano, 3, Pollerin Road, Stoke Newington, London, N.16. DEATHS. Fellows. Henry Charles Jenkins, A.R .S.M., M.1.Chem.E.John James Morgan. Andrew Stewart, B.Sc. (Glas.). John Augustus Voelcker, C.I.E., Ph.D. (Giessen), B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. M.A. (Cantab.). Associates. Edmund Arthur Elsby, B.Sc. (Liverpool).Robert Oswald Hall, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds). Registered Student. Hubert Thomas Forth Evans. 531 Coming Events. Nov., 1937-Feb., 1938. SCIENCEMUSEUM: Atom Tracks Exhibition. 1938 January 6 OIL & COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:“Recent Advances in Pigments.” Dr. H. Samuels. 7 SOCIETY (Manchester Section) : “Develop-OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY ments in the Cotton Industry in other Countries.” Mr. N. G. McCulloch, at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Man-Chester, at 7 p.m. 10 INSTITUTEOF BREWINU (London Sec+tion): “The Hops of 1937.” Mr, C.J. Elgar and Mr. V. G. Pelly, at Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.l. (Annual General Meeting at 6 p.m.) OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY:INSTITUTION “Asbestos and Rubber.” Mr. G. F. Payne, at the Royal Empire Society, Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2. INSTITUTION (Preston Section) : “Cal-OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY endering Practice.” Mr. W. H. Reece, at the Victoria and Station Hotel, Preston. 23 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Liverpool and North-Western Section) : “Fats, Facts and Figures.” Professor T. P. Hilditch, at the Constitutional Club, Water Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): “Can Science Tell the Whole Truth?” Professor A. D. Ritchie, at the Constitutional Club, St.Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOVR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION: “Some Observations on Wetting and Dispersion. ’’ R. F. Bowles. OF INDUSTRY14 INSTITUTETHE PLASTICS (Midland Section) AND SOCIETYOF CHEMISTRY INDUSTRY(Birmingham Section and Plastics Group): Visit to Austin Motor Works, and Dinner at “The White Horse” Hotel. “The Economics of the Plastics Industry.” Mr. H. V. Potter. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :ASSOCIATION “Dispersion.” Dr. C. W. Price, at the Reynolds Hall, College of Technology, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Bristol Section and Chemical Engineering Group) : “Early Development of Chemical Industry in Bristol.” In the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 7.30 p.m.17 CHEMICAL CLUB : “Processionary Caberpillarism.” Major F. A. Freeth, F.R.S., in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, at 8.15 p.m. IKSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) :“Modern Develop- ments in High Pressure Chemistry.” Mr. R. Taylor. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) : “Standard English.” Mr. €1. Orton. 18 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Film Demonstration on a scientific subject. To be arranged by Mr. Hawtin, at the Cavendish Cafe, Derby. 532 1938 January 18 INSTITUTION AND INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS: OF CIV~ ENGINEERS: “The Treatment and Disposal of Trade Waste Waters.” Dr. A. Parker, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, at 6 p.m.19 INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (Birmingham and Midland Section) : “Some Problems of Lubrication.” Dr. H. W. Brownsdon. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Huddersfield Section) : “Coals and their Impurities.” Dr. J. W. Whitaker. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Lecture by Mr. H. Spencer Jones, F.R.S., Astronomer Royal, at the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.1, at 7.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBER INDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Leicester Section): “Calendering Practice.” Mr. W. H. Reece, at the Grand Hotel, Leicester. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Manchester Section) and INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM : “The Application of Recent Chemical Research to the Improvement of Petroleum Products.” Dr.F. B. Thole, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 20 CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting, at BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRYOF (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section): “Some Recent Developments in Colour Chemistry.” Dr. R. P. Linstead, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m. INDUSTRY OFSOCIETYOF CHEMICAL and INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Sections) : “Micro-Chemical Analysis.” Mr. J. Sandilands and Dr. H. B. Nisbet, at the North British Station Hotel, Princes Street, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(South Wales Section) and THE COKE OVEN MANAGERS’ “Coal Tar Distilla- ASSOCIATION: tion and Road Tar.” Mr.W. Kirby. OF CHEMISTRY,SOCIETY and21 INSTITUTE OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY, OIL AND COLOTJR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Glasgow Sections) : “Colour, Constitution and Properties of Insoluble Azo Colouring Matters.’’ Professor F. M. Rowe, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : “Linen Dyeing and Finishing.” Mr. J. Montgomery, in the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, GeorgeStreet, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 22 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Conversazione, at the En- gineers’ Club, Manchester. MIDLANDCHEMISTS’ DINNER-DANCE,at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham. 25 CHEMICALSOCIETY:at Loeds.26 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: Section Meeting, at the Central Hotel, Widnes. 1938 January 27 CHEMICAL : Sixth Pedler Lecture :‘‘Synthesis of Polyenes.”SOCIETY Professor Dr. R. Kuhn, in the Meeting Hall of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, at 5.30 p.m. 28 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS: “Continuous Tunnel Kilns.” Mr. W. H. F. Tickle, at Mackay‘s Hotel, Glassford Street, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : Annual Dinner-Dance, at the “Manchester, Ltd.” February 1 HULLCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY:“Tho Structure of Atoms and Molecules.” Dr. S. J. Gregg, at the Hull Photo- graphic Society’s Room, Grey Street, Park Street, Hdl, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) : “Some Recent Investigations on Katural and Synthetic Drugs.” Mr.A. G. Fishburn, at The University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY2 INSTITUTION (West of England Section) : “Calendering Practice.” Mr. IT.H. Reece, at Xelksham House, Melksham. SOCIETY ANALYSTS:OF PUBLIC Ordinary Meeting at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piceadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. 3 THECHEMICALSOCIETY:Discussion on “Associated Liquids,” to be opened by Mr. J. D. Bernal, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 5 p.m. :4 BEDSON LECTURE “Aliphatic Diazo Compounds.” Professor James Kenner, F.R.S., at Newcastle upon Tyne.INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of ScotlandOF Section) and THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Alchemy in Scotland.” Professor J. Read, F.R.S., in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE INDUSTRY:OF THE PLASTICS Seventh Annual Dinner and Dance, at the Cafe Royal, Regent Street, London, W.1, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) and OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group): “The Approach of Plastics to Rubber.” Dr. H. Barron, at the Con- stitutional Club, Xt. Ann’s Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Food Group and GlasgowSection): “Nutrition.” Professor J. C. Drummond and Dr. Cuthbertson, at Glasgow. 7 CHEMICAL SOCIETY and BIRMINGHAMUNIVERSITYCHEMICAL SOCIETY: “The Thermal Decomposition of Solids.” Professor W.E. Garner, F.R.S. SOCIETY (London Section) : “The Seaweed OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Industry and the Possibilities of its Revival.” Professor T. Dillon, at the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 1938 Febriiary OF8 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Manchoster Section), THE CHEMICAL UNIVERSITYCHEMICAL SOCIETYSOCIETY and MANCHESTER : “The Significance of Synthetic Oestrogenic Substances.” Pro-fessor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O., at the University, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OF INDUSTRYINSTITUTETHE PLASTICS (London and District Section): “Synthetic Rubber.” Mr. G. E. Scharff, at British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, W.1, at 7.30 p.m, OF9 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Croxley Paper Mills, Messrs.J. Dickinson & Co., Ltd. 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Birmingham Section) : “Some Scientific and Technical Applications of Photography.” nlr. 0. Bloch. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) : “Some New OF T’ropcrties of Dangerous Industrial Dusts.” Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, at the College, Loughborough, at, 7.15 p.m. ASSOCIATION Flow of Liquids a,ncl OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ : “ Liquid Suspensions.” Dr. E. G. Richardson. 11 OIL AND COOLOUR (Manchester Section) :CHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION “Metal-containing Dyestuffs and Pigments.” Dr. W. Bradley,at The Reynolds Hall, College of Technology, Manchester, at 7 p.m.OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) : “Particle Size and Texture.” Mr. G. A. Campbell, at St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (South JJ7ales Section) : “Cyanine Dyes and their Application to Photography.” Dr. F. M. Hamer, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. 14 CHEMICAL SOCIETYAND BIRMINGHAMUNIVERSITY CHEMICAL SOCIETY: Professor I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): “Petroleum Solvcnts.” Mr. F. N. Harrap. INSTITUTION RUBBERINDUSTRYOF THE : “Calendering Practice. Mr. W. H. Reece, at the Royal Empire Society, Northumberland Avenue, London, TV.C.2. 15 HULL CHEMICALAND ENGINEERINGSOCIETY: “The Work and Ideals of a Public Analyst.” Mr.A. R. Tankard, at The Lecture Room, Room 51, Municipal Technical College, Park Street, Hull, at ’7.45 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Belfast and District Section) : “Sympos-ium on Microchemical Methods.” Dr. C. L. Wilson, Dr. S. Andrews and others, in the Chemistry Department, Queen’s University, Belfast’, at 7.30 p.m. OF Section Meeting at the Con- 16 BRITISH ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS: stitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Midlands Section) on the invitation of the Society of Chemical Industry: “The Molecular Structure of Cellulose.” Mr. G. F. Davidson, at the Technical College, Derby, at 7.30 p.m. 535 1938 February 16 TNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY(Irish Free State Section): “Modern Developments on Protein Chemistry.’’ Dr.A. E. n’erner, at Trinity College, Dublin. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): “Recent Advances in the Scientific Examination of Documents.” Lecture by Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, at the School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, W.C.l, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION TECHNOLOGISTSOF PETROLEUM (Korthern Branch) : “The Science cf Lubrication.” Colonel S. J. 31. Auld, O.B.E., M.C., at the Engineers’ Club, Manchoster, at 7 p.m. OF THE RCBBEK INDUSTRYINSTTTGTION (Leicester Section): “The Effect of Machine Development on Rubber Manufacture.” Mr. H. Smith, at the Grand Hotel, LciceRter. 17 THE CHEMICALSOCIETY: Franklin Memorial Lecture.Professor A. Findlay, at Burlington IIouse, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. IKSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Rristol and South-Western Counties OF Section) : “The Work of tho Itailway Chemist.” Dr. P. Lewis-Dale, in the Chemical Department of the University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30p.m. :OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION“Heat HardeningPhenolic Condensation Products, with special reference to Varnish Manufacture.” Dr. H. Honel. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Birmingham and Midland Section) : “Some Further Considerations on the Oxidation of Sewage.” Mr. S. J. Roberts. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Edinburgh and East of ScotlandOF Section) : “Recent Investigations in Agricultural Chemhtry.” Dr. A. M. Smith, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m.OF CHEXICAL ENGINEERS18 INSTITUTION : Sixteenth Annual Cor-porate Meeting, at Victoria Hotel, Korthumberland Avenue, W.C.2, at 11 a.m. Business Session and President’s Address. “Some Applications of Electrical Precipitation to Industrial Effluent Gases.” Dr. H. J. Bush, at 2.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF “CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Manchester and LiverpoolSections): Catalysis and its Application to Industry.” Jubilee Memorial Lecture. Dr. E. U. Maxted, at Liverpool. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Glasgow and Tf’est of Scotland Section) : “The Chemical Examination of Dusts causing Silicosis.’’ Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. OFINSTITUTECHEXISTRY (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section): THE SOCIETY andOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY THE CHEMICALSOCIETY.Group of Students’ Papers. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Bfanchester Section) : Mem-bers’ Instrument Exhibition.“Practical Testing.” Mr. L. B. Tansley, in the Lecture Room of the Literary and Philo-sophical Society, 36, George Street, Manchester, at 7 p.m. 536 1938 February 21 CHEMICAL CLUB: “Pottery,” or an allied subject. Dr. F. H. Garner, in the Club Smoke Room, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, at 8.15 p.m. 22 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS; Two Lecturettes entitled “Paper Making” and “New Artificial Silicates.” Messrs. Sowter and Stanbridge, at the Cavendish Cafe, Derby. INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “TheOF TEE RUBBERINDUSTRY Approach of Plastics to Rubber.” Dr. H.Barron, at the Chamber of Commerce Rooms, 25, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. 23 HULLCHEMICALAND ENQINEERING Ladies’ Evening at SOCIETY: Powolny’s, King Edward Street, Hull, at 7.45 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): Visit to Croxley Paper Mills, Messrs. J. Dickinson & Co., Ltd. SOCIETYFOR THE STUDYOF ALCHEMYAND EARLY CHEMISTRY: “Alchemists’ Apparatus in Art.” Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, O.B.E., at 8 p.m. March 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, TV.C.1, at 8 p.m. OF PUBLIC Dinner, at the Empress Rooms, 4 SOCIETY ANALYSTS: Royal Palace Hotel, Kensington, W.8, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. May-Oct. SCOTLAND’S Glasgow.EMPIRE EXHIBITION: May 15-21 TENTHINTERNATIONALCONGRESSOF CHEMISTRY, at Rome.June ENGINEERING21 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS: Glasgow. JUlY 11-16 ROYALSANITARYINSTITUTE: Health Congress, at Portsmouth. Aug. 17-24 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCE : Cam-FOR THE ADVANCEMENT bridge Meeting. Sept. 19-23 SEVENTHINTERNATIONALMANAQEMENTCONGRESS: Washington,D.C., U.S.A. 637 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Tuesday, 1st March, 1938, at 8 p.m. Nomination of General Members of the Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:-By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election aa a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.(2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registeredaddress) ,a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election aa a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1938, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election are as follows:-George Roger Clemo, D.Sc., F.R.S.William Murdoch Cumming, D.Sc. Isidor Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on 18th January, 1938. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands: Deric William Parkes, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties: Edgar Lewis, M.1.Chem.E. (iii) Liverpool and h'orth-West Coast : Albert Edward Findley, M.Eng., B.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : John Ralph Nicholls, B.Sc. (v) Manchester and District: Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw, B.Sc. (vi) Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast: Archibald Alex- ander Hall, M.Sc., Ph.D.(vii) Yorkshire : Harold Burton, D.Sc., Ph.D. (viii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: William Melville Ames, M.A., B.Sc. (k) Abordeen and North of Scotland: William Godden, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (x) Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Hawley, B.Sc.,A.M.1.Chem.E. (xi) Wales and the County of illonmouth: Einest Albert Tyler, M.A. (xii) Northern Ireland : George Scott Robertson, D.Sc. (xiii) Irish Free State: James Bell, M.A., M.D., Sc.D. (xiv) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad :Harold Augustin0 Tempany, C.B.E., D.Sc. Examinations, 1938.-The entries for the January Examina- tions were completed on 8th November. Other Examinations for the Associateship, in 1938, will be arranged as follows- Period of Examination. Last date for entries.Last date for notebcoks. 28th Mar. to 2nd April, 1938. Monday, 7t)hFeb., 1938. Friday, 18th Mar., 1938. 12th to 17th Sept., 1938. Monday, 1lth July, 1938. Friday, 2nd Sept., 1938 Examinations for the Fellowship will be arranged as follows- Period of Examination. Last date for entries. 4th to 9th April, 1938. Monday, 7th Feb., 1038. 