摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RTCJHARD B. PILCHER, I?t~gisfi*arand Sccrelary . 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, 1V.C. 1.LONDON, F cbYZIn~y, 1925. Publications Committee, 1924-25 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), ARCHIBALD A. BOON, F. D. CHATTAWAY, R. LESLIE COLLETT, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (T~~casu~~cr). ANDREW MORE, L. G. PAUL, B. D. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, GEORGE TATE, FORSYTH J. WILSON. Report of the Council (1924-1 925). To be submitted to the Fellows und Associates of the Institute at the Forty-seventh Annual General Aleeting, to be held on Monday, 2nd March, 1925.I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. During the twelve months under review, the Council has elected 81 new Fellows (of whom 57 were Associates and I a Registered Student), and 337 new -4ssociates (of whom 139 were Registered Students), and have admitted 189 new Students. The Council records, with regret, the death of 26 Fellows, 7 Associates and 2 Students. Fellows : ROBERTEuwaitu ALISON. HAELOLD BAILEY.JAMES MONTAGUEKELWAYBAMBER. J’KRCIVAL GEORGEWYKEHAM BAYLY. SIR GEORGE THOMASBEILBY,F.R.S., Past President. CHICHESTERALEXANDERBELT,. ERNESTBENTZ. WALTER GEOFFXEY BLACK. HERBERTHENRY DAINS. BIL~.JAMES DOBBIE,P.K.S., Past President.JOHNSTON JOHN BEACONSFIELD GALL.WILLIAM GREAVES. CECIL NAPIER HAKE. OTTO HEHNER. ROBERT HELLON. DOUGLASHERMAN. THOMASJABTIESON. GEORGEDOWNING F.R.S.LIVE~U, ~VILLIAM RAY. GEORGIC STOKES.NAYLOR SANUELTEMPLETON. JAMESMILN THOMSON. ALBERTEDWINTrrcrc~m. JULIUSWERTIIEIMER. QUIRIN WIRTZ. JOSEPH!I!URNEY WOOL). Associates : HENRYGALVIN BJWKEIL LINCOLNWYCIIEBLEY&:VANS. ROBERT GILLESPIE. BENJAMINHARDMAN. JOHN MARTINDALX.RUTHVEN GEORGEMARK TINCKNELL. WILLIAMJOHNWILLIAMS. Students : ROBERTWILLIAM!MURRAY THOMSON. WILIXAMWARP. 4 The resignations of 8 Fellows, II Associates, and 54Students have been accepted, and the names of 47 Students have been removed from the Register in accordance with the By-Laws.The licgister contains, at the date of this Keport, the names of 1685 I;ellows, 3023 Associates, and 812 Students. The number of members has increased by 309;the number of Students has decreased by 50. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES, cY: REPRESENTATIVES. The C,ouncil has held 12 Meetings; the Committees, Boards and Sub-committees have held 70 Meetings. COMMITTEES ARU ~rIAIlUblEN. 13cncvolent Fund. Committee .. The Hon. Treasurer. Finance and House. . .. .. The Hon. Treasurer. General Purposes .. .. .. The President. Lectures and Library .. .. Dr. T. Slater Price, F.R.S., V.-l’. Legal and Parliamentary .. .. Prof. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., V.-P. A-ominations, Examiiiations . .I The President. and Institutions . . .. ..j Patrick H. Kirkaldy. Hon. Il’reuswer, Vice-Chairinun. Public Appointments .. .. F. R. Bolt,on. Publications .. .. .. Dr. T. Slater Price, F.E.S., V.-1’. Special Purposes . . .. .. The President. Joint Advisory Committee with the 1. The President. Board of Education .. .*! The Institute has been represented on various public and quasi-public bodies as follows :-The President-Committeo for Appointment of Temporary Assistants, Government Laboratory; Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry. Tho President attended the Celebratioiis of thc Corning of Ageof the University of Leeds and Jubilee of the Yorkshire C’ollege of Science. Ah. A. Chastori Chapman, V.-P.,Po-operatccl with tho Presidents of other professional institutions iii the representations made to the Prime Minister with regartl to thc3 irnproverncnt of the status of members of their professions who are engagetl in the Civil Service.Mr. Chapman also scrvod on the Harrison Memorial Prize Committee. Sir IVilliam A. Tilden, has continued to represent Chemistry on the Council of Medical and Allied Services, Ministry of Health. Dr. J. F. Tocher, has continued to serve 011 the Consultative Council of tho Scottish Roartl of Health. Thc Yrcsitlent,, with Messrs. I+’ T. IJurgps, A. Chnstori Chapman, J. T. Duiiii, G. Nevi11 Huntly, (2. T. Morgan, G. H. Perry, R. H. Pickard, and E. JV. Voelcker, have represented the Institute on the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware and Sub-Committees thereof.Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. E. Melling-Conference on h!tethods of Sewage Analysis, Ministry of Health. 5 RLr. Ifor.atio f<iillitiityi~~uritl Mr. \\7illittJii J1iii:iid) -C’ouf(wrice 011 Patent OfYico Prorecliirc.. 11.11.. fhlhiityic rcpreseiitctl the In-stitute 011 the Deputation to the Controller-Gener~lof Patents. Sir Herbort Jackson, Mr. Ir:riiest M. Hawkitis, Mr. C:. Nevill Huntly, the Registrar anti the Assistant Secret,nry--l~eputation with representatives of the Institute of Physics to tlu: Board of Trade on the Qualifications of Gas Examiners. Prof. C. 13. Desch-British Engineering Standards Association : Sectional Committee on Cement; Sub-Committee on Slag Cement.Mr. Frank Harbord-British Engineering Standards Association : Sectional Committee on Cement; and Aircraft Sub-committee on Chemicals. Dr. James Watson-British Engineering Standards Association : Sub-committee on Sand-lime Bricks; Sub-Committee on Clay,Glassware, and Silica Ware; Sub-committee on Slag Cement. Dr. Arthur Harden--Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. J. J. Fox-British Engineering Rtanclarcls Associa tion : Aircraft Sub-committee on Chemicals; Siib-Committee for the formulation of Standards for Hydrochloric Arid, Sodium Chloride, and Zinc, whose report was submitted to t-he Union lnternationsle at Copenhagen, in June. Prof. J. W. Hinchley and Mr. G. Nevill Huntly--Committee of the Institiition of Civil Engineers, on Heal, Rnginc and Boiler Trials.The Registrar--lncorI,oi.atecl Soc ichty of Hcsttlmasters 1l:mploy- ment Committee, Ministry of Lnbo~ir; Organ isiiig Committw for Section 26 (Chemistry and Chemical Industry), 13ritisli 1l:mpirc Exhibition. The Kegistrar attended Opening of the Sir \Villiarn Dunn’s School of Bio-chemistry, Cambridge. The Assistant Secretary-The Chemical Trades AdvisoryCommittee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes; acted as Secretary to ths Suh-Committee on Stamlards for Hydrochloric Acid, Sodinm Chloride, and Zinc, and to the Joint Committee on tlic Stanclnrtl;c.ntion of Scientific Glassware. The Council was asked by the Ministry of Agricultiire and Fisheries to appoint a representative of the Institute to serve on an Advisory Committee to the Standing Conirnittee on Rivers Pollution, but the Fellow selected could not Iw spared from his official duties.In view of the circumstance that several well-qualifiecl chemists were already members of the Advisory Committee and that the Ministry was unable to defray the expenses of a representative of the Institute, the question has not been further pursued. The Council feels that when representatives, having special knowledge and experience, are asked to give their services on important enquiries they should at least have their expenses defrayed. 6 3. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The financial statements for the year 1924 are attached (PP.20-24)-The arrangement of the statement of receipts has been modified in order to show the amount of revenue actually available (49,903 6s. 9d.)-apart from the following :-the balance brought forward from 1923, the fees which have been retained on applications under consideration at the close of the year, and the entrance fees and life compositions which are due for investment. Similarly, under expenditure, the ordinary items are shown to amount to E9,359 8s. 3d.; the items which relate to 1923 have been separated and certain expenses have been distributed over more than one year. Thus, the Council, having decided to publish the Register every other year, has directed the Committee to charge a moiety of the account to the ycar 1924 and the second moiety to the year 1925; and having decided to publish ''Official Chemical Appointments " every third year, one-third of the account will be debited to each of the years 1924, 1925 and 1926.In the report for the year 1923-1924the Council showed that investments had been made amounting to L2,725 8s. II~. while the sum then due for investment was E1,781 11s ~od.---an excess of E943 17s. ~d.During 1924 a sum of LZ,I~I6s. (consisting of Entrance Fees LI,034 ss., Life Compositions 7S127 IS. and the bequest of the late Edward Kiley EI,OOO)became due for investment. The actual amount invested was &1,278 3s. Id.-(Purchase of Stock k1,167 14s. gd. and Redemption Premium EIIO 8s. 4d.) Taking into account the sum of L943 17s. 11-k.invested in advance in 1923, the sum invested, beyond the prescribed amount, during 1924, was L60 14s. zd. ~OhlPATHEFOLLOWING IS AN APPROXIMATE LClSON OF !UHK I'OYITION OF THE INSTITUTEAT THE CLOSE OW 1923 AND 1'354. f 9. (1. c Y d ' c 9. cl. ~Balance from 193 .. .. 119 k H' , Balnncc,at end 311!!"4 .. .. 733 3 7 Value of Inyest-Value of Inveqt-iiients Dec..,Jl,1923 12041 10 0 inentci at end of Redemption Fund 419 11 8 I 1!124.. .. . . . . 1 _____ lW\t 1 8 Redemption Fiintl Accountq due to tht. ti1 3Institute .. .. 146 3 6 1 i\rcount.;diie ,. .. .. .. 11129 i 3 1 __-___ 13029 13 9 ' 1-19%312 1 Less Liabllities 1923 .. . . 16% -5 8 Less Liahilitiri ., .. .. H52 19 4--1 11401 8 I ,Ap reriationduring1984 ,. .. .. zGGY 5 8 , 524070 13 9 -_I_ I 7 The Staff Insurance Scheme, for which provision was made at the last Annual General Meeting, is in operation.Having in view the desirability of encouraging the registration of students and reducing to some extent the expense incurred on election to the Associateship, the Council proposes to submit to the Annual General Meeting a motion to the effect that the entrance fee for those Associates who, having been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than two years, are elected to the Associateship within one year of completing the prescribed course of training be reduced to one guinea. 4. THE BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The Committee is glad to be able to report that, with the help of grants and loans from the Fund, eleven members have been assisted until they have been able to seciire appointments and to re-establish themselves in professional work; six have secured work of a temporary nature.Assistance has been continued as required to ten cases which came under notice in 1923, and grants have been made to twelve new and urgent cases which, under the care of Local Sections, will require further help during the present year. The accounts for 1923 are attached. The statement shows that the Committee has been called upon to make grants beyond the total amount subscribed for current purposes and that only a small balance remained on the current account at the close of the year; further, that the Committee has advanced loans to the sum of L280 from money given by benefactors for the purpose of establishing a capital fund.The Council was requested by a Local Section to consider the advisability of instituting a small annual compulsory levy for the Benevolent Fund; but apart from the fact that such action would be zzltrn vircs, the suggestion appeared to the Council to be against the spirit in which the fund should be administered. The Committee has under consideration a scheme for the provision of annuities to members who are incapacitated from the practice of their profession. It has been decided that the present invested assets of the Benevolent Fund valued approximately at L780 be reserved primarily for the Annuity Fund; that donations received be invested for that fund, and that the income therefrom be devoted, in the first place, to annuities, but that any surplus be available for current needs, if necessary.8 The Committee, having regard to the fact that the demands on the fund during the past year have barely been met by the subscriptions for current expenses, repeats the desire that heads of laboratories, in which a number of chemists are employed, should encourage group contributions, and the suggestion that Fellows and Associates who are unable to make larger contri- butions should send-say 5s. or 2s. 6d. annually in order to enable the Committee to deal adequately with all appeals received. 5. GEISERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE. The General Purposes Committee-which consists of the Council in Committee-has reported on several matters arising from the Conference held in Liverpool in 1923,to which reference is made later in this report (p.17). The Committee has advised on certain modifications of the Rules of Local Sections and of the Students’ Association which have been adopted by the Council. Desiring to meet the wishes of a group of members in South Africa, the Council decided to sanction the formation of a Section in the Union, leaving open the question of the name of the Section until the members concerned had submitted rules for approval. In making this decision, the Council had due regard to the existence of the South African Chemical Institute and had no intention of creating a body which would, in any sense, compete with the existing Institute in South Africa.The Council regrets that this movement gave rise to misapprehension. The correspondence which has passed has been published in the Journal. The Council hopes that eventually a satisfactory understanding will be reached between the parties concerned. The Manchester Local Section has approached the Council suggesting that the necessary steps be taken to obtain government registration of qualified chemists. The Council, having been informed, however, that the IIanchester Section has invited other Local Sections to express their views on the matter, has postponed further consideration of the question until the opinions of other Sections have been received. In addition, the Committee has dealt with a number of other questions of importance which have come to the notice of the Institute.The Correspondence which passed between the Presidents of the Chartered Professional Bodies and the then Prime Ninister 9 regarding the status of professional scientific Civil Servants has been published in the JOURNAL. (Part 11. p. 119; Part V. p. 254-55.) That the view of the late Ministry inclined to the appointment of members of the clerical and administrative class to the control of Technical departments was confirmed in a measure by the remarks made by Mr. Sydney Webb (then President of the Board of Trade) at a Conference on “The Place of Science in Government,” which was held, under the auspices of the British Science Guild, at the British Empire Exhibition in May, when he advocated “the principle of lay administration tempered by expert advice ” and leaving “the control of policy and the ultimate word to the layman.” The letter received from the Chancellor of the Exchequer in October was non-committal, although it went so far as to say that there was no bar to the appointment of any Civil Servant to be permanent head of any of the great public depart- ments, and indicated that the object of the Ministers, in filling these posts, was to get the best men wherever Lhey might be found.The whole question, however, will be watched by the Institutions concerned with a view to securing the most efficient control of the Scientific Departments of the Civil Service.The Council came to an agreement with the Textile Institute with regard to the petition of the latter Institute for a Rclyal Charter, in order to avoid the duplication of the objects of thL two Institutes, especially in relation to the holding of examina-tions whereby qualifications might be conferred in respect OJ the professional practice of Chemistry. The General Purposes Committee was also requested to consider a question raised by a Fellow regarding the insertion of the names of members in directories and, in particular, the Buff Book : Trade and Commercial Directory for London, published by the Business Telephone Directories, Ltd., for the benefit of subscribers to the London Telephone Exchange System. Feeling that it was undesirable that members should pay for the insertion of their names in directories, the Council has come to an agreement with the Proprietors of the Buff Book to insert a list of the members of the Institute in independent practice in London, headed with the name of the Institute as at present in Kelly’s Post Office Directory.10 6. LECTURES AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. Dr. J. T Dunn’s lecture on “The Progress of Chemistry in Public Affairs,” was delivered at the Institute on 14th March, 1924, and issued during April to the Members and Students. The Committee had in tended making arrangements for the delivery of a lecture on “Chemistry and Health,” but having regard to the arrangements made by the Manchester Section for the delivery of a lecture by Sir William Willcox, decided, with the cordial concurrence of the Section, to ask Sir William to allow his address on “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine,” which he delivered at Manchester on 7th November, to be published and issued to the Members and Students.The address was circulated with Part VI. of the Journal, at the end of the year. LIBRARY.-The Committee has pursued the policy of restricting purchases for the Library of the Institute to books of reference, recommended by the Examiners, for the use of candidates during the examinations. The Library fund has been merged in the General Account. The Council has presented to the Tokyo Imperial University Library a set of the Lectures and other publications of the Institute to replace those lost in the great earthquake which occurred in Japan in 1923.The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Chemical Society for the continued use of the Library of the Society by Fellows and Associates of the Institute and also by Registered Students. The privilege has been very greatly appreciated. On the recommendation of the Finance Committee and the Library Committee, the Council increased the contribution of the Institute to the Library of the Society to E250. 7.-LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. As the result of correspondence with the Controller General of Patents with regard to the procedure of his Department, a Deputation representing the Engineering Joint Council, the Profession of Chemistry, the Profession of Chartered Patent Agents, and the Bar, was received by the Controller and his senior officers on the 5th January.Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, who represented the Institute, subsequently reported that the deputation was received very sympathetically, and that it was anticipated that satisfactory 11 results would follow from the discussion. The Council learns, however, that the difficulties have not been entirely eliminated, and that it may be necessary to pursue the matter further. 8. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Committee has held 23 meetings, and has dealt with 727 applications in addition to many letters of preliminary enquiry. Several candidatcs have been interviewed by the Committee or by Local Interviewing Committees, to whom the Coiincil is indebted for reports.The Council acknowledges its indebtedness to the Advisory Committee in India for reports on a considerable number of applications received from that part of the Empire. $ summary of the applications received and considered, with the decisions of the Council thereon, is given below:- Application,?for Admission to the J91erdentship: Accepted . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 189 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Total . . .. .. .. .. 192 Applications for Adni ission to Excmination .for Assorinteship : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Total .. .. .. .. .. 62 Applicationm for Election to the Associateship : Accepted (including 36 examined) .... .. 337 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Referred for Examination .. .. .. .. 32 Total . . .. .. .. .. 378 -Applicaiions for Admission to Eramination for Fellowsh,ip : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Declined . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Total .. *. .. .. .. 7 Applications from Associates for Election to Fellowship : Accepted (including 6 examined) .. .. . . 57 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Total . . .. .. .. .. 63 - 12 Applications from Non-Associates for Election to the Fellowsh,ip : Accepted (including 1 examined)Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 1 Total .. .. .. .. .. 25 EXAMINATIONS.-EXa'nin2LtiOnS were held in April and September, 1924, and in January, 1925.SVMJIARY OF RESTTLTW. Associateship : ~XAMIYED. PASSED. (Present Regiilations) General Chemistry .. 92 34 (Previous Regulations) *Branch (b) Metallurgical Chemistry . . 1 1 i) 0Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. 1 Branch (e) Chemistrv (and Micro-scopy)of Food Itnd Drugs 1 Fellowship; . Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. 1 Branch R. Physical Chemistry .. 0 Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. 0 Branch D. Agricultural Chemistry . . 23 Branch E. Chemistry (and Bljcroscopy)of Foods and Drugs Branch F. Biochemistry .. .. 0 Branch G. Cheniical Engineering .. 1 Branch H. General and Analytical Chemist,ry . . .. 3 115 44 ~ * No Entries in Rraiiches (a) (c) (f). The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Fellows who have acted as additional examiners or assisted the Board of Examiners, to Assessors who have examined the papers received from Associates applying for the Fellowship, and also to the authorities of Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, and of the Royal School of Mines for the use of laboratories.In view of the difficulty of setting a comprehensive examina- tion on the whole of chemistry in which the candidate can do himself justice, the Examination for the Associateship now includes three written papers instead of two. Bedford College for Women and Royal Holloway College have been added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute. Applications from several institutions for recognition have been received, but no other addition has been made to the list.13 The Council has arranged a conference with the professors of chemistry in the universities of Great Britain and the heads of departments of applied chemistry at institutions of university standing to consider the courses for degrees or diplomas in applied chemistry with respect to their educational position in comparison with that of similar courses in the schools of chemistry, and, further, to consider to what extent such degrees or diplomas may be accepted by the Institute as exempting from the examination for the Associateship. The admission ceremony, at which newly elected Fellows and Associates are presented to the President or to a Chairman of a Local Section, has become a part of the recognised procedure of the Council and Section meetings.It is found, however, that in some cases the newly elected members find it difficult to attend the Local Sections and in consequence have not received their certificates until some time after their election. Candidates who are living in remote districts or who are working under conditions which render it difficult for them to attend meetings are required to show that there is good ground for exempting them from attending to receive their certificates. The Council is very desirous that, wherever it is possible, every new member should attach himself to a Local Section and take an active interest in its proceedings. 9. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE.The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShave been published in six parts. Dr. Dunn’s lecture was published in April, and that of Sir William Willcox, delivered before the Manchester Section, at the close of the year. The Register was published in March, and the fifth edition of Official Chemical Appointments in the same month. The Committee has continued to receive and publish reports from Local Sections, but has been obliged to restrict, except in special circumstances, the space allotted to such reports to about one page for each meeting. The Council has endorsed the recommendation of the Committee that reports should, as a general rule, be restricted to matters of professional interest and that those dealing with technical matters should be offered to Chemistry and Indmtry and the technical press. 14 10.PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Committee has continued to watch the proceedings of local authorities with regard to official chemical appoint-ments, but it has not had occasion to recommend action in any special case. It has, however, obtained Counsel's opinion on the power of the Institute to require its members to conform reasonably to the standard of fees. After careful consideration the Committee recommended to the Council that when any official position was announced at inadequate remuneration, the present policy of approaching the authorities concerned should be pursued. Another matter which has come under the notice of the Committee is the practice of soizle Government Departments and other authorities of requesting the Institute and similar professional bodies to appoint representatives to render gratuitous services in connection with Committees appointed to investigate matters of public importance.Although the Committee felt that it was difficult for such institutions to refuse to aid Government Departments in any matter of public concern when asked to do so, the practice appears to be one which calls for a conference among representatives of the recognised professional bodies in order that they should make a joint representation of their views to the Government Departments concerned. The Ministry of Agriculture having appointed an Advisory Committee on the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1906, the Council, on the recommendation of the Public Appointments Committee, has suggested the desirability of the co-option of an Official Agricultural Analyst who is fully acquainted with the working of the Act in England and Wales and has been appointed by a local authority.At the same time, the Council expressed the opinion that such an Official Agricultural Analyst possessing a special knowledge of the purports and administration of the Act should not only be represented on the Advisory Committee, but on any future statutory committee dealing with these matters. 11. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH THE INSTITUTE OF' PHYSICS ON THE QUALIFICATIONS OF GAS EXAMINERS. A report on the proceedings of a Joint Deputation of representatives of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Institute 15 of Physics to the Board of Trade with regard to the qualifications of Gas Examiners wats published in JOURNAL, Part 111.The Deputation was received by Mr. Alexander, Yarlia- mentary Secretary, who stated that the suggestions of the deputation indicated the necessity of statutory powers being granted by Parliament, but that the Board was not in a position to promote immediate legislation and, in the event of such legislation being contemplated, would have to consult the local authorities. As an illustration of the attitude of local authorities towards appointments of this character may be mentioned an advertise- ment by the County Borough of Preston for a Gas Examiner who was required to combine his position with that of Inspector of Meters and Lighting Superintendent at a salary of LI~O per annum plus Civil Service bonus amounting to E88 15s.5d. In this case, the Committee urged that the qualifications required for a Gas Examiner were not such that the appointment should be associated with the other duties referred to. The Council confirmed this view, which was communicated to the local authority. In another case, that of the appointment of a Gas Examiner for the Corporation of Guildford, the Council learned that the post had been filled without being advertised. The local authority was informed, therefore, of the opinion of the Council that any technical appointment for which it was essential that a person of high professional standing should be appointed should be publicly made known, because as a general rule the members of recognised professional institutions are debarred from becoming candidates in the absence of any public announcement or other invitation to apply for such posts.12. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. Arrangements for holding examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry have been completed with the Scottish Board of Education, and negotiations with the Ministry of Education for Northern Ireland are in progress with a view to the adoption of a scheme on lines similar to those adopted in co-operation with the Board of Education for England and Wales. The Report of the Assessors on the Examinations for National Certificates in 1924 in England and Wales, published in the 16 JOURNAL (Part IV.p. 230) is commended to the special notice of teachers of chemistry in technical schools. 13. SPECIAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE. Having regard to the discussions in the public press and elsewhere which took place in the early part of 1924 upon the position of the British Dyestuffs Industry and the possible negotiations between the British Dyestuffs Corporation and the Interessen Gcmeinschaf t , the Special Purposes Committee was asked to discuss the matter in the national interests and in the interests of chemists. The Committee prepared a Memorandum which was published by the authority of the Council as a separate pamphlet in March. The Memorandum, the text of which was printed in Part 11.of the JOURNAL, was forwarded to thc Board of Trade, to Members of Parliament, and to the Press. 14. LOCAL SECTIONS. The continued activity of the Local Sections has been shown by the reports of their meetings which have appeared in the JOUKNAI,. A new Section has been inaugurated for the Far East, and the Council has sanctioned the formation of a Section in South Africa, but the name of the new Section has not yet been determined, and its rules have not yet been submitted for approval. The President has visited Local Sections at Birmingham, Edinburgh, and Manchester, in addition to attending meetings of the Glasgow Section. The Registrar has visited Glasgow and Manchester; and the Assistant Secretary has visited all the Sections in Great Britain, except Liverpool and South Wales.The Students’. Association (London) organised a very success- ful visit of Registered Students of the Institute, numbering about 350, to the British Empire Exhibition, in July, and has throughout the year provided lectures, debates and visits to works for the benefit of its members. The Association is greatly indebted to the companies and firms who have arranged the visits, and have entertained them on these occasions. 15. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council again records its thanks to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries for their help to the Council and Officers of the Institute during the year. 17 Major B. J. Eaton has succeeded Dr.Frankland Dent as Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute for the Far East. 16 APPOlNTMENTS REGISTER. The Appointments Register is still used by a very large number of members. It is satisfactory to note that notwith- standing the fact that the roll of the Institute has increased by nearly a thousand during the past three years, the number actually out of appointment is less than in 1922. The number without appointments at the date of this report is 18 Fellows and 141 Associates-compared with 24 Fellows and 173 Associates at the correkponding date in 1yz4, i.c. 3.3 per cent. as compared with 4.5 per cent. of the total membership. The number of chemists employed is therefore increasing. The Council will be glad if Fellows will inform the Registrar of any suitable vacancies for qualified chemists or assistants which may come to their notice.I~.-CONFERENCES. The matters referred to the Council by the Liverpool Conference held in October, 1923,have been dealt with so far as possible. The further consideration of the desirability of forming a Federation of Men of Science and a General Science Council has been postponed pending a Conference-which the proposers intended to initiate-between the Presidents of the professional institutions and learned bodies concerned. The enquiry addressed to the Local Sections with regard to the proposal that members of the Institute should be authorised to wear a distinctive gown revealed no general enthusiasm for the idea, On the question of securing facilities for students in training to obtain an insight into works practice and technical operations, the Council formed the opinion that any possible steps to secure such facilities should be taken by the authorities of Universities and Colleges with the co-operation of members of the Local Sections in their respective districts .The resolutions referring to the Benevolent Fund elicited the fact that in suitable circumstances the fund was available for loans and, as a direct result, special assistance was rendered to Irish ex-service chemists. 18 The method of electing the new Council was considered, but in view of the general tone of the discussion and the facts given at the Conference, the Council was of opinion that no further immediate action was necessary, particularly as the present method of electing the Council has only been in operation for four years.The result of the discussion was to alter the form of the balloting paper in order to give members some information with regard to the candidates nominated for election. With regard to Publicity, the Council advocates the methods adopted by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section which are still being successfully pursued. There is good reason to believe that other Sections will be able to adopt similar methods in the near future. The question of the relations between the Institute and the British Association of Chemists was held to be part of the general question of the proposal to form a Federation of Men of Science.The Local Sections were invited to express their views on the holding of a Conference during 1924and to suggest subjects forzdiscussion thereat; but as no strong desire was expressed that such a meeting should be held, the arrangements were postponed. The new Council will be asked to consider the matter. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C. 1. 29th January, 1926. 19 REPORT OF AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1924, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced. CHAS.T. ABELL \ Hun. Auditors, wM. H. SIMMONS j 1924-1925. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accozmtant. 31st Jawary, 1925. 20 THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN ANU IRELAND. 21 Founded 1887. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. STATEMENT AND EXPENDITUREFOR THE YEARENDED 31s~DECEMBER,OF RECEIPTS 1924. __I __ -____ _____~ __ __-___~ GENERAL ACCOUNT 1923. RECEIPTS. e s. d. E. s. d. 1923. EXPENDITURE. S s. d. S s. cl. iubscriptions-Printing, Stationery, Office Books, etc.-2,392 19 0 Fellows’ . . .. .. 2,523 3 0 489 13 4 Journal. Part VI., 1923;Parts I.-V., 1954 524 13 8 4,073 9 1 Associates’ .... .. 4,407 19 11 463 3 0 Other Printing, Stationery, etc. .. 405 7 8 462 10 0 Students’ .. .. .. 411 5 0 --930 1 4 Postage____-7,342 7 11 173 4 3 Journal .. .. .. .. 200 9 8 lividends and Interest- 430 13 10 Ordinary .. .. .. .. 477 18 7 ($512 4 9) Gross .. 637 19 5 12 10 0 Stamp Duty on Receipts . . .. -678 8 3395 16 11 (El16 7 10) LessTax .. 91 15 1 Register (Moiety) .. .. .. .. 270 11 2 546 4 4 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. .. .. 300 0 0 13 18 3 {ale of Publications . . .. .. .. 31 17 4 Official Chemical Appointments (One Thirdj ’ 212 1 6 573 7 1 Rates and Taxes .. .. .. .. 487 3 413 1 li lundry Receipts . . .. .. .. 22 5 6 a.99 5 1 Insurance .. .. .. .. 114 9 5 725 8 C ‘Iire of Laboratories and Rooms .. . . 481 18 0 213 9 2 Repairs, House, and Furnishing .... 172 17 4 1,032 3 C Zxamination and Assessment Fees . . . . 942 13 0 3,815 19 9 Salaries and Wages .. .. .. .. 3,900 15 3 47 12 0 Advertisements .. .. .. .. .. 62 11 0 306 19 C lsppointments Register .. .. .. 315 14 6 344 5 9 Gas, Water, Light, and Fuel .. .. .. 365 3 6 148 11 4 ldvertisements in Journal .. .. .. 168 15 0 31 17 0 Telephone .. .. .. .. .. 28 5 4 3alan.ce of Library Fund Account, 1923 .. 51 11 2 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (Fees 553 1 3 and Expenses) .. .. .. . . 595 0 6 162 3 9 Apparatus and Materials .. 136 7 3 175 0 0 Library (including 5250 to &emical’bociety) 353 12 1 134 5 4 Local Sections .. .. .. .. .. 217 7 0 125 0 0 Donation .. .. .. .. .. 75 0 0 51 19 8 Miscellaneous .... .. .. .. 41 3 3 130 7 5 Officers’ Travelling Expenses, Fares, etc. .. 120 0 1 21 0 0 Auditor’s Honorarium .. .. .. 26 5 0 104 7 9 Lectures .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 6 0 14 3 11 Legal Expenses . . .. .. .. .. Members of Council Travelling Expenses 35 14 8 (Reserved 65350, unexpended $213 14s. 5d.) 97 10 11 Staff Assurance. . .. .. .. .. 110 8 9 9,564 15 i 9,903 6 9 8,508 3 0 9,359 8 3 Repairs and House (1923 Account) .. .. 321 12 1 31 4 0 Conference Printing (1923 Account). . .. 119 3 0 276 19 i Balance at 31st December, 1923 . . .. 419 -8 8 35 3 6 Application Fees returned on 1923 Account. . 31 10 0 750 0 t Balance on Deposit .. .. .. .. 110 a 4 Redemption Fund Premium .. .. .. 110 8 4 1,076 13 Entrance Fees- .. .. .. 1,034 6 0 Purchase of S964/3/7 5% War Loan 969 3 9 99! Life Compositions .. .. 127 1 0 Purchase of f2503p%, Conversion Bequest of the late Edward Loan .. .. .. .. 198 11 0 Riley . . .. .. .. 1,000 0 0 2,615 0 7 1,167 14 9 -__---2161 6 0 158 4 9 Office Equipment . . .. .. .. 73 4 6 Fees on applications in abeyance--100 0 0 Dinner Account (1923) .. .. .. 126 0 I Fellowship . . .. .. 109 4 0 Special Honorarium .. .. .. .. 100 0 0 135 19 Associateship . . .. 93 9 0 Balance at 31st December, 1924 733 2 7 ____--202 13 0 Plus Moiety of Register. 1925 270 11 1 37 16 I Fees Retained .. .. .. .. .. 24 3 0 and Two-thirds of ‘‘O.C.A.,” 1925 et 1926.. .. ,. 424 2 10 419 8 8 .__ __-_ 1,427 16 ci $11,977 12 11 $11,977 12 10 $12,710 17 5 STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 31st Dec., 1924.1923. E s. d. 1923. ;E s. d. 419 8 8 Balance .. .. .. 733 2 7 Subscriptions received in ad-$3,000 Victoria 5% Inscribed vance-3,000 0 0 Stock, 1935-46 .. ..3,060 0 0 30 19 6 Fellows’ 54 12 0 €1,000 New Zealand 476 In- 71 8 1 Associates’ 69 17 0 860 0 0 scribed Stock, 1929 .. 960 0 0 215 0 Students’ 0 15 0 $700 Canada 39% Registered 125 4 0 546 0 0 Stock, 1930-50 .. .. 567 0 0 261 19 6 Applications in abeyance 202 13 0 $500 Metropolitan 30/, Con- 57 15 0 Fees retained . . .. 81 18 0 395 0 0 solidated Stock .. .. 402 10 0 75 0 0 Rent outstanding .. .. 76 0 0 €500 Great Western Railway 55 3 5 Accounts Rendered and due 74 9 11 255 0 0 2+% Debenturestock .. 265 0 0 Accounts outstanding, esti-$1,145 7s.6d. London Mid- mated at 31st December, land & Scottish Railway 1924, including Repairs 904 0 0 4% Preferencestock .. 939 4 1 751 0 4 and alterations, 1923 .. 80 0 0 54,000 5% War Loan 1929- Members of Council travel- *3,025 15 0 47 Inscribed Stock ..4,060 0 0 ling Expenses Fund, 493 15 0 €500 War Savings Certificates 518 15 0 311 5 4 amount unexpended .. 213 14 5 51,000 Kational War Bonds, 18 19 6 Library Fund .. .. 1,050 0 0 1929, Series 4 .. .. 1,055 0 0 Excess of Assets over Lia-71,515 0 0 52,250 Conversion 3404, Stock 1,771 17 6 bilities as at 31st Decem-82 2 3 Sundry Accounts due .. 61 3 2 ber, 1924 .. .. 14,070 13 0 419 11 8 Redemption Fund .. .. 530 0 0 11,401 8 1 12 10 0 Receipt Stamps .. .. 51 I1 2 Library Fund Balance ..$13,029 13 9 €11,923 12 4 323,029 13 9 aE14,923 12 4 *Holding increased by E964 3s. 7d. Cost E969 3s. 9d. t Holdinz incleased bv C250 0s. Od. Cost 8198 11s. Od. The Statement above does not include the value of the lease and prekses of &e Institute, Furniture, Library, Apparatus, etc. The above investments have been ralued at market prices at close of business on 31st Dec., 1924. BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st Dec., 1924. Current Account. 1923. € s. d. 1923. € s. 8. 50 13 6 Balance 1st Dec., 1923 .. 103 3 10 220 11 6 Grants .. .. .. 339 6 3 238 9 6 Subscriptions, 1924 .. 330 11 11 147 Stationery, Postage,etc. . . 35 7 8 Repayment of Income Tax 91 17 6 Balance-Bank 13 1 6 7 6 10 deductedduring1923 .. 7 14 6 11 6 4 In hand 001 Dividends and Interest from Due from Capital 28 10 1 Capital Account .... 36 6 3 Account 90 1 0 103 2 7 -~ -____ €324 19 11 €477 16 6 $324 19 11 €477 16 6 Capital kcount. 1923. € s. d. 1923. E s. d. 152 5 6 Balance 31st Dec., 1923 .. 28 10 4 50 0 0 Loans .. .. .. 280 0 0 141 12 6 Donations, 1924 .. .. 116 18 8 215 7 8 Purchase of Strick during 1923 25 10 4 Balance 31st Dec., 1924 .. 293 18 0 145 9 0 Loans repaid, 1924 . . .. 44 10 0 189 19 0 Debtor balance due to Cur- rent Account .. .. 90 l 0 €280 0 0 5293 18 0 €280 0 0 STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LlABl LIT1 ES, 31st Dec., 1 9 24. ASSETS. LIABILITIES. 1923. E s. d. 1923. E s. d. 28 10 4 Balance on Capital Account 33 12 9 Printing 16 18 9 103 3 10 Balance on Current Account 103 2 7 532 0 0 €533 19s.10d. India 5iob 1932 .. .. .. 539 6 9 E200 5% National UTar Excess of Assets over 210 0 0 Bonds, 1929, Series 4 .. 211 0 0 840 1 5 Liabilities .. .. 836 10 7 €873 14 2 €853 9 4 $873 14 2 €853 9 4 24 .. 25 Proceedings of the Council. DECEMBER, 1924--JANUARY, 1925. The Teaching of Applied Chemistry.-On 30th January, 1925, the Council held a Conference on the Teaching of Applied Chemistry, to which the professors of chemistry in universities of Great Britain and Ireland, the heads of departments of applied chemistry at institutions of university standing and the members of the Board of Examiners of the Institute were invited. The Conference was held by kind permission of the Worshipful Master and Court of the Salters’ Company at the Salters’ Hall, St.Swithin’s Lane, London, and the Salters’ Company kindly entertained the Members who attended the Conference to lunch. The agenda was as follows:- (i) To consider the courses for degrees or diplomas in Applied Chemistry which are available in Great Britain and Ireland, with respect to their educational position in comparison with that of similar courses in the schools of Chemistry. (ii) To consider to what extent such degrees or diplomas may be accepted by the Institute as exempting from the examination for the Associateship. (iii) To consider what modifications, if any, should be intro- duced. The discussion was opened by Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry; Professor J.W. Cobb, C.B.E., BSc., Professor of Applied Chemistry, Fuels and Metallurgy, The University, Leeds, and Professor J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Organic Chemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The views expressed at the Conference will be carefully considered by the Council, and a further report will be published in due course. 26 The Registrar.-On the 1st March, 1925, Mr. Richard l3. Pilcher will have been Secretary of the Institute for thirty years, and Registrar and Secretary for twenty-five years; his actual service with the Institute dates back even three years further to the time when he joined the office as clerk in April, 1892 When Mr.Pilcher was first associated with the lnstitute there wexe 825 Fellows and Associates and 34 Students, whereas at the present time there are 4708 Fellows and Associates and 812 Students. The high esteem in which the profession of chemistry is now held in public affairs is due in very large measure to the un- ceasing work of the Institute during the forty-eight years of its existence. The Council recognising, however, that no small share of the credit should rightly be given to the Registrar, asked the President at the meeting in December last to invite Fellows and Associates to join with them in presenting a suitable memento to the Registrar. At the time of going to press more than 1500 members have sent contributions. The presentation, which will include a roll of the subscribers, will be made at the Annual General Meeting on the 2nd March.On the conclusion of the meeting, the Council with other well-wishers, will entertain Mr. and Mrs. Pilcher and their family to dinner at the Hotel Russell, where, later in the evening, they will hold a reception. Entries in Directories.-Mention is made in the Report of Council of the negotiations which have taken place with the proprietors of the Buff Book, Trade and Commercial Directory for London, with regard to the entry of the names of members of the Institute in independent practice. Many Fellows and Associates of the Institute will recollect that at a Conference held on the 28th February, 1921,it was considered desirable that Fellows and Associates should adopt an uniform practice with respect to the style, the character of the type used, and the particulars given in the entries of their names in published directories, and that departure from that practice should be considered as unprofessional conduct.Incidentally it may be mentioned that the Executive Com- mittee of the General Medical Council has published the infor- mation that the payment for insertion of the name of a medical practitioner, whether with or without typographical display, in a list issued to the public and purporting to be a list of local medical 27 practitioners, which is not open to the whole of the profession without such payment, is not in accordance with professional standards in respect of advertising.In the circumstances, the Council has made arrangements with the proprietors of the Buff Book for the insertion of a list of members in independent practice in London headed with the name of the Institute (as at present in Kelly’s Post Office Directory) with asterisks denoting membership of the Institute, on the understanding that no charge will be made to the members. The Council will entertain similar proposals with regard to similar directories in provincial centres, and has informed the Local Sections to that effect. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal for the year 1924 has been awarded to Leslie Julius Harris, Ph.D. (Cantab.), MSc. (Liv.), A.I.C., and will be presented at the Annual General Meeting.University of Leeds.-The Council has received a letter from the Chancellor, Pro-Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Registrar of the University of Leeds thanking the President of the Institute for participating in the Celebrations of the Jubilee of the Yorkshire College and the Coming of Age of the University and for the Address presented by the President on that occasion. The letter was accompanied by a brochure containing a short account of the growth of the University. Nomination of the Council, 1925-1 926.-The balloting list for the election of the Officers, Council and Censors at the Annual General Meeting on the 2nd March has been prepared and issued to the Fellows and Associates. Members who desire to vote are required to return their voting papers to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 4.30 p.m.on Saturday, 28th February. Dr. Henry Phillips and Mr. K. A. Williams have been appointed Scrutineers for this election. Erratum.-In JOURNAL, Part VI., 1924, the record of attendances of Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, was wrongly printed in the last column-the number of attendances being 31 out of a possible 32. 28 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-A special general meeting of the Section was held on 4th December to consider the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, Northern Ireland. The Council had requested the Section to express its views on the Bill, the Ministry of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland having asked for the observations of the Council on the measure.The views of the Section were prepared in the form of a memorandum which was forwarded to the Institute for the consideration of the Legal and Parlia- mentary and Public Appointments Committees of the Institute. The views expressed in the memorandum, with some slight modifications, have been embodied in a letter to the Ministry. The Section has received the permission of the Council to offer evidence before a Departmental Commission which has been appointed by the Northern Government to enquire into the Local Government Administration with reference to matters affecting the chemical profession. A special Sub-committee, consisting of members holding the Branch (e) qualification of the Institute, has been appointed to draft the proposed evidence.A precis of the evidence dealing with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, the Medical Charities Acts, and the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act has been submitted to the Commission and to the CouncJl of the Institute. On the 18th December a meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Lecture Theatre of Queen’s University, when Dr. R. C. Johnson, Lecturer on Physics, discoursed on the “ Structure of the Atom.” On the zznd January, in the Biology Lecture Theatre at Queen’s University, Prof. James Small lectured before the Section on “Some Aspects of Modern Plant Chemistry.” Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Dinner of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham, on 13th December.The company numbered nearly a hundred. Prof. G. T. Morgan presided as chairman of both Sections concerned, 29 The President of the Institute and the President of the Society were both present. The toast of the Institute was proposed by Mr. J. T. Bell, President of the Birmingham Pharmaceutical Association. On 2nd February, also at the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham, a very enjoyable concert took place jointly with the Local Section of the British Association of Chemists. The success of this function was largely due to Messrs. A. W. Knapp and J. R. Johnson, who made the arrangements for the programme. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr.W. F. Fearnside opened an interesting discussion on “Some Inter-national Aspects of the Dye Industry” before the Section on the 6th November, 1924. The Section held its fifth meeting of the current session jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical In- dustry at the University on 8th January, when there was an excellent attendance, including the members of the Bristol Association of Engineers. Mr. M. W. Jones, who occupied the chair, introduced Mr. Stanley Hopkins, of Messrs. Ruth’s Steam Accumulator Co., who read a paper on Steam Accumulation, which was illustrated by many lantern slides. A good discussion followed, in which Messrs. R. Robertson, A. Marsden, and R. D. Littlefield-who proposed the vote of thanks-participated.At the joint meeting held with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on Thursday, 5th February, in Bristol University, Mr. C. J. Waterfall presided over a large attendance, when a paper on “Paints and Paint-making ” was read by Mr. M. W. Jones, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. A comprehensive survey of the subject, illustrated by lantern slides, was given and proved of absorbing interest, as evidenced by the discussion in which Messrs. A. Marsden, F. E. Boorne, F. W. Rixon, R. Robertson, R. P. Littler, and others, took part. The Chairman proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Jones, which was heartily accorded. The annual dinner was held jointly with the local members of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Chemical Society, on 14th February.The Institute was represented by Prof. E. C. C. Baly, Vice-president. A report will be published in the next Part of the JOURNAL. 30 Cape Town.-A meeting of chemists resident in the south-western districts of the Cape Province, Union of South Africa, was held on 14th January in the physical-chemistry laboratories of the University of Cape Town. The attendance of seventeen consisted almost entirely of members of the staffs of the Union Division of Chemistry, of the Chemical Department of the University of Cape Town, and six members of the chemical branch of the Cape Explosives Works, Somerset West. Dr. C. F. Juritz, Chief of the Union Division of Chemistry, was voted to the chair, and the meeting, after some preliminaries, proceeded to the consideration of a set of draft rules for a local section of the Institute.These were duly disposed of, and it was decided to request the sanction of Council thereto. An interim committee, consisting of Dr. Juritz (Division of Chemistry), Prof. J. Smeath Thomas (University of Cape Town), and Mr. G. C. Scully (Cape Explosives Works), was appointed to carry on pending receipt of a reply from London. A paper was then read by Dr. E. Newbery, Professor of Physical-chemistry in the University of Cape Town, on “Some inexpensive methods of constructing physico-chemical apparatus. I’ Prof. Newbery demonstrated practically how the various appliances required in the electrometric determination of hydrogen ion concentrations could be at the same time simply and deftly constructed.In addition to exhibiting a large assort- ment of such appliances, he showed other types of “home-made ” apparatus, including a small electric furnace, an apparatus for the determination of nitrates, and numerous smaller articles. After the lecture Prof. Newbery entertained the visitors, and finally an adjournment was made to the physico-chemical research laboratory, where a very enjoyable and instructive evening was brought to a close by witnessing a series of interesting demonstrations. Edinburgh and East of Scotland,-The fourth joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on the aand January at the North British Station Hotel under the chairmanship of Dr.Lauder. Three new Associates of the Institute were formally admitted and received their certificates. An address was given by Prof. James Hendrick, of Aberdeen, on “The Potash Industry of Alsace.” Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The “publicity scheme” adopted by this Section has now been in operation for two years, and its success is undiminished. Articles have been published, mainly in the Glasgow Herald, but on occasion in one or other of the evening papers. An appreciation of this work was given recently by Sir Robert Bruce, editor of the Glasgow Herald, when he proposed the toast of “The Profession” at the Ramsay Chemical Dinner in December.Further evidence of its success is shown by the fact that another editor frequently sends enquiries on various technical and scientific subjects to a member of the Sub-committee of the Section, who supplies the desired information. During 1g24,32 articles were published in the Glasgow Herald, and several in the Evening Tinzes. The following articles have appeared in the Glasgow Herald since the publication of the last list in the JOURXAL:-“ Chromium and its Compounds,” by Dr. A. J. Robertson ; “The Time Factor ” and ‘‘Industrial Gases,” by Dr. J. Knox; “Quantum Theory,” by J. Ferguson; “Industrial Supremacy,” by Dr. S. Horwood Tucker; “The Chemical Exhibit at Wembley” and “Food Adulteration,” by J. W. Hawley; “The Story of Nitrogen” and “Stones on the Seashore,” by Prof.R. M. Caven; “The Sulphur Cycle,” by Dr. D. Ellis; “The Nature of Poisoning,” by Dr. W. M. Cumming; “The Atom,” by Dr. R. Christie Smith; “Air,” “The Age of the Alchemists” and “How Chemistry became a Science,” by R. S. Ferrier; “The Quest for Dyestuffs,” by R. M. Xlacaulay; “The Life Process,” by A. E. Caunce; “Glass-making Processes,” by T. C. Mitchell; “Chemistry in relation to Electricity,” by Dr. J. A. Cranston; and “As it was in the Beginning,’’ by R. Burns. Hiiddersfield.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel, Huddersfield, on the 20th January, when the discussion was devoted to the question of the registration of chemists and the desirability of holding a conference.The Section expressed the view that an exploration of the possibility of Government Registration was desirable, and also that a conference should be held in 1925 to include the con- sideration of means of regulating the number of persons admitted to the profession with a view to obviating over-crcwding. On the 3rd February at the Technical College, Huddersfield, an address was given before the Section by Professor H. E. Armstrong, who took as his text “Put that in your pipe and smoke it.” (See p. 36.) Irish Free State.-At a meeting of the Section held on 29th January in the Physics Lecture Theatre of Trinity College, Dublin-Prof. W. E. Adeney presiding-Prof. F. E. Hackett delivered a lecture on “Atomic Structure.” At the conclusion of the lecture two Associates were formally admitted to membership of the Institute and received their certificates.Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on zIst January, Mr. Wm. McD. Mackey being in the chair. A paper was read by Prof. N. M. Comber on “Agricultural Chemistry as a Career.” Dealing first with Agricultural Chemistry as a subject, Prof. Comber directed attention to its great diversity. It embraced the chemistry of soil, plant nutrition, animal nutrition, dairy products and processes, insecticides and fungicides. Our knowledge of some parts of the subject, particularly that of the soil and the plant-which was the crucial part of the subject from the farmer’s viewpoint-was not nearly so great as was popularly supposed.A large amount of the information which chemists conveyed to farmers was based on empiricism, and however useful it might be to the farmer it was far from satisfactory to the chemist. The scope for research work in agricultural chemistry was enormous. After referring to the various types of appointments held by agricultural chemists and to the research stations and insti- tutes in various parts of the country, Prof. Comber dealt with the training of a would-be agIicultura1 chemist. He was strongly of opinion that an honours course in chemistry, with no regard to its ultimate application to agriculture, followed by a course in agricultural chemistry, was the most desirable scheme. During his training in pure chemistry the student should ignore the literature of agricultural chemistry, and forget any intention of applying his chemistry to agriculture.This would prevent the student from studying less profoundly those parts of pure chemistry which he might judge-and probably wrongly judge- to have little importance in agricultural processes. It would also enable him to bring a trained and critical mind to the literature of agricultural chemistry when he first approached it. Most agricultural chemists were brought into more or less frequent contact with the farmer, and it was a regrettable 33 consequence of this that some authorities in appointing agri- cultural chemists appeared to be more concerned about the qualifications of a candidate to talk to farmers than about his potentialities as an agricultural chemist.It was obvious, of course, that an agricultural chemist should have a general knowledge of the industry of farming, but the view that he should have a detailed or practical knowledge of it seemed wholly absurd, for the alleged difficulty of a scientist approaching a farmer is largely a myth, and, moreover, the agricultural chemist is a specialist who, so far as the farmer is concerned, should work in collaboration with the agriculturist. Judging from occasional letters in the press there was con- siderable misunderstanding among farmers about the work of agricultural scientists, and the scientists themselves were largely responsible for it. If these misunderstandings were removed and the importance of fundamental research, and the combination of research with teaching, could be better appreciated, then agricultural chemistry would become in this country, as it has already become in America, a very important field for the chemist.Liverpool and North-Western.-Mr. Alfred Smetham presided at a meeting of the Section held at St. George’s Restaurant on 11th December. The nomination of Mr. H. J. Evans as District Member of Council was announced, and further discussion took place on the proposal to establish a Chemists’ Club in Liverpool. The meeting also considered a resolution from the Manchester Section urging the Council to take steps to obtain government registiation of chemists.After some discussion it was decided to ask the Manchester Section what form of registration was specifically proposed, and to suggest that the Secretary of the Manchester Section should attend a meeting when the matter was next under discussion. Mr. H. J. Evans gave notice of a motion to urge the Council to amend the regulations for the admission of Fellows of the Institute. On 8th January, at a meeting held at the St. Georges Restaurant, four new Associates were welcomed and received their certificates. Prof Roberts, the chairman introduced the resolution from Manchester concerning the registration of chemists. 34 Messrs. Elsdon, Rogers and Wishart attended the meeting by invitation. After discussion, a resolution was passed re-affirming the opinion of the Section that it was desirable to form a National Federation of Men of Science and supporting the suggestion of the Manchester Section that the Council be asked to take the necessary steps to obtain government registration of chemists.London and South-Eastern Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on the zIst January, for the purpose of discussing the report of the Departmental Committee upon the use of preservatives and colouring matters. The Chairman announced that in order to facilitate a frank discussion, no report of the meeting would be made. The following took part in the discussion: Messrs. Beck, Black, Bolton, Colgate, Collett, Hinks, Macara, Osman- Jones, Revis, Richards, Short, Somer and Stubbs.Owing to the celebration of the Registrar’s dual anniversary, the next meeting of the Section will not take place on Monday, and March, as announced, but on Monday, 9th March, in the Hall of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, when Sir Max Muspratt will address a joint meeting of the Section and the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry upon “Chemistry and Civilisation.” Malaya.-The Malaya Section was inaugurated at Kuala Lumpur on the 3rd August, and the members, including repre- sentatives from Penang and Singapore, dined together on that occasion. Facilities were thus afforded for the interchange of opinions on many matters of mutual interest to chemists in the Far East. The Annual Meeting of the Section will be held in February at Kuala Lumpur.Manchester and District.-At a meeting held on 14th January, Dr. A. Coulthard was appointed hon. secretary of the local section in place of Mr. R. S.Wishart, who isleaving the district. A very pleasant social evening was spent at the Engineers’ Club on the 19th January. Mr. W. D. Rogers presided in the absence of the Chairman, Mr. S. E. Melling. An excellent programme of music and elocution was contributed by various members of the Section and their friends, including Mrs. I,. Pearson, Miss Whittaker, Miss I. Dale, Messrs. Chorley, Hollins, Mellor, Myres, Philip, and Robinson. 36 On 13th February, a meeting of the Section was held at the Literary and Philosophical Society, Mr.1%’. D. Rogers in the chair. The Chairman, having presented certificates to three new i4~~~~iate~,called upon the Registrar of the Institute to address the Section on ‘‘Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature.” The lecture was illustrated by numerous lantern slides. A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the Registrar on the motion of Mr. G. D. Elsdon, seconded by Mr. D. M. Paul. South Wales.-A meeting of the Section was held at Swansea on zIst November, Prof. J. E. Coates, the Chairman, presiding. Three new Associates received their certificates. A paper entitled “Chemistry at School and After” was read by Mr. E. A. Tyler. Members of the Society of Chemical Industry were also present. At the 6th Annual General Meeting held on 28th November, Dr.Coates and Mr. Anderson were re-elected on the Committee, Messrs. Tyler and Ayling were elected Hon. Auditors. Mr. C. W. Wood was elected Honorary Secretary. The nomination of Mr. C. A. Seyler as District Member of Council for South Wales and Monmouthshire was announced. The meeting was followed by a smoking concert. At a meeting held on 19th December, four new Associates received their certificates. The members adjourned to the Chamber of Commerce to a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, when a paper on ‘‘Fire Ramp Explosions ” was read by Dr. R. Vernon Wheeler, of the Department of Fuel Technology, University of Sheffield. On 9th January, a dinner was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr.G. H. Clegg, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, preFiding. Mr. Godsell proposed the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry and Society of Chemical Industry,” to which Mr. Clegg and Prof. Coates responded. Mr. C. A. Seyler proposed the toast of “ Kindred Societies,’J to which Profs. Edwards and Bacon, of University College, Swansea, replied. -4n enjoyable programme of music was provided. Exercises in the Gentle Art of Smoking: A Mixed Grill. BY HENRY E. ARMSTRONG. [An address delivered to the Huddersfield Section of the Institute of Chemistry, 3rd February, 1925.1 “What are the chief characteristics of modern Englishmen ? They are respectability, bigotry and cant.There can be no doubt about this. The consequence is that the men have no character and the women no charm and we rule over a quarter of the world with complete satisfaction to ourselves. These three together make up our modern dragon. . . . . “When all the world has passed through the stage of intelligentscepticism and examined its foundations, it will worship the unknown god without fear and without reproach-a very right and proper thing to do. Meanwhile the pjoneersrnust be damned as dissenters.”* You may wonder at my title. I am no great friend of tobacco, though born and bred in its reek. Still, it is possible to smoke in spirit and, by a natural process, in recent years I have been led within the four walls of Hodeslea, Eastbourne, whose first owner and builder smoked much tobacco, both actual and metaphorical.Well, you know what is said of communications and manners; you cannot sojourn in a prophet’s fumitory without some of the odour coming off on your clothes. Moreover, I began as a student under him and shall never cease from studying him ; perhaps there is some telepathic bond between us; that is a question I must leave to those to consider who seem to be experts in these matters-the classically minded. Who was that prophet ? you will ask. Hodeslea, Eastbourne, is not yet a recognised Mecca. No, nor is it even figured upon *Persezcs EM‘ oj Dragons. H. F. SCOTTSTOKES.(Kegan Paul & Go.) the map, unless it be that of the local tax collector; yet, to Xr.Gladstone and Dean Wace, it was once a name of fearsome import-the abode of a very devil, Thomas Henry Huxley, who was born just a century ago; therefore, he might deservedly be canonised this year. He retired to Eastbourne in 1891 to enjoy a well-earned rest, after engaging in two controversies which, historically and in their effect, are among the most important of our time. In these the story of Genesis and the Biblical narrative generally were subjected to a searching scientific criticism and given a natural interpretation which was the death-blow to our Anglican ecclesiasticism in the minds of thinking men. The withers of Dean Wace were sore wrung in a discussion of agnosticism and, for Mr. Gladstone’s benefit, the Gadarene swine were once again slain-at least the myth was: it was shown to be but a survival of the demonology which had possessed the soul of man from earliest times onwards; indeed, is still and must remain potent within him, Huxley’s shadow has been over me as I have sat in my “smoking ” in the room in which he once wrote, always incisively and fearlessly and ever in the spirit pregnant in a sentence in one of his letters to the clergyman Charles Kingsley : Sit down I‘ before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up eve-y pre- conceived notion, follow humbly wherever and to whatever abysses nature leads or you shall learn nothing.” Surely this is a sentiment worth smoking always in your pipes! I wonder how many of you have-as Disraeli said of the lady who indulged in French novels-“ manured your minds ” by reading Huxley’s Essays and what the demand for these is in your public library? I will not be so cruel as to say: “Hands up, please.’’ No books are better worth reading, if only for their English and their clear, close, logical argument.The essays on Chalk and Yeast are unrivalled exemplars of style- for the chemist especially. When, less than a year ago, I addressed your Institute for the first time, I had no idea that I was to be continued in our next; when the invitation came to me and I was pressed to name a subject, I did not know what to answer. After a time I bethought me of the old saw: “Put that in your pipe and smoke it.” At least it would give me some opportunity for reflexion .. . . . . . 