19th to 24th Sept., 1938. Monday, 1 lth July, 1938. When the number of Candidates renders it necessary, Examinat,ions may also be held during a subsequent week. From candidates for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or from those desiring special examinations, applica- tions should be received before 7th January (for the April Examination) and 10th June (for the September Examination). Form of Application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar.539 Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary, The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from xo a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours arc from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry.Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Lewis's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Boots' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, annual subscriptions expire on 1st March.All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de novo, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute shortly before the date. Members who do not im-mediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.541 Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bin & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the HonorarySecretaries of Local Sections. Institute of ChemistryBenevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT INSTITUTEFUND, OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.542 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND ~~COMMITTEES, 2ND MARCH to 1 7 DECEMBER, 1937. Council in Council Committee Committees r-a622 es2jggz ggs &% 8% Sir R. H. Pickard, Pres. .. .. 9 5 24 6 H. D. Elkington, V.-P. .. .. .. 4 3 1 1 A. E. Everest, V.-P. . . . . .. 6 2 19 4 .J. J. FOX,V.-P. m . .. .. 5 6 5 5 C. A. Mitchell, V.-P. .. .. .. 8 5 4 1 R. Robinson, V.-P. .. *. .. 3 0 5 0J. F. Thorpe, V.-P. .. .. .. 2 1 13 2 B. F. Howard, Hon. Treas. .. .. 7 5 13 8 J. Bell .. .. .. .. .. 2 0 4 0 0.L.Brady .. .. .. .. 6 4 20 81 H. V. A. Briscoe . . .. .. .. 7 0 7 27 H. Burton .. .. .. 8 6 17 9 W. J. A. Butte&id .. .. .. 9 6 4 4 W. A. S. Calder .. .. .. .. 7 3 13 13 F. H. Carr .. .. .. ..6 0 0 01 G. R.Clemo .. .. .. .. 6 1 4 0 A. Coulthard .. .. .. .. 5 0 17 0 H. E. Cox .. .. .. .. 6 3 9 65 C. J. T. Cronshaw . . . . .. 0 2 0 0 W. M. Cumming .. .. .. .. 1 2 4 0 W. A. Damon .. .. . . .. 5 3 13 61 G. M. Dyson .. .. .. .. 8" 3t 0 0 F. G. Edmed .. .. .. .. 5 4 0 0 B. S. Evans .. .. .. .. 8 7 4 31 A. Findlay .. .. .. .. 6 2 4 0 A. E. Findley .. . . .. .. 9 7 4 0 J. B. Firth .. .. .. .. 8 6 4 2 A. G. Francis .. .. .. .. 8 6 2 2 I. M. Heilbron .. .. .. .. 2 0 0 0T.P. Hilditch .. . . .. .. 5 2 13 0 W. Honneyman .. .. .. .. 4 0 17 2 J. R. Johnson .. . . .. .. 8 6 4 3I?. H. Kirkaldy .. .. .. .. 0 0 17 0 E. Lewis .. .. .. .. .. 4 0 17 0 P. Lewis-Dale .. .. .. *. 7 6 0 01 G.R. Lynch .. .. .. .. 7 3 0 0 H. McCombie .... .. .. 3 0 0 0B. G. McLellan . . .. .. .. 3 0 0 0 J. R. Nicholls . . .. .. .. 6 5 4 36 F. M. Potter .. .. *. .. 4 1 2 2 P. L. Robinson . . .. .. .. 1 0 0 0 R. E. Slade .. .. .. .. 5 3 13 4 S. Smiles .. .. .. .. .. 3 4 0 0 A. Tait .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 4 0 H. A. Tempany .. .. .. .. 8 6 0 0 D. F. Twisa .. .. .. .. 4 1 0 0 E. A. Tyler .. .. .. .. 8 5 17 13 J. C. White .. .. .. .. 6 6 13 8 F. J. Wilson .. .. .. .. 1 3 0 0 A. W.M. Wintle .. .. .. .. 9 6 4 4* oftX poi?&& 8. t Of apossale 6. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions, except when numbers are restricted, as in the case of works visits. Members travelling abroad, if they dosire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute, are advised to notify the Registrar.Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. 2, Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, F.I.C., 4, Queen Square, Countiw : Bristol, 1. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The Uni- versity, Cape Town. Cardiff and District: Dr. W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., University College, Cardif€. East Anglia : Dr. J. W. Corran, F.I.C., Carrow Works, Norwich. East Midlands: C. W. North, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bourne End, Cherry Tree Hill, Chaddesden, Derby.Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland : Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of J. G. Duncan, F.I.C., Chemistry Department, Scotland: Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : Dr. E. H. Goodyear, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : Dr. Edmondson Spencer, F.I.C., Messrs. Bird & Co., Research Dept., Clive Street, Calcutta, India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: W.A. Wightman, M.A., A.I.C., The Uni-versity, Leeds, 2. Liverpool and North- Glynne W.Beaumont, F.I.C., The Harbour- rn’estern : master’s Old House, Liverpool.London and South-Eastern R. E’. Innes, F.I.C., British Loather Manu- Counties: facturers’ Research Association, 20, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E.L. Malaya : Dr. Stanley G. Willimott, A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, S.S. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and (pro tern.) Dr. E. E. Aynsley, F.I.C., 45, Gros-North-East Coast : venor Road, Jesmond, Newcastle uponTyne, 2. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C. 1, New Zealand. South Wales: P. F. Ellis, B.So., A.I.C., West Woodlands, Victoria Gardens Road, Neath, Glam. South Porkshire : Wm. Wall, B.Sc., A.I.C., County Technical College, Melton Mowbray.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9376100433