1thought we should be meeting after dinner and that you would then be able to stand being told a few home truths regarding our present-day superstitions. 38 It is as true to-day as when Samuel Butler made the state- ment years ago, that “if people like being deceived-and this can hardly be doubted-there can rarely have been a time during which they can have had more of the wish than now. The literary, scientific and religious worlds vie with one another in trying to gratify the public.” The literary are still trying to foist the ancient classics upon all and are inclined to throw in telepathy; the scientific, weak hydrogen ions ; the religious, faith healing ; even chemical manufacturers sell much sound and fury as soap and sundry other salts.I am not without knowledge of the toxic qualities of smoke, as, together with Mr. E. V. Evans, the chief chemist of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, I recently carried out experiments to determine the amount of carbonic oxide produced by smoking in different ways. We found an average of about 0.5 per cent. in cigarette smoke and 1.5 per cent. in smoke from a pipe, whilst cigar smoke sometimes contained as much as 10per cent. Fortunately cigar and pipe smokers rarely inhale- so such smoking harms them far less than does the vicious cigarette. Is this last perhaps attractive because it is so vicious? What is the explanation of the astounding prevalence of the cigarette habit ? The answer is worth seeking-any answer would be that checked the habit-the most wasteful, if not the most selfish, in which we indulge; what is the explanation of the extraordinary hold the practice has upon so many? Let us begin our smoking to-night with THEPAPALCIGARETTE.I suppose you have all heard of Yadil. You know how whole pages of the leading daily papers were filled with more than bold advertisements of its virtues-there was nothing it did not cure. It was in use in all ranks of society, from the Royal Household downwards, we are told; even pigs were supposed to benefit from its administration. Suddenly, a knight arose in Cambridge and boldly smote it on the hip-in the Daily Mail. He said, in effect, let there be no Yadil! And there was no Yadil! It was deservedly dead within a week, its end being marked by no noise, even so much as comes from every self-respecting stage dragon when killed by a Siegfried. Thus was chemistry triumphant-why ? Because it had logic behind it and courage.The episode is one of the most 39 remarkable of our times. In the first place, we have in it an illustration of the infinite gullibility of our race-the belief in the printed word. Difficult as it is to understand that people could be so taken in by statements such as were made and that the acclaimed leaders of public opinion should have given them circulation, it is still more difficult to understand the suddenness with which so intense a belief was destroyed.The power of advertisement both to make and to mar never stood out in more glaring colours. We may take comfort in such a result ; at least, it points the way. It is proof that the public can be influenced and in the direction of reason. Is it not the office of the chemist to note the example set at Cambridge and continue the good work? The brand smoked in the Papal cigarette is not the only one deserving to be consumed. The uses of adversity may be sweet but those of advertisement are often sour-who can better distinguish the good from the bad than the chemist? Quality comes into account almost always. Gentlemen, the public must learn to look to you for protection. Apparently nothing is sold to-day without advertisement-a sign both that the public has little judgment and that purveyors no longer advise buyers what is good, as they did in my young days.It is the result of substituting large scale dealing for individual enterprise-science goes to the wall in consequence. I can foresee that the intro- duction of team-work, as it is called, may easily have a similar lowering influence upon the quality of the output of scientific inquirers. It is so doing; team workers tend to produce oniy to order. Our work must be to spread the use of scientific method. Surely the man who can discriminate between a good cheese and a bad one deserves to be called a scientist, with whatever stigma my attach to the ist. He knows! He knows! Indeed, the shopman who knows a good cheese is a scientific observer in the eyes of the public and a far greater benefactor to his species than any player of oughts and crosses in the Chemical Society and the whole army of hydrogen-ion worshippers.A large proportion of the goods sold to-day by advertisement, even ions, would not be bought, at all events at the prices now charged, if we knew what they were and their intrinsic value. What is the adage about giving a dog a bad name? To-day, the method is reversed. You call good honest bleach by a fancy name and set damsels to distribute it in public; forthwith its selling price goes up at a logarithmic rate; the mild aperient has long been 40 thus favoured. Perhaps this use of reciprocals of P, values is a result of teaching physical chemistry.We complain of the cost of living but it is largely due to advertisement, direct and indirect; direct, through press and post ;indirect, through shop display. Advertisement is becoming a form of conspiracy to make people buy what they do not want and often were better without. Everything is being done to "boost" the manufacturer, whether of wanted or unwanted goods-all because of an excessive population and the growth- especially in the U.S.A.-of the get-rich-quick spirit. I commend to you an article on the subject in the November number of the AtZantic MonthZy. It is there suggested that the main purpose behind Prohibition is not moral but the desire to prevent the masses from drinking, in order that they may have money with which to buy motor cars and manufactured goods generally.The well-to-do buy them, anyway, so they may be allowed to drink. It is worth noting that the motor car in the States has killed, within three years, as many Americans as were lost in the late war-it therefore has its value in relieving the press of population and is not merely a luxury. This soulless age of ad- vertisement cannot last for ever. Only suicide can be its end. The task of discriminating between good and bad is never easy and sometimes more than difficult. To give an example. At the moment the Papal cigarette is filled with a brand that will need much smoking to bring out its character-Nicotiana antiseptica. This is a weed far more difficult to smoke than the Yadil mixture.How are we to deal with it? The scientific inquirer and worker must be logical to remain scientific. Yet life is a compromise. We have a militant new Ministry seeking to apply half-knowledge. Instead of insisting that the original supply be clean, it is allowing the milk trade to sterilise all milk, believing that certain organisms which may be in it are thereby killed, yet overlooking the fact that apparently the food value is thereby lowered. Now, a committee it appointed has proposed, if not to abolish the use of antiseptics, greatly to restrict their use. Exception is taken to the recommendations of the committee as to the use of sulphurous and boric acids in particular, The arguments advanced in opposition to the official findings are strictly logical and it cannot well be denied that the proposals criticised were based upon sentiment rather than upon science, that is to say, knowledge. The evidence is not merely conflicting so much as it is insufficient. At present 41 we can only argue on the general ground that, in the unicellular organisms we seek to control and kill by the use of antiseptics, the life process is like that in the multitude of cells of which our own bodies are composed-therefore, that substances which will affect such organisms will affect us.It must be so. The question is, to what extent and whether the effect be such as to counterbalance the advantage to be derived from moderated use of the incriminated materials; in other words, whether there be any sufficient power in us of “adjusting” ourselves against such untoward influence from outside.We cannot but admit that the necessary data are lacking. Our cloth has rendered substantial service in thus bringing the issue to public notice. To give my opinion for what it is worth-I am known to have been a worker on the subject and I was in the butter trade in my youth-I would not allow the food of infants and of children to be contaminated with any preservative ; especially would I have milk supplied clean from the cow, without the least modifying treatment; also I would not allow boric acid in butter, as this is so generally and largely used by children. Now that we understand the value of cleanliness and the use of cold storage, it is fully within our power to meet public requirements without any kind of adventitious aid.No one who is a close observer of town children can but be struck by their fanciful appetites and the small margin of safety upon which they live. We are only now beginning to master the problems of food but the further we penetrate the more it is clear, that it should differ as little as possible from its natural state; after all, we began our life in trees and early habit still sticks to us; the whole of animate nature seems to be built of similar materials and modern anti- septics were not in the original bill of fare. Now let me pass to a brand Huxley might have chosen at the moment: BISHOP’SMIXTURE. You have close at hand a naughty Bishop who has ventured to act up to his lights and be logical in favouring organised faith healing. Now what has this to do with us as chemists? I believe the Hodeslea P.C. would have said ‘I Everything !” That he would at once have donned his armour and gone a-tilting against the movement.He fearlessly challenged the clerics to prove their words-in the interests of Truth. Science, chemistry especially, is the search after Truth-not a mere body of know- ledge; ever remember that it is the duty of all who engage in 42 ie quest to destroy error, of whatever kind, by the way. Is is, however, the spirit in which we are working? Faith is at least a form of weakness, if not of error, because involves belief through desire and not upon reasoned, palpable ridence; it is a source of error very much abroad at the present me, the nature of which we need to understand if we are to :ercise it with entire discretion. Telepathy is perhaps the test and most pernicious form of its outbreak.As scientific workers-makers of knowledge-you are :cessarily missionaries also and must be constructive workers the cause of truth. Therefore, you must dispute and destroy ror. The doctrine we hold and must teach is that science is a ethod, not a mere subject-in principle, a flawless method, ough never one of finality. To use words already spoken at iother branch of the Institute: ((We of the cloth of science have make it clear that truth is something absolute-something be worked for, with unremitting toil of observation and periment, to be considered and tested over and over again, )m every possible and impossible point of view and then only ovisionally accepted.” With this message of method in our hands we may fearlessly out and challenge all and sundry who do not practice it. Man, we know, is a poor weak creature, gifted congenitally th the most serious limitations but we no longer believe that he born bad-on the contrary, as Tertullian said long ago-anima turaliter Christiana-man is naturally ChIistian. Dean Inge, I believe, has objected to the practices your .ughty neighbouring Bishop has favoured: “that they helped a most regrettable recrudesence of superstition.” This is etty hard hitting from one cleric to another.The Bishop swers in the following terms (Guardian, 3 December, 1924): ‘‘I would ask in all seriousness, ‘Do you believe in God in such a sense that he did not merely create the world and set it going as a machine but is still living and acting in the world which He made and is a loving Father intimately concerned in and caring for each one of his children? Do you believe in prayer in the sense that the prayer of faith can and does effect things which would otherwise not happen?’ ” He is justified in saying that “if you believe these things youiy be helped by attending our faith healing services.” We 43 know, from experience, that some may be, “because mental state may and often, if not usually, does influence bodily health.’’ This, however, is no proof that the’Bishop’s premise is sound.We know the history of his kind; we know the idiosyncrasies of his class; we know the historical origin of the beliefs upon which they pin their faith; that the statements are man-made and traditional. We need deny nothing but we not only have the right, we are, in truth, bound to ask for the evidence for any and all such prepositions-especially for the assumption that the “order of Nature” can be modified, altered or disturbed by prayer. We certainly derived no such belief, nay, not even the hope, from the late war: we saw that we had to fight things out among ourselves and to practice infinite cruelty. Such seems to have been man’s way from the beginning. The Church and ourselves are in like quandary.Sometime in October last the Archbishop of York urged the need of a militant programme of Christian endeavour. On the same day, elsewhere, the Bishop of Southwark spoke in similar terms. Men were seeking for more truth, he said, which will satisfy the desire of their souls. We certainly are in need of developing a militant programme of scientific endeavour. “The truth of the matter is,” said the Archbishop, “the vast mass of the laity of all classes are to-day quite un-interested in many of the matters which absorb our energies; they are ignorant of the very meaning of our theological vocabulary; it is to them a strange and incomprehensible language.” That is precisely our position. You know, in and out of season, of late years, I have protested against our scientific jargon.We use a language which the public cannot understand; we do not even understand it ourselves. As I write this the postman brings me a chemical essay and my eye is caught by the term poronotropy; what is poronotropic? I can’t find it in the dictionary. Apparently, our modern young chemists cannot use penny-plain but only twopenny-coloured language. The Archbishop of York has told his colleagues of the Church that they should take care to establish the Christian faith as it really is; further, that they must concentrate against the onslaughts of intelligent men, and that unless the message of Christianity gets home to the workers there is no hope for his church. 44 If, as Tertullian has said, man be naturally Christian- Pagan, too, we must admit-what is the message of Christianity? There must be a definition df terms; some understanding of what it is we are called upon to be and do.Presumably the Archbishop means a doctrinal, dogmatic faith, a theology, not simply a moral code; he would not be satisfied with an approved code of ethics and moral behaviour. Most scientific workers to-day probably desire to distinguish religion from theology in any of its forms, of which there are so many. Theism is too distant a prospect to the student of relativity. Dean Inge, who is trying hard to unwrap the sacerdotal knot in which he is tied, has gone far in saying, in his Morniryg Post articles, that “The evidences of religion are no longer external and miraculous; they are those which faith itself supplies.The lessons of anthropology ”-according to the Dean-“ are that religion, science, ethics and Esthetics have all become differ- entiated out of the confused muddle in which they exist together in the mind of the savage”-a diagnosis we can accept as accurate and illuminating. Faith, unfortunately, is scarcely a recognised weapon in the hands of the abstract scientific worker. His position must ever be: Yes. I am prepared to accept such and such a doctrine as conceivable but what is the evidence? I will consider whatever evidence can be produced but I can give it no more than the value of a working hypothesis until proof be forthcoming. What is the proof the Dean offers? Merely the feelings of a certain type of mind. “Religion, far from being a disease,” he says, “is essential to mental health and if we may trust those who, in other fields, would be called experts in their subject, there is one thing of which they feel increasingly certain and that is that in prayer and meditation they are actually in contact with a spiritual reality which is not a projection of their own thought and will? ” This is a definite claim for our submission to an authority which we cannot admit ;it is but a prolongation of the “confused muddle ” of the savage mind.The existence of a spiritual reality which is not a projection of our own thought and will-I may add, “and a mechanism ”-is a postulate of which many of us see no evidence, Nay, more, we would modify Matthew Arnold’s something within ourselves ” to “something truly and wholly ourselves within us.” On this Lucretius may well be read.Of course, “religion is essential to mental health ” but what religion ? Huxley, after saying that no two people agree as to what is meant by the term religion, gives it as his opinion that it ought to mean simply the reverence and love for the ethical ideal and the desire to realise that ideal in life which every man should feel. The same conception was put before chemists at Liverpool by Lord Leverhulme in his masterly address on Science, Religion and the Workshop, which I have already discussed elsewhere (see Education, 7th and 14th November, 1924).In bringing the subject before you, I am acting in the spirit of Lord Leverhulme’s statement : “Professors of Religion and Professors of Science must learn to go arm in arm together through life to raise and elevate mankind higher and higher above the brute beast and nearer and nearer to the angels.’’ I hav’nt yet met with many angels among my acquaintance and am prepared to await their appearance in a Wellsian future- but I should like to see some greater distance placed between the beasts and ourselves. Our conclusion must ever be that average man cannot do without some form of theocracy; we cannot expect the many to be rationalists. Perhaps the majority need some means of relieving themselves of responsibility.On this account probably there will be a great increase of Romanism, though this, too, is being modernised. There will not be much left of the Church as we know it to-day when its professors have learnt to go arm in arm with us. At any moment an attack like that on YadiZ might catch the public fancy-and down might go the entire Church house of cards. It is for the scientific worker to look ahead and be prepared to forward the religion of real knowledge and make it that of the public. Have we a religion even in chemistry? Is not the first call upon us to pluck out the beam from our own eye rather than to call attention to the motes in those of our adversary? The peril is very near to us. Why is the systematic practice of scientific method of so recent a date? It was thousands of years ago, long before Greek culture set in.There is nothing in it to account for the long delay. The explanation is simple. It has been kept under by the Church and may easily again be overcome by the Church and by ignorance. Its practice has been in the hands of a small class of mankind. This class is fast losing its propoitional strength; it suffered horribly in the late war; now we are consciously limiting its increase. 46 Are we religious strivers after an ideal; are we not merely copyists? Scientific method, as a religion, is as much in the background to-day as is ethical Christianity. In practice the majority of so-called scientific workers are but faith worshippers, brought up in the belief in certain doctrines.The true method of science is never displayed in the books, The student asks for dogma and gets it. “What do I pay you for, as a teacher-he says-but to think for me and give me stuff to offer up when I pray to our modern gods at Oxford and Cambridge and elsewhere. They will burn me upon their altars if I don’t give it to them pat-instead of paying me to come into their priesthood, because I show that T am a conformist.” The boy at school is prepared for confirmation by the Bishop and learns the Church Catechism, at the same time that he learns the catechism of physical chemistry and to express his belief in the weak hydrogen ion and a multitude of other superstitions. The Church and science are at one in their preparation of acolytes.Put that in your pipes, please; smoke it for all you are worth! The Bishop of York, at the recent celebration of the Jubilee of the Leeds University, asked for the creation of a faculty of theology. Theology is but a branch of anthropology-it has been man’s way to create gods in his own image from the beginning. True ethics are fundamental to all science and therefore the needs of religion should be met when scientific method is properly taught-but I doubt if, at present, the least effort be made to teach it. The jargon and dogmas of science claim all but entire attention-not its spirit. Certain obscur- antists called examiners ever bar the way with their catechisms. From Bishop’s Mixture let us now pass to the PRIMEMINISTER’SSMOKE.Naturally, our attention is sometimes caught by whiffs from the Prime Minister’s pipe. Not long ago he more or less gibed at “Theory,” as the so-called practical man too often does. Well, the man who acts merely on impulse to-day, without some guiding principle, as an opportunist, has not much chance of helping on the world or even his own particular section. The art of science, the art behind science, is the art of straight thinking and of straight doing. In politics, sentiment and expediency seem to be the guides. True science is selfless; politics, selfishness and the whims of a party majoritj-. 47 While always coining new words, the world scientific to-day is strangely oblivious of the meaning of words.Having once misused a word we continue to do so. One ancient instance is hydrochloric acid, applied to the gas represented by HC1. This is not acid and there is nothing chloric about it. If we chemists had any scientific health in us, we could not continue to use such a term; the continued use of the name means, nor more nor less, simply that we are not thinking when at our job. I can, therefore, without hesitation, take exception to the use of “Theory” by the Prime Minister-we rarely, if ever, ourselves use the term properly. The wildest speculation, every mere explanation, is constantly termed a theory in the text-books. The Prime Minister is in the unfortunate position that there is no theory at his disposal which he can usefully apply; his present need and that of all politicians is appreciation of the method behind our work, though unfortunately more often than not so far behind that it is not very obvious to the outside observer.We need ourselves to set a more consistent example- then perhaps we shall gain a public following. At present, our sensational discoveries are trumpetted abroad but we set no public example of method-yet, in the end, nothing counts but method, method being the scientific synonym of morality: the manners of science. You will probably have noticed that the Prime Minister has been smoking over two noteworthy topics-the reduction of our population by emigration and our agricultural policy, both of paramount importance. He has spoken of filling up the wcste empty spaces in our Empire.These are subjects which scientific workers must consider. There can be no doubt that our country is greatly over-populated and that however we may redistribute ourselves, our raw materials are so near exhaustion and the markets open to us so narrowed that we cannot hope to maintain the manufacturing supremacy we have so long enjoyed-unless we advance in skill in some phenomenal way. Emigration is at most a palliative. Moreover, if we were to fill up the waste places, where would those to come find space? The question is, where and to what extent is waste space to be found? The map is but a poor guide; even if it indicate climate it has no regard for soil. Canada offers no soft jobs; I believe only workers to till the soil are asked for and those who know the conditions.-I have seen something of them myself- 48 tell us that they are very hard and unattractive.Where there is more than six months of winter this must be so. Canada is undoubtedly the country of the future, because of its water power and minerals-but development of these must be gradual and large numbers will not be needed. As to Australia, owing to the peculiar distribution of rainfall, only a relatively small area-that bordering the coast-can be occupied with advantage. The population is concentrated in a few large towns, which are overpopulated, yet the country behind remains undeveloped. Those who undertake its development are likely to have a very hard time; again, I can give an opinion from personal observation.Can we greatly increase the numbers in our Empire? We need a complete scientific survey of Australia, to know exactly what its soil is and its water supply. It is arid over a large area, first because of the absence of rain. Then, much of the artesian water is too alkaline and too full of salt for use; we are even told that if it were freely used the supply would be exhausted after a time, just as that of petroleum inevitably will be, owing to the extravagant use to which it is now put. Having no mountains in the interior, Australia is peculiar in that there are great tracts of sandy soil, which do not yield an economic crop unless artificially fertilised by phosphatic manures in particular. Phosphate, probably, is the ultimate factor limiting popu- lations the world over; the nations must some day fight for their possession.Phosphates, we know, are of highly localised occur- rence and must be paid for. Most of the cultivated land of the world to-day is reduced to bed-rock level, and needs to be artificially fertilised to yield an economic crop. The competition for fertilisers in the future must be serious. This leads me to consider our agricultural policy. During and since the war there has been continued agitation in favour of our growing more wheat. Probably we eat relatively far too much starch and sugar, not enough protein and uncooked green food, not enough whole food. The body of evidence that quality counts far above quantity is everyday increasing and is very great.We need more milk and meat and to improve the quality of our milk supply. The meat we get from abroad is of poor quality compared with that we can produceon our fattingpastures but our pasture land, on the average, is of poor quality. incline to advocate the improvement of pasture by liming and by phosphatic manures. I would take chances of a wheat supply as long as we can get it from elsewhere at a reasonable price. would lay up as great a store of phosphates as possible in our soils -in the end, national expenditure in this direction would, I believe, be justified beyond every other. The potato has yet to be appreciated at its full value-our women have to learn to cook it properly without peeling away its major value and dissolving out much of the rest.There is not the least doubt that the average health of the nation could be raised, raised greatly, if real attention were given to the quality and preparation of our food. Finally, I will ask you to put a PROBONOPUBLICO mixture into your briar roots. My whole argument has been that you have a mission in the world-one extending beyond the laboratory. If you cannot recognise this you are not worth your salt-mere artificers, pawns in the game of life, without suspicion of knavery, let alone of bishop, castle, queen or king. Throughout the ages there has been a Church militant-you will find “Joan of Arc ” full of the topic and a fair warning.We have to proclaim science militant and to meet and conquer the Church and obscurantism-or our civilisation must fall. Science has no right to be only destructive-merely to deprive man of his man-made faith in man-made idols of his own imagination; science must now be constructive. We have to provide the philosophy and religion which the clerics do not and say we cannot provide. Let them say what they say; let us show that we know better. Men like Dean Inge and the Bishop of Birmingham have openly confessed to their ship being upon the rocks-the Dean can only contemplate going on board The Three Vdues-Truth, Beauty and Goodness. Lord Leverhulme has spoken in clearer and more manly terms and directly to chemists, in his Liverpool address.If we truly seek and find truth, if we sit down before fact, in the way recommended by Huxley, the rest will follow. It will be for us to maintain the Emersonian doctrine- “Whoso would be a man must be a non-conformist. He who would gather immortal palms must not be hindered by the name of goodness but must explore if it be goodness. Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind.” 50 Our European civilisation, in the eyes of all thinking men, is hurrying to destruction. The average intelligence has been vastly lowered in the late war and not only is no attempt being made to repair the loss but there is a definite movement towards its accentuation. Fifty years hence, if not in far less time, we shall not have a cow worth milking if we treat our herds as we are treating ourselves-this, by the way, is smoke for prime ministers and politicians generally.Unless the nations learn to work together, Europe must go to pieces-the gathering hordes of barbarian Russia stare us in the face and may easily be upon our back. What can we do? We can at least set our own subject in order and in so doing learn to work together. What is the position of chemistry to-day? It is without position-mainly feared by society, not looked up to as a great element of safety-hopelessly ragged, in that it is unorganised, without leadership. There is no statesmenship abroad among us. Local option is favoured where association and co-operation are the crying need-as they are among the nations.Everywhere, poverty of outlook. Self, self, self, alone counts. The trendais the very opposite of what it should be. Speaking in this deeply dyed town of Huddersfield, let me take, in illustration, the dyestuff industry, which we have so long failed to make a British industry, though it had its origin in the foundation laid by Faraday just a century ago in the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London. Why are we failing? Huddersfield has nobly proved that it might well do what is necessary; Grangemouth has still more signally shown that what Germany alone was able to do yesterday, Scotland to-day can do even better. I say signally shown because success is due to a single individual, not to a great state-aided corporation.Then Manchester also wears the anthracene laurel. Through the kindness of Mr. Morton, I have here specimens of the latest achievement of the scientific workers in his firm- the one set, new to commerce, of SOZedon Purple, R.R., is shown for the first time. To me, who have been concerned all my life with the industry, myself the author of the only "theory " thus far proposed of the relation between colour and constitution-an interpretation thirty-six years old in March next-these specimens represent an extraordinary advance, destined, if I be not mistaken, to have a revolutionary effect on the dyestuff and dyeing industries. For the first time we have vat dyestuffs, 51 pigments which are of extraordinary permanence in light, applied to silk and wool-not merely to cotton.More interesting to me, however, is the marvellous difference in colour between two such specimens as I here show of Jade Green, on Viscose silk, in its undeveloped and developed forms, corresponding to indigo-white and indigo -the one a brilliant salmon-pink with a most perfect yellow fluorescent sheen, the other a beautiful green. You may well smoke my exhibit in your pipes, dyemakers and dyers all: reflecting also what viscose silk represents, you may go home very proud of your profession! The failure I am lamenting comes because the spirit prevails which prevails so bitterly among the eastern nations-the spirit of narrow non-conformity, jealousy and self. There has been entire lack of co-operative imagination, of outlook and of feeling-no common understanding of the vast range of entrancing problems and opportunities the industry presents and the treat- ment it consequently needs.Then a most serious factor is the lack of sympathy between user and producer; had the users played the game throughout, the difficulties of the producer would have been more than half met. No set of mere business men, nor men of affairs, can hope to direct such an industry-the management must be gifted with technical and artistic feeling to succeed. How can men who do not even know Quinone from Quinol hope to guide the fortunes of the artistic combine that alone can build up the complex palette of the dyestuff factory and user. If the statesman cannot be found who will put an end to the present chaos and co-ordinate activities of proved avail, not only will the industry fail through internal weakness and fall before the competition of others; what is worse, no example will be set.Other industries are in like peril. The iron and steel trade seem to have fallen into a state of complete inanition. What is needed for one is needed for all; what happens to one in the end will happen to a11 if we cannot bring imagination to bear and work in common. The condition of chemistry is worse than that of dyestuffs, because there are more competing firms in it. Kleinstadigkeit, Little-endism, is its bane. L’Union fait la Force is a well-known French motto. Roll up! must be the chemists’ cry.The Institute of Chemistry has played its part-it and all the other organisations chemical must now be united into one body, Tht. Institittcs of Chemistry. Chemists will be a disgrace to their cloth until they have accomplished this end, which must be soon 52 or it will never be. If they be not a fully-organised, coherent, body within five years, heaven help them; they will rightly be written off by the community as people of no social consequence. I was present at the conception of your Institute and fought against it-as a separate body. My contention always was that the Chemical Society should exercise what necessary authority the Institute was projected to exercise. I was defeated by Odling-a man of greater obstinacy, gifted with a halo of authority when I was but a youth.The Institute has done real service by raising the standard of acquirement for consulting chemists. It long did harm to regular students by requiring them to pass its examinations; this has been remedied by the direct admission of those who have had systematic training of university rank. Xow that education is provided everywhere, the collcge diploma is a sufficient qualification. The Institute may well retire gracefully and take on deliberative, parliamentary functions, in association with all with whom it may associate with respect. The subject is too big, however, for present discussion. I am but telling you what is expected of you by the world outside science-what is in your power to do.No greater blasphemy was ever uttered than the Bishop of Chelmsford’s recent statement: “That the great mass of the people of this land have either considered and found no use for religion or have accepted at the hands of others the notion that it is useless.” He has used religion where he should have said Church practice. At no time was the desire fur truth peater. Incalculable efforts are being made, by a noble army of scientific workers, to found n religion of truth ; unfortunately they are not sufficiently alivc to the need of openly preaching the message they could deliver and many philistines are abroad. Now is the opportunity and call for you to act-by making yourselves a compact and a living force. 53 Notes. Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research. -The Trustees for the Beit Fellowships have notified that the next elections will be made on or about the 15th July next.The annual value of each Fellowship is L250 to be held for one year, which may be extended by the Trustees for a further period not exceeding one year. Fellowships are open to persons under the age of twenty-five years on the date of the election who have taken a degree in any Faculty in any University in the British Empire approved by the Trustees, or have passed the examinations which would have entitled them to take such degrees or are in possession of any Diploma or Associateship of any College approved by the Trustees; but the holder of any other Scholarship or Fellowship is disqualified.Fill1 particulars and form of application can be obtained from the Secretary, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Heat Engine Trials.-The Institution of Civil Engineers has given preliminary notice of a joint meeting to be held at the Institution on the 25th March at 6 p.m., when the Heat Engine Trials Committee will present for discussion the standard form or code for tabulating the results of a steam generating plant trial. Fellows and Associates of the Institute who are interested in the subject are invited to attend. The subjects which are to be debated will include questions relating to the make-up of the heat account table, and to certain proposals in connection with recording the analysis of oil fuels.Copies of the introductory notes of Mr. W. A. Patchell, who will open the discussion, and of the code itself, will shortly be available for those who desire copies. Enquiries on the subject may be addressed to the Secretary, Institution of Civil. Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, S.W.I. 54 British Engineering Standards.-Reference is made in the Report of Council to the services of Fellows who have represented the Institute on Sub-committees of the British Engineering Standards Association. Prof. Desch has reported that the Association has published a British Standard Specifi- cation for Portland B!ast Furnace Cement, and Dr. .James Watson has reported that specifications for Sand Lime Bricks and Slag Cement have been published, also that the Cemcnt Specification is to come under revision.G lasgow University Alchemists’ CI ub,-The Alchemists’ Club of Glasgow University entertained members of the Institute, the Andersonian Chemical Society, and the Society of Chemical Industry, on iIth February in the chemical lecture theatre, when the Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated by nearly 200 lantern slides. Mr. Andrew Kent, President of the Alchemists’ Club, presided. A vote of thanks was accorded the Registrar on the motion of Prof. T. S. Patterson. 55 January Examinations, 1925. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations in General Chemistry for the Associateship were held at the Institute from 5th to 10th- January.Twenty candidates were examined, of whom 8 satisfied the Examiners ; 3 of the successful candidates completed their examination in the translation of foreign technical literature, and 3 of the unsuccessful candidates were referred only in that part of the Examination. PASS LIST. Ball, Francis Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Derby Technical College (Joseph Yates, Esq., M.Sc., F.I.C.).Ruxton, John Dawson, B.A. (Cantab.), The University, Cambridge, and King’s College, London. Couzens, Leslie John, West Ham Municipal College arid Sir John Cesa Technical Institute. Foster, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), School of Mines, Treforost (S. RoyIllinp-orth, Esq., DSc., F.I.C.).Nurphy, Edward Arthur, BSc.(Loncl.), Birmingham Municipal Tech. SchooI. Trobridge, Geoffrey William, B.Sc. (Binn.), The University,Birmingham. Walker, William James, Heriot- Watt College, Edinburgh. Wilson, William, Paisley Technical College. Gevteral C:henzistry.-In theoretical inorganic chemistry the first paper was much better done than the second, the quality of the answers being above the average. The principal weakness in the second paper was shown in answers relating to analysis and history. It is fairly obvious that the historical development of chemical ideas has not been sufficiently emphasised in the lectures taken by the candidates. The questions in physical chemistry, which were of a straightforward nature, were well answered. The answers to the theoretical organic paper were in some cases excellent, although the question on the constitution of the cyanides and isocyanides elicited surprisingly little infor- mation, and that on the proof of constitution an amazing number of misconceptions.56 The practical organic work was fairly well done. In the practical inorganic work the results were not satisfactory. In the simplest determination, that of the iron, only four candidates adopted the obvious method of direct reduction and titration. The majority made a si9zgle precipi-tation with alkali, and weighed the iron oxide, in some cases without reprecipitation by ammonia to 1-emovc alkali. The figures ranged between 2.15 per cent. and 0.54 per cent. The aluminium determinations were worse, the results ranging from 7.07 per cent. to 0.24 per cent.It would appear that nearly all the candidates were making this separation for the first time. 111the case of Solution 14 (qualitativc) only four candidates rcxognisecl. that the presence of iron and chloride in a solution which was alkaline with ammonia required investigation. In addition to the above, one candidate, specially examined orally in General Chemistry, did not satisfy the Board; and one candidate, examined in General Chemistry and in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, inclurling therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy, did not -;atisfy the Board with respect to his knowledge of thc Sale of I~ooclland Drugs Acts and with thc other Acts and Regulations relating to food, drugs, poisons, dangerous trades, etc., or his ability to fraine reports in accordance therewith.'J'he following papers aid exercises were given in the Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. LWONDBY, JANUARY 5th, 1925: 10 u.?I~.to 1 p.?)~. 1. Describe the experiments and reasoning by means cf which the 2. What reactions are involved in the manufacture of phosphorus ? composition 0, was aspigned to ozone. State the probable impurities in the commercial article. Mention the chief compouncls in the commercial preparation of which phosphorus is required as raw material. 3. Give an account of tho occurreiicc, uses arid principal compounds 4. Give an account of the physical aiicl uheiiiical principles under- of eitlw (u)uranium or (b) titanium.lying either (a) t'he contact process for the preparation of SO,; 01' (6) the Haber process for the preparation of ammonia; or (c) the manufacture of water gas. 6. Give the method of preparation, properties and most characteristic reactions of three of the following :-Aluminium carbide, calcium cyanamide, carborundum, metaphosphoric acid, lead tetrachloride. 2p.w. to 5p.w. 1. What are the principal sources of error in volumetric and gravi- metric analysis ? Illustrate your answer with reference to the various methods available for the determination of copper. 2. Draw up a scheme of analysis for a gas containing nitrogen (over 80 per cent.), oxygen, chlorine, hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide.Distinguish between the two cases (a) The analysis may be made on the spot. (b) It is necessary to take a small sample ancl carry orit the analysis at another place. How would you collect the sample in the latter case ? 3. Give an awoiliit of the influence of Hoyle and Stahl on the development of chemistry. 4. State tbe experimental facts undcrlying thc theory of electrolyticdissociation as enunciated by Arrhenius. Show7 how far these facts are correlated by this theory, and discnss any objectioris that have been put forward against it. 5. Write a short essay on eithe? (a) Prout’s hypothesis and recent work on isotopes. or (b) The life history of a radio-active element. l’UESDAY, JANUARY Gth, 1925: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Describe the methods cmployed eithe, (a)to convert a higher to a lower monosaceharose ancl vice uersu, or (b) to determine the relative amounts of cmol and ketone in an equilibrium mixture of tautomerides. 2. The following formula, CH, OH.CH :CH.CH : NC,€15was suggested for a, compound. How would you establish it? 3. Discuss the constitution of the cyanides and isocyanides. 4. How are the following reazents prepared and what are their chief uses in organic chemistry :-(u) sernicarbazide hydrochloride ; (b) chromyl chloride; (c) diazomethame; (d) p-bromo-phenylhydrazine;(e) ozone? ti. Either (u)Describe how anthraquinone is prepared commercially and how it ancl its derivatives may be synthesised.Mention two classes of anthraquinone dyestuffs. Or (b) Give a, short account of the methods used for the orientation of benzene compounds. 2p.m. to 3.30p.m. The candidates were required to translate into English passages of about 300 words from the Berichte and from Chimie et Industrie. WEDNEASDAY, JANUARY 7th, 1925 : 10 am. to 4.30p.m. Solution A contains a, mixture of potassium alum, ammonium alum and ferric alum. Determine the ammonia, the iron, and the aluminium in 100 grams of the solution. (A direct separation of the aluminium is preferred. ) (This exercise may bs completed to-morrow.) 58 THURSDAY, JANUARY Sth, 1926: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complote yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report on the nature of sample B.(Ferric rhloride and ammonia with sufficient sodium pyrcphosphate to keep the solution clear.) FRIDAY, JANUARY Sth, 1925: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. From the sample of p-toluidine (C) supplied prepare pure crystallised specimens of aceto-p-toluidine, p-cresol, benzal-p-toluidine, and p-toluene- azo-0-naphthol. Record carefully your yields and the appearance and physical properties of your preparations. (This exercise may be completed to-m,orrow.) XATURDAY, JAN rJAR Y‘ loth, 1926 : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Prepare characteristic specimens for microscopic identification of the osazones of glucose, maltose and lact,ose. Show your slides as prepared to the examiner. 59 Books and their Contents.The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Bituminous Substances.” Scientific Progress of Practical Importance during the last fifteen years. P. E. Spiclrnann. Pp. xv. +206. (London: Ernest Renn, Ltd.) 15s. Historical; composition and origin; properties; effect of heat, agcxiiig,and solvents; physical and chemical tests; nomrnclutiirc; stantlnrtl methods of testing; 1)ihliography. “Calcareous Cements’,’’ their Nature, Manufacture and Uses.” G. R. Redgrave and C. Spackman. 3rd edition. Pp. XV. $395. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 25~. “Chemical Age” Year Book, Diary and Directory, 1925. (London: Benn Bros., Ltd.) 10s. 6d. “Glass Technology, A Text-Book.” F.W. Hodkin and A. Cousen. Pp. xxiii. +551. (London: Constable CCI Co., Ltd.) fJ22s. Physical and optical properties of glass ; its durability; raw materials; furnaces ; the manipulation of glass; production of hollow ware. “The Platinum Metals.” I<. A. Smith. Py. sii.+12:j. (T,ondon: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1,td.) -3s. Historical; occurrence ; distribution ; so~rces of supply ; work~’s production; mining; metallurgical treatment ; physical and chernicsl properties; industrial iises : platininn industry. “Synthetic Organic Compounds.” S. 1’. Scliotz. t’p. 412. (London: Ernest Benn, JAcl.) 45s. Synthetic solvonts ; chlorinated hyclrocarbons ; other syrilhetic. solt eilts ; synthetir aromatic compounds ; antiseptics aritl disinfectants ; sweetening agents ; jntcrmetlistcs for the manufactuw of dyos; syn-thetic tannins ; explosives ; artificial silk; chemical warfare; plastic masses ; celluloid and synthetic twins. 60 The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).On 16th January a party of members of the Association visited Messrs. Bryant and May’s works at Vauxhall. On 20th January Dr. T. Slater Price, Director of Research of the British Photographic Association, addressed the members on “The Action of Light on the Photographic Plate,” dealing with modern theories and their development and giving a brief outline of the trend of recent research. Members were subsequently invited to ask questions to which Ur. Slater Price replied, and the meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Prof.Smithells, President, seconded by Mr. Marlow. 0bituary. ~COSSXT KUWAKL) ALLSONdied at Croytluri on 24th Septerh~r, I)cingupwards of 80 years of age. Hc commenced his training in chemistryunder Ah-. F. Field at St. RIary’s Hospital, whom he assisted for several years prior to 1862, when he htcerric Assistant at St. Thornas’s Hospital.In the followiiig year, he went to thc. College of Chemistry ttntl acted for a time as Assistant to Hofmann; jii 1864, he becarnc it Junior Assistant in the Chemical Department of the Royal Arsenal, JVoolwrch, which appointment hc rvsigned, in 1867, to join the chemical staff of Messrs. Simpson, Maule & Nicholson, Aniline Dye Manufacturers.In 1872, he was obliged to relinquish work on account of ill-health; hiit after travelling abroad itntil 1875, he became engagtbtl with Mcssrs. \ViIliams, Thomas R-Domeer., until 1879. Eventually he c.stithlished a 1)rivatc consulting practicc in Kwl Lion Squurc, Lonclori, which he continued until shortly before his tleiith. He was elected a Fellow of th: Institute iii 1880. 1’:RKEST ~NTZ dial rccontly, in Manclicstc~r,in his 63rd your. Xducated at Manchester Grammar School, he studied chemistfry at tho Mechanics’ Institute (now-the College of Technology) ancl at Owens College. In 1882, he was appointed chemist to Messrs. J. A. Wilson & Co., calico printers, of Htmdforth, Cheshire, with whom he remained until 61 18‘37.1)uriiig lXHti lS!W, while btill cwgagecl ;it th(t i)rintuurlis, lic 1w11[ the appointment of Lecturer in 1)ping and Culico Printing and thcb Chenristry of Coal rr’;Lr Dyestiifis at tho Mitti<!ht+ytcr ‘I’t~chrlict~l School. Later he dso t:night, at Owens c‘ollcgcr, atict t~1the Hoyril Technical Institute, Salford. From 1897-1911 he was ongaged as chemist at the Printworks of Edmiind Potter 85 Co. Ltd., and since 1911, as chief chemist to the English Sewing Cotton Co. Ltd. He was elected A Fellow of thc. Institute in 1917, WIT,T,IAMGREAVE$,who died at Leedv in lkccmber, was for many years associatecl with the Powell Jluffryn Strani Coal Co. arid the Otto Cokc Oven Co., specialising as a chemical engineer on I)y-product plairt.At the time of his death, he was manager of the new by-product and coke oven plant of Messrs. Guest, Keen and Ncttlefold, at the Ilowla,is Jron and Steel Works. He pa.ssed the Examinat#ion for the Associateship irr 1890 and wa,s elected to the Fellowship in 1894. CECILNAPIERHAKEdied at Monte Carlo in his 77th year. Eclucaterl at King’s College, London, and under Hofrnann at the Royal College of Chemistry, he worked for A time in the laboratory of Dr. A. DuprP, atlid, in 1866 became chemist to Messrs. Leister and Townsond of Stassfurt, of which Dr. DuprP’s brother was manager. Hc remaiiiecl there for. ten years and then became manager of the Stassfnrt Chcmicnl Contptiny’sWorks, which he left in 1884, when he was iippoiiitecl nianager. of the Douglas Salt Mine ant1 Chemical IYorks iii LVest ereglen, n~arStas~fii~l. one of the largest works of its kintl.A few years later, lit. wfJiirrifvi to England antl I)ractised iit Wertniinster. tint il lh91, whcn li~I)roccwlctl 1 o Australia, to a11 appointment in the L)epartrnent of l’ratlc ant1 Chistouks, at Melbourne. Later he was Chief Inspector of Explosives lo the Commonwealth Government, and, finally, Chemical Xdvisrr 1o the Department of Defence, until his retirement in 1911. He was clectetl a Fellow of the Institute in 1880. LTVWNGGEORGEDOWNING died at Carnbridgi, on 26th I)eceinbcr, at t8he age of 97 years. Educated at St. John’s Collcge, Cambridge, tic read for the Matheinatical Tripos arid was elevcrith Wrangler in 1850.In the following year hc w:t~ first, with distinction iii chemistry ttntl mineralogy, of six candidates who then cnteretl for tht. ncwly establishc.tl Natural Scienct~sTripos. He worked for. a short pvriod uritler Rn~nin~lr-t~1m-g in Berlin, and, in 1853, was t~lct~ttd Pelloiv aiitl Lcctiirer. at St. John’s College. Tn 1860, he WM‘~appoiiitetl professor of chcinistry in the Royal Militmy College at, Sandhurst , .though he c.oritiriiir~I to tcticli at Cambridge, and in the following yc’ar xiitwwltvl to thc Chair 111 Chemistry, previously heltl by the 1it.v. pJitmt,s Cuinniing sinw 1815. Prof. Liveing hcld the Chair initil 1908, aiitl was thiis largcly rt~~pii~i~)l~ for building up t8he gi~>at,school of cheirii at Cainhritlgc.He was appointed President of St. John’s College in 191 1. Hc \\Tiis c.lecte(I ii Fellow of the Royal Society in 1879 and received thc 1)avy Medal in 1901 for his work, covering more than fifty papers, on spectroscopy. inainlyconducted jointly with Prof.-later Sir--James J)PwilI*. aHe WNS ~lr~ctctl Fellow of the Tnstitntfl in 147s. 62 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 19th December, 1924, and on a3rd and 30th January, 1925, 5 new Fellows were elected, 13 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 64 new Associates were elected, and 41 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 4 Fellows, and I Student by death, New Fellows. Hennett, Hugh Garner, M.Rc. (Leeds), Westwootl Lodge, Victoria Park Wavertree, Liverpool.Croghan, Edward Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), P.0. Box 2071, Cape Town, South Africa. Faickney, Andrew Pollock, P.O. Box 441, c/o British Burmah Petroleum Co., Rangoon.Merry, John Bentley, 74, Park Hill Road, Karborne, Birmingham. Wraight, Ernest Alfred, A.R.S.M., Metallurgical Department, Indian Stores Department, JR8mshedpur, via Tatanagar, B.N.R., India. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Baker, Arthur, Davenport Lodge, Pelham Road, Gravesend. Barrs, Charles Edward, 58, South Hill Park, Hampstead, London, N.M'. Kowden, Richard Charles, Ph .D. (Bris.), Ravenswootl, Old Park Avenue, Enfield. Crosse, Frederick George, 8, Ederline Avenue, Norbury, S.W. Gale, Prof. Robert Cecil, A.C.G.I., Chemistry Branch, Ordnance College, Red Barracks, Woolwieh, London, S.E.18.Hand, Percy George Terry, 2nd Floor Flat, 57, Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood London, S.E.19, Krishna, Sri, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Cromw-ell Road, London, S.W.7. Morgan, John Richard, B.Sc. (Wales), 12, London Road, Maldon, Essex. Potter, Alfred, 40, Kimberley Drive, Great Crosby, Liverpool. Taylor, Harry Alan, Imports and Exports Ofice, Hong Kong. W'hitaker, John Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Nottingharn. Wilkinson, John Frederick, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Mane.), Rrantwood, Dialstone Lane, Stockport. Wright, Allister Maclean, P.O. Box 617, Christchiirch, New Zealand. 63 New Associate. Elected ryth October, 1924, and omitted from Part VI. of the Journal. Ridlock, Frederick Ckd, l3.S~.(Lond.), Wingfield, ICvington Lalie, IAcestm. New Associates (by Examination). Huxton. John Dawson, U.A. (Cantab.), Brooklands, Kishopawoorl Avenue, Highgate, London, N.6. Couzens, Leslie John, 1, Dover Road, Wanstead Park, London, E.12-Foster, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43,Conway Road, Treorchy, Rhondda, Glam. Murphy, Edward Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ihlyn, Green Lanes, Chester Road, Birmingham. Trobrjdge, Geoffrey William, B.Sc. (Birm.). Barton, Kineton Koatl, Olton, nr. Birmingham.Walker, IYilliam James, c/o Barnes, Gillespie Plnce, F2lintni t.ch. TVilson, William, J,ilyvde, Bishopton, By (ilusgom. New Assooiates. ittlirins, TCrnest Hiyii, ’L1.Sc. (tiii~n.),33, (‘lcvc~lantlRoad, Chimpsall,Manchester. Anderson, James, l3.S~.((Alas.),“ Clhnmwootl,” (’ittherine Street, Mother-well.Anderson, William Richardson, M.Sc. (Dun.), 3, Derwentwatnr Terrace, South Shields. Anfilogoff, Nicholas Lionel, B.Sc. (Lond.), Laihol House, Thanies Haven, Essex. Baird, William, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 56, Northfield Avenue, Ayr. Beesley, Edward, B.Sc. (Lord.), 13, Shirley Road, London, W.4. 13ennett, Miss Hilda, B.Sc. (Lond .), 123, Addison I~OIIS~,(hvc: Eritl Road, London, N.TV.8. Bennion, Edmund Baron, M.Sc.Tet.h. (j‘ict.). A.M.C.T., 2 1, Hat,tledeaii Road, Highbury, London, N.5. Hhttrgava, Mahesh Prasad, M.Sc. (Allahil hutl), Forest, Rescurch 1ti\t itiite, Dehra Dun, Tnclia. Klttkey, William, B.A. (Cantah.), 13eec+hfield, Murpeth, Korthuniberland. Bmwne, Rowland .Jay, R.Sc. (8011th Africa), R.Sr.(Own), tJniversityCollege, Oxford. (:liiike, Sydney George, H.Sc. (imid.), 38, 1)nrlston Roarl, Kirigqton-oil-Thames . Clarkson, Amos, K.Sc. (Lond.), Rli, Villas l<olttl, Plunisteatl, Lont loti, S.E.18. Clcland, Andrew, 13.S~.(Glas.), Westgate, lkwvel, Ayrshirr. Cluer, Alan Rowland, B.Se. (Lond.), A.R.C.X., 36, Dunmore Rottd, Wimbledon, London, S.TV.20. Crone, William Murray, R.Sc. (Glas.), 14, Wilton Mansions, Glasgow. N.TV. Davies, George Parker, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Sc. (Wales), 16, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea. Dugan, Miss Dorothy Jane Elizabeth, 13.Sc. (Aberd.), 63, Argyll Place, Aberdeen. Dutt, Sikhil)hushaii, M.R., RI.Sc.. ((’al~~tt:~), ERI‘IR court, Lolldoll, s.\v.5. (i0, Xtwwii S~~WWP. F’yotiiw, Henry Keli, €3.8~.(Loiitl.), ( :i-r>atD~aii,Nr.Chrihtchitrdi, Hants. Gallimnre, Eric Jttriws, 13.S~. (J~~iicl.),Harclwivk lhit(l, Shcmvood, Not tinghani. Goodger, Arthur HttwIcl, lZ.Sc.‘L’cc~li. (Maw.), 30, Liti~;irtl Itoad, Northenden, Cheshire. Griffiths, John Preecly, B.Sc*. (Lontl.), A.K.C.S., 15, Hazrlwootl Lane, Palmer’s Green, Loncloii, N. 13. Harrold, Wilfred George, R.Sc. (Lond.), P.O. Box 1S, Kobe, Japan.Hindley, William Norman, R.Sc. (Lond.),20, Norwootl Crescent, Southport Hollis, Douglas Thornas Robei*t8,€3.8~.(Birni.), 101, Easemore Road, Redditch, liores. John, Miss Ann, B.Rc. (Ti‘ales), Xpuclcler‘s Hriclge, ‘I’riiisarati, Iiitlwclly,S. Wales. Lee, Herman, H.Sc. (I,oncl.), 3, Oakmead ICoa(I, J3ctlhan1, Loii(loii, S.W.12. Lewis, Evan Joseph, IS.Sc.(Wales), Morolwg, Aberayron, Cardiganshire. Lohn, Clarence Edward, 79, Clove Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Macdonald, Ian Ewart, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 66, Southwoocl Lane, Highgate, London, N.A. Macleod, George Torquil, B.Sc. (Clas.),21, Huiitly Gardens, Glnsgow, W.2. Jlaguire, Owen, R.Sc. (Glns.), “Ralgair,” Stewartoil Drive, Camhuslang,Glasgow. lllarson, Cecil Brittain, I3.Sc. (Leccls), Fuel and Met:illurgicnl Department The University, Lceds. Mathews, Norman Leslie, B.Sc. (Vict.), 201, Dotlglits Roa(1. ACwk’s (‘:reen,Birminghctm.Northcott, Leslie Faithful C‘yril, H.Sc., M.Sc.Met. (Himi.), “The 1)cn,” Halesoweii. Park, James Ritchie, M.Se. (Lond.), 8, Marlborough Crovc, Fulfortl ICoatl, York.Paterson, Thomas Ramsay, Ph.D. (14din.), 227, llalkeith Road, Edinburgh.Penney, Alfred Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), “The Rosary,” Galleywood, Chelms- ford, Essex. Perkin, Emil Ralph, 18, Koh-i-noor Avenue, Bushty, Hert~s. Priestley, Leonard Powell, B.Sc. (Lonci.), 6, Hill Street, Wibsey, Bradford. Reed, John Brent, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, St. Milclred’s Road, Lee, Lonclnir, S.E.12. Rice, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lord.), 53, Willenhall Road, Bilston, Staft’s. Russell, Miss Aiinie Rohrts, 15.8~.((jlt~s.), ;\f-nriicipal Tcchiiical Rc*hiiol, &iff ok Street, Bi rinin gha I 11. Sharples, Edwiii Holroycl, M.S:c*.‘l‘rv*h.(Ala~ic.),12, Oitk Harik ,4vwiutJ, Mostot 1, Mttnchester. Sloan, George, 13.Sc. (Ulas.), 104, Victoria Drive, Scotstuunliill, Glesgow.Tatner, Gilbert H~ni~y,€Z.Sv. (Lontl.), Iduperinwntd Statioii, Porton, Wilts. Tebbit, Reginald &hwt,A.O.G.F.C., 120, llordship Lari(A, Loiiduii, S.E.22. Tosh, Nornian 1)ouglas l?e~1ton, 1LSc. (( ;1as. ),A. R.T.(‘.,Nonr-oc,tl, Bishop-ton, Re11frewshire. Twist, Richard Francici, 13.S~.(I,ori(l.), 1, C:i*o\c. 1’tii.k’ l)c.nmtwk Hin, London, S.E.5. Walley, William Stanley, M.8c. (_\'lent.), lIysart> House, Nantwich. Weaver, Stanley Douglas, H.Sc. (Lontl.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 27, HAstingsRoad, Maidstone, Kent,. Webber, Harold Frank Philip, B.Sc. (Lond.), Willow Walk, Chertsey,Surrey.Westmood, Willimn, R.Sc. (( ;Ifis.), Ashlea, (:lydevieiv, ]’art ick, Glasgow. 65 Wilkes, Sydney Herbert,, M.C., M.A., R.8c. (Oxon), 12. Rraemar Avuriuc, Wood Green, London, N.22.Woosley, Duncan Pax, B.Sc. (Lond.), ‘36, Itoxburgh Roatl, Harrow, MiddIesex. Wylie, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 23, Rinnic Street', GOW(JC~,Scotland. New Students. Baker, Ernest James, B.8c. (Lord.), 83, Edenbriclge ICoatl, Bush Hill Park, Enfield. Barlow, Miss Mary Lysbeth, Ellerton, Portsmouth Road, Thames Ditton, Surrey.Bishop, Laurence Walter Edwin, 50, Englands Lane. Harnpstead, London, N.W.3. Rloomfield, William John, 17, King Henry’s Walk, London, N.l. Bowles, Reginald Frederick, 8, Lamboarn Road, Clapham, London, S.kV.4. Buchanan, James Fairfull, 12, St. Michael‘s Koad, Aigburt, Livcv-pool. Burton, John Headlarid, 26, Bell Street, Sawbridgeworth, Herts. Cohen, Jacob David, 49, Gowers Walk, Commercial Itoatl, London, E.1 .Compton, Miss Margaret Kathleen, 22, Inglis Road, Colchester. Cooper, Bernard Frank, c/o Attock Oil Co., Ltd., Rawal Pindi, Jntlia. Corner, Miss Mary, 24, The Pavement, Clapham. London, S.TV.4. Cove, Miss Kathleen Victoria, 116, Qiieeri’s Road, Wimbledon, Loiidoii, S.W. Croxford, John William, 73, Brighton Road, East Ham, London, K.6. Currie, Henry Thomas, 39, Victoria Road, Larne, Co. Antrim. Edwards, John Henry, 27a, Hsgley Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Fidler, Sidney Lmpoltl, 41, Winsham Grove, London, S.W.11. Gough, Bertram Arthur, Lansdowne Villa, Quemcrford, Cahie, Wilts. Harris, Thomas Lane, 14, Hawthorne Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham. Hey, Donald Holroyde, B.Xc. (Lond.), 14, Grosvenor Road, Sketty, Stvansea, Glam.Holden, Crosbie Hugh Messenger, 25, Cadhury Road, Moseley,Birmingham.Israel, Robert Gordon, c/o Chemisches lnstitut der Uni versitat , Hessische Strasse 1, Berlin, N.4, Germany. Kelly, Arthur Reginald, 8, Stainforth Jioarl, I2’c~wbur.yPark, Ilfortl, &sex. Leet, Ronald C:rogan, 35, Yurk Grox P, Pccltharn, Lonclon, R.11;. 15. Lyle, William Claude, 308, Durnharton Koaci, Glasgow. Macrae, John Campbell, 39, Thornwood Drive, Partick U’est. Ulaegow.McConnell, Francis John, 13.31. Building Research Station, Long Drive, E. Acton, London, TV.3. McIntyre, George Telford, GO, Ratcliffe Terrace, 14dinburgh.Offord, Frederick William, 66, Watfnrcl lLo:ttl, Canning Town, I1on(lon, €3.16 Ogilvie, William Mackay, 19, Hillview Twrace, Klackhall, &Tirllothian.Page, Ronald, The Cottage, Loughborough ICoatl, Ituddingt~on,Kottf.;. Parris, Reginald WjIliam, 28, Cedar Road, 14;. Croydon, Sur rcy.Riddell, Androw, 57, Albert Road, Gourock, Scotland. Riddell, George LOW, 37, Winclerrnere Itoatl, JCiiswcll Hill, Imidon, K. 10. Rule, John Frederick James, 28, Alexandra Road, East Ham, London, E.6. Smith, Paul Ignatius, 76, Radcliffe Road, Wcst Briclgford, Xottingharn. Wells, Percival Arthur, 85, Baxter Avenue, Sout)hend-on-Sea. Westwood, John Borthwick, 10, Meadowbank Avenue, Edinburgh. Williams, Hugh Amphlett, 21, Blomfield Road, Maida Hill, London, W.9, Wilson, Herbert Newton, 5, Stanhope Road, Darlington. Wood, David Rainforth, Stanhurst, Burntisland, Fife. Wylde, John Henry, 203, Roleyn Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. DEATHS.Fellows. Robert Edward Alison. Ernest Bentz. William Greaves. George Downing Liveing, M.A., Xc.D., F.K.S. Student. William Wartl. CHANGES OF NAME. Associates. Miss Doris Y. Barfoot-, H.Sc.-on her marriage, Lo MiddlefoJl. Miss May Sybil Leslie, I).Sc.-on her marriage, to Burr. Student. Arthur Joseph Victor Urnanski-by Ileed I’oll --to Underwood. General Notices. Examinations.---The arrangements for futurc: exaiiiinatioris are as follows:- Last date for Entries. Period of Kxaminatiou. Monday, 16th Feb., 1925. 20th to 25th April, 1925. Monday, zoth July, 1925. or 27th April to 2nd May, 1925. 14th to 19th Sept., 1925. OY nst to 26th Sept., 1925.Notice to Associates.--Associa tes elected prior to February, 1922, who have been continuously engaged. in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since the election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Cliemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Studcnis of tht: Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege he endorsed by their Professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. Gd. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary.68 The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 a.m. and I p.m.1, except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to c> p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.1-11.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the Rules of the Society regarding the use of books. Berich te deP Deutschen Chemischen G eseI I schaft.--The Library Committee will be greatly indebted to any Fellow who will assist in making up the set of the Bericlzte for 1924. This Journal has hitherto been given to the Institute by the late Dr.Frank Clowes. Changes of Address.--In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments, 5th Edition.-Registered Students may obtain copies of Official Chemical Appointments at a reduced price of zs., on application to the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which thy are desirous of binding the JOURNAL.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-r9, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIKGSon the following terms: Buckram case, lettered complete, TS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. History of the Institute, 1887-191 4.-Anymember who is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Igistitute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section or from the Institute direct. Lantern Slides for Lectu res.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose.The collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists. A series of slides relating to the subject of vitamins has been kindly presented by Nessrs. Parke Davis & Co., through Mr. G. R. Boyes. Annual General Meeting.--Tlie ilnnual General Meeting will be held on Monday, 2nd March, at 4.30 pni. Votes for the election of the Officers, Council and Censors must be received at the office of the Institute not later than 4.30 p.m, on Saturday, 28th February. The votes of members whose subscriptions remain unpaid on that date will be disallowed, in accordance with the By-Laws. LOCAL SECTIONS Fellows and Associates who have not alrcady joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon.Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Birmingham and Midlands: C. J. House, B.Sc., A.K.C.S., A.I.C., 38, Edmund Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Bristol and South Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 170, Newbridge Counties : Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland : Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West of Scot-Dr. W. M. Cumming, F.I.C., Royalland : Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : T. A. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, Lyndale Avenue, Birkby, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : William Honneyman, B.Sc., F.I.C., York Stroet Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast.,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgreve Road, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. €3 B. Forster F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The [Jniversity, Leeds. Liverpool and North John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Rond, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., The Institute Counties : of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. ALanchestcr ttrd I)istric.t : I)r. iZlbert Coult8harcl, W.T.C., 58, Burton Lto:~d,\Vest Didsbury, Manchoster. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C.J.€I. Stock, B.Sc., F.I.C.,County Analyst’s North-East Coast : OKice, Darlington, Co. Durham. South Wales : Cwil W. Wood, A.I.C., C/O The National Oil Refineries, Skemen, Qlarn Malaya : It. 0. Bishop, M.B.E., A.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated I\lalay States.Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon. Secretary: R).T. CLAPDON, 116, Quoen’H Road, I’insbury, N.4, INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY BENEVOLENT FUND. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Felloivs, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 19 14-19 18. Contributions iiiay be forwarded to The Noit. Treasures, BENEVOLE NT U N 11, 1NSTITU TI.] 0F c€IEhl I STRY, 30, rwSSELL SQUARE, LONUON,W.C.I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9254900001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1925

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, April, 1925. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairmatz), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). THOMAS MACARA, L. G. PAUL, B. D PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL For the Year ending March lst, 1926.PRESIDENT: GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS: EDWARD CHARLES CYRIL BALY, c.B.E., nmc., F.R.S. EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. THOMAS SLATER, PRICE, O.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., B.Sc., F.R.S. EDWARD WILLIAM VOELCKER, A.R.S.M. HON. TREASURER: PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: LEONARD ARCHBUTT : (BURNHAM,SOMERSET).FRANCIS WILLIAM FREDERICK ARNAUD : (MAIDSTONE).HUGH CHARLES LOUDON BLOXAM : (NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE).ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN: (LONDON). FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. :(OXFORD).HAROLD GOVETT COLMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (LONDON).WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, l3.S~. : (GLASGOW)."LEONARD DOBBIN, Ph.D.: (EDINBURGHAND E. OF SCOTLAND).ALFRED VINCENT ELSDEN, B.Sc. : (WOOLWICH).*HERBERT JOHN EVANS, B.Sc. : (LIVERPOOLAND NORTH WESTERN). *WILLIAM ROBERT FEARON, M.A., Sc.D.: (IRISHFREESTATE).*WILLIAM HOWIESON GIBSON, O.B.E., D.Sc. :(NORTHERNIRELAND).RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, D.Sc. : (WOOLWICH).THOMAS GRAY, D.Sc., Ph.D., LL.D.: (GLASGOW). ARTHUR JAMES HALE, B.Sc. : (LONDON).*CYRIL ALEXANDER FREDERICK HASTILOW, M.Sc. : (BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS).*ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS: (LONDONAND S.E. COUNTIES). ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., Ph.D. : (LIVERPOOL).WILLIAM HENRY LEWIS, M.A.: (EXETER).THOMAS MACARA: (LONDON). HAMILTON McCOMBIE, D.S.O., M.A., Ph.D.: (CAMBRIDGE).*SAMUEL ERNEST MELLING : (MANCHESTER AND DISTRICT).ROBERT SELBY MORRELL, M.A., Ph.D.: (WOLVERHAMPTON).*LEWIS GORDON PAUL, Ph.D. : (NORTH-EASTCOASTAND YORKSHIRE).ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, DSc., Ph.D., F.R.S. : (LONDON).BENJAMIN DAWSON PORRITT, M.Sc. : (LONDON).FRANK LEE PYMAN, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. : (MANCHESTER).WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E. : (ARDROSSAN).WILLIAM DAVID ROGERS, B.Rc., A.R.C.S. : (MAKCHESTER).FRED SCHOLEFIELD, M.Sc. : (MANCHESTER)."CLARENCE ARTHUR SEYLER, B.Sc. :(WALESAND MONMOUTHSH~).HARRY SILVESTER : (BIRMINGHAM).ARTHUR SLATOR, D.Sc., Ph.D. : (BURTON-ON-TRENT)."FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc. : (BRISTOL AND S.W. COUNTIES).JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.R.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: (LONDON).JAMES FOWLER TOCHER, D.Sc. : (ABERDEEN).*JOHN HENRY YOUNG, M.Sc.: (GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND). *District Member.74 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1926: APRIL 24~~. 1926: NOVEMBER 2bH. MAY 22ND. DECEMBER 18m. JUNE 19~~. 1926: JANUARY 2hD. JULY 24~~. JANUARY 29~~. OCTOBER 16~~. FEBRUARY 26~~. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: MONDAY, IST MARCH, 1926. CENSORS: 1925-1026: THE PRESIDENT. ex-oflcio. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPIVIAN, F.R.S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., D.S.C., F.R.S. Committees for 1925-26. CHAIRMAN+ FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WTTH E. R. ROLTON, A. J. CHAPMAN, HAROLD G. COLMAN, R. H. GREAVES, E. M. HAWKINS, PATRICK H,KIRKALDY," THOMAS MACARA, R. H. PICKARD, R.,D. PORRITT, J. F. THORPE, AND E. W. VOELCKER, GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT" AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE.LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, E. R. BOLTON, THOMAB GRAY, E. &I. HAWKINS, PATRICK H. KTRKALDY, H. McCOMRIE, R. S. MORRELL, F. L PYMAN, WILLIAM RINTOUL, HARRY SILVESTER, ARTHUR SMITHELLS," J. P. TOCHER, m~ E. W. VOELCKER. NOMlNATIONS, EXAM INATIONS, AND INSTlTUTlONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT" AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (Vice-chairman : PATRICK H. KIRKALDY.) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. C. L. BLOXATM, A. J. CHAPMAJS, F D CHATTAWAY, W. 11. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. V. ELSDEN, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. P. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILRRON, PATRICK H. KIR-KALDY, THOMAS MACARA, L. G. PAUL, B. D. PORRIT",T. SLATER PRICE,* W.D. ROGERS, AND FRANK SOUTHER- DEN. 75 SPECIAL COMMITTEES, 1925-26. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THBPRESIDENT, THE HON. TREASURER, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, with H. BALLANTYNE, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER), LEONARD DOBBIK W. M. CUMMING (GLASGOW),(EDINBURGH),A. VINCENT ELSDEN, W. H. GIBSON (BELFAST), C. A. F. HASTILOW (BIRMINGHAM), H. L. HEATHCOTE, A. G. G. LEONARD (DUBLIN), R. D. LITTLEFIELD (BRISTOL), W. D, MACKEY (LEEDS), S. E. MELLING (MANCHESTER), L. G. PAUL (HUDDERSFIELD),G. H. PERRY, C. PROCTOR, FRED SCHOLE- FIELD (MANCHESTER), H. SILVESTER, C. J. H. STOCK (NEW- CIASTLE), G. TATE (LIVERPOOL), G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTHWALES),AND 0. TRIGGER (LONDON). In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns are inserted.PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, H. C. L. BLOXAM. E. R. BOLTON, A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, C. H. CRIRB, J. T. DU", BERNARD DYER, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, E. M. HAWKINS, EDWARD HINKS, G. N. HUNTLY, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, G. H. PERRY, J. C. PHILIP, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERTS, C. A. SEYLER, H. SILVESTER, A. SMITHELLS. C. J. H. STOCK, G. RUDD THOMPSON, J. F. TOCHER, E. W-VOELCKER, AND J. A. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THE PRESIDENT, WITH PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAK, R. H. PICKARD, T. SLATER PRICE, ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Vice-chairman). BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1925-26.Chairman: THE PRESIDENT. Three Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examiners foor the Associateship : GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. ; GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. Examiners jor the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORQANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.); WILLIAM HENRY MERRETT, A.R.S.M. Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: JAMES CHARLES PHILIP, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc. (Aberd.), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANCIS E. FRANCIS, D.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Erlangen). Branch D.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc., (Lond.). 76 Branch E.-THE CHEMISTRY(including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and Water: WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc.(Vict.). Branch F.-BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, FERMENTATION,BACTERIOLOGY, AND ENZYMEACTION: HENRY STANLEY RAPER, C.B.E., D.Sc. (Leeds), M.B., Ch.B. PHBRMACOLOGY,{t.p.m.) THERAPEUTICS, AND MICROSCOPY: FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS, D.Sc.(Lond.), M.B. (Lond.), F.R.S. Branch G.-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. As required. Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY. The Board. HON. AUDITORS 1925-26. CHARLES THOMAS ABELL, M.Sc., AND ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, B.Sc. AUDITOR : 1925-26. DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : MESSRS. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS: THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A.(Cantab.), F.I.C. Forty-Seventh Annual General Meeting MONDAY, 2nd MARCH, 1925. THEForty-Seventh Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, N7.C.1., on Monday, and March, 1925,Prof. G. G. Henderson (President) in the chair. PRESENTATIONOF MELDOLAMEDAL. The President said that he had hoped to see Mrs. Meldola at the presentation of the medal, but unfortunately, the Registrar had received a note to say that she was not well. She had expressed her disappointment at not being able to be present, and offered her congratulations to Dr. Harris. On presenting the medal to Dr. Leslie Julius Harris the Pre- sident said: “Dr.Harris, it is my very pleasant duty to present the Meldola Medal, which has been awarded to you by the Council of the Institute, with the concurrence of the Society of Macca-baeans. I may remind you that this Medal was instituted as a memorial of a very distinguished chemist, the late Prof. Meldola, who was president of the Society of Maccabaeans as well as of the Institute, and is awarded in recognition of research work of outstanding merit carried out by a young chemist whose age does not exceed 30 years. This is hardly an occasion on which to enter into a detailed account of your investigations, and 1 shall content myself with saying that the Council has been impressed by the very considerable amount of excellent work which you have already carried out in a very difficult branch of our subject, the branch of bio-chemistry.Your physico-chemical investigations of the proteins and their constituents have contributed important additions to our knowledge of these compounds, and the new and ingenious application of analytical methods which you have devised appears to be available in the case of substances hitherto considered impossible of examination by such means, and will in all probability prove of great assist- ance in elucidating the structure of such complex substances 78 as the proteins. May I suggest to you that the Medal is awarded not only in recognition of the work which you have already done, but even more as an incentive to further effort.(Hear, hear.) In offering you my personal congratulations I also cxpress the hope that you will continue to follow with even greater zeal and success the career in which you have made such a brilliant start. I have very great pleasure in presenting you with this Medal.” (Applause.) Dr. Leslie Julius Harris, in reply, said: “Mr. President, sir, may I say how grateful I am for the generous phrases which you have associated with the presentation of this Medal? There can scarcely be an investigator in scientific research to whom encouragement, or the interest of other workers, can fail to act as a stimulus. I am certain that this occasion will encourage me to persevere, and will endow me with a measure of that patience which is so essential a feature of the research worker’s equipment.If I may be allowed to express my thanks, it would be thanks to those whose inspired teaching has imbued me with some of their own enthusiasm for research. (Hear, hear.) Only those who like myself have had the good fortune to work in the laboratory at Cambridge, which is led by that great bio-chemist, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, can realise how much his pupils owe to the inspiration of having come under his influence. Finally, I should like, as a bio-chemist, to express my gratification that a physiological investigation has been honoured by the Medal awarded to me. I think this puts me under an obligation, and I hope accordingly to have the opportunity in the future of applying my mass-law titration methods, which were originally elaborated for bio-chemical problems, to estimations in pure chemistry which are beyond the scope of the ordinary arbitrary methods of acidimetry.I am very grateful, sir, and thank you very much for this obligation to persevere, and also for the encouragement which the Medal carries with it .” (Applause.) ORDINARYANNUALBUSINESS. The Secretary read the Minutes of the 46th Annual General Meeting, held on the 3rd March, 1924, which were confirmed. ANNUALACCOUNTS. Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy (Honorary Treasurer) moved the adoption of the annual accounts. Mr. Kirkaldy said that when the members did him the honour, twelve months ago, to elect him to the post of Treasurer of tho 79 Institute, he thought that he must have managed to conceal from every- body, except himself, his unfitness for the position.He was very sorry then that the former Treasurer, Mr. Voelcker, had been obliged to resign the office, and was even more sorry that he was not addressing them in his place. Thev would probably remember the story of Lord RandolphChurchill, when he first went to the Treasury, calling on his Departmentto furnish him with a return. That return was drawn up in the usual form; when it reached him he saw the figures, tobacco 4.76, wines and spirits 7.92, beer 10.47, and so on, and said to the person who furnished the report, “These figures are very interesting, but what are those damned little dots for?” (Laughter.) His difficulty had not been quite of that sort, but there had been some difficulties to overcome during the past twelve months.He thanked the members sincerely for the honour which they had done him. The duties were heavy, but they had been lightened very greatly by the loyal and sometimes instructive help which he had received from the Committee. He knew a good deal more about fhanco than he did twelve months ago, and took the opportunity of renderingto the Committee his grateful thanks. He would like to thank Mr. Pilcher, and also Mr. Aiken, the accounts clerk, who had also been helpful to him during the year. The members had no doubt examined the accounts, and they would be glad to note that the financial position of the Institute was sound, and continued to improve.The main points of interest were dealt with in the Report, but should any member wish for further information on any point, he would do his best to supply it. The investment of life’ composition and entrance fees had been kept up to date. The Council recorded with gratitude the receipt of a legacy of %lo00 under the will of the late Mr. Edward Riley. This legacy was intended to replace part of the general fund used in the building account ten years ago, and had been so applied. A further legacy would be received, under the will of the late Sir Alexander Pedler; the sum would probably be about $4,800. Bcfore the foundation of the Institute, Sir Alexander had been assistant to Sir Edward Frankland, the first President of the Institute.He had always taken a keen interest in the work of the Institute, and at the time of his death, which occurred suddenly in 1918, had accepted nomination for the office of Treasurer. The Institute would hold his name in grateful memory. At the previous General Meeting a staff insurance scheme had been sanctioned; it had been put into operation immediately after the meeting, and was working satisfactorily. At the same meeting, the members had voted a pension of %la week to Mrs. Smith, the widow of the late house- keeper, but he was sorry to say that Mrs. Smith had only survived her husband a few months. In the report there was also a reference to tho work of the Bencvolent Fund Committee. The Committee had always felt that when the need arose, funds would be forthcoming, and he was glad to say that these expectations had been realised.In the first two months of this ycar, the fund had received a sum in round figures of E420, practically equal to the whole amount received in 1924. He hoped, howcvcr, that this tribute to the generosity of the members would not check the flow of subscriptions and donations. The Committee still had to deal with cases of urgent necessity, and thanks to the support received, had been able to render help to fellow members in times of difficulty. He thanked the members of the Committee for their work, and especially those members of Local Sections who had helped so much by taking a personal intercst in local cases, thus enabling the Committee to deal with them on satisfactory lines.He would mention one further matter in connection with the Benevolent Fund, namely, that of loans. Loans had been granted in special cases; 80 for example, members requiring help in order to take up appointments. Some of the loans were already being repaid, which was an indication that they had been of real help to those who had been assisted. It was proposed to institute an annuity scheme for members who were incapacitated from practice. When this scheme was finally approved and set up, he felt con- fident that it would attract strong support, and would fill a real want. In moving “That the Financial Statement and the Rjeport of the Auditors for the year 1924 be received and adopted, and that a vote of thanks b9 accorded to the Auditors for their services,” he wished to be allowed to assure the Auditors how much their services had been appreciated.(Hear, hear.) Dr. McGowan, in seconding the resolution, said that he had little to add to what the Hon. Treasurer had said. The members were glad that tho financial position of the Institute was so satisfactory; in fact so very good that there was no question about the soundness of establishing the staff insurance scheme. He had always been particularly interested in the Benevolent Fund. There was a good number of subscribers today, but they did not, constitute a very large proportion of the members of the Institute. He felt that the reason why a great many did not send in a small yearly subscription was that they forgot about it, and he suggested that they should put a knot in their handkerchiefs to enable them to remember to send in a small yearly subscription, because if every member did so, the Benevolent Fund would flourish.The President asked whether any member had any questions to address to the Honorary Treasurer. Miss Chatt having asked what was the special honorarium of LIOO in the accounts, the Hon. Treasurer replied that the Council had given the Assistant Secretary the honorarium to pay his fees when he was called to the Bar. The motion was then put to the meeting, and carried unani- mously. AXNUALREPORT. The President delivered his address (p. 91) and moved the adoption of the Report of the Council.Dr. J. T. Dunn, in seconding the motion for the adoption of the Report, said that he would like to be allowed to refer for one momcnt to Otto Hehner. As a fellow consultant, he had come into contact and worked with him, and he would like to say how much his loss would be deplored. It was not only that he was at all times willing to place his knowledge, wide as it was, at the disposal of his fellow consultants, but there was the kindliness and geniality of his disposition. One gave him not only admira- tion and esteem, but affection, he might almost say love. His death was a very great shock, and left one with an uncommon sense of personal loss. As the President had said, the Report did not show any very startling features, but if they read the second section they would see how, in many quarters, the advice of the Council of the Institute was sought, and how widely the influence of the Institute extended.That section alone indicated the good healthy work that was being continually done. He had much pleasure in seconding the motion. The President, having invited questions and remarks on the Report, the motion was put to the meeting, and carried. 81 VOTE OF THANKSTO THE PRESIDENT. Mr. A. Chaston Chapman said that before the Registrar read the report of the Scrutineers, he would like to propose a very hearty vote of thanks to the President for his address. Mr. Chaston Chapman said that, whatever qualifications he might possess for the task, he at least knew what it was to have to preparean address at a time of the year when most of them were exceedingly busy.He knew that, added as it was to the many Presidential duties, it imposed a strain and made a demand on the time and energy of the President. He did not propose to paint the lily. The President had given a very clear and very interesting account of the activities of the Institute during the past year; he had told them how milch had been done of good, quiet, solid work, and they had listened to his address with extreme interest. He had touched upon several points on which he would have liked, had time permitted, to say a few words. There was for example, the question of the part played-or rather, the part that was not played, as it should be --by scientific men, in the affairs of the State.The President had also referred to another matter, namely, the Government registration of chemists and the making of chemistry a closed profession. He could only say, with regard to the part played by chemists in the affairs of State, that he thought much misunderstanding arose from the very use of the word science, He referred to the extraordinary lack of information among a very large number of our coming men in the country. They thought that science was something quite apart and remote from all the affairs of life, that the man who practised science was a peculiar person who ought to be put aside and kept under supervision, and not allowed to take any active part in things which did not concern him.(Laughter.) The Institute wanted to get people to realise that science was co-ordinated knowledge. It seemed extraordinary that a person who possessed the co -ordinabed knowledge of some part of the material world in which we all lived, and with which we were all intimately concerned, should be less qualified to form a just and true appreciation and judgment of ordinary matters of life than a man who did not possess that knowledge. The President's city, Glasgow, WAS to be congratulated on the part that its local Section played in public life. They could look to the President during his remain- ing period of ofice to do all he could. as suggested in his address, to bring home to the public what science really meant, and how useful scientific men could be in the affairs of State if they were only allowed to take a part.He asked the meeting to do what he knew it would do with thegreatest possible pleasure, and that was to pass a very hearty vote of thanks to the President for his very interesting address, and t'o request that he would allow it to be printed in the Journal. (Applause.) Mr. G. Rudd Thompson claimed the honour of seconding the proposi- tion. He was sure that they could have but one opinion: that it was scholarly and scientific. (Hear, hear.) He could speak with some little feeling of sympathy with the President, as to the responsibility and anxiety attending the preparation and delivery of a Presidential Address ; but the ground he had covered was adequate, and they were deoply grate- ful to him for what he had placed before them.If the President would be so good as to allow it to be printed, he for one, would anxiously await its publication, because he thought that the address expressed in the most eloquent manner the claims for the recognition of the chemist who was, he feared, in many cases, looked upon as a necessary evil. The motion was carried with acclamation. 82 The President, in reply, said that he was indebted to the members for their tolerance in listening to him, but he felt bound to inflict upon them some views which might possibly give rise to a considerable difference of opinion. It was one of the advantages that attach to the Presidential post that he had one opportunity at least of putting his own views before his fellow members.(Laughter.) He thanked the meeting very warmly for the vote. REPORTOF SCRUTINEERS. The Registrar read the Report of the Scrutineers, and the President declared the officers elected, as follows :-President: G. G. Henderson (793). Vice-presidents: E. C. C. Baly (782), Arthur Smithells (777), A. Chaston Chapman (775), T. Slater Price (773), Edward William Voelcker (773), E. R. Bolton (769). Hon. Treasurer : Patrick H. Kirkaldy (795). The number of valid votes cast for the General Mombers of Council was 795, The General Members of Council wero dcclsred clectetl as follows:-I. M. Heilbron (577), J. F. Thorpe (554), William Rintoul (538),W. H. Roberts (523), H. McCombie (511), Thomas Gray (506), W.D. Rogers (501), R. H. Pickard (501), F. 13. Chattaway (494), H. Silvester (488),R. S. Morrell (488), L. Archbutt (487), \V. M. Cumming (479), R. D. Porritt (462),R. H. Greaves (458),H. G. Colman (452), F. L. Pyman (451), A. Slator (438),T. Rllacara (431), J. F. Tocher (428), A. J. Hale (428),A. V. Elsden (426), W. H. Lewis (425), A. J. Chapman (418), H. C. L. Bloxam (404), F. Scholefield (401), F. W. F. Arnaud (372). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 713. The Censors were declared elected as follows: A. Chaston Chapman (590), Sir Herbert Jackson (525), Sir Robert Robertson (609), G. T. Morgan (430). The President then moved that a vote of thanks be accorded to the scrutineers, Dr. Henry Phillips and Mr.I<. A. Williams, for their services. He remarked that the scrutiny of the voting papers was no mere form. There was a large number of votes, and that testified to the interest the members took in the affairs of the Institute; but he would like to see the numbers twice or three times as great, though it would add to the labours of the scrutineers. They had worked persistently and well for some days past, and the members owed them a great debt of gratitude. Mr. S. 0. Rawling having seconded the motion, the vote was carried unanimously. ELECTION AUDITORS.OF The Secretary reported that Mr. Simmons, having served for three years, was unable to serve again as Auditor, but that Mr. Chas. T. Abell was willing to be re-appointed.The President asked the meeting to suggest the name of some other member who would be willing to accept office as an Hon. Auditor. Miss Chatt proposed Mr. A. G. Francis, if he were willing to serve. Mr. F. H. Cam seconded, and Messrs. C. T. Abell and A. G. Francis were thereupon unanimously elected Honorary Auditors. Mr. W. H. Peters moved, Mr. A. J. Chapman seconded, and it was resolved, that Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, be re-appointed Auditor at the remuneration of 30 guineas. SPECIAL BUSINESS: ALTERATIONOF ENTRANCEFEE. The Hon. Treasurer moved: “That the entrance fee for those associates who, having been registered as students of the Institute for not less than two years, are elected to the associateship within one year of completing the prescribed course of training, be reduced to one guinea.’’ The Hon.Treasurer said that the Council desired to do some-thing to make things easier for younger members coming into the Institute, and the Finance Committee was asked to consider ways and means. The first proposal was an obvious one: that the annual subscription of Asso-ciates should be reduced; but a reduction of the subscription of an Associate by 5s. would mean a loss of income to the Institute of over f900 per annum. That suggestion could not be considered at present; later on, it might bo possible. The next proposal was that something should be done with regard to the entrance fee; and after discussion by the Finance Committee and the Council, he was asked to propose the resolution which he had read.A candidate for the Associateship was required, at present, to pay an entrance fee of two guineas, but, if the proposition was carried, students who had been registercd for two years and were elected to the Associateship within one year of completing the prescribed course, would be required to pay only one guinea. Those students would have paid two years’ students’ subscriptions of ten shillings, so that, in fact, they would have paid almost the same amount as the Associates who had not fulfilled the same conditions, hut it would be spread over three years instend of being made in one sum, and the students received the Journal, and had other privileges. Dr. R. H. Pickard seconded the proposition, which was carried unanimously.The President proposed that a very hearty vote of thanks be accorded the retiring Vice-president and the retiring Members of Council for their services, remarking that the Institute made heavy claims on the Members of Council both with regard to 84 time and actual work. He said that the Council would miss very greatly the retiring members, and mentioned especially the retiring Vice-president, Mr. More. He was glad to think that the Institute could look forward to a constant supply of Members of Council who were ready to fill up the vacancies as they occurred. The motion was carried with acclamation. Having concluded the ordinary and special business of the meeting, the President said that he had then to introduce some extra special business.PRESENTATIOKTO MR. PILCKER. It was intimated at the foot of the agenda that he was to be associated with his old friend Prof. Thomson in offering to Mr. Pilcher, on his having held office for 30 years as Secretary, and 25 years as Registrar and Secretary, a presentation on behalf of the Fellows and Associates. Some of the principal gifts com- posing the presentation were displayed in the Library, and he invited the members to inspect them at the close of the meeting. Addressing the Registrar, the President said: “I count it equally a privilege and a pleasure to act as the representative of a very large number of our members in asking you to accept a memento of this double anniversary.In making this presenta- tion we desire to pay tribute not only to your admirable efficiency as an official with an illustrious record of service, but also to the unflagging zeal with which, by means of writings and addresses, you have striven to promote the welfare and the influence of the Institute, and incidentally of our profession. (Applause.) Above all, however, we desire to give expression to our esteem and regard for an upright man, whose warm heart and eager helpfulness have endeared him to so many. (Applause.) We feel, moreover, that the quiet and retiring part which Mrs. Pilcher has played in contributing to your success, cannot possibly be overlooked. (Hear, hear.) We know that you would be the first to proclaim that without her unfailing sympathy and en- couragement you could not possibly have accomplished all that you have done, and we are fully aware that your gratification would be greatly diminished if Mrs.Pilcher were not associated with yourself as a recipient of our gift. I: had hoped that Mrs. Pilcher would have overcome that retiring disposition to which I have referred to a sufficient extent to be present here, because 1would wish to ask her as well as yourself, Mr. Pilcher, to accept 85 in the first instance this album, which contains the signatures of the contributors to the presentation. You will perhaps bear with me for a moment if I read the inscription on the title page: ‘‘This Album contains the names of Subscribers, Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, to a presentation made to Richard Bertram Pilcher on the occasion of his having completed one-third of a century in the service of the Institute, including 30 years as Secretary and 25 years in the dual position of Registrar and Secretary.“The signatories express the hope that Mr. Pilcher will continue for many years in the excellent work he has for so long performed in the interests of the Institute and of the profession of Chemistry.” I ask you also to accept on behalf of Mrs. Pilcher and yourself the more tangible evidences of our regard, to which I have referred. I may inform the members-it is no secret-that of course the Committee consulted the wishes of Mrs. and Mr.Pilcher in selecting those gifts. At the same time, Mr. Pilcher, I ask you to accept the assurance of our heartfelt wish that you may long continue to enjoy health and happiness together.” (Applause.) Prof. Thomson said: “It is with great pleasure that I find myself committed to second our President’s offers of congratu- lation to Mr. Pilcher on the completion of his 30 years’ service as Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry. This privilege I attribute to my long acquaintance with Mr. Pilcher, dating back to 1892, when he first came to us as clerk to Mr. Robertson, then our Secretary and Registrar. From that date I saw Mr. Pilcher almost constantly, and afterwards I had the pleasure of working with him, in the interests of the Institute, for practically eleven years.(Applause.) In those early days of initiation and struggle, those attempting the development of the Institute did not ex- perience a bed of roses, but it is a great satisfaction to us older members to see, after those early struggles, the enormous expansion of its work, and the good feeling everywhere with which that work is conducted. (Hear, hear.) It is quite un- necessary for me to emphasise the part that our Registrar has taken in developing that work. (Hear, hear.) You have only to look at the Report of the Institute for 1891 and compare it with that for 1924 to see how much he has done, outside the 86 mere official routine of his office, to assist the Council in the development of the interests of our Institute.(Applause.) In expressing our congratulations to Mr. Pilcher, to-day, I feel-and from what you have said, Mr. President, I know you agree with me, and the other members I hope, will also agree-that these congratulations would be incomplete did not we unite with them the name of Mrs. Pilcher-(applause)-who I know has always watched with interest the progress of our undertaking, and, with quiet unobtrusive help, has furthered her husband’s hopes and wishes. (Hear, hear.) There was a time, now happily long gone past, when I feared that the Institute might lose the services of Mr. Pilcher, but happily the Council was able to make arrangements, so that he might get that rest and change of climate which ultimately enabled him to return to us.(Applause.) During that period, I know that the careful attention of Mrs. Pilcher did much to hasten his recovery, and his return to the Institute. (Hear, hear.) After offering Mr. Pilcher to-day our thanks and congratulations on his completing 33 years’ service in the Institute, I cannot see that there is any other course left to the Council and Members to take than that they should in their own interests sentence him to another period of 25 years’ hard labour, wishing him all the health and strength to carry out that sentence.” (Laughter and applause.) The President said that an enormous number of letters had been received from Fellows and Associates who were anxious to participate in the presentation, but were unable to attend.It would be impossible to read extracts from all of them, but one or two were of particular interest, and he asked Mr. Marlow to read a sentence or two from them before asking Mr. Pilcher to say a few words. Mr. Marlow read excerpts from letters and messages received from Sir William Tilden and Prof. Percy F. Frankland, Past Presidents, Mr. C. T. Kingzett, one of the signatories to the first Articles of Association, and Prof. W. Palmer Wynne, President of the Chemical Society, telegrams received from Local Sections of the Institute, and a cable from the Malaya Section. Mr. Pilcher, who was received with great applause on rising, said, ‘‘Mr. President, Prof. Thomson, ladies and gentlemen,-I feel almost overwhelmed. 1 am honoured beyond my deserts.87 I think I have had very great good fortune to follow the wonder- ful career which has been afforded me, and I can only feel thank- fulness, gratitude, and joy-although I may not look very joyful at this moment!-for all you have done for me from the time I had anything to do with the Institute. May I, in the first place, thank you most sincerely for your kind gifts. I thank those who thought of celebrating this great occasion, all those who have taken part in it, and I also thank my staff on whom a great deal of the work has fallen. May I say, sir, that the book will awaken in my mind, in the years to come, pleasant and happy memories of -very dear friends, and I shall treasure it as long as I live.Your gifts will be enjoyed by my wife and family, and myself; they will pass, in due course, to our youngsters as heir- looms, and will, I am sure, be appreciated by them. I cannot tell you exactly what I feel on the present occasion, because things like this do not often happen to any one; but I ain truly grateful. I should like also, if I may, to make some slight allu- sion to the early days, and to say how grateful I am to Prof. Thomson for having come here this afternoon. Prof. Thomson was for many years almost like a father to me. When I tell you of the little happenings of the very first days, I think some of you may be interested in them. My introduction to the Institute came through my cousin Mr. Walter Bond, who was for many years Editor of the Electrician; he is a well-known engineer, and is alive and well to-day.He had been an officer in the Army, as my predecessor Mr. Robertson had been; and when Mr. Robertson was appointed Secretary of the Institute, and required a clerk, Mr. Bond introduced me to him. On a certain day in March, 1892, Mr. Robertson asked me to lunch with him. He took me to the old Gaiety Restaurant, where the senior staff of King’s College, at that time, reserved a special table. 1had lunch with Mr. Robertson, and without my knowledge I was under observa- tion. Afterwards, I was taken to the table where Prof. Thomson sat, and was introduced to him. I learned something later, which I will tell you in a minute. I was sent on to Mr. Michael Carteighe, whom I saw in Old Bond Street.He asked me a few questions in a businesslike way, for he was a very fine business man. A few days after, I received a letter from Mr. Robertson, in which he said that Prof. Thomson had “taken a great fancy to me.” I have always cherished that memory, and I always look back with tremendous gratitude to Prof. Thomson, to Sir William Tilden, who was then President, to Mr. David Howard, who was then 88 Treasurer, and to Mr. Michael Carteighe, who had faith in a boy of 18 looking for a new job, and gave him his chance. I have been always exceedingly grateful to them because less than three years afterwards they thought that boy could be Secretary to the Institute of Chemistry. I learned some time afterwards that at the Council Meeting on the 1st March, 1895, somebody suggested that he was very young -as a matter of fact he was 22 days under 21-and Mr.Michael Carteighe said: “Well, he will soon get over that.’’ (Laughter.) For very many years people used to come into the office and say: “Are you the Secretary?” and look at me as though it were impossible that I should be--thinking that I must be a junior clerk or the office boy. (Laughter.) Even after I was married, I had a passage of arms with a traveller, who called me “a bit of a boy,” and shouted “a bit of a boy” on the doorstep long after Behrens, the housekeeper, had turned him out. (Laughter.) I have many interesting recollections, and I an1 very grateful for all of them, I would not choose any other career could I start all over again.(Applause.) It has all been so human and so interesting, and it has been so wonderful to see the development of young people. I have served under every President except four, and I knew them all well. I have served under all the Treasurers except one, and I knew him. am grateful to all of them, and I cherish the memory of many who have gone. I should like now to refer to one or two members of my staff. With regard to the clerks who helped me willingly in the early days, when there was only one clerk, one is now a stockbroker, and oddly enough has his son at Highgate School with one of mine. The boys became boon companions without knowing that their fathers had been acquainted with one another years ago.The two boys were always together, and did not find out for four or five months that their fathers had worked together in years gone by. In the course of yeais, some of the staff were with me for longer periods. Mr. Stanley Carr, now of the Chemi- cal Society, was with me for G+ years. He kept my place warm for me during the period to which Prof. Thomson has referred, when I had to go to Switzerland for six months: Prof. Thomson was then President. I have always been grateful to Mr. Carr for his help during the tinre he was with me. Then there was Mr. William Bird, now Secretary of the Institute of Brewing, another able fellow. There seems to be some fatality about the period of six years, because he was with me for 66 years or thereabouts; and now I have had Mr.Marlow with me for six years. He knows I am grateful to him. At the end of the war, 1thought I had not much longer to go, but with his help I have pulled through, and am now in better health than 1have been for many years. I am very grateful to all my staff, and 1 can say that they have been simply splendid to work with. I Bave a very loyal staff to-day. I have a nice lot of young people around me who are really keenly interested in their work. (Hear, hear.) There is one more person in the office to whom I must refer, especially-I hardly dare do it, because her modesty is such that the mention of her name will get me into trouble-but there is .Miss Cawston, whose work for the Institute, and whose devotion during the time she has been with me, which datcs back before the war, have been nothing short of marvellous. We can always rely upon her.Now I must frankly endorse what the President and Prof. Thomson have already alluded to, and that is the help and encouragement which I have had from my wife. Anybody who knows my wife knows that she is a wonderful woman. (Applause.) What she has put up with from me for many years -a man coming home at all sorts of hours-not because he was not doing his work-(laughter)-and when he was at home was usually at work, indicates what it means to be married to the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry. (Laughter and applause.) This is really a treble event, because we cele- brated the completion of 25 years of married happiness in August last.(Applause.) Well, Mr. President and Prof. Thomson, I have tried to make some sort of response to the very kind remarks which you have made, but I am afraid that it has been a very poor effort. I felt that on such an occasion I could not prepare a speech. I had to speak from my heart or not at all. I thank you most sincerely for your very great kindness to me, and 1hope that I may be spared to help the Institute for some time yet, and to see it still further improve its position. I have never lacked encouragement; I am encouraged more than ever to endeavour to deserve your kindness. (Loud applause.) The meeting concluded with musical honours, and with cheers for Mr.and Mrs. Pilcher. In the evening the President and Council entertained Mr. and Mrs. Pilcher and their family to dinner at the Hotel Russell. The company also included many other Fellows and Associates and the staff of the Institute. 90 The President proposed the health of the Registrar and his family, the Registrar in reply again expressing his thanks for all the kindness shown to him. He introduced various members of his family, including his brother, Xlr. Francis Pilcher, of Bournemouth, who proposed the prosperity of the Institute, coupled with the name of the President. The President having replied, the Registrar and Mrs. Pilcher held a reception until g o’clock, when a musical programme and entertainment followed. A cordial vote of thanks was passed to Mr.Marlow, Assistant Secretary, and the staff, for their assistance in the arrangements. The contributions received for the presentation to the Registrar amounted to over E400, and were expended mainly on dining room furniture-a set of Chippendale chairs, easy chairs and a settee in hide; together with a carpet, and a chiming clock; a silver tray, tea and coffee service, spoons and forks; binding of Journals, and repairing of books. 91 The President’s Address. EACHsuccessive Annual Meeting brings with it the sad duty of referring to the gaps in our ranks which have been notified in the course of the preceding twelvemonth, and before commenting on the work of the Council, I desire to pay a tribute, however inadequate, to the memory of some of our late members, whose names are indelibly inscribed in our annals.Of those who have been most closely associated with the activities of the Institute, I would refer especially to Sir George Beilby, Sir James Dobbie, and Mr. Otto Hehner. It would be difficult, I think, to name three Fellows who in their several spheres of work-industry, academic and official chemistry, and consulting chemistry respectively-have done more for chemists and their science. Sir George Beilby, after serving as a Member of the Council and a Vice-president, held the office of President of the Institute from 1909-1912. A perusal of the history of the Institute gives some idea, and yet inevitably a very imperfect one, of his en- thusiasm for the well-being of all branches of the profession; while the records of his scientific achievements show him to have been a great master in those branches of work which he made particularly his own.To recall the man--apart from his science -is, for those who knew him well, to revive memories of a very remarkable personality, combining the highest ideals and intellectual attainments with unusual capacity for affairs, and with a sincere satisfaction in exercising in unstinted measure the power of doing good, which his successful life conferred on him. The extent of his benevolence will never be known; for he was modest to a fault. The value of his great service to the country -given ireely, and with extraordinary self-sacrifice--throughout the war, and during the last’years of his life, is not yet fully realised; but I am convinced that his efforts will produce results of far-reaching importance, and that his name will be held in honoured memory in the annals of our science.You will be glad to hear that the Council has communicated with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals-two other bodies of which he was Past-President-with the object of establishing some fitting memorial in his honour. Sir James Dobbie, who also had served the Institute faithfully and well before his election to the Presidential chair, occupied that position throughout the most strenuous part of the war. when the activities of the Institute, and consequently the work of the Council, imposed on him a burden which only those who worked with him could readily appreciate.I would remind you that during that period, in addition to the enrolment of chemists for the service of the country, the further organisation of the profession of chemistry within the Institute was then inaugurated and developed. Sir James, who had already achieved great success as a teacher and organiser, became Principal of the Government Laboratories in 1909,which, two years later, were constituted an independent department with a separate Parlia- mentary vote entitled "Government Chemist." This in itself was an advance in the recognition of the importance of chemistry in the affairs of the country, and there can be no doubt that this advance was in no small measure due to his personal influence, and the high esteem in which he was held by the Government.The deaths of Sir James Dobbie and Sir George Beilby affected me very deeply, for I was happy in recalling many years of friendship with each of them, and to each I owed a heavy debt of gratitude; to the former for his wise counsel and constant help in my student days, and to the latter for the un- failing encouragement which he extended during the years when we were associated in the Royal Technical College of Glasgow. Mr. Otto Hehner-many times a member of Council, a past-Censor, a past-Examiner, and a Vice-president for three full periods -achieved a world-wide reputation for his investigations in the chemistry of food and drugs. Coming to this country over fifty years ago, he speedily became known and esteemed for his work, and for inany years was one of the leading con- sulting and analytical chemists in the land of his adoption, of which he became a most loyal citizen.Perhaps it would not be too much to say that no chemist engaged in that branch of work had more endeared himself to his fellow-practitioners by reason both of his attractive and interesting personality and of his profound knowledge, which he was ever ready to impart to others. The limits of a brief address do not permit me to refer indi- vidually, as I should like, to the other Fellows whose loss we have to deplore, for there were among them not a few whose records (already printed in our Journal) show them to have been eminent in their profession; but I must conclude my remarks under this heading with a brief reference to Professor George Downing Liveing.93 In Professor Liveing we had indeed a link with the past. He died within three years of the age of 100,and thus was for a considerable period “ the father of British chemistry.” For 47 years he held the chair at Cambridge, after having obtained first place in the first examination for the Natural Science Tripos in 1851. He is said to have been the first to teach science experi- mentally at Cambridge, and may also be said to have laid the foundations for that great school of our science which has since been developed under Professor Sir William Pope.He will be remembered chiefly for his work on spectroscopy, in which he was associated with Sir James Dewar, and for which he received the Davy Medal in 1879. The past year has been one of quiet and steady progress rather than of any striking developments, so far as the Institute is concerned. The statistics relating to the roll of Membership speak for themselves, and the Treasurer has already dealt with the financial statements. Perhaps the rate of increase in mem- bership has been maintained beyond our anticipations, seeing that it is now over six years since the end of the war and that the abnormal influxof chemical students, which then set in, has abated. The process of organising the profession under the Institute is steadily proceeding, but it must not be supposed that the Nominations Committee and the Council are not giving every care to the scrutiny of the applications which come before them, or that the interests of existing members are not fully safe- guarded with the present constitution of the Council, under which all branches of the profession and all districts and sections are adequately represented.Our finances are sound, but on investigation it will be found that we have not had a greater margin of income over expendi- ture than any institution ought to have, if it is determined to do its duty to its members and to its sister institutions. Moreover, I would venture to suggest that to a great professional institution, with great responsibilities, the possession of funds for emer-gencies may be at any time of the utmost consequence.Our reserves are not remarkably substantial, and, even bringing into account the legacy of about jtT4800, which we are to receive under the will of the late Sir Alexander Pedler, and for which we are deeply grateful, will not compare very favourably with those of many other chartered professional bodies of similar standing. Still, I am glad to say that, thanks to the care of our past and present Treasurers, to whom we are profoundly indebted for 94 their unsparing efforts on our behalf, the position is not by any means unsatisfactory. The Report shows that the activities of the Council, of the Committees, and of the representatives and delegates of the Institute have been as extensive as usual, and I am glad to have this opportunity of pointing out that only those who have taken part in the work of the Council can realise how heavy are the demands of the Institute on their time and labour.It is un- necessary to refer to the work of each Committee individually, but I can assure the Fellows and Associates that they have all dealt with the matters submitted to them promptly and in the best interests of the Institute. Much of the work, for instance, of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee might be regarded as mere routine, but on the contrary, it is exacting, arduous and responsible. Further, as the Regulations for the degrees of Universities are apt to be altered, this Com- mittee must have an eye to the relation of such degrees to the Associateship of the Institute.It is clear, therefore, that the necessity of revising the Regulations must arise fairly frequently, and we have to record our indebtedness to the Sub-Committee who took the matter in hand during the past year. Within the last few years the number and variety of degrees in Applied Chemistry have considerably increased, and the Nominations and Examinations Committee has not infrequently found difficulty in coming to a decision with regard to the acceptability of such degrees as evidence of the training in Chemistry required by the Regulations of the Institute. In the circumstances it appeared desirable to the Council to hold a meeting with teachers of both pure and applied Chemistry in order that the question might receive full consideration.A gratifying response was given to an invitation issued by the Council, and at the Confer- ence held on January 3oth, a large number of eminent teachers contributed statements which will receive the most careful consideration-all the more so because the various opinions expressed were not by any means all in agreement. We are deeply indebted to the Salters’ Company for their courtesy in placing the Salters’ Hall at our disposal for the Conference, as also for the hospitality which they so cordially extended to us. You are aware that the Institute is frequently invited to appoint delegates and representatives to participate in enquiries of public concern.We welcome such invitations, and are glad to render any possible service we can to the commonweal; but 96 I am sure that I voice the opinion of the Council in saying how sincerely 1regret that we have found it necessary to express in the Report a mild protest that provision cannot be made to lighten the sacrifice of time and funds which the duties entrusted to our delegates entail. I know that the Council is very diffident about asking a Fellow who may be resident, say, at Liverpool or Manchester, to attend a Government Committee, at his own expense and without any emolument, several times a year. It is supposed in high places that a man of science will willingly make such sacrifice for the honour of giving his services, and the recognition thus accorded him, but it must be remembered that only those who have already achieved a reputation in the subject of the enquiry are likely to be selected as representatives, and, however eminent they may be, few can afford, in these times, to leave their work and bear the expense of travelling which such duties may involve.These considerations lead me to refer to the alleged attitude of those in Government authority towards scientific and technical civil servants, which was the subject of correspondence with the late Prime Minister-Mr. Ramsay MacDonald-which has been published in our Journal. It was also a feature of an address by the late president of the Board of Trade-Mr. Sidney Webb- at the Conference of the British Science Guild held at Wembley in July.Advocating “lay administration tempered by expert advice,” he said : ‘‘I want the layman at the top; I do not want the expert at the top. I want the expert to be there, and I want him to have full scope, and to be always suggesting, and helping, and criticising, but on the whole, at any rate in a democracy, you have to leave the control of policy and the ultimate word to the layman . . . .” and much more in the same strain. Again, we find Mr. Short, the late Home Secretary, telling a body of accountancy students that the accountant is far more important in the affairs of business than the engineer or the chemist. The utterances of these two former Ministers justify the action taken by the Presidents of the Professional Scientific and Technical Chartered Institutions, and we must employ every means possible to refute their doctrine, which is based on the ridiculous assumption that while the mental faculties of men of science are commonly acknowledged to be above the normal standard, their range of view is restricted.Perhaps chemists and other men of science are given too few 96 opportunities of showing what they can do in the direction of administration, but it would not be difficult to give instances of scientific men who were, or are, acknowledged to be highly satisfactory administrators. In industry we have many ex-amples of chemists who have risen to the control of huge interests, and have done well; whilst on the other hand no less important interests have suffered in the hands of organisers devoid of a knowledge of science.It is my firm belief that chemists will come more and more to occupy the highest positions in concerns where their science is the main factor underlying the operations involved. We need, however, to take every possible step to ensure the supply of chemists who are likely to develop as good men of affairs. It is evident also, when men of sufficient prorni- nence to become members of a Government show by their public utterances such clamant need of education, that we must con- tinue and intensify our campaign towards enlightening our fellow citizens with respect to the fundamental importance to the commonweal of the part played by the chemist. Every chemist knows that the prosperity of the country is ultimately dependent upon progress in science, and very specially in chemistry, but the great majority of our fellow-citizens are sublimely ignorant of this fact, and for the nation’s sake we must strive to bring the truth to light.I have for long maintained that one of the best methods of achieving this aim is to enlist the sympathy and support of that great potential instrument of education, the public press, and I am proud to feel that in my own city we have set an example in this direction which might be followed with great advantage in other parts of the country. The Local Sections have shown most gratifying activity during the past year, not only in promoting intercourse between the members resident in the different districts, but also in for- warding suggestions to the Council and frank criticisms of the Council’s decisions. Both are heartily welcomed, but in my opinion criticism should be constructive rather than destructive in form, if its aim is to assist rather than to obstruct.The sectional meetings have been generally well attended throughout the country, and many excellent addresses and papers on matters of interest to chemists have been submitted. Of these, Mr. Chaston Chapman’s talks to students on “Some Factors which make for Success in Chemical Practice,” Mr. Griffith Brewer’s paper on “Practice under the Modern Patent Law,” Mr. F. E. Hamer’s paper on “The Chemist in Relation to 97 Public Life,” Professor Armstrong’s address on “The Education of the Chemist,” and Mr.G. S. W. Marlow’s lectures on “Con- tracts of Service,” have been fully reported in the Journal. A notable event of last year was the visit of more than 300 Registered Students from all parts of the country to the British Empire Exhibition. The visit was organised by Mr. Marlow under the auspices of the London Students’ Association, and under the kindly leadership of Mr. Woolcock, gave our students an exceptional opportunity of realising the achievements of British Chemistry. The cordial thanks of the Institute are due to both Mr. Woolcock and Mr. Marlow for their contributions to the success of this meeting.I have had the pleasure of attending meetings, both social and more severe, of several of the Sections, and am confirmed in the view that the establishment of the Sections has aided in a remarkable manner the development of greater enthusiasm for our profession, greater interest in its traditions, and a better sense of its potentialities. It has been a great satisfaction to find everywhere so much friendly association with local organisa- tions of other societies, because I am convinced that such joint meetings do very much to promote the cultivation of that pro- fessional spirit which must exist among the members of any profession which claims a leading position. Moreover, this local co-operation augurs well for the attainment of still closer co- operation between the great Societies themselves, the desire for which is, I am assured, steadily becoming more pronounced, if only as a step towards that unification of ouY profession which is our ideal.Schemes for the attainment of this end have not yet developed into concrete proposals, and undoubtedly many difficulties have to be overcome; but I am certain that at least the great majority of chemists feel that something ought to be done, and I believe also that the great majority would agree in thinking that the first step should be the acquisition of central headquarters for all the Societies and Institutions associated with Chemistry. As one of its chief functions is the promotion of the welfare of our profession, the Institute is bound to take a sympathetic interest in any movement which promises to assist its efforts in this direction; but if and when it is thought that the Institute should participate in any scheme of co-operation in a build- ing, no action will be taken without the consent of the whole body of members in accordance with the requirements of the Charter.The suggestion has been made that the Council should 98 approach Parliament in the hope of inducing the Government to initiate legislation with the object of establishing a system of government registration of chemists. In my judgment the Council would not be justified in taking this step until the pro- ject, in all its bearings, had first of all been subjected to careful and critical examination and exhaustive discussion, and unless it received the support of at least the great majority of the members of our profession.Even a very cursory consideration of the proposal impresses one with the difficulties with which it is surrounded. For instance, registration would imply restriction of the right to practise as a chemist, and would require precise definition of those qualifications which would entitle chemists to be registered. To what tribunal is the duty of assessing the qualifications of applicants for registration to be delegated? Is this restriction to apply to all chemists, whatever branch of the profession-consulting, analytical, industrial, research, teaching -they may pursue for a livelihood? If not, where is the line to be drawn, and on what kinds or classes of chemists is the restriction to be imposed? Again, is a chemist to be prevented from earning his living in the practice of his profession because his qualifications are not sufficiently high to entitle him to registration ? As regards registration, the relation of our pro- fession to the public is different from that of medicine or of pharmacy, and I for one would not welcome legislation which would have the effect of restricting the freedom of any man to practise any profession or craft in which he can prove himself able to earn an honest living without hurt to his fellow-citizens.In this matter I am expressing a personal opinion, and am quite open to conviction, but my feeling is that the question of govern- ment registration of chemists is not at present within the sphere of practical politics.I desire to direct the special attention of my fellow-members to the appeal recently issued by the Benevolent Fund Committee, for I feel sure that if they call to mind that the Benevolent Fund is the Institute’s memorial of those of our members who gave up their lives in the defence of civilization, and if they realise the value of the assistance given to some of our brother chemists, even with the limited amount at our disposal, the response to that appeal will be not only encouraging, but generous. An event which cannot be passed over without notice is that at this meeting Mr. Richard Bertram Pilcher, O.B.E., completes a service to the Institute of thirty years as Secretary, and 99 twenty-five yearsas Registrar.During the wholeof this long period he has devoted himself to the duties of his important office with a zeal, a loyalty, and an efficiency which are beyond praise. Only those members who have served in the Council can fully appre- ciate his manifold activities and his business capacity, but many others, and especially many of our younger members, have benefited by his kindly help and by the information and advice which he has always been ready to place at their disposal. Feeling as they do that his services have been simply invaluable, the Council have invited the members to join in offering to Mr. Pilcher some tangible recognition of his work for the Institute, which has indeed been the work of his life, and I rejoice to inform you that a very large number has seized this opportunity of expressing their regard for him.I hope that for many years to come he will continue to adorn the office which his personality and his enthusiasm have made so important. The Council has accepted with regret the resignation of Mr. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary, consequent upon his appoint- ment to a post with the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers. His services to the Institute have been of very great value, and, although reluctant to be deprived of them, I con-gratulate him on his well deserved promotion, and wish him all happiness and success in his new sphere of work.When a year ago you conferred upon me the signal honour of election to the presidential chair I promised to do my best to maintain the high traditions of the office. No one can realise so clearly as myself that, if I have met with any success in endeavouring to justify the confidence which you reposed in me, the chief credit must be given to the administrative staff, without whose constant and willing support and assistance I could have done very little. Mr. Pilcher, Mr. Marlow, Miss Cawston, and indeed all the members of the staff have vied with one another in their efforts to make my work not only easy, but enjoyable, and I find it difficult to express my gratitude in adequate terms. I am also deeply grateful to my colleagues in the Council for the kindly consideration which I have experienced at their hands, and very specially to the Chairmen of Committees, whose labours have so largely contributed to the fulfilment of our duty to the members. Unfortunately we are about to be deprived, tem-porarily at least, of the services of a number of valued members of the Council, and on your behalf I tender them cordial thanks for their devotion to the affairs of the Institute. Proceedings of the Council.FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1925. Council and Committees.-The names of the Officers, General and District Members of Council, and Censors, who came into office on March 2nd are given on pages 73-74. At the first meeting of the Council, held onJ13th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed (see pages 74-75).Board of Examiners, 1 925-26.-The Board of Examiners has been reconstituted, as on pages 75-76. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the retiring examiners-Dr. 0. L. Brady, Prof. J. E. Coates, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Dr. Arthur Harden, and Mr. Edward Hinks, for their services. Assistant Secretary.-Mr. G. Stanley W. Marlow having tendered his resignation from the appointment of Assistant Secretary of the Institute on accepting a position with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Council has placed on record its high appreciation of his valuable services to the Institute during the past six years. Mr. Ronald Leslie Collett, M.A.(Cantab.), F.I.C., has been appointed Assistant Secretary. He was educated at St. Paul’s School, London, at Trinity College, Cambridge, and King’s College, London. He passed the Intermediate Examina- tion of the Institute in 1909, and the Final Examination for the Associateship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs in 1910; he was elected to the Fellowship in 1913. After five years practical experience as assistant to Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, he was on active service for four years with the Middlesex Regiment and the R.A.M.C. After the war he was for two years Chemist at the Royal Brewery, Brentford, and has since been Chemist and Bacteriologist with the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association. He was for three years Honorary Secretary of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute and served for three years as a Member of Council.Northern I reland.-The Council has received from the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, and Public Appointments 101 Committee, acting jointly, a report on the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, Northern Ireland, No. 32. The Bill had been referred to the Council by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Northern Ireland, and the views of the Belfast Section of the Institute had been invited thereon. Mr. William Honneyman, Honorary Secretary of the Section, kindly attended the joint meeting of the Committees. The Council submitted for the consideration of the Minister of Home Affairs the following recommendations :-(a) That the Institute of Chemistry should be represented on the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland and that such representative should be a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistryresident in Northern Ireland. (The Council of the Institute hopes that tho Council of the Phar- maceutical Society of Northern Ireland will concur in this proposal, having regard to the desirability of maintaining a good understanding between the professions of Pharmacy and Chemistry.) (b) That a clause be added prohibiting the use of the title “chemist” to persons or bodies corporate carrying on the business of pharmaceutical chemist, or generally to any person or body corporate carrying on the business of retailing drugs or medicines; and that it be further provided that nothing in the Act shall prevent the use of the title “chemist” by Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland engaged in the practice of analytical and consulting chemistry or the applications of chemistry to arts and manufactures or in the teaching of the science of chemistry.(It is desirable that the word “chemist” be protected for those who are trained in and practise the science of chemistry, and that it should not be assumed by herbalists, vendors of quack medicines, grocers, etc.) (c) With regard to section 26, paragraph 2, the Bill does not state what shall be done with samples taken under this clause or to whom they shall be submitted for analysis. It appears desirable, therefore, to amend it as follows :-“The Inspector and any person appointed or nominated for the pur- pose by the Ministry of Home Affairs, shall have in relation to all poisons and drugs, all the powers of purchasing samples for analysis as are conferred upon officers authorised to procure samples under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, lS57-1907; he shall submit all such samples to the Public Analyst of the district or place wherein the samples are collected or if there be no such analyst then acting for such district or place then to the Public Analyst of another district or place, and shall receive from the Public Analyst a report upon the rosults of his analysis for a fee not less than one guinea.” (It appears to the Council of the Institute highly desirable that the drugs should not be limited to those mentioned in the British Pharmacopceia, and further that an agreed fee should be specified.In suggesting a feo of not less than one guinea the Council would remark that samples of poisons and drugs (taken singly) commonly entail more difficult, lengthy and expensive investigation than the average sample of foods taken under the Sale of Foods and Drugs Acts.) (d) The Council of the Institute and the Belfast Section approve of the principle of a third schedule of potent drugs being added to the 102 Rill, and the suggestion that the sale of such drugs should be restricted to registered persons. (e) With respect to the fourth schedule, the Council of the Institute a.dvise that definitions be provided for the words “Preparations” and “Admixtures.” The Committees also had before them copies of the precis of evidence submitted to the Departmental Commission on Local Government Administration in Northern Ireland on behalf of the Northern Ireland Section of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, in accordance with the sanction given by the Council.The Committees have expressed their general approval of the evidence. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the Belfast Section for its services in connection with the representations made to the Ministry of Home Affairs and to the Departmental Commission on Local Government Administration in Northern Ireland, and also to Mr.William Honneyman for his attendance at the joint meeting of the Committees and his valuable assistance. Association of Teachers in Technical Schools.--On the 27th February, Dr. R. H. Pickard and Professor Arthur Smithells, Vice-president, represented the Institute at a Conference of Teachers in Technical Institutions on the relation- ship of technical education to other branches of education and to industry. Lord Emmott, who presided, intimated that it was felt that technical and art education needed not only a new correlation to other branches of education, but also a close enquiry to see whether it could itself be improved in aim and content. Technical education had ceased to be purely vocational. It had been gradually liberalised and humanised, but these two tendencies caused overlapping, which needed earnest consideration if the best result from each was to be secured.Mr. J. Wickham Murray, Secretary of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions, said that the representatives of other bodies who attended the meeting were not asked to commit their societies, but they had been invited to hear the views which would be expressed, and then to recommend their respective bodies to encourage the enquiry, or to say that it was not necessary. Mr. Murray outlined the main points which called for enquiry, and a discussion followed in which several of the representatives, including Professor Smithells, took part. 103 A resolution was passed in favour of holding an enquiry into the relationship of technical and art education to other forms of education and to industry and commerce, and it was decided to invite representatives to form a Committee to collect evidence in reference to the suggested enquiry.Public Analysts-The Councils of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts recently protested against the terms offered for the appointment of a Public Analyst for a metropolitan borough. In a joint letter to the local authority it was pointed out that the average fee per sample for appoint- ments for which the number of samples in 1921 exceeded IOO was 14s. 8d., whereas only 10s. 6d. per sample was offered by the borough in question. Public Analysts were informed of the circumstances, but several candidates offered themselves.Three applicants were selected, one of whom withdrew on learning that no revision of the terms could be entertained. It is under-stood that the candidate appointed has the use of a laboratory provided by another borough. The Council has requested the Public Appointments Committee to reconsider the procedure adopted in addressing local authorities on appointments of public analysts, and to review the general question. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-In the Report of Council (JOURNAL, Part I., p. 14)reference was made to the letter addressed by the Council to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries on the constitution of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Advisory Committee. The Ministry replied that the committee was con- cerned with formulating preliminary proposals as a basis for discussion and had intended when these proposals had taken shape to circulate the draft to a number of Associations interested in the matter and to ask for observations; further, to invite representatives of various interests to canfer with them, when it was expected that Mr.F. W. F. Arnaud, Official Agricultural Analyst for the County of Kent, would be among those who would be asked to consult with the committee with regard to the schedule which is being drafted. Copies of a Memorandum regarding draft schedules to the proposed Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill have since been received from the Ministry and have been referred to the Public Appointments Committee of the Institute for consideration and report .104 Gas Works Management-The Glasgow and West of Scotland section recently directed the attention of the Council to an advertisement by the Corporation of Glasgow for a Manager of the Chemical Works in connection with the Gas Department of the Corporation. The Committee of the Section suggested that the Council should write to the Corporation to the effect that in future advertisements of this character it would be desirable that a minimum salary should be stated for such appointments. The Council concurred and communicated with the Town Clerk on the lines suggested. Journal and Proceedings.-Letters have been received on the subject of the publication in the Journal and Proceedings of a paper read recently before a Local Section. The Council cannot accept responsibility for the opinions expressed by lecturers, and publication does not signify endorsement of those opinions.Lectures will not be published, however, without the concurrence of the Publications Committee. Teaching of Applied Chemistry.-The Report of the Conference on the Teaching of Applied Chemistry is under the consideration of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, whose recommendations thereon will shortly be before the Council. Sewage Analyses.-Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. E. Melling, representatives of the Institute at a Conference sum- moned by the Ministry of Health to consider proposed methods of analysis of sewage and sewage effluents, report that a Sub-Committee of the Conference has been formed.The sub-committee will consider methods for carrying out tests of sewage and effluents and how the results should be expressed; also whether it is desirable to include certain tests in all analyses, and, if so, which tests. The sub-committee will also consider tests for use at small sewage works. The Late H. J. Bailey.-At the request of the Council, Sir William Willcox inquired into the circumstances attending the death of Mr. H. J. Bailey, an Inspector under the Alkali, etc., Works Regulations Act. On Sir William's report, the Treasury has granted a pension to Mrs. Bailey, and has made certain awards to two of her children. The special thanks of the Council have been accorded to Sir William Willcox for his kind interest and help in the matter.105 Local Sections. Belfast,-Delegates of the Section appeared to give evidence before the Departmental Commission on Local Government Administration in Northern Ireland on 4th March. Prof. G. S. Robertson, Chairman of the Section, gave an explanatory statement, with details of the membership and status of the Institute, emphasising the fact that public analysts were almost invariably Fellows of the Institute, specially examined in the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food and Drugs, Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. Mr. R. F. Blake, Public Analyst for the County of Tyrone, and Medicine Analyst to Belfast and other unions, gave evidence on the Medical Charities Act, showing that the present rate of remuneration for analyses of medicines and drugs in Northern Ireland was inadequate. Some Boards sent very few samples, and they in effect paid for those who send too many.Mr. Blake advocated a uniform rate of remuneration fixed by the Ministry; a retaining fee should be paid with an agreed fee per sample. He suggested the appointment of a permanent official at the Ministry to regulate the taking of samples of drugs in order to afford unnecessary duplication of analyses, and urged that milk and water supplies should be tested regularly in the interests of the public health. Dr. J. Hawthorne, Public Analyst for the County of Down and the City of Derry, gave evidence on the administration of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and the Sale of Food and Drugs Act.Previously the Local Government Board, Dublin, had taken informal samples which were analysed at a central laboratory. When adulteration was suspected a formal sample was sent to the County Analyst, who had very little work to do for his nominal salary. The Northern Government had put the Act into force. Payment in some cases was quite inadequate; he considered one guinea a sample a fair fee. He supported Mr. Blake’s suggestion of the appointment of a permanent official at the Ministry,-a Fellow of the Institute having a pharmaceutical qualification could deal both with 106 these Acts and the Pharmacy Acts; but he was informed that the latter question had been dealt with.With regard to sampling under the Sale of Foods and Drugs Acts, Dr. Hawthorne having suggested the appointment of an additional inspector, a member of the Commission said that the Ministry of Agriculture officials looked after the interests of the producer, the Ministry of Home Affairs those of the con- sumer; the Inspector would have to be an official of both Ministries. Dr. Hawthorne thought that a knowledge of procedure of the Acts and common sense were the essential qualifications; he quoted figures showing that, where the Police sampled in country districts, about 5 per cent. of the samples were adulterated, while in towns having special Inspectors about 10per cent. were adulterated.At this point a member suggested that it was not really necessary to take so many samples of manufactured foods in country districts, since they came from the towns. A short discussion then followed on the adulteration of butter and the use of preservatives in cream. Prof. Robertson dealt with the Sale of Milk Regulations, showing that where cows were milked twice daily, at sixteen and eight hour intervals, in order to supply a town at times required by the consumer, the morning milk was liable to fall as low as 2.5 per cent. of fat, or lower, the evening milk being 4 per cent. or higher, while the average gave over 3 per cent. of fat as required by the regulations. It was inequitable to brand a farmer as a criminal in consequence of his milk falling below the standard in such circumstances.It was difficult to prove that milk was supplied as given by the cow. The Section did not give the force of a recommendation, but offered the suggestion for consideration, that the sale of milk in a locality be made a civil contract. In the event of milk not being of the specified standard it would be open to the local authority to sue for damages. If actual watering were proved to have taken place, a criminal prosecution could be instituted as at present. Legal difficulties might no doubt be encountered, but something should be done to end the present unsatisfactory state of affairs. The Chairman thanked the delegates for their evidence and mentioned that witnesses, on behalf of the medical profession, who gave evidence in the previous week, had suggested the establishment of a central laboratory for pathological work.107 He suggested that public analytical work might be conducted in the same place, but the delegates opposed this suggestion on the ground that it would be more expensive than the present system, and that no protection on .appeal would be provided for the vendors. At a meeting of the Section, held on 26th February, in the Biology Lecture Theatre of Queen’s University, Mr. A. Percy Hoskins presiding, a lecture was given by Mr. C. R. Nodder on ‘‘Some interesting Problems in Stereochemistry.” On 26th March, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre of Queen’s University, Prof. G. Scott Robertson in the chair, a discussion was opened by Dr.W. H. Gibson on “The Union of Chemical Societies.” Dr. Gibson said that there were too many societies; they had become an incubus to the average chemist, who was anything but a plutocrat. He thought that the main reason that absorp- tion of the smaller societies into the larger ones did not take place was that everything was left in the hands of the officers of the societies. What was wanted was a strong party within the membership of all the societies ready to fight elections for officers solely on the question of union. The insuperable difficulty that faced the officers of all societies at the present time was that they could not, in the absence of a direct mandate, take the steps which would lead to the absorption of their societies in a larger one: this mandate would have to come from the rank and file of chemists before anything could be done.He outlined, as a basis for discussion, a policy which he thought would meet with considerable support, especially in the provinces. The general objects for which chemical societies existed were (a) To promote the study of chemistry. (b) To widen the scope of its application. (c) To obtain general appreciation of its value in modern life. (d) To consolidate and improve the position of the pro- fessional chemist as an essential element in the national life. At present the societies failed to attain those objects because they were too self-centred; they were societies of chemists for chemists, and took no heed of the outside world; they must endeavour to modify that attitude and include propaganda 108 amongst their organised activities.With these objects in mind, he had come to the conclusion that chemistry and thechemical profession needed two societies-separate, but yet closely associated with each other. For the first of these, the Chemical Society could be the nucleus, admitting to membership any one sufficiently interested in chemistry. Its objects would be to promote discussion of chemical papers, to issue chemical publi- cations, to impart information on chemical subjects to the general public and to promote intercourse between chemists and the general public. The second body would confine its membership to qualified professional chemists, and would deal with all matters pertaining to the profession.The Institute of Chemistry was best able to perform that function. Both bodies should be decentralised. At present both had headquarters in London, and, under present conditions, were run mainly by London members. Assuming that the two Societies ran in close collaboration, he would like to see branches of each Society in about twenty different centres. They would need joint local offices and paid secretaries, a chemical library in each office, and suitable rooms for meetings and lectures. If the accommodation might be shared by other bodies, such as the Pharmaceutical Society, so much the better. Regarding the functions of the Chemical Society, he thought that any chemist was entitled to put the results of his work before his fellow chemists; so he proposed a different mode of dealing with papers sent in for publication.On receipt of a paper at headquarters it should be registered and a number of copies made. These copies should be sent to each local centre to lie on the table. At the instance of the local committee or of any local member the paper could be discussed at a subsequent meeting of the local centre; the comments would then be forwarded to headquarters and thence to the author of the paper. In this way the paper would be judged by the profession as a whole, and the Publications Committee would only have to act on the verdict. The next point was the procedure of publication.Chemists wanted better abstracts at the earliest possible moment. The Chemical Society required an abstract not exceeding 250 words to accompany each paper. He believed that an international arrangement might be made whereby abstracts of this length could be interchanged between different national societies. In this way, world-wide publication of abstracts of papers might 109 be obtained before the actual appearance of the papers in full. These abstracts should be published at least monthly, including British and foreign abstracts. Each member would have in his abstracts a summary of the papers at his local centre. This would facilitate criticism. Abstracts should be classified under the thirty headings in Chemical Abstracts, the A.C.S.publication, and publication of papers in full postponed until the end of the year. At the local centres popular lectures would be provided and the best of these would be edited and issued as an annual publication. Each local centre should constitute an active medium for propaganda. With regard to the Institute of Chemistry, he thought that headquarters did not yet regard local sections in the proper light. He disliked the word “section”-it meant a part cut off-and that was exactly what they did not want to be. The word “branch ” expressed a portion of the whole and implied that their activities were of vital importance to the whole organisation. The wrong attitude was taken towards District Members of Council: they were supposed to be able to attend meetings in Londofi, but it was really almost impossible for a provincial member to do so.Their most useful function was as local ambassadors ;the Institute would be strengthened by developing local organisation on that idea. If it were thought that a District Member of Council was not to be trusted to act alone, a second member might be elected, by the whole body of members, to work with him. If the Institute would pay more attention to local organisation on the lines he suggested there would be nothing much wrong with the Institute. Only the local men knew what local conditions were like. The greater vigour displayed by the Benevolent Fund was an advantage to the Institute, but he felt that it might promote activities on the lines of a benefit society to help any chemists not only to obtain appointments, but to provide ascheme for supplying for acquiring houses, etc.The Chairman then called upon Mr. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary, who congratulated Dr. Gibson on his contribution. His own view was that, in any movement towards co-operation, care should be taken to ensure that none of the societies should feel that it was losing its identity; his idea was a confederation, maintaining intact the prestige and associations of the individual societies, but ultimately becoming fused into one. The present Federal Council could be used to co-ordinate the units, but in 110 the first place the societies must be brought physically together.The first move, therefore, should be to secure a co-operative building-Chemistry House. Local chemical headquarters could be considered subsequently. He advocated keeping the Library and Club outside the building scheme, since they would add greatly to the capital cost, without yielding a financial return. The Chemical Society’s premises were not subject to rent, and they could not afford to give up this very real asset. The Institute had its own building and provided them with ideas as to the scale on which they should think. The proposed new central building would have to be spacious enough for future expansion, and for this reason he advocated the formation of a separate company, which would be run as a business concern, part of the accommodation being let for profit.The Chemical Societies themselves would pay ,rent, and provision would be made for the profits of the company to be allocated in part as grants to the Societies. Mr. Totton preferred Dr. Gibson’s concrete proposals. Although he had not specifically studied the question, he felt that it was of paramount importance. Everything turned upon Members of Council really representing their constituents, and if they failed to do that it was justifiable to criticise. Dr. Still did not see the need of two societies; after all, they were all chemists, and should be capable of fusion into one body. He commented favourably Dr. Gibson on his publication scheme. Mr. Honneyman was not satisfied that Chemistry House would effect the saving that Mr. Marlow prophesied.He foresaw the creation of an army of correlating clerks, costing more to co-ordinate the activities of all these societies than the saving which centralisation effected, He would take the oldest body, the Chemical Society, as a basis, and bring everyone into it; all would be members, qualified and unqualified. It would have a branch containing all the qualified members- a professional branch undertaking the work of the Institute ; the Society of Chemical Industry in part; Public Analysts; academical chemists, etc. One activity which Chemistry House might achieve, and he had not seen it advocated, would be to obtain a transmitting licence and to broadcast lectures.In this way members everywhere would be able to listen to discussions at headquarters, and to some extent the reproach would be removed that the societies were being run for London members. 111 Mr. Hoskins wanted a single society. He discussed the qualification difficulty. University qualifications were excellent , but were not the equivalent of industrial experience; the Institute had in the past given the necessary qualification. Dr. Hawthorne felt that union was an urgent necessity. He was much in favour of the publications scheme which Dr. Gibson had suggested. The Chairman, Prof. Scott Robertson, summarised the points raised in the discussion. He pointed out that provincial universi- ties had existing libraries. He would like to see a scheme whereby the societies would use and assist these libraries.The discussion had been illuminating, and he hoped the matter would not rest there, but would result in action being taken. Mr. Marlow, replying to the discussion, said that members had expressed the view that too much attention was being paid to the feelings of loyalty to individual societies, and too much regard to historical associations. Most of those present were already members of many societies , and considered themselves rather as chemists than as members of any individual society. It must, however, be remembered that the Councils of the various bodies regarded themselves as in the position of Boards of Directors protecting the interests of their individual members.They must not lose sight of the real feeling of responsibility these members had. Dr. Gibson, replying to the discussion, said that loyalty to a society could be overdone; the body of chemists as a whole had first claim on our loyalty since each society was made up of a group of chemists. It must be realised by all that the interests of the whole must be substituted for the prejudices of the individual societies. He regarded the various societies as the property of the whole body of chemists supporting them, and agreed with Mr. Marlow that the assets of each society should be considered, but with the object of retaining the more useful assets and realising the remainder. He referred again to his proposals for the formation of a Benefit Society.Dr. Hawthorne then proposed the following resolution, seconded by Mr. Hoskins: “That this meeting of the Belfast Section urges the Council to enter into collaboration with all other societies interested in chemistry, and to formulate and press forward a scheme for the amalgamation of all these societies into one body.” The resolution was passed unanimously. 112 Birmingham and Midland.-A meeting of the Section was held at Birmingham on 23rd February, Prof. G. T. Morgan, the chairman, presiding, when Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, gave a short address on (‘Chemists’ Agreements.” An interesting discussion followed, and Mr. Marlow replied to numerous questions raised. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr.F. H. Alcock and seconded by Mr. S. A, Brazier. On 24th March a meeting was held at the Midland Hotel, Derby, this being the first occasion on which the Section had met away from Birmingham. Prof. G. T. Morgan occupied the chair, and the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute delivered a lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated with lantern slides. In proposing a vote of thanks to the lecturer, Mr. C. E. Pool expressed the hope that at 1ea.t one meeting of the Section,might be held at Derby each year. The Hon. Secretary indicated that increased support of the Section would be necessary from the Nottingham and Derby districts, as very few members in that district had so far joined the local Section. New Fellows and Associates were presented with certificates at both of the above meetings: nine were welcomed in Birmingham and eight at Derby.Bristol and South-Western.-The Fifth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, on 26th March, Mr. C. J. Waterfdl in the Chair. The Hon. Secretary’s report showed that during the year the Section had held eight meetings, five of which and the Annual Dinner had been held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. The Dinner had also been attended by local members of the Chemical Society. The membership of the Section had slightly increased, and the financial statement showed a balance in hand.Sir Ernest H. Cook and Dr. G. H. Christie were elected to fill the vacancies on the Committee, caused by the retirement by rotation of Mr. C. J. Waterfall and Mr. W. A. Storey; Mr. E. Lewis and Mr. F. H. C. Bull were re-appointed auditors and received the thanks of the Section for their past services. Votes of thanks were also passed to the retiring Chairman for his services and to the University authorities, for the use of room. 113 Various matters referred by the Council of the hstitute and other Local Sections were considered and decisions taken thereon. At a meeting of the Committee held subsequently, Sir Ernest Cook was elected Chairman of the Section. In making arrange- ments for the next session, the Section will co-operate with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical lndustry and hold joint meetings from October to February. It is hoped to arrange a meeting at Exeter during the winter and also a visit to works.Cape of Good Hope -The Council has sanctioned the formation of a Section to be known as the Cape Section of the Institute of Chemistry. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-In February the Section directed the attention of the Council to an advertisement by the Corporation of Glasgow for a manager of the Chemical Works in connection with the Gas Department, and suggested that the Council should write to the Corporation to the effect that in future advertisements for professional technical services a minimum salary should be stated for such appointments.The suggestion was adopted. The final meeting for the session took the form of a joint smoker with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Andersonian Chemical Society, the Glasgow University Alchemists' Club, and the Ardeer Chemical Club. There was a large attendance, and the meeting was very successful from every point of view. As a result of the Chairman's appeal on behalf of the Benevolent Fund, a sum of k25 10s. has been sent to head- quarters. This sum does not include subscriptions sent in by members before the appeal was launched. The Publicity Scheme has developed further afield, five lectures have been broadcasted from the Glasgow Station 5SC, four by Professor R. "I. Caven, and one by Mr. G. S. Ferrier.These have met with cordial approval, and other lectures have been arranged to be broadcast during the coming months. The success of this new effort is undoubtedly due to the popularity of the articles that have been appearing regularly now for over two years in the Glasgow Herald and elsewhere. Huddersfie1d.--A Meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel, on 12th March, Dr. A. E. Everest in the Chair. One Associate received his certificate and was welcomed. 114 Prof. A. G. Perkin gave an account of some points of interest in connection with anthranols and the hydroxy-anthraquinones, describing some of his own work and that of his collaborators. A discussion followed, in which Mr. Tatum raised points of interest which were dealt with by Professor Perkin.Dr. Everest paid a tribute to Prof. Perkin’s work and emphasised what a privilege it was to hear a lecture from him. A hearty vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Foster and seconded by the Secretary, was accorded to Prof. Perkin. On 20th March, at the Technical College, Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan gave an interesting address on “Recent Advances in Three-Dimensional Chemistry. ” Dr. H. H. Hodgson presided. Prof. Morgan commenced his survey of the subject from the work of Werner in 1911 on the cobaltammines, which demon- strated the possibility of resolving some oE these into enan- tiomorphs and so put the stereo-chemistry of these compounds on a firmbasis. Dealing with the compounds formed by replacing ammonia with ethylenediamine and oxalate groups, which the lecturer has named chelate groups, their octahedral symmetry was described and discussed with the help of models.Passing on to the metallic compounds of acetylacetone it was pointed out that the scandium, chromium and iron com- pounds have not been resolved into enantioaiorphs. Although in these cases there is a central metallic atom surrounded by three chelate groups, X-ray analysis has shown that the arrange- ment is not octahedral but in the form of a triangular prism. The application of the conception of chelate groups to the mordant dyes was developed in some detail and the structural arrangement illustrated by a series of lantern slides. At the conclusion, a hearty vote of thanks, proposed by Dr.Bruce and seconded by Mr. Gray, was accorded to Prof. Moxgan. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held on 24th March, in Trinity College, Dublin, Prof. W. E. Adeney in the chair, when Mr. G. S. W. Marlow delivered an address on “Chemical Appointments with some reference to Contracts of Service.’’ Mr. Marlow explained the manner in which the Appointments Register of the Institute could be utilised, and gave some hints to chemists with reference to application for appointments. He pointed out that most of the British Dominions were now well equipped with universities, and the natural tendency at the 115 present time was to employ graduates of these universities to fill such vacancies as occurred in the Dominions, consequently colonial appointments were not so easily obtained as in former years.He then dealt with certain legal points affecting contracts and suggested how by exercising tact a chemist might safeguard his interests when entering into a contract with a reputable firm. A short discussion followed, in which Mr. Fagan, Dr. Fearon, Mr. Mitchell, Mr. O’Farrelly and Mr. Andrews took part. A hearty vote of thanks was conveyed to Mr. Marlow for his interesting address. The chairman referred to the death of Mr. H. G. Becker, a former member of the Section, and a vote of sympathy to his relatives was passed in silence. After the meeting the members welcomed Mr. Marlow at an informal dinner at the Shelbourne Hotel, where a very pleasant evening was spent.Leeds Area.-Professor J. W. Cobb, Chairman of the Section, presided at an opening meeting held in the Chemical Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds on 23rd March, when the Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated by lantern slides. A vote of thanks was accorded to the Registrar on the motion of Dr. L. J,. Lloyd, seconded by Mr. Robert Gawler. At the conclusion of the meeting, several new Associates received their certificates from Professor Cobb. Liverpool and North-Western,-Mr. Alfred Smetham presided at a meeting of the Section held at St. George’s Restaurant on 12th February. Amongst other business, the Section decided to convey to the Council their opinion that it was desirable to hold a Conference of the Institute in 1925 and, later, recommended that the regulations for admission to the membership of the Institute should form one of the main subjects for discussion.Mr. H. J. Evans submitted a motion as follows:- “That the Council be urged to amend the regulations for admission of Fellows, so that except in the very rare cases of men of unquestionable eminence in the world of chemistry candidates can only pass to the Fellowship by examination, after having passed through the grade of Associateship.” 116 Mr. E. Gabriel Jones seconded the resolution, urging especially that the standard of the Fellowship should be carefully maintained. Mr. Evans, in submitting the motion, said that he was anxious to obtain the views of the Section in order that he might be able to present them at the proper time to the Council.If he could not convince them it was unlikely that he would be able to induce the Council to take any action. If the Section expressed itself favourable to his views he would be encouraged to carry them forward. He held that after a given date no Associate should be admitted to the Fellowship except by examination and that direct admission to the Fellowship should be discontinued. He compared the regulations in force prior to 1917with the present regulations, giving his views on the relative values then and now of the Associateship as a professional qualification. He maintained that as a general rule the Associate admitted before 1917was well able to hold his own in those subjects for which the Institute had given him certificates of competence after examination.He referred to the formation of the British Association of Chemists, and the conditions which gave rise to the change in policy whereby candidates with certain other qualifications were admitted to Associateship without further examination. He pointed out that the conditions involved a curriculum extending over four years instead of three; that one year had been added and the Intermediate Examination of the Institute eliminated. Most of the Universities insisted on a four years’ curriculum; so that he thought had the Intermediate Examination been retained under the previous system the Institute’s curriculum would have been increased to four years.That was the crux of the situation and he thought that at present the Associateship was the equiv- alent of the old Intermediate Examination. Referring to the Fellowship, he said, that under the old system the Associateship was the real qualification, the Fellowship merely an embellishment attainable on paying a fee after three years’ satisfactory practice. When the new conditions were determined, there was a definite understanding that the standard for the Fellowship would be rigorously maintained; that in effect all Associates before admission to the Fellowship would be required to pass an examination on the same lines as the old final examination for A.I.C. Exemption from that examina- tion was to be exceptional, but in the interpretation of the regulations figures for the last four years showed the reverse to be the rule.There were sufficient degrees given for research, and he thought that the F.I.C. should not be given for that work alone. He objected to permissive clauses in regulations. In his opinion the Fellowship should be worth the trouble and expense of taking the examination, but that the candidate should be allowed to take the examination as soon as he pleased after admission to the Associateship, although he could not actually be admitted until the three years registration required by the Charter had elapsed. Prior to 1917, the right of the Council to admit men of eminence to the Fellowship without examination was exercised with extra caution and restraint ; but his remarks with regard to the words “exceptional circum- stances” made in connection with the promotion of Associates to the Fellowship applied with equal force to elections to the Fellowship direct.Mr. Evans referred to the curious anomaly whereby the Council admitted to the Fellowship a man who had not fulfilled the regulations for the Associateship and he feared that the clause in the Charter which allowed this power to the Council was being worked beyond limit. He appealed for one standard only,-the candidate should be regularly initiated as a student, should receive instructions and guidance not only in chemical knowledge, but also in the ethics of his profession, pass through the grade of Associateship and finally be raised to that of Fellow, but only after he had given satisfactory proofs of his proficiency in the former grades by examination and not by influence, recommendation or any other means.Dr. Richard Thomas appreciated Mr. Evans’ paper: he was in hearty agreement with the ideals but not with his methods of achieving them. If the Council insisted on examination for the Fellowship a large number of able and desirable chemists would remain Associates. There were many who devoted themselves to the practical application of their science and became specialists, and, although they could not, perhaps, be classed as eminent, should certainly not be excluded from Fellow- ship.Examination in the usual sense of the term was not the only way of deciding such cases nor was it always the best way. He believed that the high level of the Fellowship could be maintained without invariably insisting on examination. In examining Mr. Evans’ proposals, he was forced to the conclusion that if adopted without qualification they would result in a 118 large body of capable and desirable chemists remaining outside the Institute, and would thus do more harm than good. Professor Baly said they were indebted to Mr. Evans for his thoughtful paper. The subject was of grave importance. Looking back on twenty years experience of examinations, he observed a general impression that when a man passed an examination with success he almost invariably formed the idea, as the years went by, that the standard of examination was falling lower.As a matter of fact the examinations now were much more difficult than they were in 1892. He reminded Mr. Evans that most of the applicants for membership had a University degree : the Universities had largely assumed the responsibility of failing the candidates instead of the Institute. His experience of serving on the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee had convinced him that the investigations of the Committee were extraordinarily searching before a man was recommended for the Fellowship without examination. He thought Mr. Evans’ contentions were based upon his idea of the importance of analytical chemistry, but admitting that import- ance he pointed out that other branches of chemistry had grown so much during the last twenty years that the analytical sphere was a very small proportion of the chemistry of the present day.Skill in analytical practice was not the only test of a good chemist. They had to consider not only the qualifications based on analyti- cal work, but also those of men who by training in research were able to envisage the future of the fundamental theories of chemistry and to bear a hand in their advancement. Men of this type differed in their mental horizon from the expert analyst, and he questioned whether the Fellowship examination schedules were necessarily the best for such men. There is a period in a man’s life when he is ripe for passing examinations, a peculiarly receptive and responsive state which reaches its maximum at about the age of 25.After that period the research man follows lines which lead him away from the examination groove, and it is necessary to recognise this development. He had much sympathy with what Mr. Evans had said, but he pleaded for a broader outlook. He pointed out that some time had elapsed since the new policy of the Institute had come into being, and he felt that during this interval much experience had been gained as to its working. He suggested that the time had come for a review of the whole situation, so as to enable the Institute to determine whether the present regulations were the 119 best possible or whether some modification could be introduced with advantage.With these ideas in mind he moved as an amendment that the whole question be referred to the proposed conference of the Institute. Mr. E. T. Williams asked why a man with such distinctive research qualifications as our modern universities afford should concern himself about the Fellowship, for it seemed to him that the F.I.C. qualification should denote special attainment in certain directions rather than general eminence as a chemist. Professor Baly replied that he thought the Institute should represent the best of the profession and the highest idealism in chemistry, and that a good man was naturally ambitious to possess its hall-mark. Dr. Thomas seconded Professor Baly’s motion.Dr. Ramsay said that he felt that if the Institute followed Mr. Evans’ proposals very few would take the examination for the Fellowship, as he thought that a man of 27 was past exami- nation work. Mr. Shepherd congratulated Mr. Evans on the reception of his paper. Its importance might be illustrated by drawing attention to a booklet on Engineers and Chemists published by the League of Nations. This publication conveyed the impres- sion that those who were responsible for its compilation had in mind the pharmacist; there was no mention whatever of the Institute of Chemistry. If the standard for the Associateship was kept higher, he did not see why Associates should aspire to the Fellowship unless its distinct value was maintained. After further discussion in which Drs.Thomas and Doran and Prof. Baly participated, the amendment was put to the meeting and carried. At a general meeting of the Section, to which the members of other local scientific societies were invited, held in the Chemistry Theatre of the University on 12th March- Prof. W. H. Roberts presiding-Prof. E. C. C. Baly delivered an interesting address on “A Lecture Tour in America.” He referred to his visits to Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Omaha, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Princeton, Colorado and Arizona. He mentioned prominent Americans-statesmen, university men, and members of the American Chemical Society -whom he had met, and dealt with the American universities and America as a country. He said that in the American there 120 was no false modesty: he would talk of his own work and the work of others in an absolutely irrepressible manner, and his criticism was very stimulative.The result was that he, Prof. Baly, had an extraordinarily exhilarating time, and began to feel that the work he was doing was worth while: but he had to live at high pressure. The American always expected a speech, whether at dinner, lunch, or any other function. One question put to him was “Can you speak on this? Can you give us any hope that a real entente between England and America is coming?” He asked why it was that he had been asked that question, and received the reply: “You know, education is controlled from Washington and by Irish-Americans, and there is no school book in which England is not declared to be the pirate of the world, the villain of the piece.’’ Within the last ten years, however, England had done three things which were big enough not only to change that idea but to discredit the Irish-American : the giving back to the South Africans their republic; the giving to Ireland Home Rule and a Constitution; and its actions since the war. Speaking of the American man of science, Prof.Baly said that he was keener in his search after truth than in anything. He paid a tribute to the great hospitality which he had received, mentioning numerous incidents that exemplified this. Coming to the American universities, their scope and con- ditions, he explained that there were two kinds of university in the United States-the State university and the private uni- versity.The State university was an attempt that had very nearly succeeded. He thought in a short while it would be successful in its main purpose. No American citizen need pay a single cent iinless he wished; he could go up to the very top of his university without paying a fee, although of course he would have to pay his living expenses. He, Prof. Baly, held that the university should not be open only to those who could afford to pay. He was struck with the vast number of students at- tending the universities: some had forty or fifty thousand students; but the amount of work thrown on the staff rendered it impossible for them to carry out the work, and their remunera- tion was ridiculously small. Students had to pass the univer- sity examinations: if they did not pass in two or three attempts they were turned out.The State universities were financed by the State. The universities had no rents, no rates, no salaries to pay. The State handed over the money and the universities 121 were entirely responsible for the expenditure. The State trusted its educational people. The one idea of the four great universities of America was to beat one another at football or baseball. Each University had a coach who was paid more than the president of the university: he did not play, but watched the men and coached them. If a man did not play well another was substituted for him. To get irioney to pay for their living while at the university, students took posts as waiters, servers in shops, or workers, worked two or three hours a day, and with their earnings they paid their expenses.The great American insurance companies were staffed by men who had passed through the universities. The universities were as good as any we had in this country. Prof. Baly also described in detail the comparatively perfect system of controlling road traffic in American cities: electric lamps and telephones, worked by the police, enabling a perfect and simultaneous stoppage of vehicular and even pedestrian traffic. In certain places it was a criminal proceeding to cross a road when the signal was given to stop. Almost everyone had a motor car in an American city; second-hand cars could be got for thirty to a hundred dollars, and petrol was 6d.or 7d. a gallon and there was no tax to pay. Prof. Raly concluded his address with a description of the geological structure, vastness and depth of the grand caiions of Colorado and Arizona. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held jointly with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Hall of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers on the 9th March, Sir Max Muspratt delivered an address on "Chemistry and Civilisation." Sir Robert Robertson, Chairman of the London Section, presided, and in introducing Sir Max Muspratt, said that he came from a race of chemists who had made notable contributions to their science, and referred especially to the well-known dictionary of the Applications of Chemistry to Arts by Sheridan Muspratt, an uncle of Sir Max, who had made important con- tributions to pure science, and, with Hofmann, had discovered toluidine and nitro-aniline.He referred also to the great firm with which Sir Max was associated and with which he worked during the war. That evening, however, they greeted him as one who, surveying the efforts of chemistry and its effects upon human life, would be welcomed in the capacity of a philosopher. 122 Sir Max Muspratt said that it was the first time in his life that he had been publicly accused of being a philosopher: he tried to take chemistry, civilisation and humanity, and to consider them as a whole.The history of civilisation was the history of man’s struggle with nature to discover her secrets. Nature was a lavish mother, but she kept her methods and her processes wonderfully secret. It was only by the maximum of endeavour on our part that we could hope to wrest those secrets from her. We had to win our way by knowledge strenu- ously fought for, and it was necessary that every generation should be hard put to it to discover the processes of nature with a view to the continued advancement of mankind. The workers in chemical industry and chemistry had come late into the field, but their achievements had not been unworthy in the short period that they had really been working. Sir Max traced the development of Mankind, particularly as it impinged upon the chemical industry.He referred to the social changes, industrial developments, the discoveries by rule of thumb and pure chance, which were associated with the copper age; then to the far more incomprehensible cutting and working of iron and the necessity for chemicals, even though the methods of manufacture were crude and only obtained from natural sources. He indicated the early use of potash and natural alkali, simple oils and fats, natural dyes, and drugs, and remarked upon the extraordinary developments which had been made during the past IOO years. The industrial era, with its rapid extension and concentration of population, had brought new and vital problems before mankind, problems which would never have been solved had it not been for chemistry and chemical industry. He considered then the developments of the chemical industry, particularly in connection with sulphuric acid and the discovery of chlorine, two of the oldest strictly chemical industries.He referred to Le Blanc and his alkali process and to the processes of Weldon and Deacon, remarking that the tendency had been to start with complicated processes and gradually to progress towards simplicity. The coal tar industry, with its dyes and pharmaceutical products, had developed with the fertiliser industry under the leadership of Liebig, who first pointed out the necessity of enriching soils if they were to bear good crops. The textile industry, assisted by chemistry, had become, or at any rate partly, one of the branches of chemical industry, particularly that of artificial silk.Chemistry had taught the iron and steel manufacturer to understand what he was really working with and to obtain a control which he could never have obtained by rule of thumb. The vast development of the iron and steel industry was due to the knowledge which the chemist had given the manufacturer and technician, and it had influenced other metals in the same way. Vast developments had taken place which could not have been achieved withodt the chemist. In connection with fuel, that is the study of flue gases and of the varying calorific values and composition of coals, he had effected great results in fuel economy.They had to consider the applications of chemistry in the production of and supply of food, not only in regard to fertilisers but in connection with the transport of food from the far parts of the world in re-frigerating or chilled chambers which the chemist had taught people how to use and develop; the manufacture of building materials and the invention of new materials; clothing and the development of the textile industry, all of which were dependent on chemical knowledge and the chemical industries. Transport had been profoundly affected by chemistry, as he had already indicated by the mention of iron and steel and other metals. Chemistry could claim to be one of the foundations of civilisation. Two other great foundations were physics in its practical form and engineering, and particularly electrical engineering; but the chemist had taught the engineer to understand what he was working with.He had dissected nature in the metal industry, for example, by starting with the ore, but had found out what the ore was and what it could contain, and showed by what methods it could be split up into its component parts. In agriculture he had stimulated nature: he had studied the soil and he had learnt that by attention to the soil he could increase the amount of crops produced. He had found substitutes for natural products, by the manufacture of alkali and dyes, and by long and laborious methods he had been able to produce what nature in certain parts of the world could produce a good deal better than the manufacturer could do; but he had yet to go a very long way before he could claim to have got all or nearly all of her secrets with regard to chemistry.She was very extravagant in many ways. It was difficult to understand why nature, in the sea, provides so much salt, when only in comparatively few parts of the world was that salt in such a sufficiently concentrated or pure form to make it possible for the manufacturer to obtain properly. There might be a time 124 when the sea-side resorts would become alkali and bleach works, or would have the capabilities of becoming such. What the chemists in industry were trying to do was to simplify their processes and by simplifying them $0 promote the aims of civili- sation even more than they had promoted them in the past.Sir Max then referred to the conditions after the war, to the state of mental unrest, which was universal in its character and was a challenge to chemistry to meet and, if possible, to remedy. The demand for the standard of living had risen, and with the destruction of wealth and a state of greater poverty that standard of living could not be maintained unless the chemist could advance rapidly again, as he did when first the industrial era arrived to cope with the problems of great aggregates of population. There was a disinclination to work, but he thought that the chemists had, both during and since the war, set a very fine example to the rest of the nation. The intense nationalism which was produced by the war had brought about a demand in almost every country for a greater development of its indigenous resources.The question of foodstuffs was one of the first to engage attention when the matter was viewed from that standpoint. We, with our ex-ceptional conditions, had dealt with the problem by keeping open the seas of the world. Germany, with her big area of land, followed the policy of developing her agriculture to the very utmost. Her magnificent achievement of obtaining nitrogen from the air might have a war purpose as well as a peace purpose, but she was deliberately trying to make herself self-contained in regard to all the nitrogen products that her agriculture was likely to require for generations to come.Instead of obtaining nitrogen from gas works or coke ovens or bringing it from Chile, she had undoubtedly achieved, through chemistry, something great in helping the development of home resources. With regard to phosphates, the other great essential for plant life, there were perhaps half a dozen known sources of phosphate rock in the world, but he thought there was not a country in the world which had not in her own soil more phosphate than would be sufficient to fertilise fields with all the phosphate that could be used. That was a problem for the chemists of the near future to study and solve. Coming to consider the possibilities of Bio-chemistry and Radio-activity, he suggested that when sugar had been produced, though in infinitesimal quantities from carbon dioxide and 125 hydrogen, another big vista opened out as to what chemistry could do for mankind in the way of making every country self dependent on its own resources. These suggestions might be alarming to chemical manufacturers, were it not for the fact that they knew that the time factor was a very im- portant one, there would be a long period of development; but they must follow step by step all the advances in science and determine, when the time arrived, to discontinue the old processes and be fully equipped for carrying on new ones with the same enterprise.They would need to encourage the com- munity of chemical thought among all chemists of whatever nation, and a community of understanding in order that develop- ments might be harmonised into a great whole.Chemists combine a hatred of waste with a pride of achievement, and they were bound to take a large part in the developments which were coming as a result of their hatred of waste and pride of achievement. In conclusion, he warned them that our material civilisation was threatened because it was too material: the developments of the last IOO years had been so extraordinary on the material side that they had outpaced the intellectual and spiritual develop- ment of mankind in general. The human factor had been swamped by the machine to no small extent, but there was nothing that had greater vitality than humanity which, in many directions, was revolting against its suppression by mere material things.He wanted every chemist to add to his specialised knowledge the duty of being a human and far-sighted citizen, because he thought that they were exceptionally fitted to advise the world by that intangible influence which means so much in the building up of public opinion. The duty was laid par- ticularly upon chemists to take their part in the spiritual and intellectual development of mankind, for which they were specially fitted by their training. They were taught to think in atoms and achieve in tons; to think of the infinitely little with a view to building up the infinitely great, and that was the problem of mankind at the present time. The infinite atoms of humanity should be guided and led that they might retain their vitality and individuality, and combine to a finer co-operat ive civilisat ion.Sir Robert Robertson having remarked that Sir Max Muspratt had given them a philosophical discussion of extraordinary interest, recalled how Lord Moulton had expressed his amazement, 126 when having had thrust upon him the duty of getting large supplies of chemical substances, he discovered the ramifications of chemistry in all branches of human endeavour. Sir Robert himself had experienced the same effect during his recent visit to Canada when it was borne in upon him how the advancement and importance of Canada to the world depended upon chemistry He referred especially to agriculture, the wood pulp industry, mining, and the production of various substances, such as carborundum, aluminium, and carbide, all of which had their foundation in chemistry.The country desired to be self-contained, and ultimately to export. A cordial vote of thanks was passed to Sir Max Muspratt on the motion of Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, seconded by Dr. Bernard Dyer, Chairman of the London Section of the Society. Mr. Woolcock endorsed Sir Max Muspratt’s remarks and said that he thought chemists had a great part to play not only in scientific discoveries and in carrying on everyday work in the laboratory, but as an educated section of the community in assisting the development of civilisation. Malaya.-The first annual general meeting of the Section was held at Kuala Lumpur, on zIst February, Mr.R. W. Blair in the chair. The Report submitted showed that the main activities of the Section had been concerned with its formation, the inaugural meeting having been held on 3rd August, 1924,and the manage- ment of the Section being entrusted to a Committee consisting of Mr. R. W. Blair, Chairman; Messrs. J. C. Cowap, I?. Id. Okell, A. G. Harrington, J. W. Haddon, with Mr. R. 0. Bishop as Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The Chairman gave an address on “Chemistry in relation to Public Affairs,” having special regard to the government and municipal chemical service, food and water supplies, treatment of sewage; he dealt with the service rendered by chemists to agricultural, geological and other departments as well as to industries and to the community generally.The annual dinner of the Section was held on the same day. The guests included the Director of Public Works, the Com- missioner for Trade and Customs, the Director of the Institute of Medical Research, the General Manager of the F.M.S. Railways, the Forest Research Officer, the Senior Health Officer, and the 127 General Manager of Messrs. Harrison, Barker & Co., representing the Rubber Industry. Replying for the guests, Mr. C. N. Maxwell, Commissioner for Trade and Customs, said that this was a unique occasion, and as a resident of close on thirty-five years in the country, he would like to express his pleasure at being present at the first public dinner of chemists held in Malaya.From Mr. Blair’s paper he had gathered that members of the Institute regarded themselves as sponsors for the purity of food and water supplies and for the quality of the country’s natural products. As head of a department, he could assure them that he had been fully aware of the extremely valuable work which had been and still was carried out by chemists in Malaya; he realised that they had had an uphill fight in the past. He hoped that the time would come when Malaya products would be recognised by their purity and high standard of quality, and emphasised the great importance of this in considering questions of propaganda, especially in connection with commodities such as rubber and copra.It was highly satisfactory to know that Malaya had in its chemists such a powerful means to attain success. The Local Section of the Institute evidenced the growing importance of chemistry to the community. The occasion was, in his opinion, historical in the development of Malaya. Mr. Maxwell concluded by paying a personal tribute to several chemists with whom he had come into personal contact in the course of his duties. The menu, which comprised notes on the principal chemicals used in a well known organic reaction, created considerable amusement. Manchester.-The Manchester Section has directed atten- tion to a warning published in the Zeitschzrift fur angewartdte Chemie. The statement runs as follows:- “German Students of Chemistry 1913-1914 1923-1924 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2729 6851 German students concluding High School course 1913-1914 1923-1924 .. .. 362 941 In the five years 1919-1924, 3192 German candidates became available for places in the Chemical Industry, so that allowing for normal decrease through death, etc., of 350 per annum, in a further ten years the number of chemists in the industry will be 20,000, i.e. double the 10,000 which was normal at the end of the war. 128 The outlet for German chemists in the “enemy” countries is, at present, closed for political reasons. At the same period 1923-24 there were 765 foreign chemical students in the High Schools. We would, therefore earnestly impress on all students of Chemistrythat unless they feel that Chemistry is their true calling, and unless they are determined to serve our science with “iron energy” they should take up another calling.Pootnote.-This warning is distributed to all High Schools. All members are requested to give this information ths widest circulation.” A general meeting of the Section was held on the 2nd March in the rooms of the Literary and Philosophical Society. Mr. S. E. Melling, the Chairman, presented certificates to three new Associates. A lecture was delivered by Dr. A. Renshaw on “Chemical Poisoning occurring amongst Industrial Workers.” The substances dealt with covered a wide field, both organic and inorganic poisons being considered. Samples of blood, the colour of which had been radically altered by certain poisons, were shown.An interesting discussion followed, in which Messrs. Bright- man, Elsdon, Hannay, Herbert, Rogers and others took part. A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer, on the motion of Dr. Ardern, seconded by Mr. Lester. Newcastle and North-East Coast.--A meeting of the Section was held, by kind permission of Mr. S. Hoare Collins, in the Agricultural Department of Armstrong College, on 14th January, Prof. Henry Louis in the chair. Dr. A. Fleck gave an address on “Water Power Developments in Eastern Canada,” illustrated by lantern slides. The subject proved to be very interesting, and the lecture was thoroughly enjoyed. On 11th February, Mr. S. Hoare Collins addressed the members of the Local Section on “The Institute and Agricultural Chemistry.” Mr. H.C. L. Bloxam presided in the absence of Prof. Louis. An interesting discussion took place, in which many members participated. On 20th March, Mr. A. G. Bloxam visited the Section and read a paper on the “Inventor.” Members of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders were invited to attend this meeting. The lecture was highly interesting, and a most enjoyable evening was spent. 129 South Wales.-A meeting of the Section was held at Thomas' Caf6, Swansea, on 13th February, after which the members adjourned to hear jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, a lecture, given at the Swansea Technical College on "Tannins and Catechins," by Dt-.Ilu'ieren-stein, Head of the Biochemical Research Laboratory at Bristol. Dr. Nierenstein siimiiiarised in his lecture the results of his investigations on the tannins in general and the caterliins in particular. The investigation of the catechin from Acacia catechu-Acacatechin -was described and its constitution deduced. The syntheses of acacatechin and isoacacatechin were described, and the conversion of catechin into tannin-like products was discussed, The catechin from other different sources, some of them stereoisomerides of acacatechin and isoacscetechin, were also described. Mr. E. A. Tyler presided, and Messrs. Hinkel, Green, Grieb, and Woctd weie among others who took part in the discussion which fclllowed.A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer. 130 Notes. The Royal Microscopical Society has accepted an invitation from the University of Sheffield, the Civic Authorities, the Master Cutler, and the Research Associations, to hold a Conference in Sheffield on Monday, the 20th April and following days. The programme includes the reading of papers, visits to works and laboratories, and an exhibition of instruments and apparatus. Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to attend the Conference, and the Council will appoint two delegates to represent the Institute officially at the Conference. Members who are desirous of attending the Conference are asked to communicate immediately with the Registrar.Income Tax,-Enquiries are often received at the Institute regarding the possibility of obtaining abatement of income tax in respect of subscriptions to societies and to journals. In the case of Simfison, Inspector of Taxes, v. Tate, heard before Mr. Justice Rowlatt, on 12th March, the respondent, Dr. John Tate, County Medical Officer for Middlesex, appealed to the Commissioners against an assessment of income tax under Schedule E of the Income Tax Act, 1918. The respondent had paid subscriptions to varbus societies amounting in all to fl8 6s. 6d., and claimed that the money was expended wholly exclusively and necessarily in the performance of his duties as County Medical Officer and should be deducted from his salary in order to arrive at his correct liability to income tax.The respondent gave evidence before the Commissioners and proved :-that he joined the Royal Society of Medicine in order to have the benefit of the meetings of the epidemiological branch of the Society and to obtain the transactions published by that branch ; that the Society included a section on infectious diseases, a subject of the greatest importance to County Medical Officers; that the Society of Medical Officers published a journal dealing with public health matters and took an active interest in questions 131 affecting the status and salaries of public health officers; that he became a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Public Health in order to get their journal, which contained articles on matters relating to public health; that he became a member of the Association of County Medical Officers of Health to enable him to ascertain how similar work was conducted throughout England; that membership of the above societies was voluntary on the part of the respondent and was not required as a condition of his appointment, but that it was customary for County Medical Officers to be members of those Societies; that without the journals and meetings of the Societies he would experience great difficulty in keeping in touch with recent advances in sanitary science and with questions affecting public health, and in many instances would be unable to obtain the knowledge which would enable him to perform his duties with increased efficiency.He contended, therefore, that the sum of ;68 6s. 6d. was a proper deduction from his emoluments to be assessed under Schedule E. It was contended for the Crown that the money was not so expended and was not, therefore, a proper deduction. The Commissioners found favourably to the respondent, and the Crown now appealed. The Solicitor-General, Sir Thomas Inskip, K.C., and Mr. R. P. Hills appeared for the Crown; Mr. J. H. Stamp for the respondent. Mr. Justice Rowlatt, in the course of his judgment said that the decision of the Commissioners could not be supported: if the conclusion was a question of fact there was no evidence to support it. Certain expenses were allowed to an office-holder; but an office-holder, as he understood the position, was a person who was obliged to qualify for his office, who had to get to the place where his duties were carried out, and who was allowed certain expenses in performing them.The respondent has first to qualify himself before taking up his office, and he continually and very properly kept himself fit by continuing in touch with the highest knowledge his profession had reached. He did not join the Societies for the purpose of treating patients, but for the purpose of keeping himself qualified as a man to hold his office. The whole question was a matter of principle. Subscriptions to professional societies , and the buying of professional literature, and all the expenses involved in keeping a man fit for the work he was doing could not be allowed.Otherwise any man belonging to any profession could 132 deduct all such expenses and there would be no end to it. The principle was quite clear, and none of the expenses incurred by the respondent could be deducted. The appeal would be allowed with costs. The above report is abstracted from The Times. This decision is confined to assessments under Schedule E, and it does not follow that the same consideration would apply in the case of consultants who are assessed under Schedule D. Platinum.-A Bill is being fostered by the London Chamber of Commerce for the hall-marking of platinum. The object of the Bill is to apply a standard of purity to goods made of or containing platinum unless they are described as platinum alloy, and to provide for the hall-marking of platinum goods in a manner similar to that in which articles of gold and silver are hall-marked. It provides that the expression “platinum ” when used as a trade description of any goods shall be deemed to mean an article manufactured from or containing platinum of a standard of purity of not less than .950 and the application of any such expression to any goods which are not truly described by such expression shall be deemed to be the application of a false description of such goods.The draft Bill in its present form is permissive and not compulsory, but it is understood that the Goldsmiihs’ Company take the view that a permissive system of marking would not be satisfactory.It is not proposed to mark platinum crucibles and basins with a series of impressions like those used on silver, but a single device, without date-letter 01:maker’s mark, applied by the Assay Office. Many chemists, however, dislike the idea of a mark, no matter how small, on platinum vessels. The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London.) The subscription of honorary members has been reduced from 10s. to 5s., and 2s. 6d. in the case of those who have been ordinary members of the Association. Dr. S. Judd Lewis, who received the Gold Research Medal of the Worshipful Company of Dyers for 1921-22, has received a Bar for 1923-24. Dr. Oliver C. de C. Ellis, chemist-poet, the author of Samson Adami and Other Ess~ysin Verse, has produced a further volume entitled Poetry and Science and Other Essays in Prose.133 Obituary. HORACETABBERERBROWN,an original Fellow of the Institute, died at Evelyn Gardens, Kensington, on 6th February, in his 77th year Born at Burton-on Trent, he was educated at Trent and Atherston Grammar Schools and continued his studies at the Royal College of Chemistry from 1865to 1867. He was associated with the Brewingindustry with Messrs. Wxthington and Co. at Burton on 'Trent from 1866 until 1893 and was distinguished for his rescaiches on femien' ation and the carbohydrates. He received the LongqtaiY Meilal of the Chemical Society in 1894, mas elected a Fellow of the ltoyal Society in 1889, mas awarded the Royal Medal in 1903 and the Copley !Medal in 1920.He received the honorary degree of LL.D. at the University of Edinburgh, was President of the Chemical Section of the British Asyociation in 1899, and a Member of the Royal Commission on Whisky in 1908. Mr. A. Chaston Chapman represented the Institute at the funeral of Dr. Brown. 134 Professional Designatory Letters. By GEOFFREYP. CAMMIADE,B.A., LL.B., Barrister-at-Law THErecent case of Royal Institute of British Architects v. Hindle (1925,69 S.J.367)calls attention to a question of great import- ance to chartered bodies and professional societies. It involves no obscure point of law, but it deserves notice as showing that unauthorised persons who adopt letters designating membership of a Chartered Association are guilty of “passing off,” and are liable to be restrained by injunction.In this case the defendant had represented that he had passed the examination of the Association of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and had added the letters A.R.I.B.A. after his name. By this means he had obtained a contract of employment with a Mr. Best at a salary of six guineas a week for a term of five years. After some time Mr. Best became doubtful as to the defendant’s qualifications, and on investigation found that the defendant had not in fact passed the examination, and was not an A.R.I.B.A., as he had represented. The Society thereupon applied for, and were granted, an injunction restraining the defendant from using the letters A.R.I.B.A.after his name. As the designatory letters are, as it were, the hall mark conferred by professional bodies on their members, it is essential to discover the principles involved as deduced from leading cases. The first case is that of The Society of Accomtants and Auditors v. Good-day and the London Association of Accountants, Limited (1907, I Ch. 489). In that case the plaintiff society was in- corporated in 1885, under the Companies’ Act, 1867, as a company not for gain, without the use of the word “limited,” under licence of the Board of Trade. In 1886the plaintiff society recommended its members to use after their names the words “incorporated accountant.” By the year 1905 this designation had come to mean. to that section of the public which had dealings with accountants, membership of the society, which, by its system of examinations, had conferred on its members the valuable privilege of a recognised status for ability and integrity.In that year the defendant association was incorporated under the 135 Companies’ Acts as a company limited by guarantee. Shortly after its incorporation its Council recommended its members to add after their names the words “incorporated Accountant Lon. Asson.” In an action by the society against the association, and Goodway, one of its members, claiming (I) an injunction to restrain Goodway from using in connection with his business of accountant, the words “incorporated accountant,” and (2) an injunction to restrain the association from holding out by advertisement or otherwise that its members were entitled to use such a designation, it was held by Warrington, J., that “incorporated accountant” was a “fancy,” and not a “des-criptive” name, and had come to mean membership of the plaintiff society; and that the unauthorised use of it inflicted an injury on the plaintiff society in respect of which it might maintain an action.He held further that the plaintiff society had a pecuniary interest in preventing the defendants from attempting to reduce the status of the plaintiff society by con-ferring improperly an indication of that status. Dealing with the question of whether the society could complain of what the defendant Goodway was doing, Warrington, J., said: “That is a new point of law in England.So far as I am aware, there is no case . . . in which the question has been decided whether an incorporated body such as the society here can be regarded as suffering a legal injury by reason of a person who is not a member of that body representing himself to be a member of it; but a case of that nature did come before the Court of Session in Scotland in Society of Accountants in Edinburgh v. Corfiovation of Accountants, Ltd.” (1893,20 R. 750). After stating the facts and the decision in that case he continued : “I think the judgments of the Court there were put on a wider ground, namely, that a body, however incorporated, has a right to prevent persons who are not members of it, from representing themselves to be members of it.In the case before me there seems to be little difficulty in coming to that conclusion, for the reason that it is established by the evidence, that membership of the society confers a status, a valuable privilege on its members. . . . Obviously the possession of this definite status, arising from the fact of membership is an inducement to persons to become members. Looked at in this way it seems to me that the Society has a pecuniary interest in preventing persons who are not its members, and are not entitled to the status which its membership confers, from representing that they are its members, and are 136 entitled to that status.’’ It will be observed that Warrington, J., lays stress on the fact that membership of the pIaintiff society in the above case conferred a valuable status on persons who were members.In the case of Imtitute of Chartered Accountants v. Hard-wick (1919, 35 T.L.R. 34z),an injunction was granted to restrain the defendant from using on his note paper the words, under the defendant’s name, “Honours Final. Institute of Chartered Accountants,” as such words led to the belief that he was a member of, or connected with, that Institute. The facts were that he had passed the final examination with honours, but having become bankrupt was not admitted as a member of the society. It is submitted that the principle on which these cases are decided is a simple one. The Institute or Society must show that the fact of membership confers a recognised status, and is an inducement to persons to bebome members, with the result that the Institute or Society has a pecuniary interest in the letters or title which it confers on its members.A4Bill which is at present before the House of Lords, entitled “The Chartered Associations (Protection of Names anduniforms) Bill,” will, it is suggested, probably provide a summary remedy in cases of unauthorised users of designatory letters or the name of a professional association, By this Bill it is proposed that His Majesty may from time to time, by Order in Council, made on the application of any Society incorporated by Royal Charter, protect the name, designation, uniform, or badge of such Society; that any person using such name, etc., or any name, etc., so similar as to lead to the belief that the bearer is a member of such protected Society, shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding LIO.The passing of this Bill into law would have, it is thought, the effect of protecting Societies which are incorporated by Royal Charter, and probably save them from the necessity of obtaining an injunction in cases of infringement; the Bill is, however, by no means without blemish, and may require some amendment to give Chartered Associations proper protection as to the use of their special designatory letters. The question of protection of members of professional institutes and societies is a matter of considerable importance to the public, since the public assumes that a person who holds out that he is a member is a person properly qualified by examination and experience to practise the profession of which professes to be a member.-The Secrctary, March, 1925.137 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Birkbeck College Centenary Lectures,” 1823-1923. A Course of Lectures given at the College in connection with the Celebration of the Centenary, with a preface by the Rt. Hon. J. Ramsay MacDonald. Pp. xiv.+ 178. (University of London Press, Ltd.). 5s. “Chemical Engineering Library.” Second series. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.).6s. per volume. “Distillation Principles.” C. Elliott. Pp. 166. Vapour Pressure; the gas lams; non-miscible and partly miscible liquids : liquids miscible in all proportions; composition of liquidand vapour; complex mixtures; effect of variation of pressure;thermal aspects; distillation of binary mixtures. Tables. “The Dust Hazard in Industry.” W. E. Gibbs. Pp. 168. Dust; occupational diseases due to dust ; explosive combustion ; investigation of explosive dust; dust explosions in factories and mines. “Agitating, Stirring and Kneading Machinery.” H. Seymour. PP. 139. Agitating, stirring, kneading and masticating machinery; vessels for agitating, stirring and kneading; mixing, grinding and diluting paint in pebble mills. “Acid-Resisting Metals.” S.J. Tungay. Pp. 132. High silicon iron or acid-resisting iron; lead and regulus metal; aluminium; stainless steels; monel metal; cast iron and steel; nickel and chromium dloys; copper and copper alloys. “Mechanical Mixing Machinery.” L. Carpenter. Pp. 138. Operations of mixing; types of mixing machinery; intensive mixing; mixing in the cement and building industries; in the ceramic industry; in the fertiliser industry and in other industries. “Colloid Chemistry, the Foundations of.” A selection of early papers bearing on the subject, edited on behalf of the Colloids Committee of the British Association by E. Hatschek. Pp. 174. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.). 18s. The physiological utility of the fats and a new theory of cell formation based on their co-operation and supported by several new facts ; studies on the demulsion of silver chloride; study of the pseudo-solutions 138 of Prussian Blue and of the influence of salts in destroying them; the products of decomposition of sulphurctted hydrogen and sulphurous acid in aqueous solution; the experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light; the properties of silicic acid and other analogous colloidal substances ; question of silver suboxide compounds ; the nature of colloids and their water content; allotropic forms of steel.“Chemistry by Micro-Methods, Practical.” E. C. Grey. Pp. ix.f-124. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.). 4s. 6d. Physical properties of metals; experiments with fiarncs arid btirners; recognition of elements by flame test; detection of metals by reduction and oxidation; experiments with acids and alkalis; reactions with water; solutions: qualitative analysis; tests for the base of a simple salt and for acid radicles; separation of mixtures; volumetric analysis; detection of the elements in an organic substance; examination and provisional classification of some naturally occurring organic substances hydrocarbons; oxidation products.Dictionary-German-English, for Chemists. A. M. Patterson. Pp. xvit-343. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.). 12s. 6d. “Organic Chemical Analysis, A Student’s Manual.” J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. Pp. 5.t-250. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.). gs. Detection of elements in organic compounds; purification of organiccompounds for analysis ; ultimate analysis of organic compounds ; reactions of the commoner organic compounds ; detection and estimation of radicles ; systematic examination of complex organic coinpounds leading to relegation to class.“Organic Chemistry, An Introduction to.” A. Lowy and B. Harrow. Pp. ix.3-389. (New York and London: Chap-man & Hall, Ltd.). 15s. Aliphatic series; aromatic series; plant and animal pigments ; mzymes,vitamines and hormones. “Soap and Detergent Industry, The Modern.” G. Martin. Pp. xii.+359. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son). 36s. Vol. 11. Tho ma,nufacture of special soaps and detergent compositions. Toilet soap and preparations; soaps arid soap preparations used in pharmacy; textile soaps; chipped, flaked, powdered, abrasivo and polishing soaps; soft soaps and potassium soaps; miscellaneous methods of saponification; soap substitutes and fillers, organic and inorganic; leakher creams, boot polishes, and furniture polishes ; chornicsl arialyses of soap and soap preparations; statistics of tho soap industry.‘‘Volumetric Analysis, New Reduction Methods in.” E. Knecht and E Hibbert. and edition. (London: Long-mans, Green & Co.). 8s. 6d. The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11. 1924, the Lectures and Library Committee have had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-MESSBS. BArLLIEEE, TINDALL& Cox: Chemical Encvclopadia--a Digest of Chemistry and Chemical Industry. C.T. Kingzett, F.I.C. 3rd edition. London, 1924. MESSRS. R. & J. BECK, LTD.: The Microscope. A simple handbook. Conrad Beck. London, 1921. ERNESTMESSRS. BE", LTD.: The Foundations of Colloid Chemistry. Emil Hatschek. London, 1925. Chemical Engineering Library. Second series. London, 1924;-The Technology of Water. Alan A. Pollitt, M.Sc.Tech. A.M.C.T., M .Inst.Me t . Sulphuric Acid Concentration. Vol. I. By Hot Gases. P. Parrish, A.I.C., M.I.Chem.E., and F. C. Snelling.Sulphuric Acid Concentration. Vol. 11. In Heated Vessels. P. Parrish, A.I.C., M.I.Chem.E., and F. C. Snelling.Organisation of Production. John W. Curtis, M.B.E., A.M.1.Mech.E. Crushing and Grinding Machinery. Hartland Seymour.The Screening and Grading of Materials. J. E. Lister, A.M.Inst.C.E., A.M.1.Mech.E. Chemical Engineering Lzbrar?y. Second Series. London, 1925;--Distillation Principles. C. Elliott The Dust Hazard in Industry. 'CV. E. Gibbs. Agitating, Stirring and Kneading Machinery. Hartland Seymour. Acid-Resisting Metals. Sydney J. Tungay.Mechanical Mixing Machinery. L. Carpenter.Bituminous Substances. Scientific Progress of Practical Importance during the last 15 years. P. E. Spielmann, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.I.C. With a Foreword by J. Kewley. London, 1925. Synthetic Organic Compounds. S. P. Schotz, D.Sc., Tech., F.1.C. London, 1925. The Chemical Ago Year Book, Diary and Directory, 1925. London, 1924. Cotton-Cellulose. It,s Chemistry and Technology.A. J. Hall, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1924. Chemistry and Atomic Structure. J. D. Main Smith, Ph.D., B.Sc. Londm, 1924. The Scientific Promotion of Gas Sales. A Treatise upon the Organisa- tion of Gas Distribution and Gas Sales Departments. Arthur Coo. London, 1924. The Chemical Age Chemical Dictionary. Chemical Terms. London, 1924. 140 Chemistry in the Twentieth Century. An Account of the Achieve- ment and the present state of knowledge in Chemical Science. Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S. London, 1924. The Design and Working of Ammonia Stills. P. Parrish, A.I.C., 3f.I.Chem.E., London, 1924. Atoms and Rays. An Introduction to Modern Views on Atomic Structure and R,adiation. Sir Oliver Lodge, F.R.S. London, 1924. The Specific Heats of Gases.J. R. Partington, M.B.E., D.Sc. and W. G. Shilling, M.C., M.Sc. London, 1924. Chemical Industry Pamphlets. London, 1924. Chemists and their work. Stephen Miall. The Quest for Colour. Dr. A. T. de Mouilpied, M.Sc., F.I.C. Wood Products. T. W. Jones, B.Sc. The Fermentation Industries. Rex Furness. Fine Chemicals. T. W. Jones, B.Sc. The Heavy Chemical Industry. Rex Furness. Chemistry in the Manufacture of Pigments, Paints and Vanishes. C. A. Klein, M.Sc. Chemistry in Relation to Foods. Dr. G. W. Monier-\Villiams, O.B.E., F.I.C. The Resources of the Empire Series-Chemicals. A. W. Ashe and H. G. T. Boorman, A.I.C. London, 1924. Oils, Fats, Waxes and Resins. E. R. Rolton, F.I.C. and R. G. Pelly, F.I.C. London, 1924. Lime and Magnesia.The Chemistry, Manufacture md Uses of the Oxides, Hydroxides and Carbonates of Calcium and Magnesium. N. V. S. Knibbs, B.Sc. London, 1924. OFTHE GOVERNORS BIRKBECECOLLEGE. Birkbeck College Centenary Lectures, 1823-1923. London,, 1924. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON,LTD. The Structure of Matter. J. A. Cranston, D.Sc., A.I.C. London, 1924. Chemical Synthesis. Studies in the Investigation of Natural Organic Products. Harry Hepworth, D.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1924. Complex Salts. William Thomas, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., A.I.C. London, 1924. THE CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS. Matter and Change. An Introduction to Physical and Chemical Science. W. C. D. Whetham, &LA., F.R.S. Cambridge, 1924. MESSRS. CKAPMAN& HALL,LTD. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry.Alexander Lowry, Ph.D., and Benjamin Harrow, Ph.D. London, 1926. A German-English Dictionary for Chemists. Austin M. Patterson, Ph.D. London, 1924. Aniline and its Derivatives. P. H. Groggins, B.S. London, 1924. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: A Text Book of Glass Technology. F. W. Hodkin, B.Sc., A.I.C. and A. Cousen, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C. London, 1925. Introduction to Theoretical Physics. Vol. I. By Arthur Haas, Ph.D., translated from the third and fourth editions by T. Verschoyle, M.C., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. With a Foreword by Professor F. G. Donnan, F.R.S. London, 1924. 141 DAVIES,L. J. AND D. OWEN.: South Wales Coals, Their Analyses, Chemistry and Geology. L. J. navies and D. Owen Devies. Cardifl, 1924.EASTICK,J. C. N., A.I.C.: The Discovery of the Periodic Law and on Relations among the Atomic Weights. John A. R. Newlands, F.I.C. London, 1884. FOWLER,GILBERTJ,, D.Sc., F.I.C. : Some Studies in Bio-Chemistry. By some Students of Dr. Fowler, Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore, 1924. MESSRS. GEORGEG. HARRAP & Co., LTD.: Chemistry of the Rarer Elements. Professor B. Smith Hopkins. London, 1924. MESSRS. HEFEER& SONS, LTD.: Practical Chemistry by Micro-Methods. Egerton Charles Greg,D.Sc., F.I.C., M.R.C.S. Cambridge, 1925. KENT-JONES,D. W., B.Sc., F.I.C.: Modern Cereal Chemistry. D. W. Kent-Jones, B.Sc., F.I.C. Liverpool, 1924. MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Co.: A Student’s Manual of Organic Chemical Analysis. Qualitative and Quantitative.Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., D.So., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.I.C., and Martha Annie Whiteley, O.B.E., F.I.C. London, 1925. New Reduction Methods in Volumetric Analysis. E. Knecht and E. Hibbert. London, 1925. Physical Chemistry for Students of Medicine. Alexander Findlay, M.A., D.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1924. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. W. Mellor, D.Sc. Vol. V. London, 1924. The Constituents of Coal Tar. Percy Edwin Spielmann, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.I.C., A.1nst.P. London, 1924. A System of Physical Chemistry. William C. McC. Lewis, M.A.,D.Sc., F.1nst.P. Edited by Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S., and F. G. Donnan, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C., F.R.S. In three volumes. Vol. 111. 3rd edition.Quantum Theory. London, 1924. The Carbohydrates and the Glucosides. E. Frankland Armstrong, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.I.C. 4th edition. London, 1924. MESSRS. NOBEL’SEXPLOSIVESCo., LTD. : Report on Sulphuric Acid and its manufacture by the Contact Process. R. Knietsch. SIR ISAAC & SONS, LTD.: PITMAN The Platinum Metals. E. ,4. Smith. London, 1925. CHARLES F.I.C. :SPACKMAN, Calcareous Cements. Their Nature, Manufacture and Uses. Gilbert R. Redgrave, A.Inst.C.E., and Charles Spackman, F.I.C. London, 1924. STEWART,ALAN W., D.Sc., A.I.C.: A Manual of Practical Chemistry for Public Health Stuclents. Alan W. Stewart, D.Sc., A.I.C. London, 1924. SUTTON,F. NAPIER, F.I.C.: Volumetric Analysis or The Quantitative Determination of Chemical Substances, by Measure applied to Liqtids, Solids and Gases.F. Napier Sutton, F.I.C. London, 1924. 142 Books Purchased. Chemical Technolow and Anaimis of Oils, Fats and Waxes. Dr. J. Lewkowitsch, \M.A., F.I.C. " Edited by George H. Warburton. In three volumes. Vol. I. 6th edition, entirely re-written and enlarged. London, 1921. Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes. Dr. J. Lewkowitsch, MA., F.I.C. Vol. IT. London, 1922. Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes. Dr. J-Lewkowitsch, M.A., F.I.C. Vol. 111. London, 1923. A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Sir Edward Thorpe, C.B., LL.D.,F.R.S. Vol. V., revised and enlarged edition. London, 1924. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during1923. Founded by Richard P.Rothwell. Edited by (3. A. Roush, A.B., M.S. Associate Editor, Allison Butt8, A.B., B.S. New York and London, 1924. 143 The Register. At the meeting of Council he1d"on 27th February, 1925, 2 new Fellows were elected, 8 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 36 new Associates were elected, and 21 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 8 Fellows by death. New Fellows. Roaeley, Leonard Kidgell, 5, Farm Walk, Hampstead Way, London, N.W.4. Hewson, Gorge William, Grasmere, Field Terrace, Jarrow-on-Tyne. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bruce, Alexander, B.Sc. (Edin.), The Laboratory, Hyde Park Corner, Colombo, Ceylon.Campbell, Alan Newton, Ph.D. (Lond.), Mond Nickel Go., Clydach,Swaneea.Chibnall, Albert Charles, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Lond.), Cedar House, Chiswick Mall, London, W.4. Clark, Walter, Ph.D. (Lond.), 11, Lodge Road, Hendon, London, N.W.4. Doidge, Russell Mervyn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 288, Louisville Road, Balham, London, S.W.17. Newcomb, Clive, I.M.S., B.A., M.D., (Oxon.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Chemicd Examiner, Park Town, Madras, India. Rawling, Sidney Owen, M.Sc. (Lond.), c/o the Institute of Chemistry,30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1. Waele, Armand de, c/o D. Qestetner, Ltd., Neo-Cyclostyle Works, Totten-ham Hale, London, N.17. New Associates. Banfield, Francis Harrold, M.Sc. (Lond.), 40, Maryland Road, Wood Green, London, N.22. Buckles, Cyril William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Cedar Road, l'horpe Hamlet, Norwieh .Chapman, William Ronald, M.Sc. (Shefl.j, Department of Fuel Technology, St. George's Square, Sheffield. Crossley, Eric Lomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Bank, Devonshire Road, Sherwood, Nottingham. Dawjes, Frank Stuart, -4.R..C.S., 101, Gough Road, Edgbaston, Bir-mingham.Dawson, Thomas Theodore, B.Sc. (Birm.), 82, Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Dunshy, ArthLr Norman, B.Sc. (Bris.), 165, Oakfield Road, Cwmbran, near Newport. Elder, Henry, 20, Warrender Park Road, Edinburgh. Flower, Albert George, R.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Melbourne Street, Derby. 144 Grant, George, ‘ ‘ Abernyte, ” Pumphers ton, Mid -Calder , Gray, Thomas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 8, Greenfield Place, Shettlestone, Glasgow. Green, Robert Arnold, B.Sc.(Dunelm), North End, Front Street, Sacriston, Durham. Grist, Ralph Alfred Sidney, B.A. (Oxon.), 28, Greyhound Lane, Streatham Common, London, S.W.16. Haden, Eric Hector, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Cathcart Road, Stourbridge,Worcestershire. Harrison, William Finnemore, M.Sc. (Birm.), 10, Third Avenue, Selly Park, Birmingham. Hecker, William Rundle, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Cecil Square, Margate. Hindes, Frederic William, M.Sc. (Vict.), Wesley Manse, Uppermill, near Oldham. Hohson, Ralph Percival, B.Sc., B.Sc. Agric. (Lond.), Rothamsted Ex-perimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. Howitt, Frederick Oliver, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Ogston & Moore, 77, Via Giuseppe La Farina, Messina, Sicily. Jenkins, Samuel Harry, M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.), 138, Bury New Road, Brouehton.Manchester. Kipps, W~lliam‘Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Queen’s Road, Hcndon, London, N.W. Knowles, William Maurice Foster, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Lewes Road, Eas tbourne. Lamping, Dou,glas, A.C.G.F.C., Finlagan, Pollards Hill South, Norbury, London, S.W.16. Lawman, Leslie Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), 55, Drakefield Road, London, S.W.17. MacNeill, Miss Maire Siuban, A.R.C.Sc.I., Mount Verdant, Kilkenny, Ireland. Marsden, Hermon, B.Sc. (Leeds), Blackgates, Tingley, near Wakefield. Partington, Norman, B.Sc. (Manc.), 2, Rewa Villas, Newport Road, Aldershot, Hants. Paxon, Francis James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 30, St. George’s Road, Palmers Green, London, N. 13. Price, Miss Grace Lilian, B.A. (Dublin), Clyston, Broadclyst, Exeter.Robertson, James Hoy, Ph.D. (Liv.), 11, Knowsley Road, Cressington Park, Liverpool. Sharp, Miss Marion, M.Sc. (Dun.), Lyndale, Kensington Gardens, Hale, Cheshire. Simm, William Donald Mellis, B.Sc. (Manc.), Bridge Foot House, Belper, Derbyshire. Thorp, Edwin William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Thruxton, Tennyson Road, Bognor. Tricker, Reginald Ernest Lanham, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 55, Lloyd Street South, Moss Side, Manchester. Walton, Edward Tunna Sylvester, B.Sc. (Liv.), The Thorns, Higher Road, Urmston, near Manchester. Withers, Donald Frederic, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Selhurst Road, South Nor-wood, London, S.E.25. New Students. Alexander, James Brown, Ivy Nook, Kelso, Roxburghshire. Baker, Thomas Eric George, 26, Foster Road, Chiswick, London, W.4. Biggs, Cyril Hubert, Thwaites, Meadowfield Road, Bridlington.Bird, Thomas Reid, 26, Gosford Place, Edinburgh. Buckley, Sidney Ernest, 31, Willow Grove, Plaistow, London, E.13. Dunn, Richard Trevor, 41, Waterloo Place, Brynmill, Swansea. Forrester, Stanley Drummond, 26, Cowan Road, Edinbiirgh. 145 Godsell, Miss Alice Tudor, 29, Alban Road, Llanelly, Carmarthenshire. Harris, Miss Eileen Winifred, 37, Cambridge Road, King’s Heath, Birming- ham. Jarman, Arthur William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Crouch Hill, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Keightley, Walter Maurice, 29, Melton Road, W. Bridgford, Nottinghern. Lennox, John Gordon, Rose Bank, Dunnikier Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Martin, John ThomaC;, 1, Ascot Road, Stirchley, Birmingham. Northam, Reginald Henry, H.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Stracey Road, Karlesden, London, N.W.10.Peel, John Buttery, 2, Chesterfield. Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Pollett, William Francis Ogilvie, 2, Greenham Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.lO. Puraer, Ernest Grenville, 47, Grosvenor Park, Camberwell, I,ondon, S.E.6. Smde, Cyril Austin, 5, Tydraw Place, Roath Park, Cardiff. Spencer, Geoffrey, 18, Bournville Avenue, Heaton Chapel, Stockport. Spilhaus, Karl Wilhelm, University College Hall, Ealing. London, W.5. Sullivan, Miss Norah, 11 1, Lebanon Road, Croydon, Surrey. DEATH. Fellow. Brown, Horace Tabberer, F.R.S. Change of Name. Jack Fritz to Firth. Associate. LOCAL SECTIONS Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts.Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Birmingham and Midlands: C. J. House, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 38, Edmund Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Bristol and South Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 170, NewbridgeCounties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Cape of Good Hope : Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland : Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West of Scot-Dr. W. M. Cumming, F.I.C., Royal land : Technical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield: T. A. Simmons, B.Sc., F.I.C., 27, LyndaleAvenue, Birkby, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : William Honneyman, B.Sc., F.I.C., York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr.R B. Forster F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 58, Burton Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C. J.H. Stock, B.Sc., F.I.C., County Analyst’s North-Eaat Coast : Office, Darlington, Co. Durham. South Wales: Cecil W. Wood, A.I.C., c/o The National Oil Refineries, Skewen, Glam. Malaya : R. 0. Bishop, M.B.E., A.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).Hon.Secretary :G.G.S. PULLEN,22, Kent House Road, Sydenham, S.E.26. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY BENEVOLENT FUND, Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country,1914-1 9 18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.l.LONDON,