出版商:RSC    

年代:1937

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

543 Index: 1937. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 15, 39, 147, 231, 373, 48 1 Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow, Accounts (1936), 26, 121 Address to H.M. The King, 211 Air Raid Precautions, 74, 142, 144, 184, 226, 278, 310, 327, 337, 507 Alloys of Light Metals, 495 “Anciont Remedies and Cures for Farm Animals,” 148 Annual Chemical Dinner, 359, 432 Annual General Meeting, 118 “Application of Chemistry to Liv-ing Systems,” 231 Applied Chemistry, Teaching of, 274 Appointments Committee, 22, 104 Appointments Register, 23, 97, 300, 370, 539 “As Others See Us,” 320 Atmospheric Pollution, 504 Attendances, Council, etc., 542 Auditors, 121, 130 Bankers, 106 Beet Sugar, 337 Beet Sugar Industry (Subsidy), 280 Beilby Memorial Awards, 10, 72 Beit Fellowships, 338 Belfast and District Section, 15, 148, 233 Benevolent Fund, 13, 73, 104, 372 Biochemical Problems, Modern, 49 Biochemistry, 496 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 15, 40, 233, 483 Blood Chemistry, Some Aspects of, 147 Books and their Contents, 81, 193, 287, 342, 409, 521 Boots’ Booklovers Library, 99, 208, 302, 358, 431, 540 Boyle to Priestley, 153, 246, 254, 374, 518 Brewing (From Pasteur to 1936), 46 Bristol and South-Western Counties’ Section, 15, 39, 148, 319, 374, 486 British Standards Institution, 11, 346, 413 Building Industry, Chemistry in the, 241 Bureau of Analysed Samples, 282 Butter Fat, 39 Cancer, Biochemical Investigations, 233 Cape Section, 16, 235, 374 Carbide, Romance of, 375 Carbohydrates in the Living Cell, Oxidative Breakdown of, 41 Cardiff Section, 16, 43, 151, 236, 48 7 Cellulose, 238 Censors, 104 Charter, Supplemental, 305, 310, 367, 435, 440 Chemical Change, Fundamental Laws of, 153 “Chemical Changes and Chances,” 369 Chemical Council, 11, 25, 310, 518 “Chemical Reactions, Transition State in,” 175 “Chemical Service Implications,” 382 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 11 Chemical Warfare, 507 “Chemist’s Attitude towards World Affairs,” 237 “Chemist’s Nose, The,” 188 “Chemist’s Progress,” 423, 469 Chemistry at High Temperatures, 246, 321 “Chemistry in the Ancient World,” 517 Chemistry, Teaching of, 328 Coal Mines, 186 Coal Produced Petrol, 280 Coal, Up-grading of, 493 Colloids, 176 Coming Events, 90, 201, 297, 352, 418, 531 Comments on Editorials, 5, 116 Committees, 104, 105 Conference of Local Section Secre- taries, 19, 323 Corrosion Problems, 516 Council, 103 Council Attendances, 542 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 9 Council, Nomination of the, 537 Council, Proceedings, 35, 142, 226, 310, 367, 436 Council, Report of, 8, 127 Courses, Short, for Teachers, 77 Crime, Function of Analyst in Detection of, 161 Criminology, Scientific Identifica- tions in, 59 “Cupellation and the Detection of Platinum Metals in Bullion,” 58 beaths, 8, 78, 89, 191, 198, 283, 339, 351, 406, 417, 619 District Members of Council, 130, 424,538 Drugs and Medicines, 494 Dyestuffs in relation to Fastness to Light and to Potting, 55 East Anglian Sub-section, 31, 376, 490 East Midlands Section, 16, 45, 153, 238, 493 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 16, 46, 153, 494 Editorial, 3, 107, 213, 363 Education, Board of, 25, 324, 397 Education, Scottish Dept., 397 Engineering, Chemical, 488 Enzymes, 485 Examinations, 21, 67, 97, 205, 255, 298, 355, 385, 423, 538 Examiners, Board of, 106 Explosives Manufacture, 51 Farm Animals, Ancient Remedies and Cures for, 148 Fats, Determination and Identifi- cation of, 46 Fats, International Committee on, 10 Finance and House Committee, 12, 104 Finance, Personal.614 Fish, Diseaaes of, 77 Fishing Industry, By-Products of, 64 “Fluoremence Analysis as an Aid to the Chemist,” 149 Food, Chemistry of, 486 Food Preparation, Scientific, 159 “Forensio Chemist in the Criminal Courts,” 376 