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9254900071

出版商:RSC    

年代:1925

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD. B. PILCHER, Registrar nnd Sccrctary. 30, I~USSELLSQUAKE, M'.C. 1.LONDON, Jfine, 192.5. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, LEWIS EYNON, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M, HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KI R KALDY ( Treasuver). THOMAS MACARA, L. G. PAUL, B. D PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 149 Proceedings of the Council.APRIL-MAY, 1925. Election of Members of Council.-Mr. Lewis Eynon has been elected a Member of Council in the place of Prof. W. H. Roberts who has been appointed Examiner in the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food and Drugs. Dr. Frankland Dent has been elected Member of Council for District (xii)-representing members resident in the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. The Teaching of Applied Chemistry.-The report of the Conference on “The Place of Applied Chemistry in the Training of Chemists,” held on 30th January, which was issued to the Fellows and Associates towards the end of May, has been care- fully considered by the Nominations, Examinations and In- stitutions Committee. The Committee has submitted to the Council the recommendation that every candidate for the Associateship should be required to produce evidence of a specified minimum attainment in general inorganic, organic and physical chemistry, although he may have specialised in one or more of these branches.Accordingly, in reviewing the degrees and diplomas recognised in considering applications for election to the Associateship without Examination by the Institute, the Council has adopted, in the case of degrees in applied chemistry, the following modification of Regulation 4 A (iv.), rgz4:-“The final examination for a degree in the Honours School of Applied Chemistry, with first or second class honours, in any University in Great Britain, or the Associateship of the following Colleges, provided that evidence is also produced that the candidate has passed the examinations of the Univer- sity or College, to ordinary degree standard, in inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.” (Here follows the list of Colleges.) Conference at York, 10th-11th July.-Notice of a Con- ference of Fellows and Associates of the Institute to be held at York on 10th-11th July will be found on page 205.150 The University of Pavia.-The Council of the Institute, on receiving an invitation to participate in the Celebration of the Eleventh Centenary of the foundation of the Royal University of Pavia, forwarded the following address of con-gratulation to thc University :-* I1 Presidente, il Consiglio, i Membri, ed i Soci dell’Istituto di Chimica della Gran Bretagna e dell’ Irlanda porgono saluti fraterni e felicitazioni cordialissime a1 Rettore Magnifico, a1 Senato, ai Professori, ed agli Alunni dell’UniversieL di Pavia nella gloriosa occasione dell’undecimo Centenario della sua fondazione.L’Istituto si ricorda che 1’Universith di Pavia ha tenuto e tiene sempre una posizione eminentissima fra le pid grandi sedi di coltura, non solo dell’Italia, ma del mondo intero, e che nel registro dei suoi Alunni sono iscritti moltissimi nomi fra i primi nella storia della filosofia, della scienza naturale, delle belle lettere, e di tutte le arti liberali. L’Istituto desidera esprimere la fervida e sincera speranza che l’antica UniversitB di Pavia possa sempre proseguire la sua grande e ricca opera di benefizio all’umanith, e che manterlga inalterata durante i secoli a venire quell’altissima fama che ha goduto nel passato.Da parte dell’Tstituto di Chimica della Gran Kretagna e dell’Irlanda, Presidertfe. L. s. PATRICK Tesoriere Onorario.H. KIRKALDY, €3. PILCHER,RICHARD Registratore e Segretario. 20th May, 1925. 7’ranslcttion. -* The President, Council, Fellows and Associatche of the Institute of Chemistry of (Ircat Hritain and lreland send t Iwir wrili:il fixt(~r1i;il greetings rtncl oougrut iilatioiis to the Magnificent Hector, tho Senate, the Professors and Alumni of the University of Pavia, 011 this uuspicious occasion of the Celebration of the Eleventh Centenary of its foundation.The Institute is mindful that the University of Yavie hus ever held and still holds a place of eminence among the great seats of learningnot only of Italy but of the whole world and that the roll of its alumni contains very many mimes rtrnoiig tjhp first in the history of philosoph>, and natural science, in letters and in the liberal arts. The Institute desires to express the fervid and sincere hcpe that 11~ ancient University of Pavia may continue to pursue its great work, SO rich in benefit to all mankind, and ineintain unchanged throughout the ages to come the high fame which it has enjoyed in the past. 151 Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has formulated a scheme, which has been approved by the Council, for the granting of annuities to members of the Institute who are permanently incapacitated from practice.The scheme will be put into force when the capital fund is sufficiently large. In future, contributions described as donations will be applied to the annuity fund, and all other subscriptions will be applied to current grants and loans. The contributions to current account received to the end of May, 1925, amounted to E516 9s gd., compared with E359 17s. 5d. received at the corresponding date in 1924; the donations at the same date amounted to E157 gs qd., compared with E104 12s Iod. for 1924. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.-At the invitation of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Council asked thc Public Appoint- ments Committce to consider the draft schedulcls to the proposed new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Rill.ICepresentatives of the Institute coderred with representatives of the Ministry, and a letter has been addressed to the Ministry embodying observations on the schedules, which will be submitted in due course to the Advisory Committee. Faraday Celebration.-On the occasion of the Centenary of the discovery of Benzene by Michael Faraday the Council of the Institute sent a message of cordial greetings to the President and Managers of the Royal Institution. The Celebration was held on the 16th June under the auspices of the Royal Institution, the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industrv, arid tht: Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Societe de Chimie Industrielle.--The Council has ap- pointed Dr.F. I). Cliattaway and MI. Arthur R. Smith to represent the Institute at the Congress of Industrial Chemistry to be opened at Paris on 27th September next. Govern men t Scientific Publications.-A memorandum on Government Scientific Publications has been received from the Science Advisory Committee of the Joint Research and Information Department of the Trades Union Congress and Labour Party. The Committee invited the Council of the Institute to make its observations on the memorandum and to address the Government on the subject. 152 On a report from the Publications Committee, to which the matter was referred, the Council has given the memorandum careful consideration and has addressed the following observations to the Labour Party Committee; but has also stated that the Institute does not propose to address the Government on the subj ect.(The suggestions made by the Advisory Committee of the Labour Party are set out below in italics, and the comments of the Council of the Institute follow in ordinary type.) (a) That when a Government publication is printed to meet oflcial needs the cost of composition should be borne entirely by the Government Department concerned, and only those costs which increase with the number of copies printed should be charged to outside purchasers. The Council of the Institute concurs. (b) That Packages despatched by the Stationery Orlqice, like those despatched by most other Government Ofices, should be post free.The Council does not concur; the expense of postage should be borne by the purchaser. (c) That it is desirable in the public interest that Government publications giving general summaries of scientiJic work con-ducted under the control of such bodies as the Department of Scientijc and Industrial Research, the Medical Research Coumcit, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, should be read as widely as possible ;that they should be Produced in suitable form and published at the lowest reasonable price. The Council concurs. (a) That such matter should be presented in a “much more live(y and interesting manner.” If the policy of extending the circulation of these documents were adopted, public interest would increase and the departments which are concerned with scient@c work “would be led to issue deliberately ‘popular’ pamphlets dealing with recent advances in knowledge which has immediate application to public affairs.” The Council feels that it is not the province of the Government to issue ‘‘popular” pamphlets,-except in very special circumstances.Formal scientific reports and popular pamphlets should be published separately, if both are necessary. The results of scientific research work 153 cannot always be expressed in such a manner as to convey the meaning desired to the scientific worker and, at the same time, render the subject intelligible to non-technical readers.(e) That the methods of distribution should be thoroughly commercinl ;Publications should be well advertised and sold by all booksellers, prices being $xed to encourage sales. The Council concurs, (f) That the free gift of Publications to public libraries be resumed. The Council concurs,-provided that discrimination is used, having regard to the requirements of various localities. (g) That Government ScientiJic Publications intended for professional men of science should be easily accessible. The Council agrees; many research papers which are incorporated in the reports of departments, such as the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (D.S.I.R.) and Medical Research Council, are, however, also published by their authors in technical journals conducted by learned Societies.(h) The Labour Party Committee suggests that the Possibility of starting a Journal under the control of the D.S.l.R. should be considered, but feels that Journals conducted generally by the Government should be avoided. The Council is aware that valuable publications are produced by various Government Departments, but is not in favour of a Journal being produced by the Government for the publication of scientific research work generally. (i) That the Government should pay for the reproduction of its Publications in Journals by subsidies to the Societies which. fiublish them. The Council finds it difficult to generalise on this suggestion, but feels that the help of the Government might be given in the form of contributions to the publication funds of various Societies, and by giving them special rates for postage, as is done in America.All matter submitted for publication must, however, meet with the approval of the respective Societies. 164 The Advisory Committee on Science of the Labour Party remarks that hardly any scientist is interested in all the articles appearing in 0n.e journal or, conversely, interested only in those which appear in one ;and that, as a result, scientists usually have to buy a large amount of matter which does not concern them. The Advisory Committee suggests:- (j) That bound journals be abolished, that papers should be published separately, and a Clearing House be @rovided to facilitate theiy distribution.In the view of the Council of the Institute the pub- lication of each paper separately is impracticahle. Ob-viously, scientific work in different domains will often overlap, and the research worker cannot foresee whether or not any scientific paper may be at some time useful to him. (k)That there is wastefulness and room for improved methods in the distribution of Government reprints. The Council suggests that the system of the Bureau of Standards, and the Bureau of Mines, Washington, U.S.A. affords a good example of a possible scheme for distribution. The volumes of collected researches carried out in particular institutions do not necessarily deserve the epithet-" an example of foolish waste." These publications are brought together in order to demonstrate the useful-ness and activities of the institutions concerned.(I) Finally, that the Government should produce periodical indexes, and abstracts of all Publications dealing with science. The Council does not agree that abstracts should be prepared by the Government, the preparation of abstracts being a very difficult matter, requiring much intimate knowledge of the subjects involved. It does not appear that the Advisory Committee is cognisant of the abstracting work which is already carried out for Chemical Societies. Abstracts are at present prepared by the scientific societies from journals in all countries. In the case of indexes, however, these could be prepared by a clerical staff, and the Council agrees that the Government might undertake them.It is better for the Government to help the Societies in these matters than to duplicate the work. 155 Local Sections. Belfast.-A meeting of the Section was held in the chemical lecture theatre, Queen’s University, on 23rd April. Prof. G. Scott Robertson occupied the chair. Prof. Symmers, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, delivered a lecture illustrated by lantern slides on “The R6le of Biting Insects in Disease.” A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the motion of Dr. C. Still, seconded by Dr. John Hawthorne. The annual general meeting was held in the chemistry depart- ment, Municipal College of Technology, on 7th May, Prof.G. Scott Robertson in the chair. The following officers and committee were nominated and duly elected for 1925-1926:-Chairman, Prof. G. Scott Robertson; Hon. Treasurer, Mrs. M. I. Bell; Hon. Secretary, Mr. Wm. Honneyman; Committee, Messrs. J. R. Bainbridge, J. C. A. Brierley, E. Cashmore, and J. Hawthorne, with Dr. W. H. Gibson, ex-oficio, as District Member of Council. The Honorary Auditors, Messrs. J. Harold Totton and W. G. Bennett, presented their report and the accounts were approved. The Secretary, Mr. Honneyman, read the annual report, which showed that the Section had been very active during the past session. The Section was indebted to the University authorities for the use of lecture theatres, and also to the lecturers who had read interesting and informative papers of which short reports, together with accounts of other proceedings, had ap- peared in the Journal.Reference was made to the efforts of the Section, with special consent of the Council, to obtain certain amendments in the Pharmacy Bill (Northern Ireland), and to the appointment of a deputation-consisting of the Chairman, Dr. Hawthorne, Mr. Blake, and the Honorary Secretary-to appear before the Departmental Commission on Local Government Administration. The Section had also been consulted with regard to the proposed 156 regulations for National Certificates in Chemistry in Northern Ireland, the scheme of examinations for which will be put into operation by the Ministry of Education during next session.In this connection the then Assistant Secretary of the In- stitute-Mr. Marlow-had visited the Municipal College of Technology and on the occasion of his last visit in his official capacity had been entertained by the Section to luncheon. The Section had been active in raising subscriptions for the Benevolent Fund and was giving attention to the question of publicity. In the course of the discussion on the report, the Honorary Secretary said that the recommendations forwarded by the Council to the Ministry of Home Affairs with reference to the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, had not been incorporated in the amended Bill which had then reached Committee stage in Parlia- ment. It was not found possible to get the suggested amendment moved in Parliament, but the Minister of Home Affairs withdrew Section 25 which gave power to the inspector under the Act to collect samples for analysis.(The Council of the Institute had recommended that the samples proposed to be taken should be sent to the Public Analyst who should be paid a fee of one guinea per sample.) The report of the Committee was adopted. Mr. R. F. Blake pointed out the difficulties which “medicine analysts” to Boards of Guardians experienced in some cases where a Rural District Council covered the same area. Analyses of water and milk for Rural District Councils were paid for by fee per sample and had nothing to do with the work of a medicine analyst appointed by a Board of Guardians. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the Hon.Sec. (Mr. William Honneyman) for his services. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-In Journal, Part I., a short reference was made to the Annual Dinner of the Section held on 14th February. The Dinner, which was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and in which Members of the Chemical Society also participated, was very well attended. Mr. W. M. Jones presided. The toast of “The Chemical Society” was proposed by Professor Francis, who, in the course of his remarks, claimed 157 that the first school of physical chemistry had been established in the University of Bristol by Sir William Ramsay, and had been continued to the present time by Prof, Sydney Young, Dr.Morris Travers and Prof. McBain respectively. Prof. Philip, in replying for the Chemical Society, recalled that it had been founded eighty-four years ago, and that its chief function was to promote research. Its volume of pub- lications had continually increased and it had a great future before it. The occasion gave expression to a common desire for co-operation between the Chemical Societies. He mentioned the Library scheme, in which other bodies were co-operating with the Chemical Society, the co-operation of Local Sections of the Societies, and the efforts which were being made for a unified scheme for the publication of abstracts. Dr. T. Howard Butler, in proposing “The Institute of Chemistry’’ also expressed the hope that there would be one society representing all chemical institutes.Prof. E. C. C. Baly, representing the Institute, referred to his attachment to Bristol where, he said, there was very fertile ground for the development of the Local Section of the Institute. Speaking of the value of a University, he said that it could not be made up of a heterogeneous collection of undersized book-worms. The Institute itself should not be viewed from the point of view only of the man who could pass examinations: men of knowledge and big vision were wanted. The Institute stood for more than a qualifying organisation: it was something that brought them together in a real Freemasonry of science. They should strive to teach the younger generation the real meaning of the bond which existed between them.For that reason, he was a strong supporter of Local Sections. Prof. McBain, in proposing “The Society of Chemical Industry,” said that the public did not realise how greatly chemistry underlies all our daily life-industry, agriculture and medicine. It was not the academic training that counted so much, but the use of intelligence and ability to apply natural laws of chemical phenomena in industry. Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, replying for the Society, remarked that there was an increasing number of chemists who combined business instincts with their professional knowledge. They had to bring about by mutual goodwill very much closer co-operation between the three societies. Referring to commercial and industrial conditions since the war, he said that the chemical 158 industry had not suffered so badly as others, but he believed that industries in general would have to look to some remarkable development in science to reduce the stress of the present situation.In the last ten years the public had learned more of what the chemist meant to national life. Sir Ernest Cook proposed “The University of Bristol,” mentioning especially among its notable benefactors and founders the name of Mr. H. 0. Wills and recalling again the professors who had already been named by Prof. Francis. He thought that they could claim that their University took its place on an equal footing with any one of the new Universities of the country.Mr. Stanley Badock, Treasurer of the University, in reply, said that the University had been richly endowed with some of the most beautiful buildings in the kingdom, but that pro- gressive endowments were required to enable it more completely to supply instruction in higher branches of knowledge. Our industrial supremacy depended on how the great mass of the people got higher education and training. We were suffering from class consciousness, which was not helpful to government, goodwill, or good order, and class consciousness was always aggravated by lack of educational facilities. A University must have the spirit to carry the full enjoyment of education outside by extra-mural education : this Bristol was doing, and thereby adding to the enjoyment of life and the happiness of a great number of people.On 26th May, Sir Ernest Cook, Chairman of the Section, and a party of members visited the Avonmouth Works of the National Smelting Company, where they were received by Mr. Stanley Robson, manager, and Mr. Storer, who explained the plant for roasting zinc concentrates and for the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the contact process. The visit proved of great interest and, after the party had been entertained to tea by the management, Sir Ernest Cook expressed the warm thanks of the members to Mr. Robson for the courtesy and hospitality shown to them. Glasgow and West of Scotland,-The work of the Sub- Committee on Publicity has continued on the customary lines. Articles of column length, published fortnightly, continue to be a feature of the Glnsgow Herald.In addition, since the beginning of the year, not only have five articles been published in the “New Curiosity ” columns of the Glasgow Evening Times, but 159 thirty-two short articles (generally of half-column length), have been supplied at the request of the Editor. These special articles have included in addition to chemical topics, subjects of a very diverse nature, such as “Perpetual Motion,” “Affores- tation,” “Ships Propellors,” “Chimney Stalks,” “Locomotives,” “Transparency ” and “The Calculation of the time of Eclipses.” These articles were contributed by Messrs. D. G. Brown, G. Davidson, G. S. Ferrier, W. C. Harris, J. Henderson, J. M.Leitch, and J. Montgomery. Hud dersfie I d .-Mr. Percy Galam has been appointed Hon. Secretary of the Section in the place of Mr. Thomas A. Simmons, who has been obliged to relinquish the duties owing to pressure of work. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting of the Section held at St. George’s Restaurant, on 6th April, Professor W. H. Roberts presiding, Mr. E. H. Shepherd submitted the following motion :-“That it is desirable that Central and Local Subsidiary Councils of the Institute of Chemistry, representing all branches of the Profession, should be established with the object of inaking the Institute a more comprehensive body.” In opening, Mr. Shepherd drew attention to that feature of the Institute’s organisation which enabled a member of the rank and file to bring matters of importance to the profession to the notice of his brother chemists.He was led to consider the present position of our chemical bodies by the perusal of a publication issued by the League of Nations entitled “En- gineers and Chemists,” the result of an investigation, carried out by the Labour Office, into the present position of these professions in all important countries throughout the world. It dealt satisfactorily with engineers, but not so with chemists: in dealing with Great Britain, no mention was made of the Institute or of any other body concerned with the interests of chemists. He regarded this as defining the present position very clearly: it indicated that, in the view of the hvestigators, there was no body of sufficient importance to represent chemists adequately and ensure that our country received the most efficient chemical service.He had intended submitting a motion in March to urge that a conference of all the chemical societies should be held at Wembley this summer to consider the means 160 and to take the necessary action to effect some satisfactory form of unification. Further consideration had led him to the view that there was no sufficiently defined opinion among the various bodies to ensure that a conference of the type suggested would serve any useful purpose. In his opinion, the Institute was not altogether in favour of unification. On the other hand, a resolution had been passed in Belfast on 8th March, as the result of an address by Dr.Gibson, which strongly urged that steps towards unification should be taken. He also was strongly in favour of some form of unification and that was his ultimate reason for bringing forward his motion, but he held that, before approaching other bodies, it was desirable that the Institute should introduce modifications into its own organisation, in order to deal with the various phases of chemistry more ade- quately. He regarded the Institute as a body which had been formed and had received its Charter with the object of performing a definite service to the community. It was essential to regard Chemistry, not as a mysterious art confined to a favoured few, but as a term applied to the aggregation of certain complexes known as atoms into molecules and to the phenomena connected therewith.These chemical reactions, taking place throughout the whole material universe, both quick and dead, may be considered as of two kinds: first, those which take place as the result of the distribution of energy in the universe quite indepen- dent of man’s initiative and about the most vital of which he knows very little; and second, those reactions initiated by man by bringing materials together under suitable conditions to achieve a particular object. Those initiating may or may not be chemists and the reactions may or may not be under their control. The chemist is a man who is acquainted with our present knowledge of the principles underlying these reactions and is able to apply this knowledge.In relation to the first, he has a secondary but very important role to play, in so far as the reactions concern man and his welfare. In this field, the Institute had an important duty to perform, which it had performed web. In providing men of adequate ability, it had ensured to the public that those reactions which were involved in its life should not be interfered with by improper or adulterated food, and had given it protection against economic loss by seeing that it obtained the genuine products of nature’s chemical factories. The second type of reaction required the modern 161 chemist at his best to render it a commercial success. In recent years, the reactions initiated by chemists had become of in-creasing number and of vital importance to civilised com-munities; to such an extent, in fact, that there were many who considered that they were living in a New Chemical Age.The Institute assisted in providing men for these develop- ments by its work in connection with chemical education; but it did not provide enough from its own membership. As the result of recent developments, it had increased its membership by admitting a number of candidates, engaged for the most part in research or industry, without examination by the Institute itself. These were without doubt chemists of first-class ability. In this way, it became a unique body with a large membership consisting entirely of men who had definitely devoted their lives to chemistry for better or worse.It might seem unnecessary to repeat all this, but he felt it was of great importance to draw attention to the question whether an adequate corresponding reorganisation had taken place in the Institute so as to deal with the new and very grave responsibilities which it had undertaken. This had not yet been done. His motion was based on proposals made at the time of the original formation of the British Association of Chemists, when it was proposed that special committees of the Institute should be formed to deal with the various branches of the profession. His present proposal was a development of that suggestion and involved forming subsidiary councils which, in his view, should make the Institute a much more useful body.These should include central councils in London and local councils, to deal respectively with matters of general and local interest to their own branches of the profession, The local councils would forward recommendations to the central councils on matters of general interest to their respective branches. They would be responsible to the Grand Council and to the local general councils respectively. That was his proposal, but he also discussed certain details and indicated possible further developments. He suggested that the councils should be Research, Official, Consulting and Industrial. The Institute members would be divided into Sections corresponding with the Councils. The Research Section would be recruited from the Universities only, and would include all chemists engaged solely in teaching; 162 the Official, Consulting and Industrial Sections would tie recruited from Universities Technical Colleges, and supplemented private training. He was of the opinion that the Institute should regard Research as essential to its future development.A Research Council would enable it to fulfil a morc vital ralc in this direction. It would assist in promoting a more rapid application of research results and consequently increase their economic value. A member would join a particular section on entering the Institute and its Council would see that he had every chance of using his talents to the utmost and of attaining a position in his profession commensurate with the money spent in equipping him.The Grand Council would be responsible for the con-ditions of admission to the Associateship and to a new class of membership that would probably be found desirable. Each subsidiary council would make its own conditions for the terms of admission to the Fellowship of its own section, and see that the status of this was maintained, so that it should be a valuable hall-mark for a man of first-class ability in his own branch. That should be something worth aiming at. The councils should aim at providing a free exchange of views between the various sections and in this way enhance the economic value of their members. These effects might be expected to promote a more definite understanding between the controllers of industry and their chemists.The councils should assist their members in keeping in touch with developments in chemistry. This was perhaps of particular interest to industry, as it would assist in preventing chemists getting into a rut. It might involve the appointment of paid local secretaries, possibly also acting for other bodies. It might be necessary to consider including Pharmacists and forming a Pharmaceutical Council; but they might prefer not to come in. The Institute could certainly assist any unification scheme providing for a Chemistry House, and he hoped that eventually a chemist would be able to get all he wanted for a single sub- scription, say ,cl5 5s. He was of the opinion, as already suggested, that it would be essential to have another body looking after publications, which might be a limited liability company in which the great body of chemists would have a considerable interest.The various publications would be looked after by the corresponding councils either of the Institute or other similar body. 163 The following three courses might be pursued :-(I) Leave the Institute as it is and approach other bodies. (2) Reorganise the Institute to render it more comprehensive and await developments. (3) Reorganise the Institute starting on the lines suggested by the motion and then approach other bodies. The third course seemed to him to be the most satisfactory, and for that reason, he would be glad to see them pass the motion before them. DISCUSSION.Prof. Roberts objected to the statement that the Institute “opened its doors ” on account of the organisation of the British Association of Chemists. The B.A.C. did not compel the Institute to revise its regulations: the whole scheme for the admission of war-time associates was passed by a meeting of the Council in July, 1917,prior to the formation of the B.A.C. He gathered that Mr. Shepherd proposed that the Grand Council should elect to the associateship: he would be glad to know in what way it would differ from the present Council of the Institute. What function in this respect would he wish the Grand Council to perform that was not already being carried out by the ex- aminers? He gathered that the local councils would elect the Fellows.Was it proposed the Grand Council should accept the Fellows recommended by the local councils? It did not seem right to him that the Grand Council should have no veto on the recommendations of the subsidiary Councils. Mr. Croad seconded Mr. Shepherd’s motion. He was of opinion that such a scheme must come into force. It should be put forward as it stood. The Local Councils would be useful for publicity . Dr. Thomas was indebted to Mr. Shepherd for his paper, with much of which he was in agreement. He thought there was a real need for committees or sub-committees to represent the different branches of the chemical profession. There seemed to be some disagreement as to what the precise functions of such committees should be; but that was a matter which could be settled after further deliberation.He could not, however, agree with the latter part of Mr. Shepherd’s address, which seemed to him to be outside the scope of his motion. While much could be said in favour of union between non-professional bodies such as the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, 164 he failed to see how the Institute could function efficiently as a professional organisation if it were to unite with these two bodies. There was everything to be said for co-operation on the part of the Institute with these other organisations, and he understood that such co-operation existed. Further than that, he was not prepared to go.There were obvious advantages to be gained from a closer union of the Institute with other pro-fessional scientific organisations such as the Institute of Physics, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, etc., but that was a different matter altogether. He would vote for Mr. Shepherd’s motion as it stood on the agenda, which amounted only to re-organisation within the Institute, and had no relation to outside bodies. Dr. Morton much appreciated Mr. Shepherd’s talent for initiating discussions that led to interesting and valuable con- clusions not foreshadowed or indicated in the title. at the start. He thought that many mistakes had been made in labelling men as special kinds of chemists when they were really not so.That was to be deplored. The fact that a man had done some research on a certain subject was not proof that he possessed the research instinct in a general way. He was attracted to the ideal held up by Mr. Shepherd, but he feared it was premature. Mr. Shepherd maintained that Chemistry was not exerting the influence in the country that it ought. The Chairman put the motion which was carried unanimously. London and South-Eastern Counties.---A Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 22nd April, Sir Robert Robertson in the Chair. Before the formal business, the Chairman welcomed Dr. M. C. Whitaker, President of the United States Industrial Corporation, who had been invited to attend. He then called upon Mr. William Rintoul to open a discussion upon “Library and Office Organisation for Chemists.” Mr.Rintoul said:- Nothing is easier, provided the necessary funds are available, than to get together a collection of printed matter embodying some small fraction of human knowledge and to call the col- lection a library. Now that indexes of books and periodicals are so generally available, it is not much more difficult to render such a collection moderately complete in any particular branch of knowledge in which we may be interested. It is to be presumed 165 however, that the mere collection of this knowledge is not our final aim, but that it is intended to put this accumulation, when it is obtained, to some useful purpose, and this is where the difficulty of those who use and are associated with libraries really begins.The older method of extracting information from a library was often by an appeal to a much harassed and overdriven librarian, who alone knew all the secrets of the design and arrangement of his shelves and could therefore act as a guide to the particular item containing the information required. Modern life, however, is lived at too high a velocity to allow of archaic methods being applied even in the use of a library, and it has become necessary to devise new methods whereby the innumerable printed documents of to-day can be made to give up their contents at will to users of the library. In introducing this discussion, therefore, I think my best course is to describe, very briefly, the organisation of one library which serves a large industrial concern, namely, that of Messrs. Nobel’s Explosives Company, at Ardeer.This Library has to serve the needs of a research department of some sixty chemists and their assistants, as well as large manufacturing departments, engineering shops, drawing offices and other departments, and I may say at once that the success of the organisation which has grown up is due to the fact that the library has gradually become the memory of the whole organisation. All the information of permanent value which comes to any of our departments ultimately reaches the library where it is filed and indexed. The sources of the information are various and may be classified as follows:- VBooks and Pamphlets.Periodicals. Patent Specifications. Typewritten reports received Correspondence. from outside sources. Drawings. Reports emanating from and Extracts from Journals, etc. controlled by the Ardeer Graphical Records, etc. staff. To each document as it arrives is allocated a Call Number which is placed on the right hand top corner, either on the outside page or on the title page. A letter placed before the call number indicates the classification under which the par- ticular item is filed. Now that the information has been obtained, the next step is to render it available to those who are interested in it and 166 can make use of it. Whatever system is employed to achieve this end, it is clear that, to be effective, it is essential that the information which was received ten years ago be just as readily available as that which arrived only yesterday, and it is in this respect that a mechanical method far surpasses any method relying upon the memory of a staff, no matter how numerous and efficient.The system that we have adopted at Ardeer first came to our knowledge through the publication of two books: Systematic Indexing and The Card System at the Ofice, by Mr. J. Kaiser. The system as described in these books is adapted to a commercial undertaking only ; but we were fortunate enough to be able to obtain the services of Mr. Kaiser himself, who came to Ardeer with the object of studying our require- ments on the scientific side and who finally designed and laid down the essentials of the scheme we now follow.The principal feature of this scheme is the compilation of what one might call, for want of a better term, a Descriptive Index, that is to say, an index which, in addition to pointing to the document containing the information sought, gives at the same time in a few words the gist of the information which that document contains. This index consists of three parts, the Numerical Section, the Dictionary Catalogue and the Index proper. In the Numerical Section each document in the library is represented by a card. These cards are arranged in the same order as the documents on the shelves, and therefore serve as a check on the contents of the library and facilitate stocktaking.Each card in the numerical section bears on the back a list of subject headings for which cards have been filed in the D ictioi.tary Catalogue or Central Index in respect of that particular document. The Dictionary Catalogue deals with books only, each item being entered under its title, author, and such of its subjects as are of particular interest. These three entries are distinguished by a colour scheme in which the author cards are blue, the title cards, pink, and the subject cards, white. It can easily be imagined that it is impossible to index all books exhaustively. We are, for example, specially interested in explosives: to incorporate all the information contained in Arthur Marshall’s book on Explosives in the index would practically necessitate retyping the whole book.This is the reason why books are treated in the dictionary catalogue as a class by themselves, 167 although, occasionally, references to them are to be found in the index proper. The actual Index Section consists of cards on which is typed the information to be recorded. The filing term, which is placed in the top left-hand corner, must be a “concrete.” A fairly good definition of a “concrete” for indexing purposes might describe it as a term denoting something capabZe of being marketed. Light and electrical energy, for example, are treated as “concretes” in this system. The “concrete” term then is placed in the top left-hand corner of the card. The centre of the card at the top is occupied by a geographical term if such exists in connection with the matter being dealt with.At the top of the right-hand corner is the call number of the document indexed and immediately below this is the “process” term. This “process” term is a subsidiary filing term denoting action, quality, property, etc., for example, toxicity, stability, velocity of detonation, puri- fication, solubility, etc. Below this term at the top of the card are given:- I. The date on which the information was first known. 2. The digest of the information in so far as it is of interest in connection with the filing terms. 3. Name of document or publication. 4. Date of publication. 5. Author’s name. 6. In the case of an abstract, the name of the journal, etc.in which the original information appeared. A definite position is assigned to each of these terms on the card. The cards are filed, first of all, in alphabetical order under the “concrete ” term. All groups of cards under one “concrete ” are then arranged alphabetically according to the geographical term and the groups under one “concrete” and under one geographical term are filed alphabetically under the “process ” term. The cards containing the summarised information are separated into groups by means of five-position guide cards. These serve to indicate the alphabetical position of the term on the tab and to show the relationship of the term on the tab to other information in the index. The five-position guide cards are all of a buff colour ; but for the information cards a 168 colour scheme is adopted which indicates at once the nature of the document from which the information is drawn.All information taken from :-Patent Specifications : recorded Extracts and Cuttings, on on white cards. brown. Books and Pamphlets, on pink. Periodicals, on green. Correspondence, on salmon. Typescripts, on yellow. Drawings and Illustrations, Reports, on buff. on blue. We now come to the procedure followed in the work of indexing. The papers and periodicals which arrive each morning are first marked with their call numbers and, date- stamped. Leaves are cut if necessary. They are then passed to the librarian who selects material for indexing.The librarian has access each morning to the previous day’s correspondence from all departments, from which he selects material. Cor-respondence and communications are also sent to him from various departments from time to time. The indexing of the selected material is carried out by dictating to a typist the material to be typed on cards. Each item indexed is marked in the original with a blue ring by means of a rubber stamp. Readers of the document can thus see at a glance what has been indexed, and are enabled to suggest further indexing should they think this advisable. All the cards produced during the week are assembled, and those which bear the most comprehensive digest of matters of interest are reproduced in the form of a periodical which is issued weekly to members of the staff.In this periodical the information is classified under such headings as “ Science,” “General Technology,” “Explosives Technology ” and “En-gineering.” It contains also particulars of additions to the library and other matters affecting the work of the staff. This periodical, however, is not an essential part of the organisation. The week’s cards are then very carefully scrutinised in order to select entries to be made in the “process” section of the index. When an index is started, a list of the terms of this type, which may conceivably prove useful, is compiled. Extreme care should be taken to make this list as exhaustive as possible from the start. Should it occur that a process term must be added to this list after the index has been established for some time, this will involve a close scrutiny of all the cards filed, 169 in order to secure completeness in the references to this par- ticular term.If the age of the index is appreciable, the labour involved is formidable. Alternatively, a “process ” term not selected originally may be provided for by typing cards in which the space for the “concrete” term is left blank, the card being then placed in the position in the main body of the central index found by ranking the “process” term as equal to a “concrete ” term. The ordinary “process” section of the index is kept apart from the main body of the index. When once the “process” cards have been completed for the collected week’s cards, the whole of the cards are distributed in their proper places throughout the index.It is claimed for the Kaiser system of indexing that, by the use of guide cards bearing related terms, not only is cross-referencing made possible, but the total number of cards required for quick and accurate consultation of the index is greatly reduced. The guide cards are buff coloured, similar in size to the other cards, but differing from these in the possession of a projecting tab which may occupy any one of five different positions along the top of the card. Terms for guidance and consultation are typed on these tabs and are readily seen. Every card or set of cards filed under a given “concrete” term is preceded by a buff guide card having that “concrete” term typed on its projecting tab, which in this case occupies the top left-hand corner position.When the number of cards filed under that “concrete ” term increases and cards bearing names of countries appear, a guide card having a tab in the middle position is inserted before each sub-group of cards for the various countries and bears on the projecting tab the name of the country. When the cards under a given ‘‘concrete ” term become numerous other guide cards may be inserted at intervals. These guide cards have projecting tabs on the top right-hand corner bearing the “process” term of the card which they precede. The main guide cards, that is, those which precede each set of cards filed under a given “concrete ” term, have an additional and important function.It is by means of these cards that anyone consulting the index, having exhausted the pos-sibilities of the group filed under any given “concrete,” without obtaining the information required, proceeds to other terms in the index related to that first consulted. These other “related” terms are typed in alphabetical order on the main 170 guide card and by running down these terms one obtains sug-gestions for places where the information sought may be found. One very important modification in the working of the index has been introduced by our present librarian, Mr. Barbour. When an index is started it is necessary to lay down a good many definite regulations as to how it is to be constructed, and Mr.Kaiser was very emphatic that under no condition whatever could any exception to these regulations be permitted. It is impossible to foresee, at the start, all the conditions that will arise; consequently the regulations drawn up will prove more or less faulty and these faults will be perpetuated. In order to overcome this difficulty, Mr. Barbour suggested that the index should be constructed in volumes, each volume extending over a period of five years. A complete break occurs at the end of each volume, and this gives an opportunity for remodelling the governing regulations in any way that may be considered de- sirable. In this way any faulty decision, although it must stand for five years, can be rectified after that period.We have now completed two five-yearly volumes of our index and are constructing a third. So that this method of dealing with it has been well tested. Sometimes information still crops up that belongs to the period of one of the earlier volumes. This information is added to the particular volume to which it belongs; but still in accordance with the regulations under which that volume was constructed, so that Mr. Kaiser’s reasonable dictum on the immutability of regulations is complied with. All the cards in the Central index are kept in a series of sixty drawer cabinets, each drawer having a rod run through the whole of its cards. The reason for this is that under no condition whatever are users of the index permitted to with- draw any of the actual cards themselves.This apparently complicated system of filing obviously costs a good deal. As a matter of fact our total expenditure on the index for the past few years has been of the order of E~zooa year, and it is reasonable to ask whether or not the results justify the expenditure. The answer is in the affirmative. Two or three years after the system of indexing had been started, we were not a little anxious on this score, as we found we were spending a great deal of money and getting practically nothing in return. Fortunately, we realised that this was a passing phase, because, by the time the index had been running for five years, we began to see great possibilities in the advantages 171 to be obtained and, ever since then, these advantages have been increasing and the value of the index has gone up by leaps and bounds.When you consider the number of subjects in which the concern is interested and the number of daily occurrences in connection with our products, which must be permanently recorded and be easily referred to at a moment’s notice, I think the value of the index must be obvious. When any unusual event occurs calling for a special opinion, or for definite action, or for consideration of policy, no one will deny that it is of the utmost value to be able to obtain full details of all similar circumstances that have arisen in the past and the manner in which they have been dealt with. On the other hand, take for example, the starting of work on a new subject of research.Where, in the old days, the time of the research worker was probably occupied for weeks hunting up the literature for sufficient data to be able to form a reliable picture of the present state of knowledge on his subject, now, he can simply refer to the index where he will find collected all the information on the subject, provided it is one in which we have been interested. Besides the collection and dissemination of information there are many other services which the library department can contribute towards the general work of a research depart- ment. We find it a great convenience, for example, to have housed in the library, a complete catalogue of all the apparatus, both scientific and general, which is used in the research department.For this purpose each piece of apparatus when it is purchased has placed upon it a number which is called the “Equipment Catalogue Number.” The principal storekeeper enters up on a form all particulars of the apparatus, such as its name, the supplier’s name, its location in the laboratories, the date of receipt and any additional information which may exist regarding it, This form is sent to the librarian, who transfers the infor- mation to a card which is then filed in the equipment catalogue. If an apparatus consist of separate parts, these are detailed on the card and each is marked with the main equipment catalogue number and a subsidiary number. These cards are in duplicate, one set being filed in numerical sequence and the other in alphabetical order, according to the name of the instrument.This system allows a complete check to be held over all apparatus, and facilitates periodical inspection. 172 Again, all experimental work carried out in the department must be recorded in the form of detailed reports. These reports deal with subjects of first importance to us: the work has been carried out by our own staff and, therefore, we know more of its reliability and accuracy than we do of any other information which reaches us. In our opinion these reports are our most valuable possession and every care is taken in their preparation and handling, and for this the librarian is largely responsible.The experimentalist who actually carries out any research is responsible for the preparation of his draft report. This draft is handed over to me of two editors who are members of the library staff. He reads the draft and discusses it with the author to see that it is drawn up in accordance with the code of regu- lations that are laid down in the department. When they are satisfied that the report is in proper form, it is typed and dis- tributed to the authorities for consideration. When the report has been fully discussed and any necessary action taken, all copies of it are returned to the library, where the file copy is indexed as already described. The librarian is responsible for the custody of all spare copies and the distribution of those copies which are sent elsewhere.What I have said so far has been largely a statement of fact and does not perhaps offer any great scope for discussion. I propose to refer to a subject now, however, which is capable of discussion which may have useful and far-reaching results. During the autumn of last year there was held at Hoddesdon in Essex, a conference of representatives from various British concerns associated with, or interested in the running of libraries. The object of the conference was to discuss the possibility of linking up the different libraries in the country, whether public or private, with the object of increasing the availability of the knowledge which has been collected together in these various institutions. It was generally agreed at the conference that the linking up of libraries was a very desirable object for which to strive.At the same time it was recognised that the principal difficulties involved in the scheme would be found in dealing with the special libraries, of which Ardeer affords an example, and the conference at Hoddesdon elected a Committee which is devoting a portion of its time to the compilation of a list of these libraries. Ulti-mately it is hoped to devise some scheme for mutual interchange of information. The work will be voluntary in many cases, 173 and there will be a limit to the time which the individual or firm concerned can devote to altruistic work, or at any rate, to work which, in some cases, would appear to cost more than the value of any reciprocal benefit in sight.The scheme is, I think, worthy of careful consideration, and the committee which has the matter in hand, deserving of all encouragement. It is not impossible that such a scheme might constitute the first step towards the provision of a National Scientific and Technological Index which would function as a clearing house for all information pertaining to those subjects. In approaching the matter of a general register of knowledge in this way, from the bottom upwards, rather than in the much more ambitious method underlying the conception of the great Biographical Index in Brussels, we are more likely to arrive at, at least, a partial realisation of the object for which we are striving.I have little to say with regard to office organisation. At Ardeer we have a commercial department which looks after the issue and filing of all correspondence. As the bulk of this correspondence deals with manufacture, advantage has been taken of the fact that every factory product has been allocated a Syllabus Order Number. These syllabus order numbers form in themselves a very convenient system under which the correspondence dealing with these products can be filed. One very important function must be discharged by the office organisation, if an adequate control of manufacture is to be ensured, and that is the compilation of efficiency and cost figures. This is much too large a subject to enter into in detail here. It must suffice to point out the importance of intimate collaboration between the two sections, if the best results are to be obtained.The meeting being open to discussion. Dr. Spielmann enquired what was the size of the library staff required to cope with the work Mr. Rintoul had indicated. Dr. R. S. Hutton gave the meeting an interesting account of the work of the recent conference of librarians held at Hoddesdon. It was anticipated that another conference would be held during the coming year; the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust had supplied funds to carry on the work for the time being. All were impressed by the necessity for the labour to be shared, it being remembered that there were 30,000 separate scientific periodicals in the world, of which any one firm could only see a very small fraction.He believed that American Universities 174 were giving special courses of lectures to scientific men on the use of libraries and he thought that some such development would be desirable in the United Kingdom. Miss Fletcher, of the Research Department, Woolwich Arsenal, asked whether the Ardeer staff used the abstracts on the cards or referred directly to the books, and questioned whether it was not better to make an abstract, merely of a line or two, and to give adequate cross-references. Miss Fletcher also asked if the periodicals were circulated and whether heads of departments saw them all; whether at the end of the five- yearly period the index was started afresh without any cards in it, and whether in practice the scientific staff consulted the library or the librarian.Mr. Foster Sproxton said that the British Xylonite Company had been greatly interested in Mr. Barbour’s paper in Chemistry and Industry, and had followed Kaiser’s system, with certain modifications. They had to depart from it occasionally in the definition of the term “concrete.” He felt that without a large library staff there would be a difficulty in preparing the necessary abstracts. He asked whether when an appreciation was required the library staff or the scientific staff prepared it; further, whether it was not necessary, in view of the fact that some information was confidential, to impose limitations upon persons allowed to use the library.Mr. Evans gave a brief account of the methods in use in the Chemical Warfare Department, which had been worked out with special reference to the requirements of the Department and involved a fair amount of cross-referencing. Dr. Whitaker said that he had adopted the theory that the collection and abstracting of information was a job for specialists. He had not attempted to build up a library of books, but to secure complete abstracts (with references) on cards. He admitted that it was expensive, but it avoided the greater expense incurred when a research chemist spent weeks in dis- covering something that had been discovered forty years ago. He was much attracted by the five-years’ system. It appeared that in America very little was done to train scientists as librarians.What they were endeavouring to do was to grade chemists, according to their talents. In reply, Mr. Rintoul said that at present rather more than half of the time of the Librarian was devoted to indexing as well as the whole time of an assistant and the time of two typists. 175 A total of 131 journals is at present indexed directly by the Library staff, but the perusal of these journals ensures a know-ledge of the contents of very many more journals, at least as far as the subject of special interest to our library is concerned, As regards the issue of periodicals to members of the staff, it is laid down by rule that no current periodical is to be allowed out of the Library until the next number has been received.The only exception to this rule is that a periodical may be issued for the hours during which the Library is closed, but it must be returned immediately thereafter. The abstracts which appeared on the cards were so drafted as to be more than a mere indication of what the document contained. There were intended to give the gist of the publication, and by use of them it was easily possible to prepare a general review of any given subject. The preparation of reports for placing on the files occupies a considerable portion of the time of the Library staff. Two editors spend practically their whole time in editing and revising draft reports. It is surprising how few chemists, in whatever University they may have been trained, are capable of drafting a report describing their work in clear and definite terms. Mr.Rintoul suggested that this was a matter to which he thought Universities might well devote some attention. With regard to the incidence of the five years’ period, the Dictionary Catalogue went on for ever, but the Index started afresh with new cards at the end of each five years. The Library staff were always willing to initiate a new member of the Scientific staff into the system upon which the Index is run, but once that had been done it was expected that the staff would consult the Index in the Library and not the Librarian. As a rule when a new research was to be undertaken, the chemist who was entrusted with it collected all the necessary information himself and prepared his own appreciation of the previous work, and in preparing such appreciations the Central Index was invaluable as a time-saving device.Unfortunately a certain amount of information in connection with most organisations must be treated as confidential and certain files must be provided for this class of information, the access to these files being strictly limited. It must be remembered, however, that such information is not so fully available for use in the Company’s interests as if it were open to all the staff; so that it is desirable to keep the number of items of confidential information as limited as possible. 176 Manchester and District,-The Honorary Secretary reports that as the result of a‘ questionnaire addressed to members of the Section, a substantial majority expressed themselves in favour of the resolution passed by the Section urging the Council to explore the possibility of securing government registration of chemists.This will be one of the subjects for discussion at the Conference to be held at York on 10th and 11th July. South Wales.-The concluding meeting of the session was held at Swansea on 15th May, under the chairmanship of Prof. J. E. Coates. Mr. C. A. Seyler gave a most interesting address, entitled “The Scientific American,” on his recent visit to the United States as the British representative on the Conference of Coal Chemists. This was followed by a general discussion on the various aspects of the work of chemists in America and in our own country.Mr. Seyler’s chief aim was to investigate the basis of the American classification of coals and the lack of co-ordination that exists between such classification in the two countries. He hoped to evolve a classification that would be equally acceptable and useful to the chemists of both countries. The Section considered a resolution of the Liverpool Section urging the desirability of establishing central and local subsidiary councils of the Institute, representing all branches of the pro- fession, with the object of making the Institute a more com- prehensive body. The precise meaning and implication of the resolution was not felt to be very clear; but it was unanimously agreed that the resolution, so far as it could be interpreted, could not be supported by the Section.It was felt that members already possessed sufficient powers to make the Committees of Local Sections and the Central Council of the Institute effectively representative of the profession. 177 Notes. Contracts of Service-Mr. Marlow’s notes on “Contracts of Service,” summarising the articles and reports which have appeared in the Journal of the Institute on this subject during the past few years, have now been published as a separate pamphlet. It has been suggested that the statement in Section XV. on the Workmen’s Compensation Acts is too categorical. Mr. Marlow states, however, that although the case of Bagnall v. Levinstein was before the Court of Appeal in 1907,and was considered under the Act of 1897, it has frequently been quoted since that time when the limitation of the interpretation of the term “workman ” has been the point at issue.In the Act of 1897 the word “workman” was not clearly defined, and it was usually construed in its more popular sense. In the Act of 1906 the term “workman ” is defined as meaning :-“Any person who has entered into or works under a contract or service or apprenticeship with an employer, whether by way of manual labour, clerical work, or otherwise, and whether the Contract is expressed or implied, is oral or in writing.” The important words are ‘I or otherwise.” Although there is no judicial authority for the suggestion, it has nevertheless been suggested-notably by Willis, in his “Workmen’s Compensation ” (of which the last edition was published in 1gz5)-that Bagnall v.Levinstein would have been otherwise decided under the present Acts, since in their later decisions the Court of Appeal have stated that they are prepared to construe the words ‘‘or otherwise” in the widest manner. It is clear, therefore, that this is a point which at the present stage admits of no definite statement one way or the other. Mr. Marlow adds that the point of view in Bagnall v, Levinstein and in a later case in 1912 was this :-The governing 178 questions were-What was he employed to do ? Was he employed as a workman or was he employed as a skilled adviser? He is not sure that Willis has in mind the case of chemists, and would not raise faint hopes by publishing even a partial disclaimer.It could be argued that a routine analyst employEd on hack work is a workman, but the position of a Fellow of the Institute might be regarded in another liqht. Royal Microscopical Society.-Over twenty Members of the Institute attended the Conference of the Royal Microscopical Society held at Sheffield during the week commencing 20th April. Mr. T. G. Elliott acted as the official delegate of the Institute. Tables Annuelles de Constantes and Donnees Num6riques.-Dr. C. Marie, Secr6taire G6neral de 1’Union Internationale de la Chimie pure et appliquke, has announced the publication of the 5th volume (1917-22)of Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data, Physical, Chemical and Tech- nological. A special reduction of 25% is offered to the members of scientific societies. Particulars can be obtained from Dr.Charles Marie, 9, Rue de Bagneux, Paris VIe. Finsbury Technical College.--A letter has been received from the Board of Education transmitting, for the information of the Council, a copy of a question asked in the House of Commons on the 7th April, together with the reply given by the President of the Board of Education. The reply was as follows :--“J am aware that the City and Guilds of London Institute propose to discontinue the Finsbury Technical College as from July 31st, 1926. The College does not receive direct grants from the Board, but the London County Council make an annual contribution to the College ufhich is recognised by the Board for Grant.Having regard to the provision of similar courses which is made elsewhere in London, the Council, who are responsible for co-ordinating the supply of education in London, have decided to terrnimte their contribution next year, and, in consequence, the Institute are ngt prepared to continue the College. I do not think that there is anything in the circumstances in which the decisions of the Council and of the Institute have been taken, which calls for my inter- vention.” 179 The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). On 7th April, at the Institute, the Students’ Association held a joint debate with the Chartered Secretaries Students’ Society (London) on the motion, moved by Mr.A. S. Marcar, Vice-chairman of the latter Society :-“That in the opinion of this House the accountant or secretary is of greater use to the community at the present time than the man of science.” Mr. Rurbridge seconded the proposal, and Messrs. Tumber and Gibson led the opposition. The debate was vigorously sustained, about twenty members participating. At the conclusion, although the visitors were more numerous, the motion was carried by a majority of only one. A vote of thanks was accorded to the Registrar for presiding. The Annual General Meeting of the Association was held on Tuesday, 26th May, Mr. H. A. Edgerton, Vice-president, in the Chair. The report of the Committee and the annual accounts were received and adopted.The Committee for the year 1925-26 was elected as follows:-President : Professor ARTHURSMITHELLS,C.M.G., F.R.S. Committee : Battersea Polytechnic .. .. .. E. T. BAKER. Birkbeck College . . .. .. .. I. C. P. SMITH. Chelsea, Polytechnic .. .. . . D. M. FREELAND. Eat London College .. .. .. H. G. DENNETT. Finsbury Technical College .. .. R. H. DOLTON. King’s College .. .. .. . . A. J. GAIT. Sir John Cass Technical Institute .. G. G. PULLEN. University College .. .. .. . . C. F. “UMBER. West Ham Municipal College . . .. €3,. G. GREEN. Hon. Member, elected by Association : R. LESLIE COLLETT, M.A., F.I.C. Hon. Member, elected by London Sectiou : G. S. W. MARLOW, B.Sc., F.I.C.Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, who relinguished the office of Hon. Treasurer, was presented with a silver tankard in recognition of his services to the Association since its foundation. The meeting was followed by a smoking concert. At a meeting of the Committee, held 9th June, Mr. Collett was appointed Hon. Treasurer in the place of Mr. Marlow. Obituary. SAMUELHENRYDAVIESdied at Beaconsfield, Bucks, on 13th May,in his 55th year. He studied Chemistry at University College, Liverpool. and Owens College, Manchester, graduating with first-class honours in chemistry, and being awarded the Le Blanc Medal and the Mercer University Scholarship. He was subsequently awarded the degree of M.Sc. (Vict.). Proceeding to Heidelberg, he worked for a year under Victor Meyer and, on his return, was a Demonstrator at Yorkshire College, Leeds, and then at Owens College, before being appointed head of the Chemical Depart -ment of Battersea Polytechnic, which position he held from 1894 to 1896.He then became Head Chemist to Messrs. Rowntree & Co., Ltd., at York, with whom he remained until 1923. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. ERNESTMOORE MUMFORDdied at Manchester, on 10th May, in his 35th year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School, he proceeded to Manchester University in 1908, graduating B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1911, and M.Sc. in 1913. From 1911 to 1914 he was Assistant to Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, and was the author of several papers on the bacteriology of soils and sewage, contributed to the Journals of the Chemical Society and the Royal Microscopical Society. He was on active service from August, 1914 to March, 1916, when he was wounded.In the same year, he was transferred to the Government of India as Superintendent of the Acetone Factory at Nasik, Bombay, where he remained until September, 1917, when he became attached for technical duties to the 6th Poona Division under the Director of Medical Service of the Southern Army, attaining the rank of Major. In 1919 he was invalided home. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in the same year. CHARLESEMILE SOANE, who died at Muswell Hill, London, on 17th May, in his 62nd year, was educated at the City of London College and Finsbury Technical College.He established a general analytical and consulting practice at Camden Road, which he transferred later to Anerley, having an office at the Hop Exchange ; thereafter to Fore Street, and later to Southampton Row and Harpur Street, Bloomsbury. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. HUBERT TERRYdied at 36, Brook Road, Manchester, on LANPHIER the 19th May, 1925, at the age of 00 years. He received his training in science at Owens College, Manchester, and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1886, when he became Chemist to Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co., Ltd., Rubber Manufacturers, of Manchester. Later, he practised as a consulting chemist at Trafford Park, and was retained by the authorities of the Blanchester Ship Canal.In 1905, he established himself in practice in the city. He contributed papers to the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry and to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, tnd T.F’BS the author of a book on “India Rubber and its Manufacture (1 907). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1890. 181 GEORGEMARWOODWATSONdied at Grimsby on 9th April, at the age of 28. Educated at Welholme School and the Municipal College, Grimsby, he studied Chemistry at the Royal College of Science from 1915 to 1918, obtaining the Associateship of the College and graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with second class honours. He then became engaged on investigations for the Chemical Warfare Department of the Ministry of Munitions until February, 1919, when he was transferred to research work on atmospheric pollution for the Meteorological Office under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.The report embodying his work was published in the Lancet in 1919. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. GEORGE YOUNG died at Finchley, on 3rd April, in his 57th year. Educated at George Watson’s College, Surgeons’ Hall, and the University, Edinburgh, he continued his scientific studies at Munich and Erlangen, where he graduated Ph.D. in 1391. In that year, he was for a few months assistant demonstrator to Prof. W. H. Perkin at the Heriot-Watt College, before joining the staff of Firth College, Sheffield, where, having attained the position of Lecturer and temporary Professor, he remained until 1904, when he was obliged to resign owing to ill-health.In 1906, he devoted himself to consulting and literary work, and also engaged in research at the Davy-Faraday Laboratories. Later, he established a consulting practice in the City of London. He contributed many papers to the Transactions of tho Chemical Society from 1895 onwards. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909. 182 April-May Examinations, 1925. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-UNDERTHE CURRENTREGULATIONS. No.examined. No. passed.For the Associateship- *At the Institute, 20th-25th April; 28th April to 1st May . . .. .. t 40 20 At Natal University College, in January 1 0 For the Fellow8hip-At the Institute: Branch (A)111: Manu-factured Products, 27th April to 1st May .. .. .. .. 1 1 At the Institute and at the Royal College of Science: Branch (B), PhysicalChemistry .. .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute : Branch (D),Agriculture1Chemistry . . .. .. .. 1 1 Branch (E),The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water, 4th to 9th May .. 8 4 At the Institute and at the University, Sheffield, Chemical Technology, with special reference to Low Temperature Carbonisation .. .. .. .. 1 1 UNDER REGULATIONS PRIOR TO MARCH 1920.For the Associateship- At the Institute: Branch (d) OrganicChemistry .. .. .. .. 1 0 54 27 * Several candidates took theoretical papers at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, The Technical College, Hull, and the College of Tech-nology, Manchester. T Including three candidates who presented themselves for examin-ation in the translation of both French and German technical literature into English; one in French translation only, and two in German translation only, thus completing their examination. 183 PASS LIST. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. Barlow, Kathleen Margaret Monteagle, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, London. Burns, Edward Francis, King’s College, London. Cash, William Alan, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester.Challis, William, A.M.C.T., College of Technology Manchester. Clear, Harry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), East London College and Belfast Municipal College of Technology.Greenwood, John, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Hatt, Harold Herbert, University College Southampton.Hayley, Harry Bulwer, BSc. (Lond.), Birkbeck College, London . Holmes, Ernest John, University College, Southampton. Ladhams, Donald Ernest, University College, Southampton. Lee-Smith, Walter Lewis, King’s College, London, and Sir John Casa Technical Institute. Love, Malcolm McFarlane, Technical College, Paisley. Selman, Raymond Frank William, Chelsea Polytechnic. Sherratt, John Graham, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), College of Technology,Manchester. Smith, Ernest Lester, Chelsea Polytechnic.Stafford, William Edward, A.M.C.T., College of Technology,Manchester. Sparkes, Neville Gilbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Thompson, John Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trained under G. E. Johnson, B.Sc., F.I.C. at The Technical College, Hull. Warren, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), West Ham Municipal College. TVilliams, Thomas Pearl, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry, Section III. Manufactured Products. Price, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch D : Agricultural Chemistry. Harris, Ellis Thomas, M.A. (Cantab.). In Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water.Healci, John Arthur, B.Sc. (Lord.).King, George, M.Sc. (Lond.).Lerrigo, Arthur Frank, B.Sc. (Birm.). MacCulloeh, Andrew Francis, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.). In Chemical Technology, with special reference to Low Temperature Carbonisation. MacDougall, Duncan, A.R.T.C. INEXAMINATION GENERALCHEMISTRY FOR THE Asso-CIATESH1P.-In the examination in inorganic chemistry the outstanding feature was the inaccuracy of the candidates in the quantitative exercises : no less than thirteen candidates failed to secure any marks for the determination of calcium and magnesium. 184 In the theoretical papers, carelessness in reading the questions was very marked; in several cases good answers were given to questions which were not set.There was weakness in the knowledge of elements not included in elementary textbooks. Candidates should understand that some knowledge of "rare '' elements commonly occurring or with important industrial applications is expected, together with familarity with the methods for their qualitative detection. It was noteworthy that the answers to questions in physical chemistry were very uneven : some candidates were very good but the remainder very poor. In organic chemistry, the theory paper was well answered, but the practical work was uneven, though on the whole satis- factory. EXAMINATIONSFOR THE FELLoWSIw.-h the examinations for the Fellowship there was a general weakness in the manner in which reports were written, and the presentation of the work in the notebooks left much to be desired.The Board of Exam-iners wishes to emphasise that candidates for the Fellowship are expected to show ability in writing reports and in expressing their opinions. The following papers and exercises were given in the Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. Crystals are found to separate from a liquid mixture at a constant temperature. What information can be obtained from a study of the freezing-point composition curves of such mixtures 1 Give examples. 2. Give an account of the work of Gay Lussac and of Avogadro, with 3. Sodium sulphite has been represented as SO(ONa), and also as especial reference to its influence on the development of chemistry. Na.SO,.ONa :sodium hydrosulphite at different periods has been represented as NaHSO, and Na,S,O, and sodium thiosulphate as Na,S,O,.Discuss the experimental evidence bearing on the constitution of any two of these substances. 4. Give an account of the occurrence, uses, and analytical reactions of either (a) Tellurium and its compounds; or (b) Zirconium and its compounds. 5. Give the method of preparation, properties and chief reactions of three of the following :-ammonium carbamate, perchloric acid, chro- mium trioxide, chlorsulphonic acid, nickel carbonyl. 2 to 5p.m. 1. Discuss the principles underlying the preparation of hydrogen on tthelarge scale by the interaction of red-hot iron and steam.Wha,t 185 impurities may be expected ; to what extent may these impurities affect the industrial applications of the gas ? 2. Describe either a physical or a chemical method for determining the solubility of silver chloride in water. Sufficient details should be given to enable the method to be applied without other references. 3. Describe a method for the determination of either (a) Silica and fluorine in cryolite; or (b) The oxides of nitrogen in the waste gases from a sulphuric-acid plant (lead chamber process). 4. Give a detailed account of the preparation of either (a) Titanous sulphate solution from rutile; or (b) Thorium nitrate from monazite sand. 5. Write a short essay on either (a) The application of physical methods to the study of the dehydration products of metallic hydroxides.or (b) The relation between refractive index and constitution. TUESDAY, 21st APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Write a short essay on one of the following :-(a) Steric Hindrance. (b) The Walden Inversion. (c) Baeyer’s Strain Theory. 2. How may a carbon-nitrogen ring compound be converted into an open chain derivative? What methods are available for the hydro- genation of pyridine and the dehydrogenation of piperidine ? 3. Discuss the mechanism of two of the following:- (a) Hofmann’s synthesis of primary amines from amides. (b) The formation of acetoacetic ester from ethyl acetate. (c) The action of cuprous salts on diazonium compounds.4. Either (a) Trace the relationship between urea, alloxan, bar- bituric acid, violuric acid, uramil, dilituric acid and uric acid; Or (b) Describe the synthesis and principal reactions of di-methylpyrone ; or (c) Give a short account of triphenylmethyl. 5. Describe the preparation and method of use of three methylating agents. 2 to 3.30 p.m. The candidates were required to translate into English passagesfrom the Berichte and from Chimie et Industrie. Practical: 1st Week. WEDNESDAY, 22nd APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m to 4.30 pm. 1. Report on the nature of the mineral A (Ilmenite). (This exercise must be completed to-day). 2. Solution B contains a mixture of calcium and magnesium chlorides (with some free hydrochloric acid).Determine the calcium and magnesium in 100 grams of solution. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 186 THURSDAY, 23rd APRIL, 1925: 10 am. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Prepare a specimen of pure potassium perchlorate from potassium chlorate. (This exercise must be completed to-day). FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From anisaldehyde supplied (C) prepare pure specimens of about 5 grams of anisalazine, anisantialdoxime, anisylphenyl-hydrazone and anisic acid. Record carefully the melting points of your preparations. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 25th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the two constituents of the mixture (D).Estimate the percentage of one of them (Chose and Starch in equal amounts). Second Week. TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the mineral E (Molybdenite and Graphite, in equal amounts). (This exercise must be completed to-day). 2. Solution F contains a mixture of calcium and magnesiumchlorides (with some free hydrochloric acid). Determine the calcium and magnesium in 100 grams of solution. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow). WEDNESDAY, 29th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Prepare a specimen of pure dry potassium iodate from the potassium iodide supplied. Test the purity of your product by determining the amount of iodine set free from an acidified solution of potassium iodide, weighing out such an amount of iodate that between 40 C.C.and 50 C.C. of clecinormal solution of sodium thiosulphate will be required for the titration. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY, 30th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the m-nitrobenzaldehyde supplied (H) prepare purespecimens of about 6 grams of m-nitrobenzalrtzine, m-nitrobenzal-phenyl- hydrazone, m-nitrobenzantialdoxirne and m-nitrobenzoic acid. Record carefully the melting points of your preparations. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 1st 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the two constituents of tho mixture (J). Determine approximately the amounts of each present and, if time permits, prepare one derivative of each (Chloroform and Acetone).187 Examination for the Associateship Branch (d).-Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a complete investigation of the substance A, preparing from it four pure derivatives of between 2 and 3 grams each (Benzalaniline). (This exercise may be continued on the next day.) TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. The substance B is an ester. Determine its saponification value, the acid value of the acid and the silver content of its silver salt. Prepare pure specimens of acid and alcohol, and identify each (Benzyl benzoate). (This exercise may be continued on the next day if necessary.) WEDNESDAY, 29th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the substance C. Investigate its reduction products and prepare from it one crystalline derivative (Amino-azo benzene hydrochloride). (This exercise may be completed on the next day if necessary.) THURSDAY, 30th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the liquid D which contains three constituents ; estimate one quantitatively (methyl formate, alcohol and acetone). FRIDAY, 1st MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. A neutral organic substance gave the data mentioned below. What conclusions do you draw from them as to the nature and con-stitution of the material? Discuss the different kinds of isomerism possible and outline one method for the synthesis of that isomer which you consider would be most easily obtained.On combustion, data were obtained giving the following:--56.8 per cent. C, 9.5 per cent. H, and 33.7 per cent. 0. 1.266 grams when converted into vapour gave a volume calculated at, N.T.P. of 149.33 cc. When warmed with a solution of caustic potash it was decomposed giving (a)the potassium salt of an acid, and (b) a neutral substance. (a) The free acid on combustion gave 48.7 per cent. C, 8.1 per cent. H, and 43.2 per cent. 0 and its silver salt contained 42.35 per cent. of that metal. In a Zeisel determination 0.296 grams of the acid gave 0.940 grams of silver iodide. The neutral substance (6) on analysis gave 60.0 per cent. C, 13.3 per cent. H, 26.7 per cent.0, and on oxidation gave another neutral body containing 62.1 per cent. C, 10.3 per cent. H, and 27.6 per cent. 0, and whose vapour density was 29. At. Wts. Ag=108, I=127. 2. Give a brief account of the synthesis of pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline and discuss the relationships of these substances to certain alkaloids. 3. Discuss the general question of the oxidation of hydrocarbons. 4. Briefly outline the methods which have been adopted in order to elucidate tho constitution of the polysaccharides, giving your opinion as to how far they have been successful. 188 3. Write a brief essay on one of the following (a)thiophene and its derivatives, (b) the ketenes, (c) the glutaconic acid system. The candidate was examined orally in general chemistry, and was required to translate into English short passages from French and German technical literature.Examination for the Fellowship Branch A.-Inorganic Chemistry, Section Ill., Manufactured Products. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than three questions must be answered from each part. The. candzdate can pass by answering two questions from each part.) PART I. 1. What do you understand by ‘cIonic dissociation”? State briefly what evidence there is for the statement that certain substances when dissolved in water are dissociated into ions, whilst others are not so dissociated. 2. Write a short essay on one of the following subjects :-(a)Valency ; (6) Catalysis; (c) The microscope as a chemical test.3. What is Avogadro’s hypothesis? Indicate the bearing of Avo-gadro’s hypothesis on our views as to the atomic weights of oxygen,sulphur, phosphorus and mercury. 4. What is meant by allotropy, and how has it been sought to explain the existence of allotropes ? Illustrate your answer by reference to the allotropy of oxygen and of carbon. PART11. 5. Upon what chemical facts are the “Chamber process” and the “Contact process ” of sulphuric acid manufacture respectively based ? What would you consider to be the relative advantages and disadvantages of each? 6. Set out in order, as far as you know them, the points of chemical similarity and difference between phosphorus and arsenic. Describe fully how you would determine the arsenic in (1) an iron ore, (2) a sample of commercial sulphate of ammonia, (3) a sample of coke proposed for use in malting.7. What are the sources of aluminium and its compounds? From which of them, and how, is the metal prepared, and what are the characters which fit it for its various uses in industry, in daily life, and in the labora- tory ? 8. Describe two methods, differing in principle, by which you could ascertain the composition of a mixture of potassium and sodium chlorides. Show clearly, using in illustration an arithmetical example, what may be the defect of an “Indirect” method. 2 to 5 p.m. (The candidate can pass by answering four questions.) 1. Give an account of the chemical and physical changes that take place when coal is heated out of contact with air.What are the characteristics of a coal which make it suitable, when so treated, for the manufacture of coke ? 189 2. Describe the construction and working of some form of apparatussuitable for the analysis of coal gas or coke oven gas. In analysing coke oven gas, how would you deal with the question of benzene in the gas? 3. How would you sample, during discharge from wagons, a deliveryof coal intended for the manufacture of coke ? What analytical determina- tions would you make on the sample, and how would you interpret their results, so as to appraise the value of the coal for its purpose? 4. Explain what is meant by the Calorific Value of a sample of coal or coke, and describe in detail the method which you would use to deter- mine calorific values, explaining any corrections which must be applied to the observed figures in order to obtain accurate results.5. What characters are aimed at in the material of which a coke oven is constructed: what substances are commonly used for this purpose; and how far does each of these substances possess the characters that are desired ? Are there any considerable differences among coals, as far as their destructive action on the materials of the oven is concerned? 6. Discuss the occurrence of sulphur and nitrogen in coals, and their behaviour during the process of carbonisation. TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, to FRIDAY, 1st MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (The candidate will be expected to hand in his reports upon this work at 5 o’clock on Friday afternoon.) 1.Make a proximate analysis (including the determination of sul- phur) of the sample of coal provided ; determine also the nitrogen in this coal, and report upon its suitability for use in the by-product coking process. 2. Make a complete analysis of the sample of firebrick. Say what you would infer from, the results of your analysis, about its refractory character, and its suitability for coke oven work. 3. Examine the sample of water, and report upon its suitability, 4. Examine the sample of srilphuric acid as to its suitability for the 5. Ascertain qualitatively the nature of the white pigment supplied. either in its present condition or after softening, for boiler feed.manufacture of ammonium sulphate. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch B.-- Physical Chemistry. MONDAY and TUESDAY, 20th and 21st APRIL, 1925. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a physico-chemical examination of the given indicators. 2. Determine the so1ul)ilit-y of the given substance in water at two different temperatures. Calculate the heat of solution, and measure the latter by a direct calorimetric method. 190 TUEBDAY, WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Carry out the following determinations on the samples, A and B, of flour supplied. (1) The gluten content-by washing (a) with tap water, (b) with solution C. (Explain any difference observed in the quantity and character of the gluten obtained in these two ways).(2) Titratable acidity and alkalinity ; (3) -buffer action; (4) ash; (5) soluble phosphorus ; (6) gas producing power; and (7) anyother test you may think desirable for your report. Report as fully as possible on the characteristics of tho two flours. State, inter alia, whether they are suitable for breadmaking, or for the pastry or biscuit trade; whether, and in what way, they could be “improved”; and what “improver” if any, you would recommend, and why. 2. The sample of flour supplied (X) has been (a) bleached and (6)treated with an improver. Determine (i) the naturo of the bleaching agent and improver used, and (ii) the amounts of these two agents present in the flour.FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than five questions to be answered. The candidate can pass by answering four questions.) 1. Show that Raoult’s Law is of fundamental importance in the theory of solutions. Discuss the types of doviation from this law, and correlate them with other properties of the two constituents of the solution. In what form may the deviations be expressed mathematically ? 2. Give an account of the principles upon which electrornetric methods of analysis are based. Illustrate your answer by reference to three different types. 3. In chemical analysis ccrtain phenomena are encountered which are usually classified as “colloidal.” Discuss those phenomena in relation to analytical operations, and give an account of the principles underlying the formation of different types of precipitates.4. Outline the “Radiation Theory” of chemical reactivity, and discuss its validity in the light of recent investigations on the rate of chemical reactions. 5. The transport numbers of the cations in N/20 solutions of AgNO,,NaOH, and HNO, are 0.47, 0.24 and 0.84 respectively. Explain fully the meaning of these data. 0.024 grams of copper were deposited in a copper coulometer in series with a” transport number apparatus, containing a N/20 solution of silver nitrate between silver electrodes. Calculate (a) The change in weight of the silver electrodes, (b) the change in weight of the silver in the solution surrounding (i) the anode, (ii) the cathode, (c) the duration of the electrolysis assuming a constant current of 0.01 amp.The atomic weight of copper is 63.6; of silver 108.6. The dissociation pressure of ammonium carbamate, NH,CO,NH, is 62.0 mm. at 20° and 125.5 mm. at 30°. The gas phase consists practically entirely of carbon dioxide and ammonia. (a)Find the heat of the reaction. 191 (b) If a little ammonium carbamate is introduced into a closed vessel at 30° containing ammonia at 169 mm., the total pressure rises to 194 mm., while, if it contains carbon dioxide at 169 mm., the total pressure rises to 267 mm. Show that these experimental results are in agreement with the mass law and in each case find the partial pressures of the two gases.(c)Suggest a method or methods by which this equilibrium could be experimentally investigated. 7. It has been said that the ultimate aim of theoretical chemistry is to arrive at a general method of calculating affinities of chemical reactions, from as small a number of experimental data as possible.Discuss this statement and in the case of the reaction 2H,+02 +=-3 2H20 deduce expressions for the heat of reaction Qv and the affinity A, both over wide ranges of temperature. Specify all the data required for calculating numerical values of Qv and A at any temperature. Indicate very briefly how this reaction has been investigated. 2 to 5p.m. (Not more than five questions to be answered. The candidate can pass by answering four questions.) 1.The acidity of normal and of sour flours cannot be due to the presence of free lactic acid. Discuss this statement and outline the evi- dence on which it is based. 2. What is the action of acid calcium phosphate as an “improver” in flour? How does it differ from that of chlorine? Water has been said to be an excellent improver. Comment on this statement and indicate how the action of water compares with that of other improvers. 3. The viscosity of a molecular solution is defined by the con-centration and the temperature. Indicate briefly what other, and to what extent other, factors have to be taken into account in studying viscosity of such emulsoid systems as flour-water suspensions. Discuss in particular the effect on the viscosity of a flour-water system of (a)concentration, (b) temperature, (c) addition of electrolytes.What is the practical value to the miller and baker of viscositystudies of flour blends ? 4. Discuss the relation between the hydrogen ion concentration of a flour-water suspension and the baking value of the flour. How does the hydrogen ion concentration change during the doughing and proving processes, and how does it concern the “ripening” of the dough? What other factors, if any, do you think are concerned in the ripening process and how have they been investigated. 5. There are “at least three classes of weak flour, i.e., (1) weakness due to an adequate quantity of gluten but an inferior quality; (2) weakness due to an inadequ.ate quantity of a good quality of gluten, and (3) weakness due to factors influencing yeast activity .. . . , ,” Comment on this statement. 6. Write a short account of the more important investigations that have been carried out on the relation between the moisture-content 192 and the “heating” of damp wheat during storage in bins and elevators. What bearing have these investigations on the practical problems of bin ventilation ? 7. What is meant by the iso-electric point of a protein? To what extent does it differ from the electrokinetic iso-electric point of a sus- pensoid colloid ? Give a short account of Donnan’s theory of membrane equilibrium and indicate how it has been applied by some workers to explain the imbibition of water, with consequent swelling, by protein gels.Can the known facts of water absorption by dough or by gluten be explained on this basis? 8. What is meant by the adiabatic vaporisation of water? In the adiabatic cooling of air during vaporisation of water we get lw.dH = -s.dt. whence dH----_* dt 1, in which lW=latent heat of vaporisation of water, s=humid heat of air, i.e., the specific heat of one pound of dry air together with its associated moisture, and dt=the differential decrease in air temperature due to the differential increase in humidity (dH) of the air. Discuss the sig- nificance of this equation in connection with (a) humidity control in a flour-mill, (b) the drying of damp wheat in commercial driers and (c) evaporative loss from the stock during its passage through the plant.SATURDAY, 25th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Write an essay on one of the following subjects:- (a) Surface phenomena in chemistry. (b) Fermentation and enzyme action. (c) The proteins from a physico-chemical point of view. (d) Heterogeneous catalysis in theory and practice. (e) Solubility. (f) The formation and stability of suspenoids. (9) The electrolytic dissociation theory. (h) Our present wheat supplies. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch D.-Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe the molecular configuration of glucose as now usually accepted, and give some indication of the way in which the study of the methyl derivatives of that body has advanced knowledge of its constitution and relationship to other bodies of the sugar group.2. Discuss the influence on the economy of the farm of sugar beet cultivation as compared with the growth of swedes or mangolds in arable rotation; and indicate a suitable system of manuring the sugar beet crop. 3. Give such account as you can of the various substances known 4. In the earlier days of agricultural chemistry the idea was prevalent to be included in the organic matter of soils. 193 that plants produced root excretions injurious to plant life. In the absence of definite research in the matter, the idea was gradually dismissed as fanciful. Describe and discuss any comparatively recent work with which you are acquainted which has been claimed to confirm the older views. 5.Describe the analytical methods by which you would estimate the percentage of butter-fat in a margarine mixture containing beef-fat , soya-bean-oil, coconut-fat, and butter-fat. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Describe a process for dealing with the sewage of a town situated on a river which has to receive the ultimate effluent and which has to be maintained in as clean a state as possible. How would you judge the efficiency of “purification” of the effluent ? 2. Indicate how the “vitaminic” value of milk or butter has been found to be affected by the feeding of dairy cattle. 3. The tabulated analyses of feeding stuffs are frequently accom- panied by a statement as to the proportion of each constituent that may be assumed to be “digestible.” Describe briefly and generally the means by which these figures have been arrived at, and indicate how far you consider the accepted average figures are to be taken as practically reliable or otherwise, of the feeding stuffs concerned, under varying conditions.4. Describe in detail how you would determine the presence or absence of bacteria of the B.coli group in drinking water, and, if present, how you would arrive at an approximate enumeration of the said bacilli in a given volume of the water. 5. Write a short essay on the management of farmyard manure, giving some’idea of the extent of the losses which may occur of its more valuable constituents under varying conditions.TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the nitrogen and the oil in feeding stuff A. 2. Identify the powder B (Sodium benzoate). 3. Determine the boric acid in the borax mixture C. WEDNESDAY, 29th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Determine the soluble phosphate in the superphosphate, D. 2. Make a complete quantitative analysis of the sample of “potashsalts ” E. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 30th APRIL, 1925: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the “potash salts” begun yesterday. 2. The material F represents the contents of the crop of a fowl supposed to have been poisoned. Examine it for alkaloidal poison. 194 FRIDAY, 1st MAY, 1925: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of saccharose and invert-sugar in the syrup G. 2. Examine microscopically and identify the substances marked respectively H, I, J, K, and L. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch E.-Chemistry (inc1udin.g Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and Water. MONDAY, 4th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give the formulae, the method of preparation, and some uses to which they are put in analysis, of the following substances: (a) diphenylamine; (b) resorcinol. 2. In what bodies is phosphorus found in organic combination? Give an account of the manner in which it is thus combined. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 3. Enumerate the official preparations made from the leaves and roots of belladonna; give the medicinal dose of each.Discuss briefly the therapeutic use of such preparations. 4. Describe the pharmacopceal method for the assay of cinchona bark. 5. Give an account of the symptoms exhibited in a case of poisoningby oxalic acid. State how you would estimate this acid in the stomach contents from such a case. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What solvents are used for the extraction of fat from food materials. Give the circumstances in which each one is particularly of service, giving the reasons. 2. Name three moulds commonly occurring on foodstuffs after 3. State your reasons for considering as adulterated (if you do so exposure to air, making drawings to exhibit their diagnostic cha,ract,ers. consider) the following articles :-(a) A whiskey whose alcoholic strength is 40 degrees under proof.(b) A cream containing an added thickening agent. (c) A butter containing 18 per cent. of water. (d) A margarine containing 20 per cent. of water. (e) A purified borax containing 20 parts per million of arsenic. (f) A flour containing 5 parts per million of nitrite (calculated as sodium nitrite). 4. How are the various types of vinegar produced ? What analytical means are available for forming a judgment upon the nature of vinegar? Show how you would apply them. 5. What is a pentosan? In what food materials is a determination of pentosans of service ? Give a description of the method of determination. 196 TCJ€CSD.4Y, 5th M.4Y, 192.5: 10 CL.~?.to 5 p.?~,. 1. MtLko a qualitative analysis of the mixture of cereal ard bakingpowder provided and determine the proportion of starch in it. (This exercise my bc, completed to-morrow.) 2. Make a qualitativc analysis of the specimen H., which is A mixture of two substances only. WEDAVESL)AY, 6th ML4Y, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the determination of starch. 2. Analyse and report upon the five grain aspirin tablets supplied. T’HURSDAY, 7th MAY, 1925. 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Analyse and report upon the suitability of the specimen of salt S. for mixing with butter in a butter factory. 2. From a microscopic examination only, report as far as you can upon the nature of the custard powder C.P. 3. Examine microscopically the powdered vegetable substance I), making drawings of the structures observed, and, if possible, identifying the substance.FRIDAY, 8th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The medicine M. is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Mistnra Neuralg. 6 02:-Quin. sulph. .. .. gr. 1. Ac. Hydrobrom. dil. . . m. 15. Tr. Gelsem. .. .. m. 15. Aq. Chlorof. ad .. .. fl. 02. g. Analyse the medicine and report as to the correctness of the dispensing. SATURDA4Y, 9th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Identify the alkaloid in the powder A (Morphia). 2. Report upon the nature of the stains on fabric 13. 3. Examine microscopically the water-residue C. Draw the struc- tures seen and identify as many BS possible.Examination for the Fellowship. Branch G.-Chemical Engineering, with special reference to Low Temperature Carbonisation. MONDAY, 4th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIS yuestions only to be attempted.) 1. State, in essay form, what you consider to be the functions of 2. Draw up a schedule for the equipment of a technical laboratory the “Chemical Engineer” in industry. suitable for carrying out general chemical investigations on batches of material weighing several kilograms. 196 3. Describe the properties and uses in the construction of chemical plant of the following materials: (a)Timber; (b)slate; and (c) aluminium and its alloys. 4. Enumerate the items that have to be taken into account when attempting to arrive at the cost of production of a manufactured article.5. Discuss, in general terms, the problems relating to the flow of hot gases in furnaces. 6. Describe any form of circulating pump suitable for dealingwith corrosive liquids. 7. What methods are available for the separation of mixtures of granular solids? Give details regarding one method as applied to one mixture of your own choosing. 8. Give a general account of the separation of liquids by fractional distillation. 9. What do you understand by the term “wast’e-heat”? Give examples of its production and utilization. 10. Compare the economics of a continuous with those of an inter- mittent process of chemical manufacture. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1.It is found that a rectangular iron tank half full of liquid takes 10 hours to cool through a certain temperature range and that subsequently it takes 30 minutes to discharge the cooled liquid through a tap at the bottom. Determine the times for similar operations when using a model made to l/lOth scale. 2. Show how to obtain an approximate estimate of the rate of cooling of a hot surface freely exposed to air. State the degree of accuracy to be expected from the calculations. 3. What do you understand by the term “co-efficient of heat trans- mission ? ” Calculate the value of this co-efficient for a waste-heat boiler of the fire-tube type, working at atmospheric pressure, from the following data :-(i) The boiler has 45 iron tubes, each 2 m.long and 6 cm. (ii) The inlet temperature of the waste gases is 900” C. and in diameter. their outlet temperature 200° C. (iii) The volume of gases, at N.T.P., passing through the boiler per hour is 900 cu.m. (iv) The mean specific heat of the gases is 0.3 large calorie per cu.m. at N.T.P. To what extent would you expect the co-efficient to alter if copper tubes were substituted for the iron boiler tubes ? 4. Prepare diagrammatic sketches, showing the principal dimensions of the following apparatus :-(a) A triple effect steam-heated vacuum evaporating plant; (b) A filter-press; and (c) A fractionating column for the rectification of benzol. State the through-put of the apparatus and its approximate cost in each instance.197 5. What data, would you require to determine a complete heat balance for an ammonia-recovery gas-producer plant ? What preparations would you make to obtain these data at a plant gasifying 100 tons of coal per day? 6. Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of a steam engine and an internal combustion engine for the production of power in a chemical works. 7. Calculate the horse-power required to raise 100 tons of material hourly through a height of 20 feet, when using an elevator that has a 25 per cent. efficiency. If the elevator were driven by a non-condensing steam-engine, what would be the approximate hourly fuel consumption ? 8. Describe methods suitable for the measurement of large volumes of (a)air and (b)water, at, for example, a municipal power-plant.9. At a given boiler plant, generating 100 tons of steam daily,the cost of fuel per ton of steam is estimated to be 2s. 6d. The overall efficiency of the plant is 50 per cent. Supposing that it were possible to increase the efficiency to 75 per cent., without introducing additional labour costs, what is the maximum capital outlay you would consider it justifhble to recommend for this purpose. 10. Examine the blue-prints supplied and write a description,illustrated by simplified diagrams, of the plant to which they relate. TUESDAY, 5th iMAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What would you consider an ideal classification of coals? In what respect does any one system with which you are acquainted fall short of this ideal? 2.By what methods has the problem of the chemical constitution of coal been attacked? State the principal conclusions to be drawn from the results obtained by any one of these methods. 3. Differentiate between the “resins” and the “bitumens” and indicate to what extent each contributes, or may be expected to contribute, towards the composition of coal. 4. Describe the sequence of changes observed when a small sample 5. What is considered to occur during the “weathering” of coal? of coal is slowly heated. What is the effect of “weathering” on the properties of bituminous coal. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What is meant by the phrase “Low Temperature Carbonisation” 2. Describe either (a)the Sutcliffe-Speakman, or (b) the McLaurin 3.You are asked to report as to the commercial value of a scheme of coal? Justify the use of the phrase. process for the production of smokeless fuel. for heating coal in a retort which claims to produce, per ton of coal; 15cwt. of coke; 10,000 cu. ft. of gas, 700 B.Th.U.; 30 gallons of anhydrous tar; and 28 lbs. of ammonium sulphate. How would you proceed to test the validity of this claim and to assess the value of the process? 198 4. ,4 heating chamber is maintained at a temperature of 550° C. How long after introduction into this chamber would it take lumps of bituminous coal (a) 118th of an inch cube and (b) 1 inch cube to attain a temperature of not less than 526O C.throughout their mass? 5. Consider a project for retorting bituminous coal at a temperature of not more than 650J C. with a view mainly to provide material for pulverised fuel. What arguments would you bring forward in support of such a scheme? WEDNESDAY, 6th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. f3xaniine the small sample of coal supplied with a view to,determiningits value for the production, in a suitable plant, of (u) smokeless fuel and (b) producer-gas. Express the results of your ommination in trhe form of a report to thr: vendor of the coal. THURSDAY, 7th MAY, 1925: 10 a.m. lo 5 p.m. Determine the quantity of heat (in therms) required to produce one litre of distilled water from trhe laboratory still. FRIDAY, 8th ,WAY, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.Analysc the sample of producer-gas supplied. Calculate what diange, if any, would occur in its composition if, when saturated wit'h water-vapour at l5O C., it were passed slowly over firebrick heated at a temperature of 1000" C. Perform the experiment and check the result against yoiir calculation. 199 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. I‘ Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys, The Metallurgy of.” K. J . Anderson. Pp. xxxi. =913. (New York: Henry Carey Baird & Co., Inc.) $10. -1luminium ores and bauxite mining :production of aluminium ; physico-chemical properties and alloys ; corrosion; foundry practice ; castings,defects and their prevention; rolling and other mechanical treatment of aluminium and it’s alloys; diagrams of thermal equilibrium of alu-minium-alloy systems ; soldering, welding, electro-plating, ctc.“Cadmium : Its Metallurgy, Properties and Uses.” N. 1;. Budgen. Pp. xiv. -239. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 21s. Ores, sources md statistical informu tion; production of inetallic: cadmium ;physical and chemical properties; detection, estimation and separation ;alloys; electro-deposition. “Chemicals, British, Their Manufacture and Uses.” Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manufac- turers for 1925, containing a full list of members, with a classified list of British Chemicals and a note of their in-dustrial applications.Pp.262. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. List of proprietary and trade names; key to classified index in French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, German. “Coal into Oils, The Conversion of.” F. Fischer, translated by li. Lessing. Yp. 284. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 36s. Extraction of oil from coal by solvents; production and workjriq up of primary tar ;hydrogenation of coal;synthetic processes. “Enzyme Action, The Nature of.” Sir W. M. Bayliss. 5th edition. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) gs. Catalysis in geiieral; enzymes as catalysts ; pliysical aid chvmicttl properties, preparation and investigation of erizymes ; roversibility of enzyme action; velocity of reaction; co-enzymes and anti-enzymes ; zymogens; oxidation processes aad complex systems; bibliography.200 ‘‘Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-book of.” Edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. III., Part I.: The Alkaline Earth Metals. M. S. Burr. Pp. xxvi.=346. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) fz~. Calcium, strontiiun, barhun and their compounds; radium, and its compounds; radioactive phenomena; origin of radium and its geology. “Inorganic Chemistry, Modern.” J. W. Mellor. New Edition. Pp. xx.=1103. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 12s. 6d. I‘ Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals, including syntheses of 28 organic compounds. Vol. IV. Edited by 0. Kamm. Pp. vii.=89. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 4s.6d. ‘‘Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry.” G. W. Daniels. Pp. 141. (London: A. J. Rayment.) 10s. ERRATUM. In Journal, Part II., 1925, page 141,the reference to Sutton’s ‘‘Volumetric Analysis ” should read :-“Volumetric Analysis,” A Systematic Handbook of, or The Quantitative Determination of Chemical Substances by Measure, Applied to Liquids, Solids, and Gases. Francis Sutton. Eleventh Edition. Edited by W. L. Sutton and A. E. Johnson. London, 1924. The book was presented to the Library of the Institute by Mr. F. Napier Sutton. 201 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 24th April and aznd May, 1925, 5 new Fellows were elected, 11 AssociatFs were elected to the Fellowship, 71 new Associates were elected, and 35 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 4 Fellows and z Associates by death. New Fellows. Crossley, Percy Broadbent, I 7, Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey. Fox, Charles James John, Ph.D. (Breslau), B.Sc. (Lond.), The Royal Institiite of Science, Bombay. Hendrickson, Arthur Victor, The Laboratory, South Suburban Gas Co., Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Rosedale, John Lewis, M.A. (Oxon), D.Sc. (Aherd.), Ph.D. (Bonn), The Hermitage, Wadhurst, Sussex. Williamson, William, 94, Hainault Road, Leytonstone, London, E.11. Associates elected to the Fellowship (by examination). Harris, Ellis Thomas, M.A. (Cantah.), Faculty of Agriculture, University College, Reading. Heald, John Arthur. B.Sc. (Lond.), Sunnymede, Woodham, West Byfleet, Surrey.King, George, M.Sc.(Lond.), 131, Rusthall Avenue, Bedford Park, London, w.4. Lerrigo, Arthur Frank, B.Sc. (Birm.), 44, Broad Street, Birmingham. MacCulloch, Andrew Francis, M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), 44,Fountainhal! Road, Edinburgh.MacDougall, Duncan, A.R.T.C., 30, Charlton Road, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Price, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86 Blenheim Road, Barnsley. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Crowther, Edward Mortimer, M.Sc. (Leeds), Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden. Dawson, Thomas Rayner, M.Sc. (Leeds), 38 Whitehall Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.Parkes, John Wilfrid, M.Sc. (Birm.), 22, Molesworth Street, Dublin. Taylor, Edward McKenzie, M.B.E., D.Sc. (Dun.), Cotton Research Board, Giza, Egypt. New Associates (by examination).1Jttrlow, Miss Kathleen Margaret Monteagle, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ben Varne, Onslow Gardens, Wallington. Cash, William Alan, A.M.C.T., 30 Penelope Road, Irlms 0’th’ Height, Manchester. Challis, William, A.M.C.T., 130, Ayres Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Clear, Harry Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Wolseley Street, Belfast. Greenwood, John, A.M.C.T., 38, Gordon Street, Abbey Hey, Gorton, Manchester. Hayley, Harry Bulwer, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Troutbeck Road, New CrosR, London, S.E.14. Lee-Smith, Walter Lewis, 9, Newton Road, Faversham. Love, Alalcolm McFarlane, 28, Caledonia Street, Paisley. Sherratt, John Graha,m, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Lyndhurst, Whitelow Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Sparkes, Neville Gilbert., H.Sc.(Lond.), 64, Linden Gardens, Chiswick, London, W.4. Stafford, William Edward, A.M.C.T., 1’7, Gilbert Screet, Peel Green, Eccles, Manchester. Thompson, John Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 96, Portland Street, Hull. Warren, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Maud Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. TVilliams, Thomas Pearl, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Pool Bank, Port Sunlight, Cheshire. New Associates. Adey, Stanworth Wills, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Alletson, Reginald William, B.Sc. (Liv.), Oakenholt, nr. Flint, N. Wales. Banerjea, Nani Lal, M.Sc. (Cal.), Assistant Professor, School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Central Avenue, Calcutta. Barrett, Arthur William,” B.Sc. (Lond.), 60, Burford Road, East Hem, London, E.6.Bates, Emile Bernard, A.R.C.S., 75, Princess Road, Leicester. Battie, Miss Marion Alice, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Orchard, Ivy Lane, Woking. Bowen, James Emrys, B.Sc. (Wales), School House, Llanuwchllyn, Merionethshire. Buchanan, Peter Ritchie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 129, Argyle Road, Saltcoats, Ayrshire,Buist, Walter Ferguson, S.Sc. (Liv.), 24, Townsend Avenue, Clubmoor, Liverpool.Burton, Miss Annie Marguerite, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Wilton Street, Old Basford, Nottingham. Croft, George Henry, M.Sc. (Leeds), 10, Park Hill, Richmond, Surrey. Dane, Herbert Greetham, M.Sc. (Sheff.), Diocesan Training College, Winchester, Hants. Davidson, Alfred, B.Sc. (Glas.), 91, Hazelbottom Road, Cheetham, Manchester. Davies, John Stanley Herbert, Ph.D.(Manc.), B.A. (Cantab), Snowdon, Abertillery, Mon. Dorrell, Gordon William. M.Sc. (Lond.), la, Niederwald Road, Sydenham, London, S.E.26. Drummond, Allan Madean, B.Sc. (Glas.), 5, Lawrence Street, Glasgow, MT.1. Dykes, William Kirkwood, 138, Garthland Drive, Glasgow, E. Evans, Urien Ceri Lloyd, 28, Muncaster Road, London, S.W.11. 203 Pielder, Cecil Jot~i,B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C.S., c/o Anglo-F’ersiati (h1 (;(J., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Formby, Edward, M.Sc. (Liv.), 2, Sefton Grove, Lark Lane, Livorpool. Gelling, Alfred John ILIcAlpin, B.Sc.Tech. (Rlanc.), 16, Koxnan Road, Failsworth, nr. Manchester. Gill, Robert, B.Sc. (Dun,), 39, Osborne Avenue, Newcastle-on-Tync.. Griffin, Gerald Charles Leake, 8.,4.(Dub.), 7, Anglesea Road, Hallsbridgc, Dublin.Griffiths, Miss Oorothy Gertrude, S.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Beaufort Road, Kingston-on-Thames. Heckett, William Norman, XSc. (Liv.), 165. Stanley Liouc1, Bootle, Liverpool.Hitrrison, Thomas Archi bald, BSc. (Lond.), 4, Romeo Villas, IAon(lnnI< oacl, Mitcham, Surrey. Joties, William Richard, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Islamic Univc>rsit)y(hll~gt~, Pcshawar, India. Kitltl, James Donald, B.A., J3.Sic. (Dub.), Trinity Collcge, Ihibliti. Alad~l,William Rees, B.Sc. (Wales), 7, Woodlands Terrace, Swanscil. JI~i,tiso11,William Sinclair, B.Sc. (Lorid.), 89, Brightside Ltol-d, Low-ishaiti, London, S.E.13. McAndrew, Duncan Bruce Forbes, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Cluthe l’lacc, Uddingston, Lanarkshire. Millott, John O’Neille, B.Sc.(Lond .), “Hill Crest,” Carter Lane, Mansfield, Notts. Jlurray, Humphrey Desmond, B.A. (Oxon.), 26, Stonor Road, W.Kensing-ton, London, LV.14. I’itice, Norman, A.M.S.T., 10, Grosvenor Crescent, Orimsby, Lines. Pock, JVilliam Charles, KSc. (Lond.), 33, Marsden Road, London, S.E.15. l’t>to, Raymond Harold Kelsall, 13.812. (Lond.), ,4.H.C.S., 16, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Pirie, Douglas George, BSc. (Lond.), 115, Broadfield Road, Catfortl, London, S.E.6. Prentice, Reginald Ernest, l3.S~.(Lond.), 33, Lciunriysidc, Diss, Sorfolk. F’iiri, ikn~irNath, XSc., Ph.1). (Lond.), Yunjab Agricultural College, India. Kodmell, Cyril Woodhouse, B.A. (Oxon.), The Cllff, Little Weighton, Hull. Etoger, Robert, Ph.D. (St. Andrew’s), 243, Strathmartine Road, Dundee.Schilz, Wolfgang Eugen, I1I.Sc. (S. Africa), 39, Hestercombe Avenue, Pulham, London, S.W.6. Sheehan, John Joseph, A.R.C.Sc.I., 25, The Crescent, Clontarf, Dublin. Shortt, William Methuen, M.Sc. (Manc.), 10, Litchurch Street, Uerby. Smith, Laurence Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), X.R.C.S., 62, Robertson Road, Preston Park, Brighton. Smith, Leonard Edward, 13.X~. (Bris.), 6, Greenway Road, Nedland, Bristol. Thornton, Ernest, B.Rc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 27, Romney Avenue, Burnley. Warr, John Culvor, B.A. (Oxon.), 11, Cavendish Road, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol. Welling, Walter Frank, Is.%. (Lond.), 284, Ditchling Road, Brighton. JVilliarns, Frank Archer, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Cotswold Road, Westcliffe- on-Sea. \Vinton, Hub~rtCharles, 13.8~.(Xdin.).2, k‘clrst. View, C:rangcwiouth,Stirling. New Students. Armstrong, Douglas Edgar, 9, Bloomfield Road, liighgate, London, N .6. Banks, Herbert Alfred, Assistant Chemist, Western Australian Government Railway, Midland Junction, Westem Australia. Jhwnett, Charles IAc:slic:, 1I, Waldenshaw Road, Porest Hill, London. S.E.23. 204 Brown, Robert Armstrong, 14, Mitchell Street, Dalkeith, Midlothian. Butcher, Noel Felix Howard, The Broadway, Haywards Heath, Sussex. Clulow, Frederick William, 14, Coltman Street, Hull. Cooke, Crawford Ernest, 10, Culmington Road, West Ealing, London, W.13. Davis, Miss Joan, 7, Brettell Street, Walworth, London, S.E.17. Edmondson, William, 65, Botley Rcad. Oxford. Evans, Charles Livesey, “Hill Top,” George Road, Solihull, Birmingham.Giles, George Roy, 4, Symonds Street, Auburn, Victoria, Australia. Goold-Verschoyle, Hamilton Neil Stuart, 23, St. Mary Abbots Terrace. London, W. 14. Hall, Albert Frank Boy, Ingram House, North Place, Cheltenham. Hampton, Horace Arthur, 13, Arch Hill Street, Netherton, Dudley, Worcs. Hartshorne, Ernest, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 12, Muriel Street, Broughton, Manchester. Haughton, Charles Osburne, Hazeldene, Bryanston Road, Birkenhead. Hepworth, Harold Salmon, Green Bank House, Barlby Road, Selby. Heron, John Henry, 33, Arthington View, Hunslet Carr, Leeds. Hollinghurst, Arnold, Alexandra Villa, Downhall Road, Rayleigh, Essex. Jack, John Alexander, 185, Neilston Road, Paisley, Scotland. Leech, Joseph Ronald, 9, Selly Oak Road, Bourneville, Birmingham.Lewis, Harold, 15, Chermside Road, Aigburth, Liverpool. Lumley, William Eric, 20, Hillshaw Terrace, Ripon, Yorks. Maclagan, Noel Francis, 2, Vereker Road, London, W. Osborna, Arnold Douglas, 15, Victoria Avencre, Barrow in Furness. Patterson, James Bruce Eric, 357, Goldhawk Road, London, W.6. Pike, Herbert, 94, Corbyn Street, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Rooksby, William Holdsworth, 343, Wavertree Nook Road, Liverpool. Smedley, Charles, 20, Willow Road, Bournville, Birmingham. Vine, Miss Margery, 215, Devonshire Road, London, S.E. Waters, Raymond Victor, 93, S. Margaret Road, Stoke, Coventry. Webb, Miss Christine Elizabeth, 10, Slenheim Road, St. Albans, Herts. Wilcock, Gilbert Wild, 1, Albert Road, Old Colwyn, N.Wales. Wilson, Horace John, 73, Tarry Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Winterbottom, Arthur Baker, 38, Parkfield Road, New Moston, Manchester DEATHS, Fellows. Samuel Henry Davies, M.Sc. (Vict.). Willitam Joseph Dibdin. Charles Emile Soane. George Young, Ph.D. (Erlangen). Associates. George Marwood Watson. R.Sc. (Lond.).Ernest Moore Mumford, M.Sc. (Manc.). 205 General Notices. Conference at York: 10th and 1 lth July, 1925.--At the invitation of the North-East Coast Executive Committee (representing the Huddersfield, the Leeds Area, and the Newcastle- on-Tyne and North-East Coast Sections) a Conference of Fellows and Associates of the Institute will be held at York, on Friday, the Ioth, and Saturday, the rrth, July, 1925.The Council of the Institute and the North-East Coast Executive Committee hope that in view of the importance of the subjects to be submitted for discussion many Fellows and Associates will be able to attend. The dates have been arranged in order to allow those who are members of the Society of Chemical Industry to proceed to the Annual General Meeting of the Society which will be held at Leeds during the week following. On Friday, 10th July, 1925, at 10 a.m., the President will open the Conference in the Tempest Anderson Hall, at the Yorkshire Museum-by the kind permission of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society-when the subject for discussion will be- "The Regulations for the Admission of Associates and Fellows of the Institute." The Conference will adjourn at I p.m.for luncheon and will resume at 2.30 p.m. to consider-" The Desirability and Possibility of Securing Statutory Registration of Professional Chemists. " The Conference will adjourn at 5 p.m. A Dinner will be held at the Royal Station Hotel at 7.30 p.m., the President in the Chair. (Evening dress: tickets 10s. 6d.) On Saturday, 11th July, 1925, at 10 a.m., the Conference will resume at the Tempest Anderson Hall to consider:-"The Promotion of further Co-operation between the Institute and other Chemical Societies." (Further arrangements will be decided according to the trend of the discussions.) Accommodation will be reserved at the Royal Station Hotel. Fellows and Associates who intend to be present at the Conference are asked to communicate with the Registrar before Wednesday, 1st July, 1925 , after which date further information will be sent to all who signify their intention to be present.206 Examinations,-The arrangements for the next examin-ations are as follows:- I,mt date for Entries. l+riod of Examina t,ion Monday, 13th .Jnly, 1925. 14th to 19th Sept., 1925, 07 2Ist to 26th Sept., 1925. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to June, 1922, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.2A Register of Fellows and Asso-ciates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institntc of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Iristitutc for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by thcir Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Members and Students who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without emplovment are requirccl to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if riecessai-j.. The Institute also maintains a Register of 1,aborator.j-Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays: 10a.m. 207 and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of hooks which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical cxaminations. The comprehensive Library of the Chernical Society is a caiI-able, by the courtesy of the Council of thc Socictjr, foi-tht. use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to corisult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on wcek-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the Rules of the Society regarding the use of books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.- The Library Committee will be greatly indebted to any Fellow who will assist in making up the set of the Rerichte for 1924. This Journal was hitherto given to the Institute by the late Dr. Frank Clowes. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved resulting from frequent alteration of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments, 5th Edition.---Registered Students may obtain copies of Official Chemical Appointments at a reduced price of zs., on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers Tor-binding the Journal (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOUKNAI.. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Hain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: Buckram case, lettered complete, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. Sd. 208 History of the Institute, 1877-1 91 4.-Any member who is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section or from the Institute direct.Lantern Slides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9254900147