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 299, 356, 427 “From Pasteur to 1936: A Study of the Development of Science in Brewing,” 46 Fuel Research, 187. Function of the Analyst in the Detection of Crime, 161 Gas Defence, 48, 59, 474 “Gas Industry,” 48, 153 Glasgow and West of Scotland Sec- tion, 16, 48, 153, 376, 495 Gluckstein, S. M., Memorial Lec- ture, 335, 423, 469 Government Laboratory, 237, 623 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 11 Honorary Secretaries, Conference of, 323 Honours, 278 Huddersfield Section, 17, 49, 154, 238, 319, 378, 499 Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Measurements of, 148.India-Empire of, Section, 17, 239 Indicators, 47 Industrial Administration, 333, 61 8 Inks and Pencil Pigments, Evidence of, 150 Institute, The, Past and Future, 162, 363 Irish Free State Section, 17, 54, 156, 504 Lantern Slides, 99, 302, 359, 431, 618, 641 Leather, 161 Leeda Area Section, 17,55,169, 379, 606 Legal, 75 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 13, 104 “Let’s Go Somewhere,” 239 Leverhulme Research Fellowship, 1937,-75, 338 Library, Boots Booklovers’, 302, 358, 431 Library, Chemical Society, 10, 98, 301, 358,430, 539 Library, Science Museum, 98, 301, 368, 430 Library, The, 24, 196,301,368,430, 539 Liquid State, Theory of, 496 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 17, 58, 161, 239, 382, 610 Local Sections, 16 et aeq., 39 et 8e4., 74, 147, 231, 319, 373, 481 London and South-Eastern Coun-ties’ Section, 18, 59, 162, 241, 514 Malaya Section, 18, 174 Manchester and District Section, 18, 59, 246, 320,614 Manchester Chemical Club, 396 Meldob Medal, 12, 22, 118, 206,427, Metallurgists, 32 5 Metric Reform, 116, 309 Micro-Analytical Reagents, 493 Microchemistry, Applications of, 380 545 Milk, Chemical Composition of, 154 Mining Research, 484 Molasses, 490 Monomolecular Films, Recent Work on, 146, 314 National Certificates in Chemistry, 25, 324, 397 National Committee for Chemistry, 10 Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section, 18, 63, 174, 246, 321, 516 Newspapers, 510 New Zealand, 18, 180 Nitro-cellulose Finishes, 49 1 Nitrogen Compounds, 157 Nomination of General Members of Council, 537 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 20, 104 Northern Ireland, Ministry of Education, 405 “Noses,” 188 Notes, 72, 183, 278, 333, 394, 518 Notices, General, 97, 205, 298, 365, 423, 537 Obituary, 78, 191, 283, 339, 406, 519 Officers and Council, List of, 103 Organic Halogen Compounds, 54 Oxidation and Reduction Poten-tials, 154 Paint and Varnish Industry, 481 Papermaking, Scientific Control in, 39 Parliamentary Science Committee, 10, 14, 42 Patent and Designs Act, 1932,-279 Peace Congress, 40 Pedler Scholarship, 25, 104, 298,428 Petition (Proposed) for a Supplemen -tal Charter, 435 Petroleum, 488 Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 11 Phenanthrone, Chemistry of, 373 Plant, Chemical, 488 Plant, Virus Disease, Chemistry of a, 49 Platinum Metals and Bullion, De- tection of, 58 President’s Address, 133 Printing and Allied Trades Research Association, 186 Professional Conduct, 74 Protein Structure, X-ray Interpre-tation of, 249 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 23 Ramsay Chemical Dinner, 497 Rare Elements, Search for the, 253 Register, 24, 87, 199, 291, 348, 414, 526 Regulations, 205, 368 Roll of the Institute, The, 8 “Romance of Carbide,” 375 Rotenone Series and Related Com- pounds, 236 Royal Sanitary Institute, 10 Rubber, 187, 495, 515 Science and Nationalism, 180 Science in Parliament, 183, 278, 335 Science in Schools, 3, 107, 217, 228, 307 Scientific and Industrial Research, Report of Department, 10, 84 Scientific Management, 10, 394 Scrutineers, 36, 129 “Sex, Sex Determination and Sex Linked Inheritance,” 321 “Shipyard Metals,” 174 Sixty Years Ago, 363 Solicitors, 106 Solids, Decomposition of, 43, 151 South Wales (Swansea) Section, 19 South Yorkshire Section, 19, 252 Speed, Nerve Strain and Science, 213 Standards, British, 346, 413 Steel Making, 252 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 355, 369 Sugar Beet, 337 Sulphur from Smelter Gases, 251 Technical Education in South Wales and Monmouthshire, 10 Telescope Disc, Casting of, 378 Therapeutic Substances Act, 11 Treasurer, 10 Viscosity and Plasticity, Signific-ance of, 374 Water Treatment, Recent Develop- ments in, 177 Wool, 600 World Power Conference, 10, 624 “X-Ray Interpretation of Protein Structure,” 249 PRINTED BY W.HEFFER& SONS LTD..CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9376100543

出版商:RSC    

年代:1937

数据来源: RSC