出版商:RSC    

年代:1925

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. 1. August, 1925. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (Preside&), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, LEWIS EYNON, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). THOMAS MACARA, L. G, PAUL, 6. D PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 211 Proceedings of the Council.JUNE-JULY, 1925. Conference at York: 10th-11th July.-The Conference was held at York in the Tempest Anderson Hall, by the courtesy of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, on 10th and 11th July, 1925, Professor G. G. Henderson, President, in the Chair. The proceedings, which are reported in this Part, are briefly sum- marised below. At the first session, Mr. H. J. Evans opened a discussion on “The Regulations for the admission of Associates and Fellows.” Mr. Evans criticised especially the Regulations for the admission of Associates to the Fellowship and the manner in which they were interpreted by the Council. He moved the following resolutions:-(i) That after a certain date, no Associate be admitted to the Fellowship except by examination.(ii) That, after a certain date, direct admission to the Fellowship be discontinued except in the very rare cases of men of unquestionable eminence in the world of chemistry. (iii) That the Regulations for the admission of Associates be revised to meet certain cases of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not fulfilled the present requirements as to training, etc. On the first motion the voting was even. The second and third motions were carried by a small majority. At the second session, Mr. Scholefield opened a discussion on “The desirability and possibility of securing statutory registration for professional chemists,” and moved : “That this Conference approves of the principle of the establishment of a Register of professional chemists and requests the Council to take immediate steps towards the formation of a Professional Chemists’ Registration Council-consisting of representatives of the Institute, Universities and Technical 212 Schools, the Society of Public Analysts, and the British Association of Chemists-and the exploration of the possibility of legislative authority.” This resolution was carried.At the third session (held on rrth July) the President opened a discussion on “The promotion of further co-operation between the Institute and other Chemical Societies.” On the motion of Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, seconded by Prof. Heilbron, it was unanimously resolved : “That this meeting urges the Council to enter into col- laboration with all other Societies interested in chemistry and to formulate and press forward a scheme for bringing these Societies into fellowship and co-operation.” About 70 members participated in the Conference.On the motion of the President, votes of thanks were accorded to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society for allowing the use of the Tempest Anderson Hall and to Dr. W. E. Collinge, the Keeper of the Museum of the Society, for his courtesy in that connection; also to Mr. Harold Bush Brown and Mrs. Brown for valuable assistance with respect to local arrangements and visits to places of interest. On the motion of Mr. S. E. Melling, a hearty vote of thanks was also accorded to the President for presiding at the Conference.On 10th July, a Dinner was held at the Royal Station Hotel, the President in the Chair. Local Section Grants.-The Council has decided to provide for the expenses of Local Sections as follows:- (a)That every Local Section be allowed a sum, not exceeding 2s. 6d. in any one year, for every member resident within its area to defray the official expenses of the Section. (b)That each Section be required to submit detailed audited accounts for the scrutiny of the Finance and House Committee, and that any item which the Committee is unable to allow as official expense be deducted from the grant next made to the Section. Entertainment expenaee, other than tea and coffee at meetings, will not be allowed as offioial expenses.(c) That-also subject to the expenses being approved by the Finance and House Committee--a minimum grant of €10 be allowed to Sections with less than eighty members. (d) That, so far as is possible, printing facilities be provided by the Institute, and notices of Section meetings be sent to all members within their respective areas. 213 Sir George Beilby Memorial.-A Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry has had under consideration a proposal to establish a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. With the concurrence of the Councils of the three bodies- of which Sir George was a past-president-an appeal has been issued for subscriptions towards a fund from which, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, substantial sums will be awarded to mark appreciation of a record of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby , e.g., applied chemistry, chemical engineering and metallurgy.The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit. The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than E5ooo-providing an income of about E250 a year for awards. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy and Mr. John Fry have consented to act as Honorary Treasurers.The Secretaries of the three co-operating bodies have been appointed Honorary Secretaries, with the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry, as convener. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs,-The observations of the representatives of the Institute on the draft schedules to the proposed new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill were supported by evidence given by Mr. F. W. F. Arnaud before the Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and were favourably received. The Report of the Advisory Committee has since been published (Cmd. 2470. gd.) and the proposals of the representa- tives of the Institute have been generally incorporated. The Committee express their thanks to the organisations which have rendered assistance with comments and criticisms, and also to the representatives who have attended meetings and supplemented orally the observations offered by the organi- sations.Finsbury Technical College.-The Council has received a letter from the London County Council stating that, although desirous of giving the most sympathetic consideration to the 214 claims of Finsbury Technical College, it was found difficult to justify the comparatively large expenditure involved in view of the fact that there are other Institutions making provision for training in engineering and chemistry which could absorb without difficulty the number of students now attending the College. The London County Council has reluctantly come to the conclusion that it is not justified in continuing its support after 31st July, 1926.The Higher Education Sub-committee has carefully considered the representations made by the Institute, but regrets that it is not prepared to recommend a departure from its previous decision. National Certificates in Chemistry.-An abstract of the report of the Assessors upon the recent examinations for National Certificates conducted jointly by the Board of Education and the Institute, is published in this Part of the JOURNAL. Nati onal Certificates i n Chemi stry (ScotIan d).-The first examination for National Certificates in Chemistry in Scotland has been held under the auspices of the Joint Com- mittee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department.Ten candidates, all from the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, presented themselves for the Higher Certificate. All passed, six obtaining distinction. Mr. William Rintoul acted as the Assessor of the Institute, in conjunction with Examiners appointed by the College. Benevolent Fund.-The amount which the Benevolent Fund Committee has placed to reserve for the Annuity Fund is approximately E850. The Committee reported, in JOURNAL, Part 111. (p. 151) that the contributions for current purposes showed an increase of over E150 and the donations for the annuity fund, an increase of over iso, compared with those for 1924; but the Committee hopes that Fellows and Associates will bear in mind that the administration of an Annuity Fund, for the benefit of members who are pennanently incapacitated from practice, is to be an essential part of its work, for which generous support is needed. The Committee has recently brought a deserving case to the notice of the Murdoch Trustees, Edinburgh, who have made arrangements to provide 215 a pension of E80 a year to a Fellow who is over 70 years of age; but, while the kindness of the Trustees is greatly appreciated, the Committee feels that an effort should be made to secure for the Benevolent Fund of the Institute such resources as will render it independent of other assistance. Chemists Dinner, 1925.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to co-operate with the Chemical Industry Club in the arrangements for a Dinner to be held in London, on Friday, 13th November, in which all other societies interested in chemistry will also participate.(Tickets will be obtainable from The Secretary, Chemical Industry Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I.). 216 Local Sections. Belfast and Dublin,-The Registrar has been invited to lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” before the Belfast Section, on Wednesday, 25th, and before the Irish Free State Section on Thursday, 26th November. The lecture will be illustrated by numerous lantern slides. Due notice of the meetings will be sent to members of both sections. Bristol and South-Western.-The meetings of the section during the coming session will be held, in conjunction with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on the first Thursday in the months from October to March, inclusive, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University.A paper will be read by Dr. Ernest Vanstone on “The role of Phosphorus in Agriculture,” and another paper has been promised by Mr. Stanley Robson. A meeting will also be held at University College, Exeter, on 14th November, when it is hoped that members will make a special endeavour to attend. The Annual Dinner will be held, jointly with the local sections of other Chemical Societies, probably on the second Saturday in February, and the Annual Meeting of the Section will be held in March. Cape.-At a meeting of the Cape Section held in the Physical Chemistry Laboratories of the University of Cape Town on the 26th June, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year :--Chairman, Prof.J. Smeath Thomas ; Secretary, Dr. C. F. Juritz; Treasurer, E. H. Croghan; Additional Members of Committee, G. C. Scully, and Prof. E. Newbery; Auditors, Dr. W. Pugh, and Mr. M. H. Hallack. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The work of the Sub-committee on Publicity has been continued, and the following articles have appeared in the Glasgow Herald since the previous notice in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS:“Silicon, the ubi- quitous,” by T. C. Mitchell; “The Carbon cycle in Nature,” and “A Bio-Chemical View of Vitalism,” by Prof. Ellis; “My Lady Nicotine,” by M. N. Nicholson; “The Theory of Vitalism,” by Prof. R. M. Caven; “Paint Manufacture,” by R.A. Burnett; 217 “Foiling the Poisoner,” by J. W. Hawley; “The Electric Furnace,” by Dr. J. Knox; “Fortunate Accidents,” by Dr. S. Horwood Tucker; “The Enamelled-Steel Industry,” by L. R. Mernagh; “The Shale Oil Industry in Scotland,” by J. Crooks; “The Centenary of Faraday’s Discovery of Benzene,” by W. H. Coleman; and “Nature’s Ways,” by Dr. W. M. Cumming.-Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting of the Section held at St. George’s Restaurant, Redcross Street, on the 14th May, Professor Roberts gave a very interesting lecture on “The Microscope in the Detection of Crime.” The lecture was greatly appreciated, and the discussion, in which Messrs. Bennett, Evans, Morton, Hanley, Towers and Shepherd participated, mainly related to the detection and identification of blood stains.A hearty vote of thanks was accorded Professor Roberts. London and South Eastern Counties.-Mr. William Rintoul, who delivered a lecture to the Section on “Library and Office Organisation for Chemists,” in April, has kindly supplemented it by the following suggested instructions on “The Drafting of Reports.” The most highly organised research cannot produce its maximum effect on progress unless the results achieved are adequately recorded in permanent form. Whatever may be the cause, the sad fact remains that many workers in research cannot or will not produce a readable and accurate account of their work, with the result that much of the value of that work disappears.For this reason it has been found necessary, in the Nobel Research Laboratories, to bring into force a code of regulations calculated to improve at least the mechanical part of preparing reports. As these regulations have been found to produce beneficial results they are set forth below in the hope that others may find them suggestive. That these regulations are followed is ensured by the fact that all reports that are prepared are submitted to revision by one or more independent editors. GENERALINSTRUCTIONS. All draft reports submitted must be legibly written or typed on one side of the paper. It must be remembered that a report is to be a permafient record which will probably be perused by readers who may not 218 have the same experience as the writer in the special subject with which the report deals.Descriptive terms, therefore, should be capable of being understood, not only by the present- day reader but also by readers many years hence. Terms which have a local application only, must be avoided. As it may be necessary to repeat the work recorded in a report at some future date, all essential data should be given in sufficient detail to render such repetition possible. The following particular instructions follow directly from the above considerations :-The report must be impersonal except in the case of reports on visits, which may be written in the first person. Expressions such as “the mill in B/A,” “sample sent by Mr. Brown,” are to be avoided, The nomenclature of the Manufacturing Method Book is to be employed in describing materials.No contractions except those used in ordinary chemical and explosives literature are to be employed. Anyother unavoidable contraction is to be explained in a foot-note. The following is a list of the contractions for measures, weights, etc., to be used in drafting reports :-Cubic centimetres . . C.C. Inches .. .. in. Grammes .. .. gm. Feet .. . . ft. Milligrammes .. mg. Ounces .. .. 02. Kilogrammes Centime tres .. .. kg. cm. Pounds . . Hundredweights .. .. lb. cwt. Seconds .. .. sec. Degrees centigrad e “C. Minutes‘ . . .. min. Degrees Fahrenheit OF. Metres .. .. m. Millimetres .... mm. Form of Report. Each report should be prefaced by a copy of the programme under which the work was done. The body of the report should, as a rule, consist of three parts:- (I) Description of the experimental work carried out. (2) Summary. (3) Conclusions. The first part is to open with a short resum6 of previous work on the subject should that exist, and references to any journal or report containing information referred to should be 219 fuZZ and exact. It is generally advisable to elaborate as early in the report as possible, the considerations which led to the work being carried out. The writer is then to give a connected account of the experimental procedure followed and of the results obtained, with as much detail as will render repetition possible by another worker.The description of the experiments should generally be arranged as they were carried out in order of time, the reasons being given where necessary, as to why the work was pursued in any particular direction. A simple record of experiments with no explanatory connecting links is to be avoided. The summary is to state concisely, the object, nature, scope and results of the experiments. In short reports the summary may be omitted. As to the scope of the work, the summary is to give, according to the subject of the report, some idea as to the following points:- (a) In analytical determinations the accuracy aimed at in the experiments. (b) In experiments dealing with or leading to manufacturing processes, whether the experiments were conducted on a laboratory or on a manufacturing scale.(c) In the case of experiments involving storage the duration and nature of storage. (a) The number and nature of the samples examined. Further the summary is to summarise the whole of that part of the report which precedes it and not deal merely with the results obtained. It must be remembered that the summary should be quite understandable by one who has read no other part of the report, except perhaps the title page. A common mistake is to include in the “summary” statements which are really conclusions drawn by the author from the results of his experiments. The summary should contain only brief statements of fact as to the nature and extent of the experiments carried out and the actual experimental results obtained.The conclusion of a report is to contain a concise expression of the conclusions to which the writer feels justified in coming after consideration of all the results obtained. It will usually be simply a direct answer to the question implied in the definition of the object of the programme. It is therefore to be written 220 as if the author were answering that question. Of course, it will often happen that the experimental results do not warrant any definite conclusions on the points investigated. It may happen that the only conclusion to be arrived at is that further work on certain lines is necessary before anything definite can be stated.The conclusion may therefore contain a suggestion for further work. DETAILEDINSTRUCTIONS. Title. The title for each report is to be carefully selected. It should give the reader as much information about the contents of the report in as few words as possible. A title such as, “Report on Programme B. No. 6,” is not permissible as it con- veys little or no information. The title should, where possible, be so drawn up as to individualise the report. Further, too general a title is to be avoided. For example, “On the Stability of Cordite” is an inappropriate title for a report which deals only with the comparison of various cordites made from gun-cottons purified in different ways. It is often difficult to define exactly in a short title the ground covered by a report, but some attempt is to be made to give a clue to the scope of the work carried out.Underneath the title are to appear the names of those who carried out the work and the date of reporting. Contents Page. In long reports, it is often advisable to give a contents page containing page references to the various sections of the report. This contents page is to follow directly after the title page. First Page. The title of the report is to be repeated on the top of the first page. Immediately below the title one or more of the following references are to be inserted:- (a) Number of the programme under which the work was (b) Reference to correspondence initiating the work or having a distinct bearing on it.(c) Number of patent investigated. carried out. The first page of the report referred to in the general in-structions above is then to follow. 221 Margin. A margin of at least zin. is to be left on the left-hand side of the pages of all draft reports. Numbering of pages. Pages are to be numbered consecutively throughout the report. Headings. Headings when carefully employed make for clearness in a report and greatly facilitate reference. They must not, however, be inserted haphazard, but are to be co-ordinated and logical throughout the report. It must not be assumed that the reader of the report reads all the headings and therefore the heading should be repeated indthe text, and not referred to as ,‘it” or “this.” Tables.When tables are given they are to be as far as possible self- explanatory. Enough detail is to be given in the headings, etc., to make the table understandable without too close an examination of the context. Further, to facilitate reference, the tables should usually be numbered, Arabic, not Roman numerals being employed. A heading under the number of the table is usually necessary. Sketches. Sketches are to be employed only when they greatly facilitate description or when they show something that cannot be described in words. Capitals. As few capitals as possible are to be used. Expressions, such as “sulphuric acid,” “cordite,” “guncotton,” “heat tests,” are not to be written with capital letters. “N.B.,” “Note,” etc.Such expressions as “N.B.,” “Note,” etc., are not to be used. Chemical Formulae. Chemical formulae are not to be used in the text of a report in place of the names of materials but may be employed in tables. Brackets. Brackets are not to be used unless absolutely necessary. Variation of Tenses. Reports, being, as a rule, records of experiments carried out ought to be written in the past tense, but when the nature of the report makes a choice between tenses possible, that chosen is to be adhered to throughout. Methods of Analysis. When work is reported leading up to the proposal of a method of analysis, the report is to contain, usually in the summary, a description of the method drawn up exactly as required for the Analytical Method Book.Attached Correspondence. After a draft report has been submitted, correspondence consisting of minutes by various persons interested may grow around it. On no account is any part of this correspondence to be detached or destroyed. On the conclusion of the cor- respondence the whole is to be filed in the Correspondence Department. Pages Re-written. It sometimes happens that a draft report after it has been submitted and before it is filed, requires to be re-written wholly or in part. Any pages re-written under these circumstances are not to be destroyed but are to be returned along with the new pages, the replaced pages being simply crossed out. Proof Correction.After a report has been typed, the author receives the file copy for “author’s revision and signature.” The revision must be carried out with the utmost care and any correction made in this copy is to be made lightly in pencil. If the correction is small a large X is to be made in pencil in the margin opposite the part corrected. The report is to be signed and dated by the author after the “Conclusion.” 223 Conference at York 10th and 11th JULY, 1925 The Registrar intimated that he had received apologies for absence from many Fellows and Associates. The President, in opening the Conference, said that he would like to express the thanks of the members to the Yorkshire (Huddersfield and Leeds Area) and North-East Coast Sections for suggesting York as their meeting place, and also to Mr.H. B. Brown for the assistance he had rendered in making the local arrangements. The subjects for discussion had a distinct relationship. The regulations governing admission to membership were obviously associated with the question of registration, and this in turn had a bearing on the relations of the Institute with other chemical societies. The duty of the Institute was to promote to the utmost of its power the welfare of the profession as a whole. It could not legislate specially for any branch or locality without facing the risk of acting to the detriment of other members and localities of the Institute. He therefore asked the members to forget that they represented any branch or came from any particular part of the country, and to consider the matters under discussion simply from the standpoint of loyal and ardent members of the profession.THE REGULATIONS.” The Yresid.ent called upon Mr. H. J. Evans to open the discussion on the Regulations for the Admission of Associates and Fellows of thc Institute. Mr. Evans said:- MR. PRESIDENTAND GENTLEMEN, I have been asked to open the discussion on the Regulations for the Admission of Fellows and Associates. Most of the members present are no doubt aware that this matter was the subject of a resolution which I moved at a meeting of the Liver- pool Section on the 12th February of this year. The resolution read as follows:- “That the Council be urged to amend the Regulations for the admission of Fellows, so that, except in the very rare cases of men of unquestionable eminence in the world of chemistry, candidates can only pass to the Fellowship by examination, after having passed through the grade of Associateship.” The discussion which followed the motion was of a very interesting character, but I cannot claim that the meeting unanimously accepted all the views I expressed, though it was, I think, the opinion of all present that the regulations now in force, or as at present administered, were far from satisfactory; that, in effect, the standard of our qualification was being lowered year by year, and that something ought to be done in order to safeguard it, particularly in the case of the Fellowship.The feeling of the meeting was summed up in the amendment with which both my seconder and I agreed, that the whole matter, together with the question of admission to the Associate- ship (on which I had not touched), should be referred to the Conference. I may say that, in the meantime, my own views have not changed at all, and I can therefore simply repeat the arguments I placed before the Liverpool Section. In the case of the Associateship, however, I feel that the Regulations should be somewhat relaxed, in order to be able to include in that grade those candidates who are now advised to apply for the Fellow- ship, because they cannot fulfil the requirements for the Associateship. In this way an absurd and dangerous anomaly will be removed.I therefore invite the support of this Conference to the follow- ing threefold resolution:- I. That, after a certain date, no Associate be admitted to the Fellowship except by examination. 2. That, after a certain date, direct admission to the Fellow- ship be discontinued, except in the very rare cases of men of unquestionable eminence in the world of chemistry. 3. That the Regulations for the admission of Associates be revised to meet certain cases of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not fulfilled the present require- ments as to training, etc. In order to consider this part it will be necessary to compare briefly the conditions ruling prior to 1917,and at the present time, and also to compare the relative values, as a professional qualification, of the Associateship then and now.Some of you will remember that prior to 1917there was one way, and one way only, of entering the Institute, namely, (6) The passing of a preliminary examination of the matriculation standard. (b) A curriculum of three years at a university or two years at a university and two in the laboratory of a Fellow approved by the Council, and the passing of the Inter- mediate Examination, the latter being exactly on the lines of the present Associateship Examination, and of the same standard, and (c) The passing of the Final Examination in a special branch, an examination of precisely the same standard as the present Fellowship Examination.A first or second class honours degree in chemistry was accepted in lieu of the Intermediate Examination, and the London pass B.Sc. in chemistry, physics, and an optional subject exempted a candidate from the three or four years’ curriculum. It is clear that a chemist who had attained to the Associateship stage under those conditions had every claim to be considered competent to practise in whichever branch he had chosen as his special line, but it must also be remembered that all the exami- nations conducted by the Institute were, and are, specially severe and thorough on the practical side, and whether a man had actually passed the Intermediate Examination, or gained exemption, his competence in general analytical chemistry was also assured, because he would never have been able successfully to negotiate any of the final branches had this not been the case. This point is of great importance, and I wish to emphasise it; it briefly reduces itself to this, that no man could possess the Institute qualification without passing at least one examination conducted by the Institute itself, this examination being of the present Fellowship standard.The result of this was that prior to 1917, the letters A.I.C. and F.I.C. did in reality denote a chemist of no mean attainments. It was in very truth the hall-mark of competency; the member of the Institute was also beginning to reap the fruits of his labours, because his status was becoming such that he need never seriously fear that he would not be able to earn at least a modest livelihood, and was indeed probably better placed in that respect than the majority of the members of the other 226 unprotected professions such as chartered accountants, engineers, architects, etc.I do not wish to imply for one moment that the Institute had the monopoly of all the competent chemists, or that there were not many men outside who were not in every way worthy of the title. Nor do I infer that the magic letters A.I.C. had become a sort of open sesame to the confidence of every board of directors or public body. I do maintain, however, that, as a rule, a man who had emerged successfully from the tests imposed by the Institute was able to keep any post he was able to obtain, provided, of course, that he had confined himself to those subjects for which the Institute had given him certificates of competency. This in brief was the position of our members in 1917,when the great change in policy took place.You will remember that in that year a great movement took place amongst those people who, while outside the Institute, earned their livings by means connected with chemistry, and therefore considered that they were justly entitled to consider themselves members of our profession. The lead was naturally taken by men who could not by any means enter the Institute as the Regulations then stood, but they were joined by a large number of university graduates, and even by some members of the Institute itself, who possibly felt that the Council had not done all that it might to protect the interests and status of those of its members who were engaged in chemical work during the war period.Thus was born the British Association of Chemists. This movement was viewed with apprehension by the Council of the Institute, who had before them the examples of the various bodies of the accountants, from the chartered downwards. They honestly felt that it would be against the best interests of the profession as a whole to have more than one qualifying body. An analysis of the situation showed that probably 50 per cent. of the members of the new provisional society would be entitled to enter for the examinations of the Institute if they so wished.Of the remaining 50 per cent. probably 25 per cent. had by long service and experience reached a degree of competency of a satisfactory standard, just as a solicitor’s clerk in a responsible position would in the legal calling. The Council, therefore, saw that if this 75 per cent. could by any means be included in the Institute, it would be able to put into practice the old Roman maxim divide et impera. 227 There was, however, a great difficulty to be overcome once this decision had been taken. Admission to the Associateship could only be granted heretofore by evidence of proficiency in certain clearly defined branches, whereas here was a large body of people who belonged to no special branch.The only possible way was to make the Associateship qualification one in general chemistry, reserving the Fellowship for the special branches which formerly belonged to the Associateship. Thus we come to the present conditions for admission to the Associateship, which are :-(a) Preliminary Examination as before. (b) Four years curriculum (in place of three) at a university, or five at a recognised technical night school, together with the passing of an examination in general chemistry. (Exemption from this is granted by a first or second class honours degree.) That is to say, the present standard of the Associateship is the equivalent of the old Intermediate Examination, with the exception that one vear has been added to the curriculum.In connection with this addition of a year I must point out that most of the universities now also insist on a four years’ curriculum for the honours degree in chemistry, whereas up to 1917 they were content with three years, so that I think one may be allowed to assume that the curriculum for the Inter- mediate Examination had the former system been continued, would have been increased to four years. I have spent some time in making this point, but I must prove it to you convincingly, for therein lies the crux of the whole situation, and thereon my argument rests. I will therefore repeat that I hope I have proved to your entire satisfaction that the present Associateship is the exact equivalent of the old Intermediate. We now come to the way of proceeding from the Associateship to the Fellowship stage.Formerly this was merely a matter of form, i.e. that of waiting for three years and paying a fee. The Associateship was the real qualification, the Fellowship merely an embellishment. It is necessary here to refer again to the great change. This was naturally not brought about without a great deal of opposi-tion on the part of the then members, who had passed 228 the necessary examinations. Their argument was: “Let the new body be formed. The value of our own qualification will always be supreme. If, however, we lower our standard in the proposed manner we shall seriously damage our own status from the ‘hall-mark’ standpoint, and the advantage offered in exchange-of a very nebulous nature-may never materialise.” This opposition was overcome by a definite understanding that the standard of the Fellowship would be rigorously maintained; that, in effect, all members who were admitted to the Associate- ship under the proposed new conditions would, before admission to the Fellowship, be required to pass an examination on precisely the same lines as the former Associateship examination.In this way we could include in our ranks all those who were in any way entitled to call themselves chemists, and at the same time keep the standard of our qualification intact in the matter of the Fellowship. I have no doubt that there are members present who were Members of Council in 1917 and who can therefore confirm this statement.I had it at the time on the very best authority. Let us now examine the present regulations and see how far, and in what spirit, this promise has been kept. The Regulations read as follows:-I. Every Associate applying for admission to the Fellowship is required to produce evidence:- (a) That he is not less than 24 years of age. (b) That since his admission as an Associate, and for a period of three years therefrom, he has been continuously engaged in the study and practice of chemistry in a manner satisfactory to the Council. 2. Except as provided hereunder every such Associate will be required to pass an examination in one of the specified branches. Only in exceptional circumstances will the Council consider applications from Associates for election to the Fellowship without examination..[The italics are mine.J Here we have the fly in the ointment, in the interpretation of those words ‘‘only in exceptional ciycumtances.” What would this convey to the average person? To me it would mean that of the total number raised to the Fellowship from the Associate- ship at any one time, a greatly preponderating majority would 229 he so raised by examination, and a very small minority would be members who had such overwhelming proofs of their pro- ficiency in some particular branch that the examination could be dispensed with. Something like 99 per cent. and I per cent.; and I will venture to say that that is how most people would honestly interpret it.To give a more concrete case of my own views as to what might constitute ‘ exceptional circumstances,”--Let us suppose that a young graduate is admitted to the A.T.C. He may for a year be unable to find suitable employment, so he returns to the university for research. He then obtains a post abroad, say in Fiji, or China. After a considerable period of years he has risen to a position of eminence and responsibility, possibly being appointed a state or municipal analyst, a professor of chemistry in a university, or head of some important manu- facturing concern. During this period it has been impossible for him to return to take his Fellowship examination, and his reputation and position are such that granting of the Fellowship would not enhance either of them in the slightest degree.This is my idea of very exceptional circumstances. I now give you the figures for the last four years for those who have been raised to the Fellowship by examination and by election: -\SSOCIATES ELECTED TO THE FELLOWSHIP. By Examination. Without Examination. 1920-21 .. 7 26 1921-22 .. 7 24 1922-23 .. 8 41 1923-24 .. 5 47 1924-25 .. 5 42 I I 32 I80 From these figures it would appear that the clause should have been worded “only in exceptional circumstances will the Council consider it necessary to request the candidate to undergo an examination.” We must now examine the alternatives to the examination. To refer again to the Regulations:- “Every such Associate will be required to produce evidence satisfactory to the Council: I.That he has carried out research of sufficient merit.” 230 Regarding this I am going to invite your support on a very definite point, and it is that the Institute qualification for research is valueless, or practically so. I want to be very clear on this point. I do not mean that the Fellowship of the Institute if gained by examination would be of no value to a research chemist. It would be of extreme value, because it would indicate that he had reached a very high standard both of operative skill and speculative reasoning in a certain wide branch of chemistry. This added, shall we say, to the Ph.D. or D.Sc. degree for research on a more specialised portion of that branch would be most powerful evidence of a very high degree of competency in that particular branch.By itself, however, if obtained without examination, it is not, and never will be of any value to a research chemist. Are there not sufficient degrees already which are given purely for research by all our universities? We start with the M.Sc. If an ambitious man wishes to go further he can take the Ph.D. If this is not enough he can take the D.Sc., and for a few of the giants there is the F.R.S. All these are given for research, and mean exactly what they say. Is it therefore in the interests of the members of the Institute to throw in the F.I.C. overhead with any of these qualifications? Is it either just or expedient? I say a thousand times “No,” and I say that no man knows when it may be necessary for him to furnish proofs of his competency apart from research, and if you give the F.I.C.away you will so reduce its value that it will cease to be either the hall-mark or any other mark. You have the research qualifications, and you cannot augment or better them, therefore keep the F.I.C. for what it has always stood, and cut out that clause. I shall always remember a remark made by one of our members with reference to the clause for admission to the Fellowship direct. He said: “Ah, these permissive clauses. They are most dangerous and insidious instruments. You can stretch them and strain them to fit any case.” I ask you to recommend their complete excision from the Regulations. In my opinion, the only possible honest argument a research chemist could advance as a reason why he should not take the examination for the Fellowship is that his knowledge of that whole branch of chemistry to which his research belongs is such that the taking of the examination is a mere matter of form.If that is the case I submit it is no hardship to ask him to go through that form. The fee for assessment is the same as for the examination, both are non-returnable, and a week in London can be no great trial, even if the days are spent in undergoing an examination which is in any case a walk-over. Surely the Fellowship is worth it; if not, why bother with it in any case? He may, however, say that during the years he has spent in research he has forgotten a lot of the fundamental facts which he had at his fingertips at the Associateship stage.I would concede this point, and would ask that the Regulations be amended, so that any candidate be allowed to sit the Fellowship examination as soon as he pleases after admission to the Associate- ship, but that he be not actually admitted until three years have elapsed. I am not a lover of analogies. I think, in debate, they should be used with the most extreme caution, because they are seldom complete, and therefore give opportunity of criticism which may injure the main argument or thesis in explanation of which they have been used. I cannot, however, refrain in this case from using the analogy of the qualifications of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and our own.These are the prototypes on which our own qualifications were modelled. The lower qualifications (conjoint) are approximately equivalent to the M.B., B.S., of the universities. The F.R.C.S. and M.R.C.P., however, stand alone, and are practically never conferred except by the examinations conducted by the colleges themselves. In exceptional circumstances, when conferred hunoris causa, the prefix “Hon.” is always used. The fellowship of the R.C.S. and the membership of the R.C.P. are the proudest distinctions in operative medicine and surgery, and the F.I.C. should carry the same weight in operative chemistry. The Royal Colleges allow no alternatives.They realise that however specious and reasonable they may appear in theory, their application in practice will inevitably mean a lowering of that high standard they have fixed for their major qualifi- cation. We now come to the second alternative clause:- “That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit.” This is obviously for the benefit of the works chemist, and I would at once say that there would be some need for it,- but for the existence of branch (G) Chemical Engineering, or what used to be called Chemical Technology. This provides that a candidate for the Fellowship in this branch shall give proofs of a general knowledge of the principles of chemical engineering and technology, and a specialised knowledge of one particular branch of chemical industry chosen by himself.I submit that to any candidate who has devised processes of sufficient merit to warrant his elevation to the Fellowship, an examination on these lines could present no terrors, and I therefore say without hesitation that this clause is not only unnecessary, but also a very grave menace to our status and the standard of our qualifications. There is a third clause, i.e. “That he is possessed of knowledge and ability equivalent to having fulfilled the conditions contained under (I) or (2) above.” Words really fail me in attempting to deal with this clause. It is the most pernicious of all the permissive clauses, and is capable of being stretched to meet any case.How a man could possibly give satisfactory evidence that he is possessed of knowledge and ability equivalent to having conducted researches of sufficient merit, or of having devised processes of sufficient merit, yet has never done either of the things referred to, or yet passed an examination, is entirely beyond my poor compre-hension. This concludes all 1can say in the time about the first part. The second part is that “After a certain date admission to the Fellowship direct be discontinued, except in the very rare cases of men of un- questionable eminence in the world of chemistry.’’ To refer once more to 1917,it was known at that time that there was a considerable number of chemists of great standing and experience outside the Institute.Some of these chemists were of such eminence that their inclusion as Associates would have been absurd, many of them being professors of chemistry, or consultants, of national fame, or men who had attained to positions of the highest responsibility and respect in industry. It must also be remembered that the Council had always reserved to itself the right of admitting anyone it pleased to the Fellowship, however strict the regula- tions for the Associateship might be. This right, however, was 233 exercised with the most extreme caution and restraint, and during the time in which I have been connected with the Institute-about 18 years-I only remember two cases prior to 1917. Perhaps I may be allowed to digress here for a moment in order to say that the policy of the Institute has in the opinion of most of us been richly rewarded by the inclusion in our ranks of many men whom we could ill afford to be without, particularly those Fellows whose ripe experience in affairs has been, and will be, of inestimable value to the profession as a whole.There are also no doubt at the present moment some such men still outside. It would be to our advantage to get these men in now by issuing a warning that the time for such admissions is drawing to a close. We want them. We can ill afford to do without them, but still less can we afford to allow the gap to remain open, by which others whom we most distinctly do not want will also pass through.To resume:this means of admission always existed, although for many years prior to 1917 its use had almost fallen into oblivion. Since that time, however, it has been revived to a hitherto undreamt of extent. Referring again to the Regulations, clause (5) reads:-“Only in exceptional circumstances will applications for election to the Fellowship be entertained from persons other than Associates.” My remarks with regard to the words “exceptional circum- stances ” made in connection with admission from the Associate- ship to the Fellowship apply with equal force in this case. Here are the figures for all those admitted directly to the Fellowship since 1919:-F.I.C. DIRECT. By Examination. Without Examination. 1920-21 . . 8 I3 1921-22 ..2 I5 1922-23 .. 0 6 1923-24 .. 0 I0 1924-25 . . 2 22 - - I2 66 234 I may here say that the figures I have given were criticised in the Liverpool meeting. It was stated that their true signifi- cance was dependent on the total number of applications received for the two grades. These figures were not then available, but by a fortunate coincidence the required figures were given in the next issue of the Journal for February, 1925. They read as follows:-Associateship-Applications for Election to the Associateship- Accepted (including 36 examined by the Institute) . . =-• 337 Declined .. .. .. .. 9 Referred for Examination .. 32 -378 (Declined . . .. .. .. 2.38 per cent.) Applications for admission to Examination for Fellowship- Accepted .... .. .. 7 Declined .. .. .. .. Nil Applications from Associates for election to Fellowship-Accepted (including 6 examined). . 57 Declined .. .. .. . . 6 (10.5 per cent.) Applications for admission to Fellowship direct- Accepted (including I examined). . 24 Declined .. .. .. . . I (4 per cent.) But there is in this case anotheiand a graver menace which does not at first strike the casual reader of the Regulations. If you read on you will find :-“Every such application must be made on the prescribed form, and must be accompanied by evidence of age, a certificate of character satisfactory to the Council and full documentary evidence of the applicant’s general and scientific education and professional career...... You willnotice that in this case there is no reference to a preliminary examination, none to a curriculum, except the vague phrase “evidence ... career,” which can be interpreted how you please. Any man who now makes application for the Associateship will find he is up against cast iron regulations which he will in no way be able to evade. Compared with 1917, there is relief, it is true, for those who cannot afford a university career; such candidates are now permitted to follow a curriculum in a night 235 school. This is certainly an advance in the right direction. But as I said before the regulations for the Associateship are fixed and impossible of evasion. Not so the Fellowship. We now have the curious anomaly of a man who cannot fulfil the regulations for admission to the Associateship being advised to apply for, and being admitted to the Fellowship without exami- nation.The situation to some may appear farcical, but to me it is something nearly approaching tragedy. The foundations of this our Institute were well and truly laid nearly fifty years ago. Since then it has been built up stone by stone by the care and skill of our best, and I ask you by your resolution to-day to do what you can to see to it that their labours shall not have been in vain. Since 1917 this clause for the direct admission of Fellows without examination has been worked to the limit. I admit freely that we may have to keep it working for a little space of time to gather in all those worthy of it who still remain outside, but I am here to-day to ask you most earnestly to set a limit to its working, at least as far as your approval goes.After that period, if there are any who have not come in let them remain outside, and let us try to repair and maintain that high status which has been built up and handed down to us. Finally, I come to the third part, i.e. “That the Regulations for the Admission of Associates be revised to meet certain cases.” These cases I have already referred to when talking of admission to the Fellowship direct. Probably every member here to-day can think of some case in point. A candidate, possibly a man who is getting on in years, applies for admission to the Institute.His case is examined, and it is felt that his years and experience entitle him to inclusion. He is admittedly below the supposed standard for the Fellowship, but has not fulfilled the training Regulations for the Associateship at any period of his career, and may not indeed be able to furnish the required proofs in general education. It has now become the custom to admit such candidates to the Fellowship direct ;more-even to advise them to apply for the Fellowship. The argument generally used is that such a man ought to belong to the Institute, and it is therefore better to lower the standard of the Fellowship in order to get him in, seeing that the Regulations for the Associateship cannot be evaded; the old insidious precept “to do a little evil that much good may follow.” 236 It is perhaps necessary to have such men in the Institute, but surely it would be in every way more politic and more desirable to admit them to the lower grade, and to alter the Regulations for that grade so that they could be so admitted.There are many Fellows of high standing and sound judgment who say that the standard of our higher qualification is rapidly sinking or has already sunk to that of the Fellowship of the Chemical Society. This is no doubt an exaggeration; but it is undoubtedly the trend to-day, and surely even the suspicion of such a state of affairs is enough to cause all who have any pride in our Institute to cry “Halt!” That, briefly, is my own view on the present Associateship Regulations, and those are my reasons for suggesting their alteration, If, however, it were agreed to alter them, I would suggest that a term be definitely fixed during which candidates might apply for admission without examination, and that when that term had finished the present Regulations be again put into force.The present Regulations allow any poor laboratory assistant to put in the curriculum and finally qualify, provided he has the ability and grit to do so, and it is only persons who possess these qualities who should be admitted to a participation of our privileges. I have tried to describe my own views on the position and standing of the Institute qualification prior to 1917. I have pointed out how the standard of the present Associateship has been fixed at that of the former Intermediate Examination. I ask you now to recommend that the standard of the present Fellowship be fixed at that of the former Associateship; that and no more, except that the Council be urged to revert to its former practice with regard to the admission of Fellows direct, i.e.that the only cases considered be those of men of unquestion- able eminence in the world of chemistry. If you still deem it desirable to keep to the policy of the open door, I suggest that the Regulations for the Associateship be modified to fit suitable cases. I ask you to recommend that we have one standard, and one only. Let a candidate be regularly initiated as a student. After due instruction and guidance, not only in chemical knowledge, but also in the ethics of our profession, let him be passed to the grade of an Associate; and, finally, let him be raised to the high grade of a Fellow, but only after he has given satisfactory proofs 237 of his proficiency in the former grade, and these proofs to be by examination and not by influence, recommendation, or any other means.In this way, and in this way alone, shall we keep the standard of our qualification intact and unchallengeable, as it was handed over to us. DISCUSSION. The President said that the paper culminated in three resolutions, and as a matter of form he would ask for seconders to each of them separately. The Conference had no power to settle regulations ; but it could make recommendations to the Council.Professor W. H. Roberts (Liverpool) formally seconded the three resolutions. Mr. T. Wallace (Newcastle) remarked that Mr. Evans in- sisted upon examinations. He thought it would be a bad policy to allow admission to the Fellowship from the -4ssociateship by examination only. Chemists forgot much of what they knew at the time of passing their university or their Institute examinations. Surely it was enough at that stage that a man should know where to find the information which they required. He felt that to abolish the production of evidence of research work as a qualification for the Fellowship would be a mistake: research was the test of a good chemist. By adopting the resolution they would be doing the Institute a great dis- service, and the value of the fellowship would dwindle.Mr. C. J. H. Stock suggested that the whole question rested upon the construction which would be placed upon the phrase ‘‘of unquestionable eminence.” From experience as a Member of Council, he assured the Conference that the kind of examination that the Board set for the Fellowship was different from the sort of examination Mr. Wallace had in mind. It was not a test of mere book learning. He was set tests by an examiner of the highest ability in the particular branch of the profession in which the candidate wished to qualify. There were oral ex- aminations in addition to the papers. He had always agreed, in general principle, with what Mr.Evans had suggested, and he had found nothing in recent years to cause him to alter his views of the procedure the Institute should adopt in electing Asso-ciates and Fellows. He thought that facilities should be afforded not only to those who were in the fortunate position of being able to qualify themselves at one of the recognised universities 238 or other institutions, but to those men of undoubted ability and knowledge who, in the past, owing to one reason or another, had failed to make themselves proficient in the general education of the profession. It should be the aim of all who were interested in promoting the welfare of the profession and in improving the status of the Institute that the Fellowship should be recognised as, and desired for the fact that it was, the hallmark of chemists.In order to attain that, he could conceive no indignity in asking a man who already had the highest qualifications to prove himself by examination. It was simply asking them to use their brains in the way in which they used them every day of their professional life. Mr. E. M. Hawkins, referring to the analogy between the chemical profession and the medical professions ,said there was one great difference. The qualified doctor usually practised independently, whereas the Associate of the Institute did not. And to his mind that made one very great difference in comparing the qualification of F.R.C.S. with that of F.I.C. Taking the A.I.C. to represent a chemist who was at least a qualified assistant, the F.I.C.should represent one who could control a laboratory and direct assistants independently. The Fellowship of the Institute should not necessarily be regarded as a rare and difficult thing to attain by a man who was clever, industrious, hardworking, and of independent mind and thought. Any means which could be reasonably devised by which such a man could attain the Fellowship of the Institute should be adopted. In the filture, as more Associates were elected by reason of their possessing a university degree or other recognised qualifications , they should qualify for the Fellowship by examination; but the door should not be closed to those who had already by other means and ways obtained such a position as he had indicated.If a chemist had accomplished research work of a high order on his own re- sponsibility and not under the direction of a professor, he should not be required to furnish a second proof of such competency. He assured the Conference that influence had never been allowed to operate in the consideration of elections to the Fellowship, and that the regulations had been administered wisely and justly. Dr. K. B. Forster said that he would like to see means devised whereby all those who intended to take up chemistry as a career could be got to register with the Institute just in the sarne way as those who took up a medical career were obliged to register with the British Medical Council. That would serve a manifold 239 purpose, one being that when his time came to enter the In- stitute he would do so automatically, and when he had passed his final examinations. The regulations as they stood were quite good: the A.I.C.should be the qualification of the general practitioner, and the F.I.C. something worth having! If a chemist had been a long time an Associate and had attained con- siderable knowledge of his subject and aspired to become a Fellow, he did not think it was a great hardship to ask him to sit for an examination in his special branch; but it should be an oral rather than a written examination. Mr. G. D. Elsdon thought that a good many people had the impression that the qualifications of the Institute were being given away. Judged from his own point of view, the published papers of the examination for the Fellowship dealt with subjects with which he was in touch every week, and he could conceive no fairer test of ability in the practice of chemistry.Anything obtained without sacrifice was of no value, and the fact that the Fellowship could be conferred without entailing sacrifice was the strongest point against the continuance of the practice. When was a man sufficiently eminent that he could be excused the Fellowship examination? If there was any doubt he sub- mitted that he was not sufficiently eminent. If the third resolution contained the suggestion of admission to the As-sociateship by registration, then, he submitted, that the Institute was a qualifying body and not merely a registering body, and if it was sought to make it into what it was never intended to be, he thought they might be losing the substance for the shadow. Mr.H. B. Brown suggested that Mr. Evans had advanced the views of some of the older Fellows, and he would like to hear those of the younger Associates. He was rather tempted to ask whether the regulations for the Fellowship examinations really met all cases; whether the branches of examination laid down made it possible for all Associates to come forward and ask to be examined for the Fellowship. His own impression was that in small numbers they were actually applying to be examined, and those who did so had a strong sense of pro-fessional responsibility in not asking to be admitted to the Fellowship without being tested.The Institute should take a wide view of research, because many chemists were working along lines, original and responsible, although quite different from research in pure chemistry. Prof. J. W. Cobb expressed the opinion that for the Institute 240 to take the step suggested by the first resolution would be a very grave mistake. It would tend to pick out men with a gift for submitting themselves to test by examination to the exclusion of many who for temperamental and other reasons had strong objection to undergoing that kind of further test. It really depended upon what they were out to test. After a term of years what did the Institute desire to test in order to ascertain whether or not a particular chemist was worthy of promotion to the highest grade of membership.Certainly not whether he had or had not been acquiring more information, but whether he was making good in his profession, and whether he was using his books and tools tosome effect. That was often just what examinations failed to test. There was only one way to deter-mine whether the standard for promotion from the Associateship to the Fellowship had been attained, and that was by the can- didate himself submitting evidence of what he had done since his Associateship to justify his promotion to the higher grade. He would place the most elastic interpretation possible upon such evidence. In a profession such as chemistry the kind of evidence must vary very much; but the most satisfactory and direct evidence was the result of published research work.The work and responsibility of chemists was sometimes not of that class which enabled them to produce such evidence in support of their case, and he would not limit the dossier which a candidate might put forward so long as it was relevant to the main issue. He had experience in the selection of chemists both by this method and by examination, and he could not regard examina- tion as so satisfactory, on the whole, as the method he had indicated. It was possible that in some cases examination might be the sole channel by which an Associate could transfer to the Fellowship, for example, where a chemist had to spend his time in such a way that he could not produce, through no fault of his own, the necessary evidence; but he would not put examination as the best method.Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy assured the Conference that the Council had always carefully considered the claims of candidates in order to ascertain whether they were fit for the Fellowship. The Council appointed assessors in the particular subject in which the candidate had specialised, and if the report of the assessors was not entirely favourable, such candidates did not receive the Fellowship without examination. He denied the suggestion that candidates who were unable to fulfil the requirements for 241 the Associateship had been advised to apply for the Fellowship except when their claims for such exceptional consideration were so strong as to warrant the recognition of outstanding merit.If highly competent chemists were to be induced to join the Institute without examination, he strongly deprecated the imposition of a time limit. He certainly agreed that it would be to the advantage of the Institute to secare the adherence of some who were not at present on the register. Referring to the figures regarding admission to the Fellowship with and without examination, he said that many candidates had been asked to meet the Nominations committee. Candidates engaged on special work were examined by Fellows who were specially competent to question them. Such candidates had hitherto been classified as admitted with examination; but they had, in fact, been examined.The figures therefore, as presented by Mr. Evans did not properly represent the situation. He would like to endorse very strongly what Mr. Hawkins had said with regard to the question of influence. Since he had been engaged with the Nominations Committee he had known no case which influence had had any effect in securing admission to the Institate. Every case was carefully scriltinised and a great many applications, obviously not in accordance with the Regulations, were discouraged by the officers. It was not until an application had passed through the Nominations and Examinations Committee and had been confirmed by the Council that a candidate became a member of the Institute. Mr. G. B. Jones wondered what the effect of the resolutions, if adopted, would be upon the well-being of the Institute as a whole.Was the Institute to include all chemists or only a select few? Most of the members at Huddersfield were works chemists. Many of them had obtained degrees as well as the Associateship; but it would be impossible for many of them to take an examination for the Fellowship, and if other doors were definitely closed many of these would never secure the Fellow- ship. Having referred to the desirability of chemists occupying the highest executive and administrative position, Mr. Jones suggested that it would be an advantage if students who were going into chemistry as a profession could be admitted auto- matically into the Institute. If they could have some means whereby all such students were registered there would be no need for the third resolution.The whole question of admission was bound up with that of registration. Huddersfield members thought that the latter would enable the overcrowding of the profession to be controlled. Mr. R. Gawler supported the resolutions. He felt that the effort to get through the examination demanded something which was not covered by the Honours degree; it was of a different type from the university examination. Mr. F. Scholefield pointed out that the type of examination depended upon the policy which the Institute pursued. If the Fellowship was to be the aristocracy of the profession, then the stiffer the examination was the fewer would be the candidates who would sit for it.He could not support the first resolution, although he was in agreement with much of the paper. He regarded the question from the point of view of the works chemist, and Mr. Evans appeared to regard it from the stand- point of the consulting chemist. Large numbers obtained the qualifications of the Institute simply because the Institute was the only professional corporate body. If a register of all chemists were maintained then it would be more than ever the duty of the Institute to keep its qualifications at the highest possible level. For the present he hoped it would include within its circle all who by any reasonable criterion might be regarded as professional chemists. Mr. C. J. House remarked that the first resolution appeared to be contrary to the policy of the Institute.It was obviously a sacrifice for a chemist to undergo examination four or five years after he had finished his university course, and had started to earn his own living. If the Council acted upon this resolution the Fellowship would become a very select body indeed. Already the Associates were nearly double in number the Fellows, and if the resolution were adopted the proportion of Fellows would be further decreased, the Institute’s revenue would go down, and he supposed the subscription would go up. Mr. J. W. Payne held that Associates should pass an examina- tion for election to the Fellowship. The work he did in preparing for the examination was distinctly valuable. The examination should be taken, though it might be modified to suit the particular branch of industry in which the candidate was engaged.hlr. J. Connell was in favour of the first resolution, provided that the word examination was interpreted widely. In all cases there should be a detailed scrutiny of the candidate’s work and record, and what he had done throughout his career. If that were not enforced, Associates would get slack and lie low until the time came for them to go forward for the Fellowship. He thought the second and third resolutions were right in spirit, but were leaving an undesirable loophole. What -was the criterion of ‘‘unquestionable eminence ”? What was the de- finition of long experience and high responsibility? Was a chemist in charge of a laboratory with two assistants in a more responsible position than one holding a.post as second chemist with twelve assistants under him? Mr. Evans, in closing the discussion, said he did not ask that any new and drastic regulation should be put into force, but merely that the standard for the Fellowship should at least be the standard of the old Associateship. On the resolutions being put to the Conference, the voting for the first motion was even, and the second and third motions were carried by a slight majority. ‘ ‘ REGISTRATION.’’ The afternoon session was devoted to the discussion of a paper by Mr. F. Scholefield, M.Sc., on the question of “The Desirability and Possibility of securing Statutory Registration of Professional Chemists.” As evidence of the interest which the subject held for the Institute he remarked that of nearly 400 members of the Manchester Section circularised, 80 per cent.had replied. Of that percentage something like 91per cent. were in favour of a definite move for registration. Only between I and 2 per cent. were opposed to it, and in the case of 7 to 8 per cent. their attitude might be described as neutral. As a result of the discussion he hoped they might be able to take the proposal a step nearer realisation. The raison d’8tre of the Institute was the enhancement of the status of the profession of chemistry, and statutory registration would provide a means of achieving it. Mr. Scholefield quoted at some length from a letter by Dr. Alder Wright in the Chemical News, January, 1876, referred to in the History of the Institute, 1877-1914, in which Dr.Wright suggested the formation of an association or guild which should obtain a charter for the purpose of granting licences to practise to duly qualified persons only, and thus afford a guarantee to the public of the efficiency of such licentiates, while non-licen- tiates should be debarred-possibly by special Act of Parliament -from recovering fees, and their certificates and evidence should be inadmissible in a court of law. Mr. Scholefield pointed out that when the Institute was registered as a company limited by guarantee, the objects of the Institute mentioned the adoption of such measures as might be necessary for the advancement of the profession of chemistry.The President in his address at the last annual general meeting referred to “that unification of our profession which is our ideal,” and by inference invited a critical examination of and an exhaustive discussion upon the proposal for Government registration of chemists. Advocates of registration were naturally influenced by the high regard in which the professions of medicine and law were generally held. In 1876 somebody wrote in Nature that chemistry did not constitute a definite vocation which a young man of the professional classes might choose with the same con- fidence as medicine or law. After reference to an article in Engineering of May 29th of this year in which it was stated that medical men and lawyers were universally regarded as pro-fessional men and were protected by law against the competition of irregularly trained rivals, no matter what the qualification of the latter might be, and that every decade saw the creation of additional closed professions, Mr.Scholefield said the case of the teachers was interesting. When the Teachers’ Registration Council was formed in 1912it was assigned the duty of forming and keeping a register of teachers who satisfied the conditions of registration, and who applied to be registered. Real progress had been achieved in the compilation of the register, and Lord Gorrell had said that the Council had now reached the point where further developments must begin, since its work could not stand still, and there remained much to be done before the work of teaching could be said to rest on a true professional basis, with due safeguards against the unqualified and the incom- petent.In 1917, The New Statesman pointed out that, in spite of the strong prejudice felt by economists and generally by the public against any revival of powerful vocational organisations, self-governing associations of the brain workers in an ever in- creasing number of specialised professions sprang up in new forms in the course of the 19th century, and in the last few decades these associations had everywhere gone forward in membership and power, and had obtained constantly increasing recognition as organs of control, both by the Government and by public opinion. The main impulses or motives at work in the formation of these associations were: the creative impulse, the desire to advance the science or perfect the art of the profession, and the need for professional fellowship.Clearly the last was one of the 296: principal impulses in the formation of the Institute; it was one of the principal motives for the continuance of the Institute, and one of the principal motives of those who wanted to go forward to the formation of a statutory register; the fellowship impulse, and the possessive impulse or the desire to secure for the members of the group all the status and remuneration that the community could be induced to accord for the performance of a particular service.The special characteristic of the association of brain workers was the desire for a statutory register of legally authorised practitioners, with its corollary of the concession of a monopoly of practice and of statutory powers of professional self-government in a greater or lesser degree. It would be objected by some that they could not have statutory registration until they had a statutory definition of the word chemist. Personally, he at- tached very great importance to this definition, and would very much like to see some sort of title conferred on chemists which they could claim as their own and which would distinguish them from pharmacists. He trembled to think what would happen to the profession if they were to be dubbed Chartered Analysts; but the fact that they had not got statutory authority for a particular name was no reason at all why they should not compile a list of those who according to their own significance of the title chemist, or professional chemist, were entitled to call themselves such.Let them at least get a register which would be acceptable to themselves and eventually to those making use of chemists. Dealing with the method of the compilation of the register, Mr. Scholefield urged that the only body which could take the initiative in the matter was the Institute of Chemistry. Let it invite the co-operation of the universities, perhaps the Govern- ment, and such societies as the Society of Public Analysts, the British Association of Chemists and the National Union of Scientific Workers, and they would have a registration council which would command the confidence of all chemists.He hoped it would be as inclusive as possible, but the standard of admission to the register would naturally be raised as time went on and simultaneously attempts would be made to settle the question of legal title, to raise the status of chemists by obtaining prescrip- tive rights to the performance of certain chemical operations, as suggested, 50 years ago, by Dr. Alder Wright. Having outlined the composition of the tribunal to which would be delegated the duty of assessing the qualifications of applicants for registration, Mr. Scholefield expressed the opinion that the 24G restriction of the right to practise should apply to all who had not fulfilled the conditions‘ of registration established by the Professional Chemists’ Registration Council, for the time being, and ultimately he thought that a chemist whose qualifications were not sufficiently high to entitle him to registration should be prevented from the practice of chemistry because he would not be a chemist in the true sense of the word.At the moment, there was no suggestion to exclude any man from practising the profession. All that was suggested was that the general public should be able to distinguish between those with real credentials and those with spurious ones, or none at all. When they had obtained their register, then they must decide how far they could obtain prescriptive rights.Hardship would be no greater than was now suffered by a medical student who failed to pass his examinations; but in order that there should be, in the interests of the community, a greater application of chemistry , to industry and the national life as a whole, it was essential that the public should have the means to distinguish between those who had the right to claim the title, as they understood it, and those who had not. Mr. Scholefield moved :-“ That this Conference approves of the principles of the establishment of a Register of professional chemists and requests the Council to take immediate steps towards the formation of a Professional Chemists’ Registration Council- consisting of representatives of the Institute, Universities and Technical Schools, the Society of Public Analysts, and the British Association of Chemists-and the exploration of the possibility of legislative authority.” Professor I.M. Heilbron formally seconded the motion. DISCUSSION. Mr. W. McD. Mackey was opposed to registration other than they now had. It meant their own obliteration, because once it came into force he did not see what there would be for the Institute to do. He thought the present register should be ex- tended until it included the profession generally. He was opposed to Government registration, and he thought that gener- ally the feeling of the profession was against Government control in such matters, The professions of law and medicine grew, not by the Government doing anything for them, but by doing things for themselves. 247 Mr.G. S. W. Marlow thought that the analogy of chemistry to other professions which had statutory registers was not quite complete. Barristers, medical men or clergymen who wanted to practise under such circumstances that their authority might be questioned had to stand on their own feet. That was to say that a barrister argued out his own case, and a clergyman preached his own sermon. Were they at the moment con-sidering the registration of those who in the practice of chemistry would stand entirely on their own feet. He thought not. The three resolutions which had been considered in the morning suggested that the Institute should be wider in its scope, and he took it that the registration now contemplated was even wider still.It aimed at the inclusion in the register of a number of people who might be working in a team in the laboratory and were not independent in the sense that other professional men were. If the proposed register was intended eventually to in- terfere with the right of a man to work, he thought it would make it much more difficult to get statutory confirmation. There would always be a restraining hand upon action which would prevent a man earning his living inwhatever way he liked. Statutory registration would bring about such a dilution, as would take 50 years to live down. He believed that a register of the whole profession by the Institute, as distinct from com- pulsory registration, would, if all chemists would pull together, do all that was needed.Mr. E. M. Hawkins asked what act or acts any person not on the proposed register would be forbidden to do. Unless there were a penal clause it would not be effective. What suggestion was to be made with regard to such a penal clause? Mr. T. Wallace expressed the view that some had debated on a false analogy. The law stepped in to restrict only in the case of those professions dealing directly with the public. If his employer employed him to manufacture sodium he did not see what it had got to do with the public, or why the law should step in at all. The bulk of chemists were engaged by private people, and the public were not affected in the way they were in the cases of other professions.Prof. Heilbron maintained that at present the Institute was not fulfilling the objects of its charter. In status chemists counted for nothing. When he met people who were not chemists, he was immediately associated with pharmacy. What chemistry stood for to the country, and what it did in the war 248 were forgotten. Chemists were losing ground: they were not sufficiently united; that was clear from the fact that they had another body, the British Association of Chemists. There should be one profession and one recognised authority; that authority should be vested in the Council of the Institute. It was suggested that statutory registration would unduly interfere with the rights of individual workers.He had not heard that there was any interference with the practice of dentistry. In time anyone who had anything to do with chemistry in any degree would be absorbed. Let it be frankly admitted, as the medical profession had had to admit, that a long period must elapse for the full development of the status of the profession. He advocated registration in the first place because chemists were not properly utilised in this country. Our position as a manufacturing country was deplorable ; unemployment was more prevalent than with any European power. We were dependant solely on scientific achievements , and yet chemists were not appreciated. Employers said they could take a boy from the works and train him to do all they wanted.It was necessary to alter that mentality, and that could only be done by registration ; so that employers would have in time to take those whom the controlling authority considered qualified. Mr. Elsdon voiced the opinion that an effort should be made to secure means whereby chemists could be distinguished from pharmacists. One of the chief difficulties of registration was the question of the unqualified assistant. He suggested that there should be two registers-one for laboratory assistants and one for qualified chemists-with some system of passing from the lower grade to the higher. The Institute should have powers to register chemists and to prevent the practice of chemistry by unqualified people. The formation of the register was the first step towards making chemistry a close profession.There were few objections to the idea; almost everyone seemed to be in agreement with it, but in any case the difficulties were enlarged upon. Dr. R. B. Forster thought the question of registration hung upon the question of title. Unless within a reasonable period it was possible to secure the title “Chemist,” it might be well to consider the title suggested in Chemz’stry and Ifidustry, namely “Chemician.” Chemists would not be properly appreciated by the public until some authoritative body was vested with full powers of registration. They could not prevent anybody from 249 practising, but if they made mistakes they got into trouble. He regarded it as a fallacy that the various restrictive acts were for the benefit of the general public.Mr. L. G. Radcliffe held that registration would not improve the position of chemists. The public and the Government required enlightenment as to what the profession of chemistry meant to the Empire, both in peace and in war. Chemists were apt to forget the wider utility of chemistry in everyday life. If they were to obtain due recognition, the public must know what chemistry means to the world at large, and not to the public analyst or university professor. Mr. R. Gawler was opposed to the resolution because it would penalise individuals who were useful and who could earn a livelihood, while it would confer a monopoly on onc set of people. He failed to see any serious argument for the proposal in the sense of benefit to the community, beyond what they got from the present form of registration by the Institute.Mr. G. B. Jones said that the proposed register would include a large body of chemists who were not at present in the Institute, and give them a definite status and standing before the public. There should be some control over the number of students taking a chemistry course, by having a registration Council or other central authority, including representatives of the universities on it, who would ensure that the number of students coming into the profession had some relation to the number of places avail- able. The question was not purely selfish; prospective chemists should be warned against entering an overcrowded profession.The President having read the motion, The Registrar read letters from Mr. Chaston Chapman and Prof. Desch opposing the proposal. In replying to the discussion, Mr. Scholefield said that what- ever might be said about cases of individual hardship which arose from securing a closed profession, it was generally con- ceded that the balance of good was along the lines of a registered profession; it could not be said that the medical profession had not increased its utility and value to the public enormously since 1859. He thought that every professional body which had improved its status had done so through the existence of a statutory register. He held that the action of the Institute had all along tended to prevent those who were not on its register from earning their living.Anybody who wanted to earn his living in the profession of chemistry would be able to do so if 250 he were able to qualify on what would probably be a lower standard, so that it was wrong to suggest that the creation of such a register as he proposed would prevent a person from earning a living by chemistry. Nor could it cause dilution; it would not decrease the number of Fellows and Associates. Advocates of the extended registration were anxious to have some means whereby the applications of chemistry to the well-being of the people as a whole would become better known. The resolution was carried by a slight majority. "CO-OPERATION." In introducing at the Saturday morning session a discussion upon the question of the promotion of further co-operation between the Institute and other chemical bodies, the President re- marked that the various chemical organisations in this country have evinced in recent years a greater desire to co-operate and to work in closer and more harmonious relations with one another than at any time previously.They have joined in public movements, as for example in the Scientific Exhibit of the Chemical Section of the British Empire Exhibition. They have co-operated in developing the great Library of the Chemical Society and have adjusted the publication of ChenzicaZ Abstracts. Their local sections have joined in meetings and conferences on subjects of common interest and in social functions.By its Charter, the Institute has received wide powers, but in the exercise of those powers it has had regard to the duties entrusted to other institutions and societies and has avoided overlapping even in matters where the Charter has specified similar duties. For example, the Institute has the power to apply its funds to the appointment of professors and lecturers, to giving prizes and founding scholarships, to printing and publishing reports, documents and papers of any kind, and to establishing and conducting classes for instruction in chemistry and allied sciences, and to the purchase of apparatus and appliances for chemical experiments and pursuits, It has, in fact, the power to exercise all the functions of the principal chemical bodies.The Institute, however, is essentially the professional qualifying body, and, as such-since the constitution of the other institutions is different-it must continue as a distinct entity, preserving the high ideals and standards set before it by its founders and aiming at the organisation in one body of 251 all who come within the fundamental requirements of the Charter. Its co-operation with other bodies must be limited by its constitution-unless any change is so important in the interests both of the profession and of the public as to warrant a change in its Charter. Such a change I do not now contemplate, nor do I see any necessity for it. The Institute has become a great institution, has done a great work for the country as well as for its members ,-work which under the guidance of successive well-chosen Councils cannot fail to be productive of valuable and far-reaching results.I think you will agree, however, that the Institute has substantially co-operated in the matter of the Chemical Society Library-by its donations; and that the privilege of the use of the Library has been heartily appreciated by members and students of the Institute who are not Fellows of the Society. I am glad also to see the increasing co-operation-in all parts of the country-between the local sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry and other allied bodies. With the Society of Public Analysts the Institute has co- operated in matters affecting the administration of the Sale of Food andDrugs, and the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Acts.With other professional and technical institutions it has co-operated on matters concerning patents, the treatment of professional civil servants, as well as the protection of professional designations, and generally the rights and privileges of chartered bodies. There is one other body to which I may be expected to refer. viz. the British Association of Chemists. The amalgamation of this body with any other would I think be likely to leave a residuum which could not or would not be absorbed and would continue as a similar independent organisation. I am not without sympathy, however, with the aims of the B.A.C., judged in the right light; in fact I am an honorary member of the Association.In order to pursue its objects, it has thought fit to register itself as a trade union; but although I do not think that it proposes to adopt the usual trade union methods we must bear in mind (in any relations which we may possibly have with that body) that we must keep our activities within the prescribed limits of our own constitution. Jointly with representatives of the Association, and of other bodies, we have made representa- tions to the Commissioners of Income Tax on the question o€ 252 certain abatements which we consider might fairly be allowed in respect of subscriptions to societies, journals, etc.; but, apart from that, our relations have not been intimate.Indeed, it has been observed that the B.A.C. has shown a tendency to intervene, in the view of some unjustifiably, in the affairs of other bodies. In considering the B.A.C., I also think we must bear in mind the judgment of Mr. Justice Petersen in the case oi A.J. Jenkin v. The Pharwaacetdical Society in 1920. The general trend of the decision goes to show that the Insti- tute could not participate in the functions of a trade union which were not within the purposes authorised by the Charter. I will quote from “The Journal and Proceedings of the Institute,” Part VI. 1920:-I‘ It would doubtless be a matter for objection if the funds of such a body (as the Institute) were devoted to sup- porting one class of members, say those who were employers, against another class, employees.Chartered Bodies exist for the benefit of the public and for the benefit of their members as a whole. Actions which could not be justified on these grounds and which might jeopardise the charter are, therefore, clearly open to objection. Members subscribe to chartered professional bodies on the understanding that the funds supplied will be utilised for the purposes for which their societies were incorporated, and it was admitted by Counsel for the Pharmaceutical Society that the Court could restrain the use of money paid on certain terms for other purposes than those for which it was paid. ‘ The view of the Council of the Institute, that the Institute, consisting as it does of employers and employees, could not adopt the functions of a trade union, appears to have ample support in the arguments and judgment of this case, apart.from the question of the desirability or otherwise of promoting such organisation.” In making these remarks and quotations, however, I have no desire to suggest that the Council of the Institute will not take into careful consideration matters which from time to time the Association may wish to bring to its notice. The arguments for further co-operation among chemical bodies were perhaps, in the first instance, devoted mainly to the desirability of reducing the toll in annual subscriptions 253 paid by the members; but it is realised, I think, that the work of the various bodies does not so overlap-except in the matter of the collection of subscriptions and the consequent book- keeping-as to reduce to any material extent the cost of clerical and editorial administration.At the same time, it should be remembered that although a considerable body of members belong to several societies, it is no less a fact that many-I would say the majority-do not belong to more than one or two societies and, therefore, so long as these bodies remain separate, the question of making arrange- ments for a joint subscription is impracticable. We can only hope that each Society, as its reserve funds become augmented- by economical management and by legacies and other bene- factions-will endeavour to reduce the amounts of their annual subscriptions.On one point especially there appears to be unanimity, namely, in the desire to acquire a central headquarters which shall be the focus of the chemical interests of the country. In this matter the Institute occupies a most favourable position; because it has a building, a lease with nearly go years to run and a sinking fund to provide means for the distant future. As to the building itself, there are yet possibilities for its adaption and extension to its needs, and a glance at our financial statements will show clearly that (seeing what it provides) it is not an undue burden on our resources. The time may come before very long when, instead of letting the first floor, we may utilise that space to provide a Hall- approximately 70 ft.xzo ft. capable of seating over 300 persons. The building is substantially built and its foundations are such that we could extend it in height to provide further accom- modation if necessary. You are aware, too, that the building occupies part of the site which has been held by the Government on behalf of the University of London, but this proposition I understand has now fallen through. It is no secret that several of us, who believe that steps should be taken towards the provision of central headquarters as soon as possible, have drafted a scheme for the erection of a Chemistry House, in which it is hoped all the constituent and associated members of the Federal Council will co-operate. The proposed Chemistry House would contain rooms for the meetings of the Societies, and of their Councils or Committees, 254 and separate offices for their administrative staffs, together with rooms for other offices and additional accommodation to provide for subsequent expansion.For the present at least it is proposed that the great library of the Chemical Society should be retained at Burlington House and that no attempt shouldlbe made to include a club-house in the building. It is also proposed that a separate company should be formed for building and administering Chemistry House. Some at least will feel that a more ambitious scheme would be preferable, and that the building should also provide ac- commodation for a great central library and reading room as well'as:for: a club.Such a Chemistry House'would be worthy of aFgreatTprofession and industry. The chief obstacle to the realization of this scheme is a financial one, for undoubtedly it would be a very difficult matter to raise the large sum necessary for the erection and maintenance of such a building; moreover the Societies interested in the matter naturally shrink from any large increase to their expenditure, which would almost necessarily follow if such a scheme were carried through. In order to finance the larger scheme it has been suggested that a Trust should be created, the Trustees being the Presidents and Treasurers, and other proper Officers, of the Chemical Society, the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and other appro- priate corporations which desire to be associated in the scheme.Such a body of Trustees would form the nucleus of a standing representative General Chemical Council, and its first specific object would be to accumulate a fund for the erection of a suitable building, for the purposes of the corporations referred to, at such time as the fund should have reached the sum necessary for the building and its equipment. The fund would be raised by placing to reserve under Trust an annual contribution from the Associated Corporations as well as by donations, annual subscriptions and legacies from individual members of those Corporations and by subscriptions from Companies and firms who may be desirous of assisting the object, and perhaps it would be possible to secure sufixient for the purpose within the next ten years, provided that a start is actually made immediately.It must not be forgotten that, with respect to co-operation, the Institute, as a chartered professional body, stands on a somewhat different footing from the other Societies and 255 Corporations associated with Chemistry. At the same time 'I hold it to be our duty to do what we can, within the limits laid down by our Charter, to promote the welfare of the profession by supporting any practicable proposals which have that aim. The Registrar read a resolution from the Belfast Section in favour of the amalgamation of all the chemical societies into one body, and from the Bristol and Irish Free State Sections sympathising with the spirit of co-operation; also a message from Dr.Desch urging that the Institute should facilitate the admission of scientifically trained metallurgists as Associates. DISCUSSION. Mr. L. G. Radcliffe, after thanking the President for his paper, remarked that the members of the different societies were extraordinarily loyal to some particular society, although they might themselves be members of two, three or even more societies, and the position appeared to bear something of a political aspect. They would have to get together more in order to overcome this society loyalty. He described in some detail the efforts made to secure co-operation in Manchester, where joint meetings had been a marked success.Such co-operation should be carried out on a very much larger scale. The representatives of all branches of work and of all the various interests in chemistry should take every opportunity of meeting in a friendly way. When at their joint meetings in Manchester they had arranged for an in-teresting paper, invitations were sent as far afield as possible, and opportunities were afforded all comers to participate in the discussions. They had felt that in that way they were attaining co-operation in chemistry and also bringing the science to the notice of people who didn't quite know what chemists were. He believed that the realisation of Chemistry House would be one of the greatest advances made for the profession.The President had referred to the multiplicity of subscriptions, and he knew how hardly they pressed upon the younger men. The salaries of young chemists were not what they were during the war or immediately after ; universities had been over-producing chemists, who could not be absorbed; and employers had not been slow to take advantage of the fact. Co-operation must first of all mean that they should not have more than three journals. They could not afford to have highly specialised journals unless considerable sums were raised for their production. Mr. Marlow thought that excessive loyalty of members to 256 one or another body was a factor that could be of advantage, and need not necessarily be kept in the background.He did not so much hope to see the various chemical bodies amal- gamated, as the creation of a co-ordinating body over the whole. With regard to a central headquarters, he thought it was not desirable for the Institute to take too great a lead in the matter. He came there as secretary of the London Section, and he was authorised to say that they favoured any steps towards co- operation between the different societies. He referred to a step which had been taken in London, by the joint preparation of a programme card of meetings of chemical societies and institutions, and favoured the adoption of the proposal from Belfast with certain modifications. Prof. I. M. Heilbron said that he was not aware that amal- gamation in the strict sense of the word had ever been suggested.What was required was the closest co-operation between the various bodies. He heard that in London they were already forming the one thing which he maintained was necessary in the great chemical profession, namely a register of members of the various chemical bodies. There was no question but that a central headquarters was needed both for the dignity and the use of the profession. Mr. C. J. H. Stock expressed the opinion that eventually amalgamation would have to come. What was going to be the position if they had this so-called co-operation? He didn’t think they would be one whit the better off than they were at present. What was required was the imperial spirit in the chemical societies, and not the parochial spirit.He hoped that the Council would give earnest consideration to the question of amalgamation, because he believed that the status of the chemist was going to depend entirely upon what was done in that direc- tion during the next ten, fifteen or twenty years. Mr. Elsden thought that the Institute of Chemistry was the one body which should take the question of closer co-operation in hand; but it was essentially the qualifying body and he didn’t see how actual amalgamation could take place between a quali- fying body and such bodies as the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. F. Scholefield thought that it was a waste of time to discuss proposals for the amalgamation between the Institute and other bodies.The Institute must continue to exist on very much the present lines; but there were certain bodies with whom it could work in co-operation. The existence of a large 257 number of societies was not an evil; it was evidence of the development of chemistry and the necessity for specialisation. It was useless to talk of amalgamation with such specialised societies, because they were entirely different, and could not be united. He doubted, moreover, whether it would be in the interests of the chemical profession to attempt to get abstracts on subjects so widely differing into one journal. The Institute could not amalgamate with a society like the British Association of Chemists which was forrned because it was felt that the Charter of the Institute prohibited it from performing certain functions which in the opinion of many were essential.The B.A.C. was prepared to use trade union methods and the Institute would never do that; therefore there could be no question of amal- gamation; but there were ways in which they could act in a con- federated way. He appealed for a spirit of community amongst all ranks of the chemical profession. The main object should be the furtherance of the whole profession of chemistry rather than sectional interests. Mr. T. Wallace thought that the Institute was interested, not so much in chemistry as chemists. He failed to see any basis for co-operation between the Institute and the other chemical bodies. If the Institute wished to co-operate with anybody it must do so with bodies of a similar character, like the Institute of Physics.Dr. Forster was in sympathy with the idea of Chemistry House. It would be a great advertisement for the profession. There was no reason why the Institute should not co-operate with other bodies for the uplifting of chemistry in general, but the question of amalgamation could never arise. The business of the Institute was to look after the professional status of the chemist. Mr. L. H. Sensicle thought they could not be expected to co-operate with the British Association of Chemists, because many of the aims of the latter seemed to be part of the aims of the Institute, and he thought it was desirable that the Institute should have sole control of such aims.It might be able in the future to modify its regulations for admission so as to render the continuance of the Association unnecessary. Mr. Brown pointed out that, in France, Chemistry House was un fait accompli. He suggested that the movement in France should be watched in order that we could reap the benefit of the experience gained by French chemists. 268 On the motion of Mr. Marlow, seconded by Prof. Heilbron, the President then put the following proposition: “That this meeting urges the Council to enter into collaboration with all other societies interested in chemistry with a view to formulating and pressing forward a scheme for bringing these societies into fellowship and co-operation.” The resolution was carried unanimously.The President assured the Conference that careful con-sideration would be given by the Council to the views expressed at the Conference. Votes of thanks concluded the meeting. At the dinner held at the Station Hotel on the evening of Friday, 10th July, the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry” was proposed by Mr. G. T. Crossley, production-manager of Messrs. Rowntree & Co. Ltd. Referring to the importance of chemistry to industry, he said that his firm had found chemists very helpful, and that the application of modern chemistry and physics to their problems was progressing rapidly. He deplored the fact that, owing to competitive conditions of industry and commerce, chemists who did good work could not always publish their results, and thus obtain the full credit due to them.It was difficult also to obtain such conditions that would enable the chemist to do continuous and constructive work in industry. There were so many constant and urgent calls upon his time which were not conducive to continuous systematic research ; but, so far as was possible, his firm ensured that some of their chemists were able to specialise on urgent day-to-day problems of plant operation and others on investigations over a wider field. They relied on their chemists to safeguard the quality of their raw materials, and to control processes so that they always knew they were turning out consistent products. Mr. Crossley paid tribute to the achievements which had taken place in this century in the application of chemistry to industry.The President, in reply, said the Institute represented the profession of chemistry. It included many kinds of chemists, and represented a profession which he claimed to be, if not the most, certainly one of the most, important professions. It was a learned profession-all their members were required to undergo a severe and arduous course of training, and it was an indispensable profession. It compared with such professions as 259 law or medicine. The people of this country had forgotten, he was afraid, very much of what happened during the years of the Great War; yet he asserted that the future prosperity of the country was dependent almost wholly on the progress of science, and especially upon the progress of chemistry.The majority of our fellow countrymen ignored or were absolutely ignorant of this bare truth. Therefore he held that it was one of the most important functions of the Institute to endeavour to educate their fellow citizens to realise that the profession of chemistry was not only of supreme importance to the country and should be in fact so regarded, but also that its members should receive adequate reward and recognition for their services. He was optimistic enough to believe that through the agency of the Press they could educate the majority of their fellow citizens to a knowledge of what their profession meant to the country. He was also optimistic enough to believe that sooner or later, he believed later, that information would penetrate upwards until it reached even the minds of those who legislated for our country. It was a profession that deserved to be cherished, fostered and rewarded, and he appealed to the Press to assist them in this educational effort.He knew of certain papers that were not only willing but eager to publish articles explaining in non-technical terms the part which the chemist could and did play in the community. That movement should not be con- fined to one comer of the country. Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, proposed the toast of “The Local Sections,” and emphasised the value of the move- ment which had resulted in the Institute deciding to form the local sections. They had been of the greatest help in offering suggestions, and in various other ways to the parent body, and he thought they could never be too grateful to whomever it was who suggested their formation and to the Council of the time which carried that suggestion into effect.They were grateful to the North-Eastern and Yorkshire Sections for enabling them to meet at York and he desired to associate with the toast the names of Mr. and Mrs. Brown, who had done so much to make their visit so pleasant and of Mr. C. J. H. Stock, the Hon. Secretary of the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section. Mr. H. B. Brown, replying on behalf of the York branch of the Leeds Local Section, said that members in the provinces seemed in the past to be somewhat isolated from chemical head- quarters so that the local sections were a real help and comfort 260 to them.In York they had gone a little further and formed a club. They endeavoured to meet together and foster the pro- fessional spirit which they knew was the basis of the Institute. They felt they had the support and sympathy of the officers of the Institute, who it was felt were doing everything they could to help them. He looked to the long continuance of the good feeling which existed, not only between local sections and head- quarters, but between local sections themselves. Mr. C. J. H. Stock agreed that the formation of local sections was one of the most forward movements of recent years. There was no question but that their meetings were useful and in- teresting ;those who attended them derived considerable benefit from them, and he had no doubt that in course of time the younger members of the Institute would appreciate more and more the value to be derived from attending their meetings.With regard to publicity for the profession, there was just one note of warning he would like to sound. From time to time the local newspapers published interesting paragraphs, chiefly addressed to the housewife. These paragraphs occasionally contained somewhat curious chemical methods which might be applied by the housewife in determining whether goods were of genuine quality. He would appeal to the Press not to take information of that kind from anyone except qualified chemists. Prof.J. W. Cobb proposed the toast of “The Guests,” in- cluding ladies, who added to the amenities and pleasure of the occasion. He coupled with the toast the name of Dr. Collinge, as a representative of both scholarship and Archzeology in relation to the City of York. Dr. W. E. Collinge, in reply, said that York was a city peculiarly adapted to conferences of any kind, but he was par- ticularly delighted that it should be visited by the Institute as representing the science which was of such importance to the general well-being. Mrs. Hanley sang several songs which much contributed to the enjoyment of the evening. 261 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1925 The Council have received from the Joint Advisory Committee of the Institute and of the Board of Education the following report of the Assessors upon the examination for National Certificates in 1925:-Assessors :-Professor G.T. Morgan, 0.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C.,and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. During the present session one school has submitted con- didates for the first time. The number of entries in the Ordinary grade was 87) against gg in 1924. In the higher grade there were 59 candidates, whereas in the previous year there were 65; of these 27 obtained the Ordinary certificate in previous years and 45 were successful this year in obtaining the Higher Cer- tificate. One school submitted a candidate for the Full-time Certificate in Chemistry, but he was unsuccessful. The total number of candidates for Full-time courses since the commence- ment :of the scheme is three, and none has been successful. Keys and Schemes of Distribution in Practical Examinations.- In most instances the local examination officers now forward keys to the practical tests, but the procedure is by no means general; yet in the interests of the candidates it is essential that complete schemes of distribution should accompany the practical scripts, together with all the numerical data required for quan- titative exercises.These remarks apply as much to physics as 'to chemistry. A detailed system of marking and detailed solutions of problems should be supplied, and the scripts should be marked in accordance with the marking system, so that the assessor may see how the mark assigned to any question is built up.Standard of Marking.-Reference should again be made to the leniency observable in marking the chemistry scripts of weaker candidates. A wide choice of questions is allowed in both grades, and it may, therefore, be assumed that candidates select those questions which they feel best able to answer. Ac-cordingly very scrappy answers should be disregarded, especially in the higher grade, where a comparatively high standard of 262 knowledge is expected. That no insuperable hardship is imposed on the weaker candidates by failing them on the ground of in- sufficient or superficial knowledge is shown by the fact that of the six candidates who presented themselves for a second time for the Advanced certificate, five have on this occasion secured pass marks.On the other hand, a larger percentage than usual of the candidates for the Senior certificate has failed again, the ratio being four failures out of six candidates. There is still in some quarters a tendency to mark too generously in physics, but, on the whole, an improvement in this respect is noticeable. Drawing of Diagrams.-Attention should be called to the general weakness in drawing diagrams. Teachers should aim at great improvement in this by no means unimportant part of the students’ training. Fundamental Principles.-A greater proportion of questions involving fundamental principles has been incorporated into papers set in the Advanced stage, and it should be recorded that answers on these fundamental subjects show an improvement on those of former years.The answers to questions on the determination of atomic weights indicated that candidates were acquainted with the general methods, although these processes were not always discussed in logical order. The methods derived from con-siderations of isomorphism and specific heats were given before the independent and fundamental method based on vapour densities. Atomic weight was still defined as the weight of an atom of an element compared with the weight of an atom of hydrogen, without reference to any practical process for as-certaining these const ants . It is to be regretted that questions on the theory of alternative polarities, although this subject is still a matter of acute con- troversy, were given in at least two of the papers on advanced organic chemistry. In their replies the candidates maintained a show of knowledge so long as they were quoting from their lecture notes, bat on attempting to make deductions, their efforts were less fortunate.One candidate stated that in the nitration and chlorination of toluene the main products were meta-nitro- and meta-chloro-toluene respectively. An intslligent application of the old-established Crum Brown and Gibson rule would have avoided this error. 263 The stronger candidates furnished satisfactory answers to the questions in physical chemistry, but in many instances these questions were beyond the scope of the weaker examinees.Many had evidently worked with a polarimeter, but few gave any explanation of the function of the Nicol’s prism in pro- ducing a beam of polarised light. In several instances, answers to the question on the deter- mination of the molecular weight of phosphorus pentachloride suggested that this hydrolysable substance should be dissolved in water and the molecular weight ascertained by freezing or boiling point methods. Compulsory Q%estions.-The compulsory questions were frequently left until the last, and the answers consisted of a few fragmentary phrases with a note that time did not permit of more lengthy treatment. The compulsory question in the Advanced grade, on the diffusion of gases, brought out very few satisfactory answers.Graham’s law was often wrongly stated, and the three applica- tions asked for were not generally known. Even in coal mining districts the diffusion method of detecting methane was not appreciated. Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology .-When the time of study is so short, it is doubtful whether much stress should be laid on memorising manufacturing processes, especially as these often become obsolete by the time they reach the text- book. The older chemical process of manufacturing phosphorus was generally given rather than the modern electrical method. Phthalic anhydride was derived from the oxidation of naphthalene by sulphuric acid in presence of the now classical mercury catalyst. The more efficient process of oxidation by air with vanadium catalysts was not mentioned.Several students avoided the difficulty by stating that the anhydride was made by dehydrating phthalic acid. The papers on the applications of chemistry to the local arts and manufactures were generally of a high standard. In certain cases, the students evidently had technical experience. Occasionally, however, the chemical properties of the materials were imperfectly appreciated. For example, it was stated that in order to produce an ingrain azo-dye, cloth was treated with an amine, such as aniline, the latter was diazotised on the fibre 264 and the material washed out before treatment with alkaline ,&naphthol. The constitution of the simpler azo-dyes was sometimes ignored.In one case Bismarck brown was described as a disazo-dye with the azo-radicals in ortho- positions to both amino- groups. An answer on the employment of Neolan dyes made no reference to the chemical nature of these new colouring matters. Analytical Chemistry .-The standard of attainment in regard to chemical analysis is still improving and this generalisation applies to qualitative and quantitative analysis, and also to both Senior and Advanced grades. A few questions on the theory and practice of analysis were again introduced into the theoretical papers, one being a com- pulsory organic question. The answers obtained were, on the whole, fairly satisfactory. In the identification of organic substances, several candidates in testing for aldehydes with ammoniacal silver nitrate obtained silver mirrors in the presence of such reactive organic compounds as aniline and salicylic acid.It deserves to be more widely known that this elimination of silver can be brought about by a wide variety of organic substances and is not to be regarded as a specific test for aldehydes. Conduct of Practical Examinations.-The supervision of practical examinations should be carried out by experienced chemists, for the task is one of considerable responsibility, and on its efficient performance largely depends the success of the joint scheme. With regard to the practical examination, the method of allocating exercises should in future be clearly stated on the question paper, and the assessors should know the manner in which the various exercises were distributed among the can- didates.Information should also be supplied if candidates have not been allowed the use of books (including their laboratory notebooks). Practical exercises sometimes involve the preparation of crystalline chemical products. These should be examined critically at the student’s bench before the close of the examina- tion. A commendable practice was introduced this year in one school of deducting marks for bad laboratory work as noticed by the supervisor. 265 Generally the practical exercises are so arranged that col- lusion would not benefit the student, but, nevertheless, unless restraint is effective and thorough, candidates are apt to gather inspiration either by watching their neighbours or by com-municating with them.The Institute is specially concerned in ensuring a high standard of analytical proficiency and of practical work. This aim will be promoted if the surveillance of practical examina- tions is taken very seriously, for in preparing to undergo these searching tests candidates will be induced to cultivate good laboratory habits of tidiness, method and accuracy. 266 0bituary. ERNESTLICKISSCLARKSONdied at Hull on 3rd RXay in his 25th year. He studied chemistry at the Municipal Technical College, Hull, and graduated with honours in science at the University of London in 1921. For several years he was a member of the teaching staff of Hull Technical College, but was obliged to relinquish his appointment owing to ill health.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. DAVIDSOLOMONCOHEN,who died at Beckenham, on 23rd May, in his 25th year, attended the full Honours course at the East London College and passed the examination on General Chemistry for the Associateship of the Institute in 1924. WILLIAMJOSEPHDIBDIN died at West Norwood on the 9th June in his 75th year. He received his early instruction in chemistry from J. A. Wanklyn, and in 1876 was appointed chemist to the London and General Water Purifying Co. A year later he was also appointedChemist to Messrs. Atkins & Co., Hudraulic Engineers, and in 1882 became Assistant to T. W. Keates, Consulting Chemist to the Metropolitan Board of Works, whom he succeeded in 1883.He continued in that capacity under the Board and under the London County Council until 1897 when he established himself in private practice. His name was early associated with processes for the utilisation of micro-organisms in the treatment of and purification of sewage. He invented a l0-candle pentane argand, a, radial photometer, a micro-filter and a mercury pumpfor extracting gases dissolved in water. He was the author of books on Practical Photometry, the Purification of Sewage and Water, Lime Mortar and Cement, and Public Lighting :he was part author of Volume IV.of Churchill’s Chemical Technology, and contributed many papers to The Analyst and other technical journals.He was a Past Vice-president of the Society of Public Analysts and Past-President of the Institution of Sanitary Engineers and of the Asso-ciation of Managers of Sewage Disposal Works. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880, and served as a Member of Council from 1894 to 1897, and from 1900 to 1903. At his funeral, the Institute was repre- sented by Mr. J. H. Coste. FARRINGTONTHOMAS died at Cork on 2nd May, 1924. He was a graduate in arts, and obtained honours in chemistry and experimentalphysics in the Examination for M.A. (Q.U.I.). He was Consulting Chemist to the Munster Agricultural Society, and was for some time lecturer in the Munster Dairy and Agricultural School and at the Cork School of Science. For 34 years he was Honorary Treasurer of the Cork Historical and ArchEological Society and frequently delivered popular lectures on scientific subjects. He was a J.P., and member of the Cork Borough Council.He wa elected a Fellow of the Inetitute in 1888. 267 HARRY died at New Cross on 7th July, in his 42nd BULWERHAYLEY year. He pursued his scientific studies at the East London College and the Birkbeck College, and graduated in science at London University in 1915. He was engaged in teaching at Slough Secondary School and Richmond County School before obtaining an appointment at Alleyn’s School He passed the Examination and was elected to the Associateship in May last. SAMTJEL died at Bingley, Yorkshire, on 27th July, in hisJACKSON 66th year.Educated at the Royal College of Science, London, he obtained the diploma of the College in 1889 and then devoted himself especially to the chemistry of dyeing, at the Yorkshire College-now the University -Leeds. In 1890, he passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute, and shortly after obtained an appointment as chemist to Messrs. Jonas Brook & Bros., at Meltham Mills. About 1895 he proceeded to India as Chemist and Dyeworks Manager to Messrs Binny He remained in India until 1922, when he held the appointment of Super-Madras.ofCo.. &, intending Chemist to Messrs. Buckingham and Carnatic Co., Ltd. He was appointed an O.B.E. in 1919 for services rendered to the Government during the war, and returned to England in 1923.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. ROBERTJAPPFRANCIS died at Richmond, Surrey, on 1st July, in his 78th year. Born at Dixndee, he was educated at the University of St. Andrews, where he graduated in Arts, and continued his studies under Bunsen at Heidelberg, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D., under Kekul6 at Bonn, and lastly under Crwn Brown at Edinburgh. In 1878 he was appointed Superintending Assistant in the Research Laboratory, under Frankland, at the Royal College of Chemistry (Royal College of Science), where he remained until 1890, when he was appointed professor of Chemistry in the University of Aberdeen. He held the Chair until 1914, and retired with the title of Emeritus Professor. He was the author- jointly with Sir Edward Frankland-of a textbook on inorganic chemistry and contributed numerous papers to the Chemical Society.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1885. was awarded the Longstaff Medal in 1891, and received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of St. Andrews and Aberdeen. He was a Vice-President of the Chemical Society from 1895 to 1899, and President of the Chemical Section of the British Association in 1898. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1879, and served as a Member of Council from 1885 to 1889, and from 1898 to 1901, and as a Vice-president from 1901 to 1904. HARRYTYRERJOHNSONdied at Waterloo, Liverpool, in April last, in his 35th year. Educated at Merchant Taylors School, Crosby, and at the University of Liverpool, he graduated in Science in 1913, and obtained the degree of M.Sc.by research in the following year. He obtained an appointment with Messrs. R. Graesser, Ltd., at, Ruabon, where he remained until early in 1922. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. DANIELRANKIN died at Blackhall, Midlothian, on 1st August, STEWART in his 78th year. He studied chemistry under Crum Brown, at Edinburgh, under Erlenmeyer at Munich, and under Dittmar at, Glaegow. In 1877 he became Assistant Chemist at the Oakbank Oil Co., Ltd., where he came 268 contact with Mr.-later Sir-George Beilby, and in the following year WBYI appointed Chemist to the Broxburn Oil Co., Ltd., with whom he remained until his retirement about five years ago.His name is thus closely asso-ciated with the development of the shale-oil industry in Scotland. He contributed many papers on technical subjects to scientific journah, and waa also known as a keen botanist, and maintained a wide interest in science generally. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. LEONARD VLIESdied at Manchester on 27th July, in hisELLERTON 48th year. Born in Manchester, of English parents, he was educated at the Hulme Grammar School, at the Realgymnasium of Osnabruok, Ger-many, and at the ficole des Sciences at Rouen, France. In 1896 he became AEtsistant Chemist to Messrs. James Farmer & Co., of Gorton, with whom he remained for three years, continuing throughout to pursue his studies under Prof.Knecht at the Municipal School of Technology, Manchester. In 1900, he received an appointment with Messra. W. G. Thompson & Co.,Aniline Dye Manufacturers, with whom he became Chief Chemist, and in 1904 joined the firm of Claus & Rhe, and later became a director of Claw & Co., Ltd., Dyestuff Manufacturers of Clayton, Manchester, who, after amalgamation with Messrs. Levinstein, became merged in the British Dyestuffs Corporation. He oontributed many articles to the Journat of the Society of Dyer8 and Coburistrr, and commenced the manufacture of many dyes which had not previously been made in this country. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. S. E. Melling and Mr. W. D. Rogers. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916, and served 88 8 Member of the Council from 1917.to 1920.Notes. The Drafting of Repork-The attention of members and students who are interested in the drafting of reports is directed to the paper contributed by Mr. William Rintoul to the London and South-Eastern Counties Section (pp. 217). Briti sh Engineeri ng Standards.-The BritishEngineering Standards Association has published the Specification for Cast Iron Filter Plates and Frames {No. 189-1925)prepared under the direction of the Sectional Committee on Chemical Engineering. (IS. net. Post free IS. zd.) 269 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute: “Fats, The.” J.B. Leathes and H. S. Raper. Pp. vii. f242. (London: Longmans Green & Co.). 12s. 6d. Fatty acids; glycerol and glycerides; other alcohols and estem; extraction and estimation of fat in tissues; physical properties of fats; separation, identification and estimation of fats; orisin and occurrence in nature; digestion and absorption; fat in the blood; part played by fats in the life of the call; bibliography. “Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Companion to the First Edition of.” W. Gardner. Pp. 56. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 7s. 6d. Containe approximately 2,700 definitions and cross references. “Physical Chemistry, A System of.” W. C. McC. Lewis. Vol. 11: Thermodynamics. 4th edition. Pp. viii.+489. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 15s.“Wood Distillation, The Technology of.’ M. Klar, translated by A. Rule. Pp. xv.+496. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. History; raw material; chemical changes occurring in wood during destructive distillation ; products; pyroligneous acid ; wood-tar; charcoal; carbonising apparatus ; wood-gas; production of crude wood-naphtha, acetate of lime; acetic acid and acetone from acetate of lime; treatment of crude wood-tar and tar-oils; formaldehyde;conversion of charcoal into briquettes ; analytical section; recent progress. 370 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 19th June and 24th July, 1925, z new Fellows were elected, II Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 35 new Associates were elected, and 17 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and 4 Associates by death.New Fellows. Allan, John Steele, Darley Dene, Flackwell Heath, High Wycombe, Bucks. Hunter, Louis, Ph.D. (Lond.), 2 Tan-y-fron, Bangor, N. Wales. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Charlton, James, M.Sc. (Vict.), Agricultural College, P.O., Mandalay,Burma. Coffey, Samnel, M.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Leiden), 3, Bruce Road, Wealdstone, Middlesex. Diwce, John Gerald Frederick, 31.8~.(Lond.), R.Nat.Dr. (Prague), 26, Heslop Road, Balhnm, London, S.W. 12. Dunn, Frederick Percy, B.Sc., (Rlanc.)A.R.C.S., D.I.C.. 20, Hillhury Road, Tooting Common, London, S.W. 17. Gilmour, George Van Barneveld, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.Sc.I., 48, Cherington Road, Hanwell, London, 137.7.Ingall, Douglas Heber, M.Sc. (Bim.), A.Inst.P., County Technical College, Wednesbury, Staffs. Johnstone, Sydney James, B.Rc. (Lond.), "Rousdon," Clifford Road, New Barnet. Lea, Henry Turner, M.Sc. (Birm.), The Borough Laboratory, George Square, Halifax. Naylor, Henry, 11, Willow Way, Didsbury, Manchester. Rigg, Theodore, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (New Zealand), Cawthron In-stitute, Nelson, New Zealand. Stokoe, William Norman, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, Inchview Terrace, Edinburgh. New Associate (by examination). Ladhams, Donald Ernest, Brook Villa, The Crescent, Shirley Warren, Southampton. New Associates. Allam, Philip Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Lockett Bros. & Co., Casilla 714, Iquique, Chile.Barker, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), 313, Skircoat Green Road, Halifax. Bennett, William, M.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Chapel Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. 271 Bloom, Robert Frederick, B.A. (Cantab.), 4, Beechwood Crescent, Harro- gate, Yorks. Brooks, Jack, Ph.D. (Liv.), 11, Lime Grove, Seaforth, Liverpool. Campbell, John Reid, B.Sc. (Glas.), Castlebank, Burnfoot, Fairlie, Ayr- shire. Dhavale, Bhaskar Balvant, M.A. (Bombay) , Calcutta Research Tannery, P.O. Intally, Calcutta, India. Dolphin, Joseph Raymond. B.Sc. (Birm.), Chemical Department, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Eggleton, William George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Aylesbury, Lower King’sRoad, Kingston-on-Thames. Elliott, Henry, B.Sc. (Glas.), 8, Colebrooke Street, Hillhead, Glasgow.Gibson, George Philip, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Eastern Avenue, Port Causeway, New Ferry, Cheshire. Gillett, Harry William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 125, Ditchling Road, Brighton. Harrison, Hubert Walter, A.R.C.S. ,Thornleigh, West Winch, King’s Lynn. Hiscocks, Edward Stanley, XSc. (Wales), 5 Rosehill, Swansea. Jowett, Maurice, Ph.D.. B.Sc. (Liv.), 16, Lichfield Street, New Brighton. Kreis, Eric Silvester, A.RI.C.S., 4, Le Brun Road, Eastbourne. Maggs. Francis Thomas, B.Sc. (Bris.), Elmcliffe, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol. Miller, Andrew Stuart, M.Sc. (Birm.), 10, Lovatt Street, Wolverhampton. Millet, Horace, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), 48, Molyneux Road, Waterloo, Liver- pool.Montgomery, John, B.Sc. (Glas,), 43, Cartha Street, Langside, Glasgow.Nicholson, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 174, Lansdowne Road, Birkenhead. Nutland, John Henry, BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 68, Stonehouse Street, Clapham, London, S.W.4. Pates, Edward William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Lodge Drive, Palmers Green, London, N. 13. Quick, William George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brooklands, Lympstone, Exeter. Richards, Charles Hcdley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., South Eastern Agri-cultural College, Wye, Kent. Skibbe, Arthur Martin, M.A. (Cape Town), School of Agriculture,Elsenburg, Mulders Vlei, Cape Province, S. Africa. Smith, Edgar Charles, M.Sc. (Mane.), 14, Garfield Street, Kettering, Northants. Stephens, David William, B.Sc. (Wales), 9, Queen Street, Neath. Subton, Robert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Leonard Avenue, Sherwood, Nottingham.Thomas, William, A.C.G.F.C., Glonwood, Shire Lane, Chorley Wood, Herts.Udall, Philip James, Ph.D. (Liv.), 27, Prospect Vale, Fairfield, Liverpool. Wallis, Eliot, B.A. (Cantab.), Kilimani, Glastonbury, Somerset. Wa,rrington, Charles Joseph Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 84, Chester Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Williams, Cyril Rees, B.Sc. (Wales), B.A. (Cantab.), Y Vrondeg, Pontar- dulais, Swansea. New Students. Barnett, Robert Hamilton, 61, Manse Street, Saltcoats. Carroll, Christopher, 47, Strandeville Avenue, North Strand, Dublin. Clemetson, Miss Winifred Annie, Atherstone, Bower Mount Road, Maidstone, Kent. Dickson, Albert Gordon, 5, Parkhill Drive, Rutherglen, Glasgow. 272 Featheraton, Stanley James, 33, Behont Road, Beckenham, Kent.Grover, Donald William, 33, Queens Avenue, MusweU Hill, London, N.lO. Gunn, Angus, B.Sc. (Edin.), 19, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh. Hindle, James, 4, Plane Street, Bastwell, Blackburn. Hine, Howard Jordan, 7, May Hill Villas, Tuffley, Gloucester. Hodge, Donald Laurence, 181, Ladbroke Grove, London, W.10. Hosking, Jack Sargent, 19, Bedford Avenue, Subiaco, Western Australia. Hunt, Arthur Frederick, 6, Seabrook Cottages, Front Lane, Cranham, Essex. Ledwith, Richard John, 86, Leigham Vale, Tuise Hill, London, S.W.2. Pearce, Frederick William, 69, Thornton Avenue, Chiswick, London,W.4. Rhodes, Clifford Goulding, 12, Highfield Road, Northwood, Middlesex. Robinson, Miss Adeline Joan, Whitehouse Farm, Waldron, Sussex.Thorn-, James William Xoberts, 71, Parliament Street, Capetown, S. Africa. DEATHS. Fellows. Thomas Farrington, M.A, (Q.U.I.) ' Samuel Jackson, A.R.C.S. Francis Robert Japp, M.A. (St. Andrews), LL.D. (St. Andrews and Aberd.), F.R.S. Daniel Rankin Steuart. Leonard Ellerton Vliem. Associates. Ernest Lickiss Clarkson, B.Sc. (Lond.).David Solomon Cohen. Harry Bulwer Hayley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harry Tyrer Johnson, M.Sc. (Liv.). Changes of Name. May Elizabeth Wyman (Associate) to Price-an her marriage. Abraham Cohen (Fellow)to Abraham Colin-Russ, by Deed Poll. 273 General Notices. MeIdoIa Med al.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated.The award for the year 1925 will be made in January, 1926. Examinations in 1 926.-The arrangements for examina-tions during 1926 are as follows: Dates of Exams. Entries close. 4th to 9th Jan., 1926. Monday, 16th Nov., 1925. OY 11th to 16th Jan., 1926. 19th to 24th April, 1926. Monday, 15th Feb., 1926. OY 26th April to 1st May, 1926. 20th to 25th Sept., 1926. Monday, 19th July, 1926. or 27th Sept. to 2nd Oct., 1926. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September only. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to August, 1922,who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar 274 particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays : 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for 275 the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute's set of the Berichte for the year I924 and since. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permawnt addresses for registration.Official Chem ical A ppoi nt ments, 5th Ed iti on .-Regis-tered Students may obtain copies of "Official Chemical Appoint- ments" at a reduced price of 2s., on application to the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous 3f binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z., to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS theon following terms :-Buckram case, lettered complete, IS.2d. ; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. History of the Institute, 1887-191 4.-Anymemberwho is not in'*possession of a copy of the History ofthe Imtitute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct, on application to the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists. LOCAL SECTIONS Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon.Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Xecretaries. BirminghamandMidlands: C. J. House, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 38, Edmund Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Bristol and South Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 170, Newbridge Counties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Cape of Good Hope: Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland: Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West of Scot-Dr. W. M. Cumming, F.I.C., Royal Tech- land : nical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield: Percy Calam, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C. , 4, Hill-side Avenue, Fartown, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : William Honneyman, B.Sc., F.I.C. , York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. R. B. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North- John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., c/o The Counties: Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 58, Burton Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C. J.H. Stock, B.Sc. ,F.I.C. ,CountyAnalyst’sNorth-East Coast Office, Darlington, Co. Durham. South Wales: Cecil W. Wood, A.I.C., c/o The National Oil Refineries, Skewen, Glam.Malaya : Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon. Secretary: G. G. 5. PuLmN, 22 Kent House Road, Sydenham, S.E.26. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY BENEVOLENT FUND. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-1918. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND, INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.l.LONDON,

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9254900209

出版商:RSC    

年代:1925

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 7885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, October, 7925. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chaivm.an), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L, BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, LEWIS EYNON, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A, F. HASTILOW, I. M HEILBRON, PATR ICK H. KIR KALDY ( Treasurer). THOMAS MACARA, L. G. PAUL, B. D PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 279 Proceedings of the Council.AUGUST-OCTOBER, 1925. Forensic Chern istry.-From time to time, complaints have been received that professional chemists have not been allowed fees on the same basis as practitioners in other professions for attendance in Court for the purpose of giving evidence. In some cases the fees allowed have been higher than those received by other professional men, but where attendance has been re- quired simply for the purpose of expressing an opinion, without the necessity of conducting any practical investigation, the fees allowed have sometimes been quite inadequate for the services rendered and the time involved. The Council of the Institute has communicated with Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prosecutions, on this matter, and is greatly indebted to him for a reply embodying the following observations :-The fees and allowances to witnesses in criminal cases are governed by the regulations, dated 14th June, 1904, of the Secretary of State, made under the Criminal Justice Adminis-tration Act, 1851. Under those regulations allowances are prescribed to practising members of the legal and medical pro- fessions; but another section deals with allowances to “expert witnesses,” and provides that such witnesses shall receive such allowances for attending to give evidence as the Court may consider reasonable,-including, where necessary, an allowance for qualifying to give evidence. It is in this class that consulting chemists or Fellows and Associates of the Institute would fall; and whereas the allow- ances to practising members of the legal and medical professions are specific, the allowances to “expert witnesses” are in the discretion of the Court (or in practice on Circuit, of the Clerk of Assize; or in London, of the Clerk of the Central Criminal Court).Expert witnesses are not often called at Courts of Quarter Sessions; but if they are so called the Clerk of the Peace of the 280 County or Borough is the officer using his discretion, on behalf of the Court, in dealing with these allowances. Legal and medical professional witnesses, therefore, are entitled to fixed allowances in giving ordinary evidence of facts within their knowledge; while "expert witnesses "-who may be members of the legal or medical profession, or of other pro- fessions-are entitled to allowances fixed at discretion.The Director of Public Prosecutions is frequently concerned in cases in which expert analytical evidence is given-for instance, in poison cases, or where the absence of any poison becomes material, or where other evidence of a chemical character has to be given-but he has not received complaints of dis- crimination between the medical expert and the chemical expert adverse to the latter; in many cases the value of the evidence of the chemical expert is fully recognised, including allowance for the preliminary work and investigation ,experiment and analysis, and other chemical processes through which the chemical expert becomes qualified to give relevant evidence in the particular case.The Director is aware that elaborate chemical investigations are necessary in order to qualify the professional chemist for giving evidence which may be confined within the answers to two or three questions, but he feels that Taxing Masters appre- ciate the position of the consulting chemist, and there is no justi- fication for the opinion that the scientific evidence of the pro- fession of consulting chemists is regarded as less valuable than that given by medical or pathological experts. He suggests that any Fellow or Associate who is dissatisfied with any allowance should mention fully to the Taxing Master the length of time occupied on work relative to the evidence and particulars of the difficulty or delicacy of the investigation , and should suggest that the Court might be consulted on the matter if the Taxing Master does not respond to any representations of this character; because under the regulations above referred to, the Court is really making the allowances acting through its officer.In any suitable case it would be quite appropriate for Counsel to mention any exceptional value of, or difficulty in, or length of time expended over, the investigation by the chemical expert. In conclusion, the Director of Public Prosecutions does not think that it would be to the advantage of the profession which the Institute represents to take any steps to establish a scale 281 for professional chemical witnesses; in his opinion, the result of the application of any such scale would be likely to prove less satisfactory than the present discretionary method of making allowances. It is satisfactory to note that the member by whom the matter was brought to the notice of the Institute, after having complained of the allowance made to him in a certain matter, was supported in his claim by the Director of Public Prose- cutions, and, at a subsequent hearing, received an enhanced allowance.Royal Commission on National Health Insurance.-The attention of the Institute had been directed to evidence on the subject of testing prescribed medicines, given in June last, before the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance, by representatives of the Retail Pharmacists’ Union and the Chemists’ Defence Association, who sought to prove that “analytical methods are, like dispensing methods, subject to the human element of manipulative error.” It appeared desirable that the matter should not pass un- noticed, and it was, therefore, referred to the Public Appoint- ments Committee, on which the Society of Public Analysts is represented.The Registrar of the Institute was instructed to ask the witnesses for further information with regard to certain parts of the evidence which appeared to reflect on the work of an analyst; but a reply was received to the effect that it was not fair to the analyst concerned to give this information, and that it was thought that no good purpose could be served in pursuing the matter any further. The Royal Commission had decided not to hear further oral evidence except from representatives of Government Depart- ments; but, in reply to an enquiry from the Institute, the Secretary of the Commission suggested that a short statement giving the observations of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts might be prepared and, if accepted by the Commission, might be included in the official records of their proceedings.The following statement was thereupon forwarded with a covering letter intimating that, should the Commission be prepared to receive evidence on behalf of public analysts, a representative would be appointed to support the memorandum. 282 To the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance.MEMORANDUM, from the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Public Analysts, on the examination of prescribed medicines. Evidence given before the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance indicated definitely that certain pharmacists hold that public analysts are not competent to undertake the examination of medicines prescribed and dispensed on behalf of Insurance Committees. A Joint Committee of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Public Analysts desires to point out that public analysts throughout the country were entrusted with the analysis of medicines long before In- surance Committees were appointed, and that, whatever view may now be taken with regard to their competency to perform this work, they will still be called upon to analyse samples of medicines submitted to them under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. Public analysts are fully capable of dealing with the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.During the course of training prescribed for Examination for the Fellowship of the Institute of Chemistry can- didates who intend to take the examination in the Chemistry of Foods and Drugs must produce evidence that they have systematically studied therapeutics and pharmacology, and the examination is conducted on lines approved by the Ministry of Health. In addition to a rigorous examination in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, candidates are examined in therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy, and they have to show acquaintance with the drugs and preparations contained in the British Pharmacopoeia.The examiner appointed for this part of the test is approved by the Ministry of Health, and Fellows of the Institute who have passed thc examination in question are formally recognised under the “Regulations as to Competency of Public Analysts ” to hold appointments under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. Public analysts are very frequently called upon to analyse samples of drugs :between 5,000 and 6,000 samples of drugs are submitted for analysisunder the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts annually in England and Wales. In 1923 adverse reports were made in respect of 324 samples of drugs,and in only 5 cases were appeals made at the request of the vendors; and in only two of these did the Government Laboratory disagree with the certificate originally given by the public analyst.The competence of public analysts might have been called in question if a 1ar.g‘ number of appeals had been made to the Government Laboratory and if the certificates had not been confirmed. It can definitely be stated, however, that in practically every case the certificates of the public analysts are confirmed by the analysts engaged by the vendors; otherwise the third portion re-tained by the Inspectors would have been much more frequently referred to the Government Chemist. In 1923, the Ministry of Health st’ated that under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 660 prescriptions were submitted for analysis, and that in 110 cases adulteration certificates were issued.Adulteration, in these cases, refers to deficiencies or excesses in prescribed ingredients. If the pharmacists who dispensed these 110 prescriptions had held any evidence that the certificates issued by the public analysts were in any way in-accurate, they would undoubtedly have requested confirmation of the composition of the reserve samples by the Government Laboratory. The evidence placed before the Commission to the effect that a publicanalyst was unaware of the difference in composition between phenol and liquid phenol should not be accepted without the analyst concerned being given an opportunity to justify his certificate, since it is probable in this and other cases that the opinion of the public analyst as to the gravity of the offence was not asked.Having found a deficiency in a,prescribed 283 ingredient he was compelled to issue his certificate accordingly, and his Authority acted on that certificate. It has happened not infrequently that Local Authorities have drawn conclusions from certificates which are not in accord with the views held by public analysts. Insurance dispensing has been tested by public analysts on behalf of Insuranc2 Committees for several years with every satisfaction. The Insurance Committees have had the advice of the public analysts on their certificates and, although a very considerable number of inaccuracies in dispensing has been disclosed, no real objection has been taken to the certificates issued by public analysts in the past, and no grounds have been stated to justify any suggestion of lack of competence on their part to perform the duties entrusted to them.RICHARDB. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary, Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. E. R. BOLTON, Hon. Secretary, Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. 18th September, 1925. The Secretary of the Royal Commission, in acknowledging the receipt of the memorandum, stated that it would be placed before the Commission and that the Institute would be informed whether the Commission thought it necessary to hear oral evidence in support thereof; the memorandum would be printed in the official record of the proceedings, and regard would be had to the views expressed in it before the Commission arrived at their conclusions on matters dealt with in the memorandum. A further letter was thereupon addressed to the Royal Commission expressing the hope that the Government Chemist or a representative from his Department would be heard; also that a public analyst would be called as representing a body of officers who are employed in relation to the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.284 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands-The session opened with a smoking concert held at the White Horse Hotel, Congreve Street, on-26th October, to which all members and registered students of the Institute in the district were invited.The Annual General Meeting will be held in November, and a Dinner will be held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in December. A programme of the arrangements of the Section giving exact dates of meetings, etc., will be forwarded to every member in the district. Bristol and South-Westem.-Some modifications have been made in the programme of the Section for the ensuing session. On the zznd October, Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock gave an address on “British Chemical Industry ” before a joint meeting of the Bristol Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute held at the University of Bristol. Mr. George Gray, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society, presided over a large attendance.Sir Ernest Cook, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Institute, in presenting certificates to five new Associates, said that nothing but good could follow from the joint meetings of the two Societies. Referring briefly to the subject of Mr. Woolcock’s address, he said that the more the direction of big manufactories was influenced by qualified chemists the better it would be for the country at large. Mr. Woolcock, in opening his address, said that he was glad that Sir Ernest Cook’s remarks had been so well received. He hoped chemists would regard their work not merely as their profession, but as a means of contributing something for the benefit of industry. The manufacturers were accustomed to think of chemistry in two parts-the heavy materials and dyes and small stuff. The heavy chemical industry was a very 285 important section, especially in the north, and it included the soap industry.There were other branches of recent growth in which this country was not so far advanced as were Germany and America. He referred at some length to the political aspects of the dyestuffs industry, and to the influence of subsidies and prohibition. If dyes could be made at home and in sufficient quantities at a fair and reasonable price, then the consumer should be asked to prefer the home-made article. The onus of proof that the British-made dyestuff was superior was on the makers. He thought that that condition had been met, and that now between 85 and 90 per cent.of the dyestuffs used in this country was home made. The Germans were doing their utmost to perfect their organisation, even to the acquisition of coal mines. Lower taxation and lower freights were factors that favoured Germany, and France enjoyed similar advantages. There ought to be a determination in this country not to go back to the position which prevailed in 1914. The great diffi- culty with the dyestuff industry was that they could not increase the demand; alteration in fashions might help, but what was gained in one way might be lost in another. Considerable progress was being made in the production of fine chemicals in which we were steadily building up a British industry. He believed that with good-will between industry and chemistry, and proper assistance from the Government, we should have an industry that would be able to look at the industry across the water and not be ashamed to enter into a first-class fight if such a fight became necessary.A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Woolcock, on the proposition of the Chairman, seconded by Prof. Francis. On 12th November, Dr. E. Vanstone will read a paper on “The r6le of Phosphorus in Agriculture,” and on 14th November the members will visit Exeter and hold a meeting at University College. On 10th December, the Section will hold a joint meeting with Fellows of the Chemical Society, when Mr. S. Piper will give a lecture on “The use of X-rays in Chemistry.” On 7th January, Mr. Stanley Robson will read a paper on “The Contact Process far the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, together with some reference to its origin in Bristol in 1831,” and on 4th February, Dr.A. Parker will read a paper on “The Smokeless Fuel Problem.” The Annual General Meeting will be held on 25th March, 1926. 286 Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 29th October, when the President gave a short address on the York Conference. On 27th November, Mr. W. G. Hiscock will read a paper on “The Heat evolved during the detonation of Explosives” to a Joint Meeting of the Section and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. The Ramsay Chemical Dinner, in which all local chemical societies will participate, will take place on 9th December.The chair will be taken by Sir Frederick Nathan, and the guests will include Sir Donald MacAlister (Principal of the University of Glasgow), Captain Walter Elliot, M.P., Sir Robert Bruce, Sir Robert Robertson, and the Registrar of the Institute. In January, on a date to be arranged, a Joint Meeting will be held with the Ardeer Chemical Club, at Ardrossan. On 26th February, Prof. R. A. Berry will give a lecture on “Soil Nitrogen” to a Joint Meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry, and the winter session will close with a Smoking Concert on 2nd April. A summer meeting will be arranged to take place on 28th and 29th May in which the Glasgow and Edinburgh Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry will participate.The meeting will be held at St. Andrews, and Principal Sir James C. Irvine has kindly consented to give an address. A Dinner will be held on 28th May; members will stay overnight in St. Andrews, and Saturday will be spent in golf, etc. Notes. Textile Institute.-The incorporation of the Textile Institute by Royal Charter was celebrated at a luncheon held at the Midland Hotel, Manchester, on 14th October. Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, President of the Board of Trade, in proposing the toast of the Textile Institute, said that the Charter enabled the Institute to function as an examining authority in textile technology; the teaching and practice of textile technology would thereby be elevated to the rank of a profession and students would have a definite incentive to continue study and investigation.He looked forward to close 287 co-operation between the Textile Institute and the Board of Trade. The President, Mr. John Emsley, in reply, said that scientific investigation had only lately been brought to bear on the problems that awaited solution. Our captains of industry had relied too much on the old-fashioned formula “rule of thumb,” but they would now have scientific knowledge to help them. Mr. J. H. Lester, who also replied to the toast, said that what was called “rule of thumb’’ he preferred to call “craft pride.’’ The textile indus try-the cot ton industry certainly- had been built up not upon science but upon craft pride.What they wanted was not art or science alone but both in combination with textile technology. With the permission of the President, Mr. Lester invited the Registrar of the Institute of Chemistry to speak on the advantages of incorporation by Royal Charter. Mr. Pilcher emphasised the fact that many of the great professions had been so incorporated during the past century, which was a period of remarkable advancement in all branches of professional endeavour. Charters were not granted for selfish ends; petitions which appeared to include selfish ends were always strenuously opposed. The great chartered societies and institutions had become part of the machinery of government, and the government constantly looked to these bodies for advice and assistance.Incidentally, he said, the government expected advice for nothing and usually got it. Royal Charters conferred powers and privileges, but also imposed duties and obligations. They might sometimes feel that they would like to exceed their powers and at others they would be glad they were limited. In general, they had to restrict the expenditure of funds to the objects for which their members had subscribed them. A Royal Charter constituted definite recognition of the position which an institution occupied in the world and of its right to speak for the profession it represented. The /institution had to accept the position and, with it, its responsibilities, by keeping the standard of its re- quirements for membership so high that its right to hall-mark a practitioner in its particular profession could not be challenged.India.-In the issue of The Times of India, dated zIst July last, reference was made to the proceedings of the Bombay Legislative Council in connection with the appointment of an 288 analyst. The Council debated whether public analysts were appointed or authorised and whether skill and experience were necessary on the part of the holder of the appointment. One member suggested that “the laboratory Ramoshi at a science college would gather sufficient experience to be an analyst in two years of setting up apparatus and cleaning test tubes.” The leader of the opposition charged the Government with attempting to provide good fat jobs for its favourites who would be foisted on the municipalities.. . . Some personalities followed, but eventually, when the matter was voted upon, it was decided that the “analysers ” appointed under the Pure Food Act should be required to produce evidence of special skill and experience. A debate ensued on the disposal of the penalties recovered under the Act, and ultimately it was decided (against the wish of Government) that the money should be paid to the local authorities in whose areas the offences were committed. A legal member of the Council terminated the proceedings by a vigorous protest against the Government encroaching on personal liberty, by appointing inspectors with power to search for impure foods.Publicity.-It is noted with interest that the Barnsley Chronicle has lately contained a series of articles by Mr. Arthur Price dealing with chemical and other scientific subjects. Work of this kind tends to a better appreciation by the public of the applications and uses of chemistry. Societ6 de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The fifth Congress of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle was held in Paris from 4th to 11th October. Special attention was given to metallurgy and fuel, papers being read by M. L6on Guillet, Director of the Central School of Arts and Manufactures, on the contributions of France to metallurgy; by Sir Robert Hadfield, on his personal experience of metallurgical work in France; and by Professor Waterman, of Delft, on the Refinement of Mineral Oil.These papers occupied the whole of one day, and the other technical groups of the Socikt6 held meetings during the session. Over fifty foreign delegates from eighteen different countries attended the meetings and enjoyed the generous hospitality offered by the Socikt6. A reception of members and delegates and their ladies was held at the Hotel Majestic, followed by a musical and artistic entertainment. M. Paul Kestner, the 289 President and Founder of the SociM, was prevented from attending by ill-health. On 5th October, a reception was held by the Prbfet de la Seine at the Hotel de Ville. The Minister of Commerce and the General Commissioner of the Exhibition of Modern Decorative Arts entertained the foreign delegates to a Dinner followed by a Concert and Ball at the Grand Palais.The official banquet was held at the Palais d’Orssy, presided over by M. Borel, Minister of the Marine, and was followed by an impromptu dance. Visits were paid to various works at Grenoble and in Paris. At the closing ceremony-presided over by M. Chaumet, Minister of Commerce and Industry-M. Dior, the President of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle, presented the Gold Medal of the SociM to M. Chatillon and Prof. H. E. Armstrong. The Congress was followed by the Celebration of the Cen- tenary of the discoveries of Chevreul, which took place at the Natural History Museum, where much of Chevreul’s work was carried out. The President of the Republic was present, and M.Delbos, Minister of Instruction, presided. M. Mangin, Director of the Museum, and M. Moureu, President of the Soci6tk Chimique de France, traced the scientific career of Chevreul. Prof. Armstrong spoke on behalf of the foreign delegates, who were received by M. and Mme. Mangin. A concert was rendered by the Band of the Garde Rhpublicaine, and the foreign delegates were then entertained by the ladies of the Bienvenue FranCaise at the Cercle Interall%, at which each delegate spoke-Sir William Pope representing the British delegates on this occasion. M. Jean Gbrard, the General Secretary of the Socibtb, was highly complimented on the success of the Congress, and the special thanks of the foreign delegates were accorded him. The Institute was represented by Mr.Arthur R. Smith, Fellow. The next Congress is to be held in Brussels. 290 September Examinations, 1925. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places scheduled below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was:- UNDERTHE CURRENTREGULATIONS.No. examined No. passed. For the Associateship- At the Institute : 14th-19th September; 22nd-25th Sep-tember . . .. .. .. .. 21 8 For the Fellowship- At the Institute : Branch A, I.: Mineral Products, 21st-25th September' .. .. .. 1 0 At the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines. 28th September to 2nd October .. 1 1 At the Institute : Branch E : The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water .. .. .. .. 4 1 At the Institute and at the City Analyst's Laboratory, Liverpool : Special Examination in Oils and Fats 1 0 UNDER REGULATIONS PRIOR TO MARCH, 1920. For the Associateship- At the Institute : Branch (e): The Chemistry (includinp Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water . . .. .. .. 1 1 Total .. .. .. 29 11 EXAMINATIONGENERALIN CHEMISTRYFOR THE ASSOCIATE-sHIP.-The answers to the theoretical questions in physical chemistry were very uneven. The question on the heat of formation of carbon bisulphide was accurately answered by only a few candidates. Several candidates were aware of methods for determining the Avogadro number and were able to give names of workers in this field, but none was able to 291 give an outline of the quantitative principles involved.Some of the answers to the question on the preparation and properties of the oxyacids of chlorine were surprisingly inaccurate, and the schemes for the analysis of the alloy were also unsatisfactory. The quantitative separation of arsenic and antimony did not appear to be familiar to the candidates, and textbooks were freely consulted. Most of the candidates showed good judgment in the choice of methods, although the fact that the arsenic was given as arsenate was in some cases disregarded, and time was wasted in reducing to arsenious sulphide and re- oxidising to arsenate. The results obtained showed an improve- ment on those of the two previous examinations, although several candidates fell into the common error of making their final calculations depend on volumes of standard solutions too small for accuracy.The qualitative exercise was, on the whole, well done. In the case of the mixture of arsenious sulphide and oxide, after finding arsenic and sulphur, in general no attempt was made to ascertain whether the substance was homogeneous or not, and whether it possessed the properties of pure arsenious sulphide. The written papers in organic chemistry were fairly well answered. In the practical exercises the quantitative work was generally well done, but the preparations were not neatly finished and the specimens left were in many cases moist and impure. EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLoWSHIP.-h Branch A there FOR was a slight lack of practical experience in the special laboratory methods in use among experienced workers, but the quantitative results were, on the whole, fairly good.In Branch E, the answers to the questions, both theoretical and practical, relating to drugs were very much better than those relating to foods. The microscopical work of most of the candidates was very unsatisfactory. The majority of the candidates did not show sufficient familiarity with the regulations under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. 292 PASS LIST. Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. Chater, Trevor Walter James, Central Technical School, Leeds. Everett, John Garwood. Chelsea Polytechnic. Hodgson, William Ronald Penrose, BSc.(Lond.), University College, Exeter. Klein, Ralph Harry, Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Phillips, Montague Alexander, Battersea Polytechnic. Richards, Colbert Eric, Northern Polytechnic, and Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Richardson, Robert William, Central Technical School, Leedq. Vickem, Arthur Eric Jarvis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trained under the Head of the Chemistry Department, Central Schools of Science and Technology, Stoke -on-Trent . In Branch (e): The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. Williams, Albert Lester. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch A; Inorganic Chemistry, Section TI. Metallurgy. Walker, William James. In Branch E: The Chemistry (includin#g Microscopg) of Food and Drugsand of Water.Illing, Edward Thomas. The following papers and exercises were given in the # Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give working methods for the recovery of-(a) Pure potassium iodide from iodine residues obtained in (5) Chlorplatinic acid, suitable for u9e in potassium deter- 2. Give definitions of tho terms “heat of combmtion” and “heat the laboratory. minations, from platinum residues. of formation.” Given that the heat of combustion of carbon bkulphide is 266.1 Gal. and the heats of formation of carbon dioxide and of sulphurdioxide respectively are 94.3 and 71 Cal., calculate the heat of formation of carbon biwlphide.3. Give an account of the work of Berzelius and Faraday with 4. Draw up a scheme for the quantitative analysis of an alloyespecial reference to ita bearing on electrochemistry. consisting mainly of copper and zinc, with tin (0.2 per cent.), iron (1 percent.), lead (0.2 per cent.) and aluminium (0.3 per cent.). The exact determination of the minor constituents is of special importance. 5. Mention the chief ores of tin and describe the mode of extraction of the metal. What impurities are usual in commercial tin, and how can they be detected? 293 2 to 5 p.m. 1. State the law governing the distribution of a substance when it is shaken up with two immiscible liquids. If the molecular weight of the substance is not the same in the two liquids show how the ratio of the molecular weights in the two liquids can be deduced from solubility measurements.2. Give an account of the mode of preparation, properties and use of three of the following:- Chromyl chloride, hydrazine sulphate, potassium permanganate, sodium bismuthate, barium hydroxide. 3. Give van der Waals equation of state, and show how to calculate the critical volume, pressure and temperature of a substance, given the constants a and b. Deduce van der Waals’ reduced equation of state. To what extent has the latter been confirmed experimentally ? 4. Give an account of the preparation and reactions of the oxyacids of chlorine, or salts when the acids are unstable. Describe the manu- facture on the large scale of any one of these and give its commercial applications.5. Write a short essay on either (a) The Avogadro constant, or (b) Berthelot’s law of maximum work. TUESDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions Nos. 5 and 6 are alternatives.) 1. What methods are available for the preparation of aliphatioketones ? Select any ketone, other than acetone, and describe its behaviour towards (u)oxidising agents; (b)reducing agents; (c) reagents for detectingcarbonyl groups. 2. Write a concise essay on one of the following topics:- (a) Metallic catalysts in organic reactions. (b) The diazo-reaction and its application in the arts and manufactures. 3. Describe the preparation of acetylacetone.Illustrate the behaviour of this substance towards (a) alkylating agents, (b) bromine, (c) metallic hydroxides, (d) phenylhydrazine. What evidence is derived from these chemical changes as to the constitution of the diketone? 4. Indicate clearly what is the chemical significance of the terms “fat” and “wax.” Select a member of either of these two series of substances and describe how the selected material can be converted into simpler organic .compounds. How has the chemical constitution of these fission products been determined ? 5. Coal tar xylene consists of thrco isomerides. HOWhas it been ascertained that each of these compounds is a dimethyl-benzene with a characteristic orientation of the two methyl groups? or 6. What processes are available for introducing arsenical radicals into aromatic compounds ? Give three typical examples of the preparation of aromatic arsenicals and describe a method for estimating arsenio in these substances.2 to 3.30 p.m. The Candidates were required to translate into English, passages from the Berichte and from Chimie ct Industrie. 294 Practical : 1st Week. WEDNESDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Solution A contains a mixture of sodium arsenate and tartar emetic. Determine the arsenic and antimony, expressing the results as gramsof metal in 100 grams of solution. One of the metals (at the choice of the candidate) must be determined by two independent methods. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the work on solution A. 2. Report on the nature of substance B. (Sodium thioantimoniate and bismuth sulphide.) FRIDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic compound C. Examine the action of hydrolytic agents upon it and prepare two crystalline derivatives from one of its fission products. (C’ p-Chloracetanilide.C” p-Bromacetanilide. ) (The preparations may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the preparations from yesterday’s exercise. 2. Estimate the nitrogen in the organic substance D by the Kjeldahl method and so far as time permits ascertain the nature of the substance. (D’ Asparagin.D” Glycocoll.) Practical: 2nd Week. TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Solution E contains a mixture of sodium arsenate and tartar emetic. Determine the arsenic and antimony, expressing the results as gramsof metal in 100 grams of solution. One of the metals (at the choice of the candidate) must be determined by two independent methods. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Complete the work on solution E. 2. Report on the nature of substance F. (Arsenic sulphide with some oxide.) THURSDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic compound G. Examine the action of hydrolytic agents upon it and prepare two crystalline derivatives from one of its fission products.(a’Benzylidene-o-toluidine. G“ Benzylidene -p -toluidine.) (The preparations may be completed to-morrow.) PRIDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1925. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the preparations from yesterday’s exercise. 2. Ascertain the nature of the acetyl derivatives contained in specimen H and estimate the percentage of acetyl in this material. (H’ and H” Pentacetyl-glucose mixed with different proportions of glucose.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. Section I. Mineral Products. MONDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions are to be answered. Full marks may be obtained by answering three questions.) 1.Write an essay on valency dealing particularly with the work of Werner and recent work on co-ordination compounds. 2. Furnish a method for the analysis and examination of fireclay. 3. “ If we have a positively charged colloid like stannic oxide and a negatively charged colloid like gold, the two will tend to neutralize and to precipitate within certain limits. This phenomenon is absolutely general and does not lead to the formation of chemical compounds in definite and multiple proportions.” Discuss this statement, with particular reference to other inorganic complexes. 4. Give an account of the photochemical reaction between hydrogen and chlorine. 5. If sufficient of the caesium bearing mineral Pollucite were given, describe how you would proceed to separate the caesium in the form of a simple pure salt.6. Write an account of the zero group of elements with a state-ment of their industrial use. State how helium may be detected and how it has been separated from natural gas on the large scale. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. How is titanium oxide prepared industrially, and what are its uses ? HOWwould you proceed in the examination of commercial titanium oxide for total TiO, and impurities? 2. Crude carnallite prepared from a natural brine gave the following constituents on ana.lysis :-Ca .. 0.08 per cent. Mg .. 7.95 )) Na .. 3-66 ,, K . . 10.52 ,, c1 .. 33.15 ,, Br .. 0.17 ,,so4 .. 7.32 ,, m7ater ..37.15 ,, Insoluble matter 0-43 ,, Give details of a satisfactory method for determining the constituents. What allowance for errors of experiment would you consider reasonable for the various constituents in the proportions shown ? 3. How has the existence of isotopes been demonstrated? What success has so far resulted from attempts to separate isotopes? 4. What are the sources of platinum? What other metals are usually associated with platinum? How is the platinum separated from the other metals in a pure state? 5. The atomic numbers of oxygen, sulphur, selenium and tellurium are 8, 16, 34 and 62 respectively. State the significance of their relation 296 from the point of view of the structure of atoms. State the properties of these four elements which lead to their being included in the same group of the periodic tables.6. Describe methods for the determination of the constituents of a gas mixture consisting of hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen and nitrogen. The precaution necessary to be observed in the use of any apparatus described should be given. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 22nd-26th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the constituents of the mixture A and determine the proportions of the principal metallic radicals. (Titanium potassium oxalate and ferric potassium oxalate .) 2. Ascertain the composition of the alloy B, and make a quantitative analysis, paying particular attention to the minor constituents.(Manganese bronze containing Cu, Sn, Fe, Al, Ni, Mn, Zn.) Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. Section II. Metallurgy. MONDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions to be answered, of which No. 2 is compulsory.) 1. How would you sample:- (a) Twenty bars of gold bullion obtained in the cyanide process ? (b) Five hundred tons of argentiferous lead, containing about 100 ox. of silver per ton. (c) A cargo of 1,000 tons of argentiferous matte, while un-loading ? 2. Give an account of the method you would adopt for the deter- mination of copper, iron and sulphur in a sample of matte. 3. What tests, physical and chemical, would you make of a, sampleof coke and coal to satisfy yourself that they are respectively suitable for blmt furnace purposes and for use in a producer? 4.Explain the “ multiple” and “series ” systems of electrolytic refining of copper. Compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two processes. 6. Describe, with the aid of sketches, a basic open hearth plant for the manufacture of steel, and give details of the various operations from the time the pig leaves the blast furnace until the ingot is removed from the ingot mould. 6. Review the phase and crystallographic changes of an 0-2 percent. carbon steel on cooling from above the liquidus to the ordinary temperature, and sketch the structure obtained with slow cooling. What is the effect of quenching the specimen from (a) 750°C. and (b) fromlooooc.9 7. You are required to determine the temperature of a charge which is being tapped from a Siemens furnace.Describe the instrument you would use and the operation of taking the temperature. 8. An ore, after roasting, contains:- Copper . . 4.85 per cent. Sulphur . . 8.4 ,, Silver . . 17.5 02. per ton (2,000 lb.)Gold .. 0.48OX. 297 During smelting, 8 per cent. of the copper is lost, 15 per cent. of the sulphur ie volatilised and 4 per cent. passes into the slag, while 96 per cent. of the gold and silver is recovered. Calculate: (1) the amount of matte which will be formed in treating 5,000 tons of this material, and (2) its contents in copper, silver and gold. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than SIX questions to be answered.) 1. Give a method for the determination of ferrous and ferric iron in a sample of magnetite. 2.From what sources are the salts of potassium prepared? State how you would demonstrate the presence of potassium in a mixture of calcium, sodium and potassium chlorides. How may potassium nitrate be prepared from potassium chloride 1 3. From what minerals are supplies of the following metals obtained: (a) molybdenum, (b) tungsten and (c) vanadium. Describe a processby which each metal can be obtained in a suitable condition for use in the manufacture of special steel. 4. Write a short essay on cata.lysis with special reference to technical processes. Briefly outline the method employed in the manufacture of oleurn by the contest process. 5. Give an outline of the method you would employ for the analysis of producer gas, and show how you would make use of the results obtained to check the working of the producer. 6.Describe a process for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. 7. State briefly how you would separate, on a large scale, the mar-ketable products from a rock containing about l per cent. of each of the following materials: (a) tin, (b) wolfram, and (c) arsenic. 8. Draw up a scheme for tha analysis of a fireclay. TUESDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make a qualitative analysis of the sample of s1a.g and determine the chief constituents (copper slag). (This exercise may be completed to-morrow, if necessamj.) WEDNESDAY, 30th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine: (1) The amount of tin in a sample of tailing.(2) The gold and silver in an ore. THURSDAY, 1st OCTOBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the constituents of the steel supplied and accurately deter- mine them (nickel chrome steel). (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow, if necessary.) FRIDAY, 2nd OCTOBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 pm. Examine the given alloy under the microscope and report on t'he heat trcatnient it has received. Illustrato your answer by means of sketches, indicating the various constituents, 298 Branch B. Physical Chemistry. Electro-Chemistry. FRIDAY, 23rd OCTOBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered.) 1. The vapour pressure-composition curve for a system of two liquids varies in character according to the nature and the miscibility of the two compounds concerned.Set out the types of curve realised in practice, and, in the light of these, discuss the processes of fractional distillation and steam distillation. 2. What do you understand by “the order of a reaction,” and by what different methods can this be determined? Discuss two definite cases in which the kinetics of a reaction have been used to elucidate the mechanism of the reaction. 3. Indicate the nature of the experimental grounds for the view that substances in aqueous solution are hydrated. Discuss the bearing of this view on the electrolytic dissociation theory. 4. What interpretations can you offer of the following observations: (a) A fused mixture of two substances X and Y solidifies com- pletely at one temperature, which lies above the freezing point of X, but below that of Y.(b) The cooling record for a fused mixture of two metals exhibits three arrests. 5. What is the type of formula representing the isothermal equi- librium between a gas and charcoal, and how would you set about the experimental investigation of such an equilibrium ? Give an outline of modern work on the activation of charcoal. 6. Write a short essay on either (a)the physico-chemical aspects of inorganic analysis, or (6) the application of physico -chemical principles to gas reactions of technical importance. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered.) 1. Disc& the evidence for the view that in water or any dilute aqueous solution the product [He][OH] is a constant, and outline the methods by which values of this constant have been obtained.2. The current efficiency of the electrolysis of fused sodium hydroxide for the production of metallic sodium on the commercial scale is not above 50 per cent. To the operation of what factors would you attribute this low value ? What experiments are necessary in order to ascertain the energy efficiency of the lead accumulator? How do you explain the fact that this efficiency is less than 100 per cent. ? 3. T;CTrite an account of either (a)the methods available for determin- ing the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, or (6) the calculation and measurement of potential differences at the junction of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. 4.Explain exactly what is meant by “pR value” of an aqueous solution and set out. its relation to the hydrion concentration. Represent graphically the change in pHvalue during the neutralisation of dilute phosphoric acid with potassium hydroxide solution. In this connection discuss the significance of “buffer solutions.” 299 5. Deduce the exact relationship between the electrical energyobtainable from a primary cell, and the thermal effect of the chemical reaction occurring in the cell. 6. What is meant by the “hydrogen overvoltage” of a metal, and how does this vary for a given metal with the physical condition of the metal surface, the current density and the temperature ? Draw up a rough classification of the commoner metals with reference to the magnitude of their hydrogen overvoltages under comparableconditions, and discuss the value of this classification in the selection of a suitable cathode material for an electrolytic reduction process.7. Compare the effects of increasing current density on the anodic behaviour of iron and lead in dilute sulphuric acid and of aluminium in a dilute alkaline electrolyte. Discuss the view that the anodic passivity of iron is due to the formation of some kind of film covering the metal surface. MONDAY to THURSDAY, 19th to 22nd OCTOBER, 1925. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Examine as completely as time permits the following aspects of the electrolysis of neutral and acid copper sulphate solutions between copper electrodes:-(i) the variation of cathodic polarisation with current density in the deposition of copper from solutions of different copper con- centration and acidity at room temperature, and from a particular solution (say N/CuSO,: N/H,SO,) at several different tempera- tures ; (ii) the current efficiency of copper deposition from the latter solution (N/CuSO,: N/H,SO,) at different current densities and tempera- tures.Or MONDAY and TUESDAY, 19th to 20th OCTOBEB, 1925. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. You are supplied with the hydrochloride of a mono-acid organic base of known molecular weight. Determine the degree of hydrolysis of the hydrochloride of this base in Msolution at 25” by two methods, one of 50 which is based on E.M.F.measurements and the other on conductivity measurements. Study also, so far as time permits, the effect of dilution on the extent of hydrolysis. WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 21st and 22nd OCTOBER, 1925. 10 a.m to 5 p.m. each day. Investigate the effect of concentration on the transport number of copper in solutions of cupric bromide. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 21st SEPTE’MBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What. is meant by the term “polarised light”? How is polarised2. Stat>e what you know of the official regulations relating to the 3. Discuss the application of chlorine to the purification of water light ampplied to tho examination of food ? use of preservatives in food.for drinking purposes. 300 (Answer in a scparate notebook.) 4. Give the composition and the medicinal dose of the following: Tinct. Strophanthi; Tinct. Belladonnae ; Tinct. Opii; Tinct. Quininae ; Vinum Opii; Liquor Arsenicalis; Liquor Hydrargyri Perchloridi. 6. Give a list o€ the chief Emetics, distinguishing between those which act on the stomach and those which effect the medullary centre. What emergency treatment' is desirable when an individual has swallowed an overdose of (a) Tinct. Opii, or (h) Liquor Arsenicalis? 6. An individual dies after exhibiting symptoms of extreme gastro- intestinal irritation. Poisoning is suspected, and the viscera are sub-mitted to you for analysis. State how you would proceed.2 to 5 p.m. 1. How is yeast extract prepared? Outline a scheme for the analysis of this product. 2. Enumerate the substances used in the preparation of baking powders. Discuss their advantages and disadvantages. 3. Explain the following terms in relation to carbohydrates: mono- and di-saccharides ; optical rotation ; bi-rotation ; inversion;hydrolysis; reducing power. 4. Describe in detail the methods you would adopt for the detection of B. coli in drinking water. 5. Describe briefly a method for the analysis of an emulsion con- taining malt extract, cod liver oil and hypophosphites. TUESDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m 1. Analyse and report upon the specimen of coffee and chicory essence. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 2.Make a qualitative analysis of the specimen A, which is a mixture of two substances only. WEDNESDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.nt. 1. Complete the analysis of the coffee and chicory essence. 2. Determine the acetyl value of the mixture of castor and olive oils. From your result calculate the approximate composition of the mixture. THURSDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The medicine M is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription: Pilula Plumbi cum Opio, gr. 3. Mitte tales xx. Analyse the medicine and report as to the correctness of the dispensing. FRIDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the specimen of milk A for colouring matter. 2.From a microscopical examination only report as far as you 3. The lemonade E is supposed to contain an irritant poisonous can on the specimens B, C, and D. substance. Examine with a view to the detection of the poison (con- tained oxalic acid). 301 SATURDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Examine microscopically and report upon the powder B. 2. Examine the deposit from the sample of urine C. Draw and describe its cons ti tuen ts. The candidates were examined orally in general Therapeutics and Pharmacology. Special Examination in Oils and Fats, MONDAY, 5th OCTOBER, 1925: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of the process of catalytic hydrogenation as applied in the oil industries. Discuss the influence of physical con-ditions upon the main reaction.2. Give a general description of the methods used for obtaining the following analytical data and explain the significance of the figures so obtained :-(a) Acid value of a fat. (b) Amount of unsaponifiable matter in a, fatty oil. (c) Insoluble-bromide value of the fatty acids in an oil. (d) The viscosity of an oil. 3. How would you proceed to determine the quantity of resin oil in a mixture of mineral and resin oils ? 4. Describe the construction of (a) the polarimeter, (b) the Abbe refractometer. Indicate their uses in the examination of oils and fats. 5. Write a short essay on the origins and functions of essential oils in planti tissues. MONDAY, 5th OCTOBER 1925: 2 to 5 p.m.1. Describe the technical methods of fat-splitting used in the modern soap industries. 2. How would you prodeed to investigate the characteristic properties of a drying oil? Give a brief description of the experimental details. 3. Give an account of the uses of aluminium chloride in the practice of modern petroleum refinery. 4. "The saponification value of a naturally-occurring essential oil is not strictly a measure of the ester-content." Explain this statement, and indicate the purely chemical reasons for it. 5. Describe in detail the Reichsrt-Meissl-Polenske-Kirschner process for the analysis of fats. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 6th to 9th OCTOBER 1925. 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. Analyse and report upon the sample of soap A.Determine the iodine value of the liquid fatty acids. 2. Analyse and report upon the sample of motor lubricating 3. From the mixture C separate the mixed fatty acids and deter- grease B. (calcuim soap, mineral oil, and water.) mine (a) the iodine value (Wijs), (b) the acetyl value, (c) the refractive index, (d) the mean molecular weight. 302 Obituary. YOUNGBUCHANANJOHN died in London, on 16th October, at tho age of 81 years. He was the son of John Buchanan of Dowanhill, and was educated at the Glasgow High School. He subseqJently pursuad his scientific studies at the Universities of Glasgow, Marburg, Leipzig and Bonn, and at the &cole de MBdecine, Park. F:om 1873 to 1576 he acted as chemist and physicist with the “Challenger ’ Expedition, his investi- gations on the specific gravity of ocean water at various depths and on the nature of deep sea deposits being incorporated in the report of the scientific results of the expedition which was published in 1884.He was for some time Lecturer in Geography in the University of Cambridge, where he received the degree of M.A. For many ysars he pursued chemical research and mineralogy in Edinburgh and London, his more important papers being published by the Cambridge University Press under the title of Comptes Rsndus : Observation and Reasoning.” ‘I He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1887, was awarded the Keith Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, and the Croix du Commandeur de 1’Ordre de St.Charles de Monaco. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. WILLIAM HENRY DEERING died on 5th September, at Torquay,at the age of 76 years. Born at Gravesend, he was educated at the City of London School, and then entered the College of Chemistry in 1864 as a student under Hofmann. In 1867, he joined the staff of the Chemical Department of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, where he remained for 42 years, eventually, in 1905, occupying the position of chemist to the War Department, which he held until his retirement in 1909, being appointed a Companion of the Imperial Service Order in 1906. Under Sir Frederick Abel, he worked on service explosives and was responsible for many improvements in matters relating to service explosives and stores, being associated with work on the Abel Heat Test for explosives and also with Petroleum flash testing apparatus. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880.CHARLESEDWARD who died in a London Hospital on 23rd FRANCK, July, at the age of 55 years, was educated at the Philological School and at University College, London. He was for six years assistant to Mr. Cecil H. Cribb, and then turned his attention to brewing. In 1897 he was chemist and under-brewer to Messrs. Trouncer & Co., at the Old Brewery, Shrews- bury, and a few years later obtained an appointment at the Shropshire Maltings at Ditherington. He passed the Final Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in Biological Chemistry in October, 1901.CHARLESWILLIAMHAROLD died at Whitby, through drown- HOWSON ing,on 4th August, in his 35th year. He was educated at Bishop Vesey’s Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield, and at Birmingham University, where he graduated in science in 1915. He was then engaged, under Prof. Percy Frankland, on work for the Ministry of Munitions, until early in 1916, after which he served with the R.N.A.S. and R.N.V.R., at the Experimental Stat,ion at Stratford, until in 1918, when he was attached as 303 a Sub-Lieutenant to the Tank Corps in France. In April, 1919, he joined the research staff of Messrs. Lever Bros. at Port Sunlight, and then obtained an appointment with the Dunlop Rubber Co.under Dr. Twiss, with whom he carried out important investigations on vulcanisation catalysts, on the viscosity of rubber solutions, and on problems connected with the utilisation of rubber latex. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. CHARLES LEONARDMACDONALDdied at Paisley from the effects of war service, in his 33rd year. He was educated at St. Aloysius College, Glasgow, became a pupil apprentice and later an assistant in 1909 in the laboratory of Messrs. Wallace & Clark, of Glasgow,and attended courses at the Paisley Technical College, and the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, until 1914. Immediately on the outbreak of war he enlisted in the “Queen’s Own” Royal Glasgow Yeomanry, with whom he served in Gallipoli, Egypt and Palestine.In 1918 he transferred to the Royal Air Force, served in Egypt and, on being de- mobilised, with a commission, in 1919, returned to his studies at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, but owing to ill-health he was not able to resume practice. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. WILLIAMJOSIAHP-LMERdied at Eltham, Kent, on 8th September, in his 48th year. Educated at Garnethill High School, Glmgow, he studied chemistry at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, and in the laboratories of Messrs. Tatlock & Thomson, with whom he was first as pupil and later as assistant for a period of five years. Turning his attention specially to the chemistry of paints, colours and varnishes, he held appointments in turn with Messrs.Shand Rros., The United Turkey Red Co., Messrs. W. H. Holmes & Sons, Mesws. Pinchin, Johnson & Co., Ltd., and finally with Messrs. Burrell & Co., Ltd., with whom at the time of his death he had been a director for about seven years. He was a vice-president of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, to whose Journal he contributed several valuable papers, and was a representative of the National Federation of Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers, on a panel of the British Engineering Standards Association. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. CHARLESETTYPOTTERdied at the Manchester Royal Infirmary on 13th September, in his 46th year. Educated at the N.E. CountySchool, Barnard Castle, and Yorkshire College-now the University- Leeds, he graduated B.Sc. (Vict.), in 1900, and pursued a post-graduate course in Applied Chemistry with special reference to Leather Industries.In the following year he joined the research staff of Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and while so engaged published jointly with Dr. H. A. D. Jowett several papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society and in the Pharmaceutical Journal. Later, he occupied a position as chemist at their Dartford works. He was head of the chemical department of Batley Technical College from 1907 until 1917, when he obtained an appointment as a research chemist with Messrs. Levinstein, Ltd., at Blackley, Manchester, and after the amalgamation of that Company with British Dyes, Ltd., he continued in the same appointment until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918, and was for some time a member of the Committee of the Manchester Section. At his funeral the Institute was represented by the Chairman and Secretary of the Section. 304 Scientific and Industrial Research. The Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for the year 1924-25,recently published by H.M. Stationery Office,* states that the estimated expenditure for the programme of research and for administrative services during 1925-26 amounts to E380,263-an increase of fl50,ooo over that for the year under review. The larger provision is attributed to the closer contact that the Department is to have with important and urgent questions of Government policy, resulting from the efforts made by successive administrations towards the better co-ordination of scientific work done for the State.The Report of the Advisory Council is included, as usual, in the publication together with the customary Appendices supplying information as to the personnel of the Department, statistics with regard to grants made, and lists of researches published and of departmental publications; there is also a report on developments in the organisation of research in other parts of the Empire and in India. The Committee of the Privy Council, after the comment that “lack of scientific leadership in many of our industries may very easily hamper and delay recovery’’ of the position of our staple industries, quotes from a speech of the Prime Minister :-“No one will assert that British industry can be saved by science alone, but it is none the less true that until scientific methods and scientific men can take their place in industry and an equal place with the administrator and the financier, British trade will never be strong enough or resilient enough to meet the shocks that it is bound to meet as the years go by, or to meet the sudden and unexpected changes which will always arise in international trade.’’ This, at least, is more encouraging than some of the utterances of representatives of the previous Ministry regarding the place of science in the affairs of the country, and on it the Committee makes the following comments : lr The application of science to industry, if new things-rather than improvements in old “Cmd.2491 : 3s. net. 305 things-are to be achieved, is a long business at the best-and expensive both in money and brains.” . . . “The cost of the Fuel Research Station up to the present has been over fl400,000 in capital and maintenance. Yet though the production of smokeless fuel, fuel oil, light spirit, lubricants and gas cannot yet be shown to be commercially possible by low temperature treatment of coal, results have been obtained in other directions, that have brought profit and savings to industry and the nation exceeding the total expenditure on fuel research by the Govern- ment.” .. . “It is obvious . . . that science alone cannot save industry from its present troubles . . , But it can help by making many smaller and quicker improvements in existing practice, and above all by giving industry that ‘resilience ’ of which the Prime Minister spoke, and the courage which comes of knowledge.” The Department has continued to seek the co-operation of industries in the work undertaken in its research establishments, and to assist industries to build up co-operative research associations where this form of organisation is suitable. The Advisory Council is studying the activities of the Department with the object of assisting the industrial recovery of the country. Research A ssociatiom-The Glass Research Association and the British Portland Cement Research Association have decided to conclude their operations. The research work on the viscosity of glass at high temperatures, and the X-ray and electrical investigations on the constitution of glass, will be continued at the National Physical Laboratory, whilst a temporary grant has been made to the Glass Delegacy of the University of Sheffield to enable its Department of Glass Technology to continue laboratory scale researches, similar to those which have been carried on there for the Research Association. In view of these provisions, and bearing in mind the work upon optical glasses conducted by the British Scientific Instrument Research Association, as well as the present quality of British made scientific glassware, further provision for glass research is regarded as unnecessary, although the position is to be reviewed shortly.The Glass Research Association submitted to the Department a proposal to dispose of its surplus funds, by vesting them in trustees, the interest being expended upon the preparation and periodical publication of critical surveys of current research bearing on glass and its manufacture, It is intended that 306 these surveys shall not merely review the progress of research but also indicate the direction in which technical advances appear possible. Any remaining balance of the interest will be used for grants for promoting glass research. A research association has been formed by the colliery owners to which no grant is being contributed by the Government.Proposals are also on foot for the establishment of a Food Research Association which, if formed, will probably receive aid. The position of each grant-aided research association is considered towards the close of the first grant period by a specially appointed Ccmmit tee which includes independent scientific experts. Further aid to the amount of approximately jG~z,oooper annum is to be given to the Linen Industry Research Association, and approximately jG6,ooo per annum to the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Confectionery and Jam Trades. The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association is, in the opinion of the reviewing committee, overtaking the work that lies before it in a praiseworthy manner, and the results should prove profitably to this industry and to the engineering industries generally.The Association is, therefore, to receive substantial aid. The Research Association of British Rubber and Tyre Manufacturers has, in the opinion of the committee appointed to review its operations, made useful advances in the solution 3f problems of direct practical importance, and, if given an opportunity of continuing its efforts, should prove indispensable to the industry. An offer of further aid has been made to the Association based on an effective expenditure of the order of fT8,ooo per annum. The British Leather Manufacturers Research Association has been successful in the investigation of fundamental problems of the industry and has obtained results which are likely to have a significant effect on the technical practice of the leather industry.The Association is aiming at the continuance of its work, with the aid of grants from the Department, on a scale of expenditure of about fT6,ooo per annum. The report of the independent experts on the operations of the Scottish Shale Oil Scientific and Industrial Research Association indicate that they have been on too limited a scale, 307 though useful work has been accomplished. The views of the scientific members of the inspecting committee are now being considered by the Association. The research association representing the laundry industry is dealing with the position in a way well calculated to secure a wide measure of support from the industry.An offer of further grant has been made to the Association based on an effective expenditure of fj6,500 per annum. The British Refractories Research Association has been suc- cessful in its scientific work, but is not yet receiving the financial support of the user industries to any substantial extent, nor does the refractory industry itself appear at present to be in a position to contribute effectively towards its support. Endeavours are being made to secure wider interest in the work of the Association with a view to placing it on a sound financial basis. Grants are to be continued for another year subject to certain modifications on the original conditions.Results of considerable significance to the cutlery industry have already been obtained by the Cutlery Research Association but their further development requires greater financial resources than have hitherto been available. Fzd Research-In June, 1924, the Secretary for Mines urged the desirability of a more rapid expansion of the work of fuel research, for which additional financial provision was made in the Estimate for the current financial year. The growing depression in the coal trade, the constantly increasing substitution of fuel oil for coal, the use of Diesel or semi-Diesel engines in the Mercantile Marine, the growing appreciatim of the enormous losses-in the repair of buildings, in expenditure on artificial lighting, from delays in traffic and in the health and efficiency of urban communities-due to a smoke laden atmosphere, have all contributed to produce a strong public opinion in favour of the substitution of smokeless fuels for raw coal wherever this may prove possible.The national interests involved make it most desirable that all the facts, not only of the experiments of+ the Fuel Research Station, but so far as possible the results of private endeavours, should be made available and compared in a manner which will help to create an enlightened public judgment, and to guide private investigators along the most promising lines of advance. Accordingly, the Advisory Council has obtained 308 powers for the Department to test without charge any promising full scale plant which its owners place at the disposal of the Fuel Research staff for the purpose and to publish the results. The Department confines its attention to the technical per- formance of the plant tested without regard to its commercial possibilities.A report of the Fuel Research Board for the period ended 31st December, 1924, will shortly be published, together with that of the Director of Fuel Research. Progress has been made with the question of methods for the commercial sampling of coal, and the assistance of the Department has been sought in con- nection with difficulties that have arisen between the coal exporters and foreign buyers? A report will also shortly be published on a method of enriching the gas produced in continuous vertical gas retorts when high percentages of steam are used, by the injection of gas oil into the retort during carbonisation. Studies of the phenomena connected with the working of the retort are being continued.A battery of full-size horizontal gas retorts is being erected at the Fuel Research Station, with a view to obtaining information as to their working and to testing the behaviour of coal in this class of retort. Experiments in low temperature carbonisation are proceeding and the study of low temperature tar is in hand. Four tests of low temperature carbonisation plant have been carried out during the year under the scheme published in August 1924. A report on one of these-conducted on Parker low temperature retorts at Barugh, Barnsley-has been published, and another on the plant of the Midland Coal Products, Ltd., at Netherfield, Nottingham, is in the press.The Department is making arrangements at the Fuel Research Station for the study of the problem of obtaining liquid fuel and other oils from coal under high pressures at moderate temperatures, while the basic problems of high pressure work are included in the programme of the new chemical laboratory at Teddington. In last year’s report reference was made to a process for converting the pentosans of cellulosic materials into fermentable sugars which was found to work satisfactorily in a small semi- technical scale plant ; but it necessitated acid hydrolysis under pressure in vessels constructed of acid-resisting material, which, however, could not be obtained of suitable size.In these cir- cumstances, a modified hydrolysis process was investigated 309 with the use of wooden tanks under atmospheric pressure. The results so far obtained have been satisfactory and are being confirmed on a large scale. At the same time, work is being continued with the object of increasing the proportion of acetone to ethyl alcohol in the mixture. Investigations are being continued on the problem of the direct fermentation of cellulose. The question of using cassava, sweet potatoes and yams, and of waste molasses, in the production of alcohol is under investigation by the Federal Government of Australia.The Third Memoradum on Fuel for Motor Transport, issued by the Fuel Research Board in January 1925,deals with the possibilities of using beets, mangolds and Jerusalem artichokes as raw material for the production of power alcohol. It appears unlikely that any of these materials could be grown and con- verted into alcohol at a cost which would enable the alcohol to be used as an alternative to petrol at its present price. Of the three materials, the Jerusalem artichoke is probably the most suitable, in view of the fact that by suitable treatment of the stalks, a pure resistant cellulose can be obtained, which would be useful for certain purposes. Several acres of these artichokes are being grown in order that the proposition may be tested on a large scale.Laboratory work is being carried out on the production and use of metallurgical coke, and information is being collected on questions of furnace design and practice. Forest Products Research.-Bulletins are being prepared, summarising existing information on the structure of wood, decay of timber, air-seasoning, kiln-drying, and preservation. Research is in progress into the cause of brittleness in timber, with special reference to aircraft spruce, and interesting results have already been obtained. The result of an expert enquiry on the question of wood preservation indicates that there is room for improvement in methods of creosoting. The Dkector is in consultation with the British Engineering Standards Asso-ciation with the object of formulating tentative standards of treatment, and it has been decided to set up an experimental plant to prove or improve their efficiency.The proposals for this work also embrace research into preservatives other than creosote, The work of the cheniistry of timbers has produced results now in process of development, which bid fair to realize at least one important industrial result. 310 Bailding Research.-Work has been in progress on the setting and hardening of Portland (and other) cements. Apparatus has been designed which it is believed will enable measurements to be made of the volume changes in cement from the time of mixing. Considerable work has been done on high aluminous cements, especially with regard to the lime-ferric oxide-alumina ternary system. Non-corrosive oxychloride flooring mixes have also received further attention. Corrosive tendencies towards metals, other than iron and steel, have been examined, and preliminary tests on the electrical conductivity of these compositions have been made.Prof. J. W. McRsin has been engaged on an investigation into the fundamental con-stitution of those building materials which show changes in volume due to moisture changes. Progress has been made, but the work is not yet in a sufficiently advanced stage to make a definite report possible. The methods adopted in the work on stone preservation have been by microscopic and chemical examination. A special technique has been developed and applied to the investigation of decay in various limestones. Dr.S. G. Paine is enquiring into the possible effects of bidogical action upon the life of stonework. The Stone Preservation Committee has decided during the year to put in hand tests of representative types of stone preservatives. For this purpose a system of piers of various kinds of building stone has been erected on a building in West- minster, to which the types of preservative will be applied, and it is proposed to expose these piers and to arrange for them to be periodically examined. A bulletin on the subject of Jointless (Magnesium Oxychloride) Floors is to be published shortly. Departmental Publications.-The Committee of the Privy Council makes some interesting remarks on the subject of publications.If an investigation is limited in scope but of general interest to the members of an industry, its results are communicated to the trade press; but when a research is tech- nical in nature, the results are embodied, in the first instance, in a paper contributed to a scientific society; while accounts of wmpleted investigations are issued through H.M. Stationery Office. In scientific work, where the results are derived from experiment and the theories advanced are empirical and subject to revision in the light of later work or of advances in other fields, a certain freedom of treatment is essential. Where the findings relate to, and perhaps reflect on, the practice of particular industries or even of individual firms, statements of opinion must be carefully framed and every word must be judiciously weighed.Great importance is attached, therefore, to the careful modelling of reports and the presentation of the matter in clear and logical order. This requires the continuous attention of the scientific staff who are responsible for the carrying out of the research work; otherwise considerable editing labours are entailed. The writing of popular accounts for wide dis- semination calls in addition for a special combination of qualities, in which a literary sense plays no small part. Patents.-The new applications for patents filed by the Department cover improvements relating to sound absorbing plasters, to means for determining impurities in gases, and to retorts.The Department has agreed to grant a licence in connection with the patents for protecting aluminium against corrosion. Special I.lzvestigations.-The Advisory Council has given careful consideration to the conditions under which the Depart- ment should undertake special investigations for individual firms, with a view to the adoption of a uniform procedure in all the research divisions of the Department, and to the encourage- ment of this form of assistance to industry. The Department is prepared to consider any suggestions for the conduct of research at any of its stations, provided the results are likely to be of general scientific or industrial interest. While the work which is done in these laboratories is undertaken primarily because it is of importance for Government purposes, or otherwise necessary in the national interest, it is the intention of the Department that these research establishments should be of the fullest use to industrial firms or groups of firms finding themselves confronted by scientific problems. The Department is accordingly prepared to arrange for research to be undertaken in its own laboratories on behalf of industries on the same terns as it offers to research associations.The Department does not confine its help to bodies re-presenting an industry as a whole, or even to groups of firms in an industry: it seeks to promote co-operative action within 312 an industry for the purpose of research; and it is willing to carry out on suitable terms special investigations of scientific or industrial interest for any outside body or person.Most of the experience gained by the Department in this field is the result of the twenty-five years’ work of the National Physical Laboratory. The problem as it affected that institution was the subject of a report by a representative committee appointed by the Treasury in 1906. With the conclusions of that report the Advisory Council found itself in agreement; it remained for the Council to extend and develop them as might be necessary in the light of further experience, and to apply them to research institutions maintained by Government The Advisory Council recommended that, as a rule, special in- vestigations for outside bodies and persons should only be under- taken when the results were likely to be of general interest, or when facilities for the work did not exist elsewhere, and that the results should be held available for the confidential information of Govern- ment.Normally, the Department reserves the right to publish the results of investigations entrusted to it, either wholly ,or in part, after consultation with the initiating body or person, although in special cases investigations may be undertaken on conditions which withhold or defer the publication of the results and their communication for the confidential information of Government. When such investigations are undertaken, the Department will hold itself free to carry out similar investiga- tions for other bodies on similar terms.The charges for con- fidential investigations will cover the full economic cost of the work, including an item for rent and interest on past capital outlays, but when the results are held available for publication a lower charge may be made. Food Im.mtigation.-The Low Temperature Research Station at Cambridge is occupied with investigations on fruit, vegetables, farm produce and meat. A series of special reports on the bacteriology of canned foods has been published. Chemical substances suitable for refrigerants have been investigated at the Oxford Engineering School; at the National Physical Laboratory, the laws governing the flow of heat through walls has been examined, the heat conductivity of various substances measured, and attention has been paid to the design of instru- ments for measuring and recording the humidity, temperature and gas content of cold stores. 313 Work on the higher unsaturated fatty acids, on the chemistry of glycogen, and the formation of fat by yeast has been continued.Departmental Chemical Laboratory.-Professor Gilbert T. Morgan has been appointed Superintendent of the new Chemical Laboratory at Teddington, which is approaching completion. Most of the work now being conducted at other establishments for the Chemistry Research Board will be transferred to this Labordtory as soon as possible. Adhesives Research.-The Advisory Council has considered the future of the work on the utilisation of the by-products of the fishing industry, with the object of obtaining high-grade odourless gelatin from fish offal.It has been successful from the technical point of view, and the product has been manu- factnred on a large scale, but at present it does not seem clear that it can be made at a cost to compete with other high-grade glues. The Department received an offer during the year from a prominent firm to subscribe towards the cost of the work of the Adhesives Research Committee, on the understanding that the firm should be kept informed of the progress made and the results obtained. This offer has been accepted in the hope that it will lead to closer co-operation with the industry, and a quicker application of the results to industrial problems.The arrange- ment, however, presents certain administrative difficulties and is regarded for the present as an experiment. British Museum.-At the British Museum Laboratory, Dr. Alexander Scott and his assistants are accumulating ex-perience in the effective and safe methods of preserving and restoring antiquities, of all kinds, without endangering their artistic or archaeological value. The major part of Dr. Scott’s investigations arises in con-nection with the objects in the British Museum itself. Under the procedure now adopted, newly-acquired objects are examined and, if necessary, treated prior to their exhibition in the Museum. Dr. Scott still continues to give advice upon the preservation of the many articles recovered from the tomb of King Tutankhamen.Grants to Individual Workers.-For the academic year 1924-25,the Advisory Council expected to spend fT35,ooo on grants to individual research workers and students-in-training ; 314 for the academic year 1925-26 the sum of ~40,000has been pro- vided for this purpose. The number of grants in respect of chemistry is almost as many as those in all of the other subjects collectively, but has fallen from 145,in 1922-23,to 93, in 1924-25. PubZicatiorts.-On the application made by scientific societies for grants to meet the increased cost of scientific publications due to the general increase in the cost of printing, paper, etc., the Advisory Council in particular cases, has arranged for publications to be issued by H.M.Stationery Office. The Council adds that the question of affording temporary assistance to scientific societies was perhaps a different one and, although it could not be provided from funds intended for research work, the Council would welcome common action by the scientific societies in the formulation of a policy for dealing with the present difficulties. In the meantime, the Treasury, after consultation with the Royal Society, has agreed to make provision in the Estimates for 1925-26, for an increase of E1,500 in the grant to the Royal Society towards the cost of publication of scientific papers. National Physical Laboratory .-The summary of the work of the research organisations of the Department mentions the chief lines of investigation at the National Physical Laboratory. Research has been initiated in the Metallurgy Department on the properties of ferrous alloys free from carbon and on methods of spectrographic analysis of metals and alloys.In the determination of the physical constants of metals and alloys at high temperatures it is hoped to measure specific and latent heats up to about ~,ooo"C. An interesting outcome of the work on the production of pure metals has been the devising of a method of making a type of magnesia crucible which will withstand the action of iron oxide. Progress bas been made on the investigation of the heat generated by plastic strain in metals, on the solubility of gases in metals, and on optical glass. Much attention has been given to the conditions for the production of sound castings of "Y" and other aluminium alloys.New methods of heat treatment have been investigated and the properties of aluminium-silicon alloys at normal and elevated temperatures are being examined, while the study of alloys of magnesium with aluminium and other metals has again been taken up. A paper presented to the Iron and Steel 315 Institute in September contained an account of some of the results of the researches on iron alloys. In the case of the work on the iron-oxygen system a special method was developed for producing suitable pots which were not attacked by the alloy. The testing of viscometers and flashpoint apparatus has now been undertaken at the request of the Institute of Petroleum Technologists under regulations made with the approval of the Laboratory.The Institute of Physics has now assunied entire responsibility for editing the Journal of Scienti$c Instruments, which was under- taken, for the first year, at the Laboratory. Under the Chemistry Co-ordinating Research Board, the work which has been carried out at Holton Heath, on the production of formaldehyde by the partial oxidation of hydro- carbons, has led definitely to the conclusion that there is little hope that a process can be developed which can compete com- mercially with other known processes. The research for alternative disinfectants for wool, as cheap as formaldehyde, has so far been unsuccessful.Large scale experiments on the preparation of carbon tetrachloride have indicated a method for the production of this substance. The plant used in these experiments has been converted during the course of the year in order to study the formation of methyl chloride, and plans for an experimental plant for the hydrolysis of methyl chloride have been considered. An account of the whole of the work on the chlorination of methane is being prepared for publication. Investigations into the fundament a1 problems involved in the corrosion of metals have continued steadily throughout the year and have been mainly concentrated on the quantitative measurement of corrosion by an oxygen consumption method. The Department has renewed its contribution towards the cost of the investigations on liquid oxygen containers by the Air Ministry.The subject of the production of synthetic resins in this country has been under consideration with particular reference to the use of these materials as dielectrics. Preliminary in- vestigations have been put in hand, and when the new Chemical Laboratory is ready, it is hoped to arrange for an extended re- search in collaboration with the National Physical Laboratory. In view of the extended uses of high pressures in the chemical 316 industry and of the important nature of the products obtained by these processes, the Board has decided to initiate at the Chemical Laboratory extended investigations on chemical reactions at high pressures.The Board has also considered the advisability of initiating experiments on methods for the production of glycerine and has been in touch with industrial firms interested in the subject. The United Alkali Company has kindly given the Govern- ment full working details of its plant for the oxidation of ammonia, which the Board had an opportunity of inspecting during the year. Reports have been received by the Board upon the investi- gation of fish oils undertaken by Professor He;lbron; a hydro- carbon has been isolated and its constitution is being examined. Arrangements have been made for the publication nf a report on the methods of protecting machinery from rust when stored for long periods. The work on the copper-cadmium system has been completed and researches upon alloys of zinc and cadmium are nearing completion.Further work has been on the mechanical proper- ties of pure cadmium, and the effect of cadmium on brass is being studied. The work on beryllium has been mainly directed to the pro- duction of the metal in a high state of purity. A considerable amount of beryllium metal has been prepared and its properties and behaviour are being studied. An investigation of the alloys of aluminium and beryllium is in progress. Under the Physics Co-ordinating Research Board, arrange-ments have been made for a research into the general nature of phosphorescence to be undertaken by the British Scienti fic Instrument Research Association. The stability of phos-phorescent sulphide has been examined and also the production of phosphorescent zinc silicate and the preparation of other materials which may be superior to it.This preliminary work has indicated the need for fuller investigation into the reasons why different zinc compounds, or various forms of one and the same compound, show marked differences in the sensitiveness to different regions of the ultra-violet spectrum and also differences in the time taken in showing full response to the exciting oscillations to which they are exposed. The range of temperature over which bodies can exhibit phosphorescence 317 and the effect of temperature on the phenomenon of latent phosphorescence are also being studied. Investigation on these lines may possibly suggest explanations of certain changes which occur under the influence of light which are not generally considered to be of the nature of phosphorescence.The first report of the Fabrics Co-ordinating Research Com-mittee will shortly be published, describing the general work of the Committee, with appendices dealing with the deterioration of fabrics by micro-organisms, the deterioration of fishing nets, the action of light on fabrics, the mechanical testing of fabrics, and the fireproofing of fabrics. The problem of evolving an efficient and safe fireproofing agent is still receiving attention. The Second Report of the Adhesives Research Committee is in the press. It has not been found possible to prepare a gelatin which can be regarded as a chemical entity.The production of highly purified gelatin, however, has been ac-complished by flocculation in an electric field and the properties of the product are being examined. A method for the quantitative determination of the amin9-acid residues in proteins is being developed by Professor Schryver and is likely to prove a valuable adjunct in the study of the purified gelatin and its degradation products. Seven papers dealing with this aspect of the work have been published by Professor Schryver and his collaborators. Investigations on the production of glue and gelatin from fish residues and various origins have been continued, with the co-operation of manufacturers, and have yielded important information on the relative suitability, for the production of high-grade glues, of the various kinds of raw materials available.Progress has been made in the investigations carried out under the immediate direction of Professor J. W. McBain with the object of arriving at a definite conception of the nature of adhesion. The experimental data have a practical value in that they indicate the adhesives that are likely to be of use in particular cases. The results obtained in the work at the Royal Aircraft Establishment have led to the important general conclusion that the variations obtained in the strength of glued joints are for the most part due to irregularities in the glue film itself or in its adhesion. Under the direction of the Dental Investigation Committee work is proceeding on the silver-tin amalgams at the National 318 Physical Laboratory, while substitutes for materials now used in the preparation of dentures are being studied at the Chemistry Department of Guy’s Hospital Medical School.Tests of experimental light cylinders of alloy steel have been carried out at the National Physical Laboratory, and the Gas Cylinders Committee’s programme of experimental work in connection with light cylinders for special purposes has been completed. A report on the possibility of using an alloy steel for such cylinders will shortly be published. 319 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute.‘‘Chemical Plant, the Design and Arrangement of, in relation to its Economic Control.” G. Weyman. Pp. xi. + 140. (London: Ernest Benn Ltd.) 6s.. Plant systems ; design of units ; arrangement and interconnection of units; means of control. “Distillation, Principles and Practice of Industrial.” E. Hausbrand. Translated by E. Howard Tripp from the fourth new and enlarged German edition. Pp, xx. + 300. (London : Chapman and Hall Ltd.) 21s. Conditions for condensers and rectifying columns ; ethyl alcohol; methyl alcohol; acetone; acetic acid; formic acid and ammonia; nitrogen and oxygen; water and nitric acid. “Fungus World, The Romance of the.” R. T. Rolfe and F. W. Rolfe. Foreword by J. Ramsbottom. Pp. xx. + 310.85 illustrations, (London: Chapman 13r Hall Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Introduction; fungi in mythology and folk-lore; fungi in fiction; fungi in reality, their structure and characteristics, their modes of existence; damage caused by fungi and its effect on mankind; uses of fungi in medicine, in industry, and as foods; cultivated fungi and other fungus foods of commerce; the poisonous fungi; curious phenomena exhibited by fungi; study of the fungi as a hobby; further historical aspects; derivation of fungus names. ‘‘ Inorganic Chemistry, Elementry.” F. W. Hodges. Pp. viii. + 230. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. 6d. ‘‘Photosynthesis :The Assimilation of Carbon by Green Plants.” W. Stiles. Pp, vii + 268. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s.The assimilatory pigments ; demonstration and measurement of photosynthesis; the influence of external and internal conditions thereon; products, utilisation of energy and mechanism ; relation of photosynthesis to other plant activities; bibliography. ‘‘Power Plant, The Chemistry of .” W. M. Miles. Pp. xi. +144. (London: Ernest Benn Ltd.) 6s. Coal : analysis, combustion and valuation ; water: properties and analysis ; refractories : transformers and switch insulating oils. 320 “Soils and Manures, The Science of.” J. Alan Murray. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Pp. xiv. + 298, (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Origin of soils; physical properties, chemistry and biology;fertility; manures. Volumetric Analysis,” with a chapter on Simple Gravinietric Determinations, A.J. Berry, 3rd edition. Pp. 151. (Cambridge: Syndics of the Cambridge University Press.) 9s. 321 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 16th October, 1925, 2 new Fellows were elected, 9 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 75 new Associates were elected, and 20 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 3 Fellows and 5 Associates by death. New Fellows. Briggs, Richard Victor, S/B, La11 Bazar Street, Calcutta, India. Dickinson, Francis, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Chemical Research Division, Queen’s University, Belfast. Associate elected to the Fellowship (by examination). Illing, Edward Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Andrews House, HoupellStreet, Lambeth, London, S.E.1.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Cook, James Wilfred, Ph.D., M.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Snowbury Road, Fulham, London, S.W.6. Dancaster, Ernest Augustus, M.Sc. (Lond.), 104, Queens Road, Wimbledon, London, S.TV.19. Drew, Harry Dugald Keith, Ph.D. (Birm.), M.Sc. (Lond.), 83, Greenfield Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Keyworth, Charles Maurice, M.Sc. (Leeds), Central Laboratory, The Calico Printers’ Association, Ltd., Rhodes, nr. Manchester. Laughton, Francis Eugene, Foyers, Inverness-shire. Matthews, Frank, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Hurlingham Court Mansions, London, S.W.6. Robertson, John Braithwaite, Ph.D., M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), University of the Witwatersrand, Box 1176, Johannesburg, S. Africa. Wood, Frederick Charles, M.Sc.(Lond.), Research Department, 56, Oxford Street, Manchester. New Associates. Ackroyd, Percy, B.Sc. (Leeds), 91, New Cross Street, West Bowling,Bradford. Anderson, M’illiam, B.Sc. (Edin.), 2, Cambusnothan Street, Edinburgh. Arthur, Edmund James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Worthington Koad, Surbiton, Surrey.Barraclough, Arthur, B.Sc. (I;ond.), 126, Sutherland Road, Derby. Bispham, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 227, Lordship Lane, E. Dulwich, London, S.E. Bond, George Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Aldermanbury, London, E.C.2. Brown, Conrad Bevan, B.Sc. (Wales), 2, East View Terrace, Barry, South Wales. 322 Brown, Maurice Allen Wilson, M.Sc. (Dun.), 13, Swindon Terrace, North Heaton, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Button, Donald Frank Harrington, A.R.C.S., 4, Curzon Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.lO. Cheshire, Arthur, Jr., B.Sc.(Liv.), 21, Cavendish Drive, Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. Claudet, Frederic Herbert Bontemps, B.A. (Cantab), 6 and 7, Coleman Street, London, E.C.2. Claydon, Robert Tansley, A.C.G.F.C., 116, Queens Road, Finsbury Park, London, N.4. Coles, Gordon Lemuel, A.R.C.S., 3, Berkeley Road, Crouch End, London, N.8. Connor, Robert Jordan, B.Sc. (Edin.), 53, McDonald Road, Edinburgh. Cook, William Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Works Chemist, The Excelsior Wire Rope Co., Ltd., Cardiff. Dyson, George Malcolm, Ph.D., H.Sc., (Lond.), B.A. (Oxon.), 36, Hills-borough Road, E. Dulwich, London, S.E.22. Featherston, Stanley James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 95, Heath Lane, Stourbridge, Worcs. Field, Miss Margaret Joyce, B.Sc.(Lond.), 61, Belgrave Road, London, S.W.1. Flint, Colin Falconer, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 41, Priory Road, Hornsey, London, N.8. Flood, Dona1 Thomas, M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 65, Grosvenor Road, Rathgar, Dublin. Forstner, George Eric, M.Sc. (Birm.), 15, Maple Road, Bournville, Birmingham. Gilyead, John Stanley Oldfield, M.Sc. (Leeds), 34, Chestnut Avenue, Headingly, Leeds. Glassett, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Tyneham Road, Lavender Hill, London, S.W.ll. Godsell, Miss Alice Tudor, B.Sc. (Birm.), The Yat, Lon Mefus, Sketty, Swanse a. Harries, Gwynne Hughes, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Manse, Crediton, Devon. Henderson, James, B.Sc. (Wales), C/O F. W. Harris, Esq., F.I.C., 20, Trongate, Glasgow, C. 1. Herzog, Carl Otto Oswald, B.Sc.(Lond), 14, Hoveden Road, London, N.W.2. Heyworth, James Crabtree, B.Sc. (Mane.), 10, Rose Bank, Rawtenstall, nr. Manchester. Inkster, John James, B.Sc. (Durham), 24, Reading Street, South Shields. Jacobs, Julian Michael Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, North Road, Devonshire Park. Birkenhead. Jewel], Percival Sydney, B.A. (Cantab.), 26, Syr David's Avenue, Canton, Cardiff. Jones, Arthur ButIer, B.Sc. (Liv.), 72, Aigburth Road, Liverpool. Joseph, Douglas Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Oxford Gardens, N. Kensington, London, W. 10. Kentish, James, Jr., B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Burnt Ash Road, London, S.E.12. Loudon, Miss Norah May, B.Sc. (Edin.), 52, Kenninghall Road, Clapton, London, E.5. Main, Victor Reginald, M.Sc. (Lond.), Oficina Santa F8, Chile.McIntyre, George Telford, B.Sc. (Edin.), 60, Ratcliffe Terrace, Edinburgh. McKell, Robert Pollock, B.Sc. (Glas.), 6, Crown Mansions, North Gardner Street, Glasgow, W.l. Meikle, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), 146, Hyndland Road, Glasgow, W.2. Merriman, Miss Doris Elizabeth, M.Sc. (Liv.), Hill Top, Saundersfoot, Pembro keshire. 323 Moore, Francis Harry, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Somerleyton Street, Nor-wich. Mukherji, K. C., M.Sc. (Calcutta), Officiating Industrial Chemist to Govern- ment, United Provinces, Cawnpore, India. Parkes, Edward Burdon, M.Sc. (Liv.), 18, Oxford Street, Liverpool. Paton, Frederic James, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Birm.), Holly Grove, St. Paul’s Road, Smethwick, Staffs. Pleass, Miss Winnifred Bertha, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Shandon Road, Clapham, London, S.W.4.Proven, Alexander, B.Sc. (Liv.), 36, Horringford Road, Aigburth, Liverpool Ritter, Harold William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 93, Culverley Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Roach, Arthur Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 65, Milton Road, Eastbourne. Rowden, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Wave Crest, Canadian Avenue, Gillingham, Kent. Sciver, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 84, Vineyard Hill, Wimbledon Park, London, S.W.19. Sharp, John Frederick, B.A. (Oxon.), 5, Cross Street, Ellesmere, Salop. Slatopolsky, Isaac, B.Sc. (Glas)., 166, Main Street, Glssgow C.5. Sloan, Miss Annie Marion Ross, B.Sc. (Lond.), Little Dalby, Malton Mowbray, Leics. Smith, Dudley Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 21, Comberton Road, Upper Clapton, London, E.5.Speirs, Richard William, B.Sc. (Glas.), 66, Arkleston Road, Paisley. Stent, Howard Braithwaite, B.Sc. (Manc.), Ash Lodge, Stmtford, Mancheater. Stevenson, Harold William, B.Sc. (Lond.). A.R.C.S.. 64, Market Place, Chippenham, Wilts. Utting, Miss Ruth Mary, B.8c. (Lond.), 422, Camden Road, London, N.7. Van der Poel, Coenraad Stephen, l3.S~. (Cape), Union Glass, Ltd., Talana, Natal, S. Africa. Vankataraman, Krishnasami, M.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Manc.), The University, Manchester. Warren, George James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Ulverstone Road, West Norwood, London, S.E. 37. Webb, Miss Christine Elizabeth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Blenheim Road, St. Albans, Herts. Weir, Alan Boyes, B.A. (Cantab.), 41, Howard Road, Southampton. Whitley, Walter, B.A.(Oxon.), 27, Burton Street, London, W.C.l. New Associates (by examination). Ball, Francis Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, Wheeldon Avenue, Kedleston Road, Derby. Chater, Trevor Walter James, 2, Lifton Place, University Road, Leeds. Everett, John Garwood, 39, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. Hodgson, William Ronald Penrose, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Manse, Budleigh Salterton. Klein, Ralph Harry, 11, Park Place Villas, Maida Vale, London, W.2. Phillips, Montague Alexander, 185, Hazelbank Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Richards, Colbert Eric, 16, Dollis Hill Avenue, London, N.W.2. Richardson, Robert William, 8, Victoria Avenue, Kirkstall, Leeds. Selman, Raymond Frank William, 18, Spencer Road, Wealdstone, Middx.Vickers, Arthur Eric Jarvis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Lily Street, Wolstanton, Stoke -on-Trent. Williams, Albert Lester, Briar Dene, Moore Park Drive, Bradford. 324 New Students. Baker, Leslie Charles, Northern Hospital, Winchmore Hill, London, N.2 1. Bilton, Basil King, 6, Grove Park Terrace, Harrogate. Craggs, Harold Cleveland, Wynyard, Coatham Road, Redear, Yorks. Crawshaw, Norman, 16, King Street, Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. Fisher, Henry Thomas, Coniston, Oak Road, Healing, Lines. Frederick, Robert Charles, Royal Naval Medical School, Royal Naval College, Greenwich, London, S.E.10. Glass, Norman, 180, Strand Road, Rootle, Lancs. Goode, Frederic Howard, 19, Montague Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Goodspeed, Jonathan, 36, Vicarage Lane, East Ham, London, E.6.Harris, Charles, 80, Marroway Street, Ladywood, Birmingham. Johnson, Edward Harold, 210, Hard Lane, St. Helens, Lancs. Kelley, Stanley Thomas Demain, 2, Cromwell Terraco, Thornaby-on-Tees. Martin, Alexander Barbour, Mill House, West Kilbride, Ayrshire. Martin, Eric Charles, 45, Regent Square, London, W.C.1. Neale, Miss Dorothy Grace, 28, Forty Lane, Wembley, Middx. Pearlson, Paul, 14, Gipton Terrace, Roundhay Road, Leeds. Sard, Bernard Abel, Holmegarth, Jersey Road, Osterley, Middx. Senior, Leslie, 14, Nabcroft Lane, Crosland Moor, Huddersfield. Taffs, Basil, 7, Greasby Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Wilson, James, 6, Boness Road, Grangemouth. DEATHS. Fellows. John Young Buchanan, M.A. (Cantab.), F.R.S.William Henry Deering, 1.8.0. William Josiah Palmer. Associates. Charles Edward Franck. Charles William Harold Howson, B.Sc; (Birm.). Reginald Arthur Joyner, 1M.s~.(Bris.), Dr. Ing. (Rarlsruhe). Charles Leonard Macdonald. Charles Etty Potter, B.Sc. (Vict.). CHANGE OF NAMES. Clarice M. Dugdale, Associate, to Burns-on her marriage. Gladys M. Greenwood, Associate, to Weston-on her marriage. 325 General Notices. Me IdoIa Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1925 will be made in January, 1926. Examinations in 1 926.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1926 are as follows: Dates of Exams. Entries close.4th to 9th Jan., 1926. Monday, 16th Nov., 1925. OY 11th to 16th Jan., 1926. 19th to 24th April, 1926. Monday, 15th Feb., 1926. or 26th April to 1st May, 1926. 20th to 25th Sept., 1926. Monday, 19th July, 1926. or 27th Sept. to 2nd Oct., 1926. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September only. Notice to Associates.-Associates electedprior to October, 1922, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.326 Appointments Register,-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library,-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays : 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute’s set of the Berichte for the year 1924 and since. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Offici a1 C h em i caI A p poin t men ts, 5th Ed iti on .-Regis-tered Students may obtain copies of ‘‘Official Chemical Appoint- ments ” at a reduced price of 2s., on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z., to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms :-Buckram case, IS. 2d. ; binding, 2s. gd. ; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. History of the institute, 1887-191 4.-Any member who is not in possession of a copy of the History of the Institute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct, on application to the Registrar .Lantern SIid es for Lect u res.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. the collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists. 328 Sir George Beilby Memorial.-A Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry has issued an appeal for funds and particulars of a proposal for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby.With the concurrence of the Councils of the three bodies- of which Sir George was a past-president-an appeal has been issued for subscriptions towards a fund from which, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, substantial sums will be awarded to mark appreciation of a record of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby, e.g., applied chemistry, chemical engineering and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit.The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than &ooo-providing an income of about L250 a year for awards. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy and Mr. John Fry have consented to act as Honorary Treasurers. The Secretaries of the three co-operating bodies have been appointed Honorary Secretaries, with the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry, as convener. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council, nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday, 8th December 1925. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th March, 1921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:-(i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall.(iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wiganand Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. 329 London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucking- ham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, ineluding the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh.Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumf ries . Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thercto. Irish Free State, as dcfhed in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of hTew Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council :-11.(1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94, 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be morc than one Local Section in a District the Comrnittces of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election. (2) Any nomination made undcr these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute or or before the second Mondayin December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the ‘ undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a, candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” (3)Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XII. should be received not later than 31st August.330 111. (1)On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross aga.inst the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(h) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope, bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary at the ofice of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing tho balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, not Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened Specially for that purpose.(2) Th.e balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is m arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting on the Third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose. (4)The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nominations or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in tho District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. 331 If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there bo a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated, and the names of those who are eligible for re-election are marked.* The District Member of Council for (ii) retires in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and Midlands : Cyril Alexander Frederick Hastilow, * M.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Frank Southerden," R.Sc. Liverpool and Norkh-West Coast : Herbert John Evans," B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : Ernest Mostyn Hawkins.* Manchester and District : Samuel Ernest Melling,* North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Lewis Gordon Paul,* Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Leonard Dobbin," Ph.D.Glaagow and West of Scotland: John Henry Young, M.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouthshire: Clarence Arthur Seyler,* B.Sc. Northern Ireland : William Howieson Gibson, O.B.E., D.Sc. Irish Free State: T;CTilliam Robert Fearon," M.A., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Frankland Dent,* M.Sc., Ph.D. District Member of Council has as yet been elected for (xii) the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. British Chemistry Dinner (1 3th November, 1925).-Under the auspices of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Association of Petroleum Technologists, the Society of Public Analysts, the Bio-Chemical Society, the Oil and Colour Chemists Association, and the Chemical Industry Club, a UNITED DINNER will be held at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C., on Friday, the 13th November, 1925,at 6.45 p.m., for 7.15 p.m, The Dinner will be followed by music and dancing.Tickets, 15/-each, are obtainable from the Secretary, the Chemical Industry Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W. I. LOCAL SECTIONS Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Secretaries.BirminghamandMidlands: C. J. House, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 38, Edmund Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Bristol and South Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 170, NewbridgeCounties : Road, St. Anne’s Park, Rristol. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. C. F. Juritz, M.A., F.I.C., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland : Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West of Scot-Dr. W. M. Cumming, F.I,C., ltoyal Tech- land : nical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield : Percy Calam, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 4, Hill-side Avenue, Fartown, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : William Honneyman, B.Sc., F.I.C., 17, Cyprus Park, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr.R. lu. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The Univcrsity, Leeds. Liverpool and North- John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., c/o The Counties : Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W .C. 1. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 58, Burton Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C. J.H. Stock, B.Sc. ,F.I.C., CountyAnalyst’s North-East Coast : Office, Darlington, Co. Durham. South Wales: Cecil W. Wood, A.I.C., c/o The National Oil Refineries, Skewen, Glam. Malaya : Morris Jamiesofi, R.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., Government Analyst’s Department, Singapore, Straits Settlements. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London).Hon. SecretaPy: G. G. S. PULLEN,22 Kent House Road, Sydenham, S.E.26. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY BENEVOLENT FUND, Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-1 918. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,BENEVOLENT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.l.LONDON,

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9254900277

出版商:RSC    

年代:1925

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Commit tee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar iziid Sccretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, WC. 1.LONDON, December, 1925. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (President), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, LEWIS EYNON, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, 1. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). THOMAS MACARA, L. G, PAUL, B. 0. PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 335 Proceedings of the Council.NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1925. Professional Interests.-The impression that public institutions and associations, possessing chemical staffs and supported directly or indirectly by public funds, are inclined to encroach on the legitimate practice of professional chemists by undertaking analyses and tests at far less than the normal fees, appears to be confirmed by examples which come to the notice of the Institute from time to time. In many cases the fees have been reduced to amounts at which the private practitioner could not possibly undertake the work, and this is liable to create an erroneous idea of the value of the services rendered. It is felt, therefore, that where such work is justifiably undertaken for the public benefit, Fellows and Associates who are engaged in it, having regard to the interests of their professional brethren, should endeavour to make clear to those for whom it is carried out that the fees charged are only possible in a State-aided institution and represent barely, or even less than, the actual expense involved.On the other hand, it is hoped that such institutions will decline work which falls within the legitimate practice of private consultants, and that in the long run their activities will result in the further employment of chemists and the extended application of chemistry generally. Thus, bacterio- logical tests of milk are undertaken by agricultural colleges at the instance of the Ministry of Agriculture for fees of 3s. to 5s.per sample, and in some cases no charge is made to farmers for examinations of milk reported upon by bacteriologists in con- nection with their advisory functions. Those who are most intimately associated with the work feel that there is a demand for these tests and that it has been met by the officials who have in view “the object of clearing up the milk supply of the country”; that the institutions supported by the Ministry have to a large extent created the demand; and that unless some State assistance and encouragement is given to dairymen, it is not likely that they will be able to adopt the technique necessary lor the production 336 of grade “A” milk. When dairymen and vendors of certifird milk understand the value of bacteriological tests, it is hoped that practitioners who specialise in this kind of work will find a new field of activity open to them.British Dyestuffs Industry,-At the meeting of Council held in November, representation was received from several chemists, who appeared to fear that the withdrawal by the Government of its interests in the British Dyestuffs Corporation might have results prejudicial to the interests of British chemists. The Council felt that the proposal would not have been accepted without the most careful deliberation, but addressed a letter to the Board of Trade, transmitting copies of the Memorandum on the British Dyestuffs Industry published in March, 1924, wherein the views of the Council regarding the importance of the industry were set forth.In reply the Board invited the attention of the Council to the question put in the House of Commons on 23rd November, and the reply thereto by the President of the Board, as follows:--(Question). Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Frederick Hall : To ak the President of the Board of Trade whether the Governnicnt has surrendered its interest in the British Dyestuffs Corporation ; if so, upon what terms; and if he will state what steps will he taken to ensure that this country shall not in future find itself handicapped, as was the case during the great war, owing to its dependence upon foreign countries for the supply of aniline dyes. (Answw). Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister : His Majesty’s Govern- ment have indicated to the Directors of the British Dyestuffs Corporation their willingness to dispose of their shares in the Corporation for the sum of ~600,000,and to terminate their existing rights of veto and control on the conditions that the Corporation enters into an agreement that no more than 25 per cent.of its shares shall be held by foreigners, and that the Corporation will in all matters of technical information and research keep in touch with the Government in such manner as the President of the Board of Trade for the time being may direct. These arrangements, if approved by the shareholders, will give the Corporation the same freedom in the conduct of its undertaking as is enjoyed by the other dye-making companies in this country. The course taken is one which the Government believe, after full consideration, to be in the best interests not 337 merely of the particular company, but of the dye-making industry in this country as a whole.I may add, with regard to the last part of the question, that the Government have no intention of modifying the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act. Examinations.-The Council have received the report of the Board of Examiners on the Examination for the Fellowship in Physical Chemistry held in October, the papers and exercises for which were published in Part V. Two candidates presented themselves for the examination, and one passed, viz., Mr. Jasper Bartlett O'Sullivan, B.Sc., A.I.C. In the Pass List of the Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship, published in Part V., one of the successful candidates, Mr.Ralph Harry Klein, should have been shown as having been trained at the Chelsea Polytechnic as well as at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute. National Certificates in Chemistry (Northern 1 reland).-U'ith the concurrence of the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland), the Council has appointed Dr. C. Scott Garrett, Dr. John Hawthorne, and Dr. Gilbert T. Morgan, Examiners for National Certificates in Chemistry (Northern Ireland). York Conference.-The Council has had under considera- tion the resolutions affecting the Regulations moved by Mr. H. J. Evans at the Conference at York in July, viz.:- (I) That, after a certain date, no Associate be admitted to the (2) That, after a certain date, direct admission to the Fellow- Fellowship except by examination.ship be discontinued, except in the very rare cases of men of unquestionable eminence in the world of chemistry. (3) That the Regulations for the admission of Associates be revised to meet certain cases of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not fulfilled the present require- ments as to training, etc. With regard to (I) the Council has decided not to make any alteration in the present Regulations for the admission of Associates to the Fellowship. With regard to (2)the Council is of opinion that the Nomi-nations, Examinations and Institutions Committee always 338 endeavours to comply strictly with the spirit and letter of the Regulations in respect of direct admission to the Fellowship, to which the Council has reaffirmed its adherence.With regard to (3) the Council has requested the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee to consider the revision of the Regulations in the spirit of this resolution so far as is possible consistent with the provisions of the Charter. The resolution urging the Council to enter into collaboration with other societies interested in chemistry with a view to bringing these societies into closer fellowship and co-operation has also been considered. The Council holds that the Institute has substantially co-operated with the Chemical Society in the unification of chemical libraries ; with the Society of Public Analysts in matters affecting the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, and the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act ; and with other professional and technical institutions, in matters affecting patents, the treatment of professional civil servants, the protection of professional designations, and the rights and privileges of chartered bodies and their members.At the same time, Local Sections of the Institute have actively co-operated in all parts of the country with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of other allied societies. It is clear, therefore, that the Institute and its Council are ready to collaborate in any movement of the kind suggested.The Council feels, however, that the position of the Institute is such that it would not be desirable that the Council should take the definite lead in the matter unless it were invited to do so by the other bodies concerned. Appointments Register.-A Special Committee has had. under consideration means for extending the usefulness of the Appointments Register and otherwise increasing the influence of the Institute, with special regard to securing the fullcxst employment of trained and qualified chemists. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee has reported to the Council that the receipts for the present year on current account, excluding the balance at the commencement of the year, amount to L643 9s. 3d. compared with &o 11s.II~., while the expenditure for the same period has amounted to k338 11s. 5d., compared with L654 13s. IId. 339 A pamphlet relating to the Fund will be published at thc dose of the year, together with a list of contributors. In expressing their grateful thanks to those who contributed during the last year, the Committee hopes that the number of contributors to the Fund will show a further substantial increasc. during the year 1926. Fellows and Associates are reminded that the Committee has formulated a scheme, approved by the Council, for the granting of annuities to members of the Institute who are permanently incapacitated from practice. The first annuitant has been elected. Contributions, described as douta-:ions, will be applied to this annuity fund, while all other sub-scriptions will be applied to current grants and loans.Regent Street Polytechnic.-The Council has added the name of the Regent Street Polytechnic to the list of in- stitutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Examinations and Associateship of the Institute. Council Attendances.-A record of the attendances of Officers and Members of Council at meetings held during the present session is given on page 376. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.- In response to the appeal which has appeared in the Journal for some the past, Mr. John Wilson, A.I.C., has kindly lent volumes I and 11, 1924,and Nos. 1-7,1925,and has promised to lend further numbers as they are issued. Local Sections.Belfast.-On 24th November, Dr. Scott Robertson presided at the annual dinner of the Section, which was held at the Midland Hotel. Mr. A. P. Hoskins proposed the toast of “The Institute,” to which the Registrar replied, giving an account of the recent work of the Council. On the following day the Registrar called at the Ministry of Education to confer with Dr. Garrett on matters relating to the Examinations for the award of National Certificates in Northern Ireland; and at the Ministry for Home Affairs, where he was received by Dr. Dawson, with whom he discussed questions relating to public analysts, etc. In the evening, at Queen’s University, he gave his lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature ” before the members of the Section and their friends.Birmingham and Midlands.-At the annual general meeting of the Section, held at the Engineers’ Club, Waterloo Street, on 25th November, the accounts to the 31st October were received and the Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows:-Chairman, Prof. A. R. Ling; Vice-Chairman, Mr. F. H. Alcock; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. J. N. Friend; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. J. House; Committee, Messrs. S. A. Brazier, A. W. Knapp, H. T. Pinnock, A. S. Wood, Dr. W. Wardlaw, FeZZows; Messrs. W. B. Auk, J. R. Johnson, A. Lowc, C. E. Wood, Associates. The Section voted a further donation of ten guineas from its unofficial funds to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute.Bristol and South-Western.-The second meeting of the session was held jointly with the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on the 12th November in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol, Sir Ernest €3. Cook presiding. 341 A payer was given by Dr. Ernest Vanstone, of the Seale- Hayne Agricultural College, on “The Rdle of Phosphorus in Agriculture.” After pointing out the importance of agricultural problems to the country and their special interest to chemists, Dr. Vanstone dealt with the function of phosphorus in plant growth. The effect of phosphorus deficiency of soils in New Zealand and America and the great crop increases that followed the application of lime and phosphates showed that exhausted land could often be restored to fertility.The South African experiments in bone meal feeding, as a result of which large increases in the growth of cattle were obtained, were described. Treatment of soils in England with phosphates showed increased production of meat, milk and crops. The question of availability of the phosphates in soils and fertilisers was discussed; experi- ments were described which showed that the use of citric acid iii this connection was unsatisfactory, and that oxalic acid was to be preferred. A discussion followed, in which the Chairman, Prof. Francis, and Messrs. Lewis, Russell, Littlefield, Marsden, O’Brien, and others took part. Dr. Vanstone was cordially thanked for his paper, on the proposition of the Chairman.On 14th November a meeting was held at University College, Exeter, where Sir Ernest H. Cook presided over a numerous attendance, including a number of members from Rristol and from distant parts of Devon. Prior to the meeting, the members made a short tour of Exeter, including a visit to St. Nicholas Priory, which was of much interest. Sir Ernest Cook, having voiced the thanks of the members to the Curator, the party proceeded to university College Caf4 for tea, and was cordially welcomed by Principal Moberley . At the subsequent meeting, a paper was given by Dr. S. Glasstone, of University College, Exeter, on “The Measurement of Over-Voltage,” which was followed by a discussion, in which the Chairman, Mr, Tickle and Dr. Vanstone took part.Votes of thanks were passed to the lecturer, to the Exeter members for their hospitality, and to Prof. W. H. Lewis and the University College Senate for the use of the college rooms. At a meeting of the Section, held jointly with members of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society, at Bristol University, on 10th December, Mr. S. H. Piper read a paper on “The use of X-ray in Chemistry.” He said that a lnrgc number of investigators building on thc foundations laid 342 by Lane, Sir William Bragg and W. L. Bragg, had extended the use of X-ray spectroscopy to the elucidation of chemical problems: in the detection of substances by their X-ray spectrum, and the determination of composition by crystal structure.He referred to the discovery of Hafnium by Coster and Hevesey, and work. elucidating the behaviour of molecules in the solid state, which had been carried out on the structure of organic and inorganic compounds, in Sir William Bragg’s laboratory. The paper was illustrated by lantern slides and was followed by a discussion during which Prof. Francis spoke on the im- portance of Mr. Piper’s work. Mr. George Gray presided, and a vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Piper on the motion of Sir Ernest Cook. Cape,-A conference of chemists took place in the physical chemistry laboratories of the University of Cape Town on 25th September, when the President and members of the Cape Chemical Society were the gtrests of the Cape. Section of the Institute.Prof. J. Smeath Thomas, Chairman of the Section, in opening a discussion on “The Training of the Chemist for Industry,” read a letter from Dr. Watson Smith, of the Cape Explosives Works, in the course of which he observed that he had no doubt that the discussion would come to the conclusion that the industry must train the chemist; that the would-be industrial chemist, after obtaining a sound theoretical knowledge of the principles of chemistry, physics, engineering, etc., would have to get into close contact with real industrial problems before his actual training could be said to commence. In introducing the subject, Prof. Smeath Thomas outlined the course that was now being arranged at the Cape Town Uni- versity as a sort of compromise between two somewhat opposing principles of training industrial chemists.The fundamental idea was that a works chemist, at the start of his professional career, should, above all things, have a working knowledge of chemistry. It would be excellent if he were an engineer as well. but in any case a sound chemical training was essential. Cheniical industries had to be looked upon in the mass, when a university was considering how to lay out its course of training, and it had to be the aim of such an institution to provide men who could take their place in any kind of industry. Men going into chemical works must be thoroughly trained in the principles of chemical 343 theory. About eight years ago there had been diversity of opinion whether the training should emphasise the engineering chemist rather than the chemical engineer.The University of Cape Town provided a four ycars’ coiirsc: of training for would-be works chemists. The first year com- prised courses of chemistry and physics, with a short workshop course. In the second year, instruction in chemistry was con- tinued, with a useful course in geometrical and machine drawing; for a man who was going to be placed in charge of chemical plant should possess some capacity for putting his ideas on paper for the guidance of those who had to erect or alter plant. Next, as chemical science was becoming more and more physical and mathematical, provision was made for a further course in physics, including a short course in thermodynamics and in pure and applied mathematics, having regard to their bearing on in- dustrial chemistry.In the third year, theoretical and organic chemistry were taught from the purely scientific standpoint. A physical bias was given where physical chemistry had a direct bearing on any industry. The engineering course provided was not intended to make the student an engineer, but to render his knowledge of use to him in the works. A chemist who went into a works should not be entirely ignorant of the principles of mechanical engineering, whatever truth there might be in the assertion that actual contact with machines in the works afforded the best practical training. The fourth year of the industrial chemist’s training was an engineering year combined with physical chemistry.So far the Cape Town University had not put any of its students through the complete course, but Dr. Thomas expressed the opinion that the course would turn out well-equipped and thoroughly trained works’ chemists. The applied or industrial chemist would be all the better, however, for having been engaged on research problems for a further year. During that year he would not only acquire facility in attacking research problems, but he would acquire the habit of thinking clearly and logically, and of thinking for himself rather than relying 011 what he found in books, or on what others told him. In the discussion which followed, Mr. Scully said that he thought that men who had been equipped by passing through a course such as Dr.Smeath Thomas had outlined would be better capable of tackling their jobs than their predecessors had been. Unfortunately, many works were under the control of 344 purely business men, and those in charge of the works, even where chemistry had been their first low, frequently found it necessary, through stress of circumstances, to lct their science fall into the background, cspecially when they had to deal with labour, and concentrate their attention on other than chemical aspects of industry. There was a great need for a closer apprecia- tion of economic questions on the part of a11 connected with industry. The gibe was repeatedlv thrown at the chemist that he was hopelessly unpractical.Dr. Marloth said that, unfortunately, the gibe was often true. On one occasion, when the utilisation of a certain deposit of guano was in question, a chemist of high standing had produced a report in which he went into all sorts of superfluous minutiae regarding the composition of the guano, and charged a fee of five guineas for stuff that was obviously not worth ten shillings a ton. He had also seen a report by a chemist who recommended a process for rendering Saldanaha Bay phosphates soluble, but wound up his report by saying that he was not aware of any vessel in which such a process could be carried out. It was very unpractical to recommend a process which could not be carried into effect. He suggested that it would be well to add a fifth year to the course outlined, so that a period of actual service in industrial works could be included.Prof. Smeath Thomas remarked that he had omitted to say that students were required to spend a long vacation in an approved factory. Mr. Croghan said that he had sometimes found chemists very academic until they had had some practical experience. They often needed business capacity, and were often too confined to the laboratory atmosphere. He suggested that a sound course in relation to the business side of his industry was essential for t he complete training of an industrial chemist. Mr. van Niekerk dwelt on the need for men employed in industrial concerns being fully conversant with every phase of their work. Dr.Vernon Bosman said that when he entered on his course of industrial training nobody seemed to know the requisites for such a course. American universities which he had visited were each carrying on their courses on radically distinct bases. He, unfortunately, had had no time to study economics or business principles, but, after acquainting himself with the various opinions then current, he had ultimately decided on taking a 345 course, which was very much on thc lines now outlined by Prof. Smeath Thomas. Mr. Weaver expressed his satisfaction with the course described by Dr. Thomas, provided that the student took care to be essentially a chemist. Very few men could be at the same time first class engineers and first class chemists.In most industries the engineer had become a necessity. Industry, in the end, was a matter of E s. d., so that not only the chemical, but also the business aspect of every industry had to be con-sidered. He had yet to find the chemist who could take a deep interest in a grinding machine. For this reason in a well-known chemical factory, where fertilisers were ground and mixed, the chemical side had become rather unimportant when compared with the engineering side. He knew of a small plant for the manufacture of industrial liquid oxygen, and it was evident that here again the engineering aspect was quite as important as the chemical aspect. At one time the man needed to run a plant was a mechanic, but the chemical engineer of to-day had to do much more than that mechanic; the last chemical engineer that he saw at work was making a survey of a projected railway line and constructing a deep cutting to bring that railway to his chemical works. The chemical engineer required a definite status, and it should be realised by all concerned that he was a necessity.Failing that, he predicted that chemical works in their country were not going to be an unqualified success. Dr. L. P. Bosman suggested that the course outlined would be improved by the introduction of dynamic and stratigraphic geology during the fourth year. Dr. Marchand suggested the necessity of making provision in the course for the study of languages. Mr. H. Ferguson said that South Africa was entering on a new phase of industrial life, and in this connection it was worth studying the Customs Tariff Act and the list of substances ad- mitted duty-free for the encouragement of local industries.Touching on the fermentation industries, he mentioned their importance in an agricultural country. These industries should be developed, and the university was expected to train the men' who were capable of developing them. Overseas manufacturers sometimes even found it profitable to spend more on the s2le of certain articles in South Africa than the prices paid for thcm in their country, merely that they might block local manufacture. Prof. Smeath Thomas, replying to the discussion, expressed 346 his appreciation of the opinions that had been given.For the teaching of languages provision had, as a matter of fact, been made. No chemist was equipped unless he was able to read at least French and German; the course provided for instruction in reading technical German. It was, however, a very full course, and for instruction in French there was at present no available time. He wondered why engineers should think that the only man who could acquire business methods and be capable of handling men must of necessity be an engineer, and why a chemist, qua chemist, must necessarily be considered less useful in such matters. As for the working of a liquid air plant, it seemed to have been forgotten that, both in principle and in details, that entire branch of chemical industry was due to the genius of a physical chemist.Dr. Marloth, on behalf of the Cape Chemical Society, expressed the thanks of the Society for the hospitality accorded them and for the pleasure of partaking in a most interesting discussion. The remainder of the evening was devoted to social inter- course. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held at the North British Hotel on 10th November, Mr. B. D. W. Luff in the chair, the Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated by lantern slides. On the following evening a social gathering with music and dancing was held at Crawford’s Rooms, Princes Street. G lasgow and West of Scotland.-At the annual general meeting of the Section on 29th October, the officers were elected as follows :-Chairman, Prof.Forsyth J. Wilson ;Vice-chairman, Mr. Wm. Rintoul; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. J. W. Hawley, in the place of Mr. J. Sorley (resigned); Hon. Secretary, Dr. W. M, Cumming; Hon. Assistant Secretary, Dr. 1. V. Hopper. Messrs. J. Cockburn, J. D. Fulton and D. T. Jones were elected to vacancies on the Committee. The Secretary submitted a report on the session 1924-25 recalling the meetings and social functions which had been held and the papers which had been read. The Committee had drafted and adopted rules for the Section which had been formally approved by the Council and circulated among the members. The present strength of the Section was approxi-mately 300 members. The Chairman of the Section had collected 347 and forwarded a sum of &25 10s.from members of the Sectioii to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. Since the last annual meeting, twenty-six articles had appeared in the Glasgow Herald and seven articles had been published in the Evening Times, in addition to sixty-one short notes written at the request of the Editor. Altogether, since the inauguration of the publicity programme, about a hundred articles had been published in the Herald and a like number in the Evening Times. Four lectures had been given from the Glasgow Station of the British Broadcasting Company by Prof. Caven, and three by Mr. George S. Ferrier. The Secretary had been in communication during the year with the Belfast, Manchester and Malaya Sections, who were proposing to initiate similar schemes.It was hoped that in the not far distant future the benefit of such publicity, both to the general public and to the profession, would be quite considerable. The Local Section of the Institute, jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the Glasgow University Alchemists Club, the Andersonian Chemical Society, and the Ardeer Chemical Club, held the “Ramsay” Chemical Dinner on the 9th December at the Grosvenor Restaurant, Sir Frederick I,.Nathan, President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, in the chair. A company of over zoo ladies and gentlemen attended, the guests including Sir Donald MacAlister, Principal of the University of Glasgow; Captain W.E. Elliott, M.P., Parliamentary Under- Secretary to the Scottish Board of Health; Sir Robert Robertson, Gbvernment Chemist; Sir Robert Bruce, Editor of The Glasgow Herald; Colonel J. A. Roxburgh, President of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce; and the President and the Registrar of the Institute. After the loyal toasts, Sir Donald MacAlister proposed “The Memory of Sir William Ramsay and the Profession of Chemistry.” He said that he was a trustee of the Ramsay Memorial Fellow- ships, that he had been honoured by Ramsay’s friendship for over thirty years, that he had been privileged to unveil a mom- ment to his memory in his old University of Glasgow, and that he yielded to none in cherishing his memory and his fame.He felt that it was not for him to pronounce a panegyric on Ramsay’s scientific life and work, setting forth his achievements in proper terms and appraising his discoverics as an expert iiiiglit and. 348 should. His was rather a tribute of affection, for Ramsay’s bright and lovable character as a man and as a true son of Glasgow. He told many delightful anecdotes and personal experiences of his meetings with Ramsay, which served to illustrate his temperament and to recall his highly attractive personality. (A verbatim report of Sir Donald MacAlister’s speech appeared in The Glasgow Herald of 10th December.) In referring to the second part of the toast, he said he could not refrain from urging upon chemists the necessity of redeeming the time, of winning all that they could from chemistry while its subject matter still continued to exist.They had a vast field to cultivate and a fertile one, but he feared that it was after all only a thin stratum of soil covering a subterranean hollow; it was supported on what seemed solid pillars-such as the indestructi- bility of matter, the conservation of energy, the permanence of the elements, the invariability of mass, and so on. Nowadays, however, everyone of these pillars was bcing condemned by the physicists, who wanted to substitute insubst an tial electrons, impalpable vibrations, a highly questionable ether, and the pressure of light, for the kindly atoms and the convenient affinities. If they succeeded, and the physical chemists were quietly helping them, by boring holes and widening cracks in the substructure of chemistry-as he knew it and the chemists knew it-then, their seedfield might collapse beneath them and 500 years hence there might be no ground left for the chemists to till.The lower stratum on which the physicists disported themselves might also be ready to collapse and their territories might be resolving into nothing solider than the differential equations, the etherless time-space, and the incomprehensible frames of reference of the relativist mathematicians. The world of chemistry in fact rested on an elephant-the physicist; the elephant rested on a tortoise-the pure mathematician ; and the tortoise rested on-he could not tell-perhaps the unfathomable abyss of meta-physics-the night in which no man can work.(Laughter.) He advised chemists to work out, as they were doing, the inter-relations of the seeming forms of matter that could still be felt, and seen, and weighed, and smelt; to magnify their office for the good of man, who cannot live on electrons alone. Then the present generation and its immediate successors would bless them for the help they brought by their beneficent discoveries, and would try to forgive them for poison gases and high explosives. 349 Sir Frederick Nathan, the Chairman, responding, said that his connection with certain industries had brought home to him very forcibly the all-important part that chemistry played in the industries of the Empire.The profession of chemistry, in the widest application of the term, was a noble one, having regard to all it did and could do for the development and utilisa- tion of natural resources, for the advancement of industry, and for the health and material well-being of humanity. (Applause.) Ramsay was an example of a man who put his unexampled knowledge of chemistry at the service of the community at large, and especially at that of the chemical industry, knowing full well how the application of science to industry must be of enormous benefit to it. A knowledge of chemistry was essential in the case of all processes in which matter underwent a change of state or composition, and without a thorough understanding of those reactions, and their industrial application, British industry, and particularly the chemical industries, could not make progress and could not compete successfully in the markets of the world.(Applause.) That this was so was being gradually but in-creasingly recognised by industrialists. After a reference to fundamental research as having the most far-reaching industrial application , the Chairman declared that there was an increasing appreciation by industry of the need for science, and with a return of industrial prosperity it would be able, and doubtless willing, to devote larger sums to research, and to employ trained chemists, physicists, engineers, and chemical engineers in the conduct of its business and factories. Captain Walter Elliott proposed the toast of “The City of Glasgow,” remarking that she had always turned a friendly side towards scientific discoveries, and that her University had given shelter to Adam Smith and James Watt. Colonel Roxburgh, in reply, said that at the present time Glasgow was being more hardly hit than almost any city in the United Kingdom, for it so happened that the industries which were so much depressed were those which had hitherto formed the basis of Glasgow’s trade.One reason why Glasgow had prospered in the past was that she had maintained the most friendly relations with the University; the City and the Uni- versity had worked together. With regard to chemistry, he knew that Glasgow had provided five Presidents of the Institute of Chemistry, including the present President, Prof.Henderson. No doubt the City would overcome her difficulties and be as 350 great in the future as she had been in the past-that was very largely owing to the co-operation between the learned institutions. Prof. Henderson, in proposing the toast of “The Guests,” expressed to Sir Robert Bruce his thanks for the educational campaign which had been carried on during the past few years through the medium of The Glasgow Herald, through which campaign he felt that Sir Robert had done a service to the country. The toast was acknowledged by Sir Robert Robertson. The remainder of the evening was devoted to music and dancing. Huddersfield.-The annual general meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel on the 23rd October, Dr.H. H. Hodgson in the chair. The accounts for the past session having been approved, the meeting voted five guineas from unofficial funds to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. The Chairman reported on the work of the previous year. and outlined the programme for the next session. A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. T. A. Simmons for his energetic work as Hon. Secretary. Dr. H. H. Hodgson and Mr. H. S. Foster were elected members of the Committee; Mr. H. W. Moss, Hon. Auditor; and Mr. P. Calam, Hon. Secretary. The proceedings concluded with an informal discussion on the York Conference. An ordinary meeting of the Section was held on 24th November in the Technical College, Dr.Hodgson presiding. Prof. R. Whylaw Gray, of Leeds University, gave a very interesting account of his work on “The Coagulation of Smokes,” and answered questions arising out of the subsequent discussion. Members of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and of the local Smoke Abatement Committee were present, by invitation. An ordinary meeting of the Section was held on 8th December in the Queen Hotel, Dr. Hodgson presiding. The Registrar of the Institute read a paper on the word “Chemist.” He said that since the subject of registration was again to the fore and the use of the word chemist was a matter of the greatest importance in that connection, he proposed to speak on that word and its use from early times and deal with the proposal which sought compulsory registration of chemists.351 The lecturer said that in modern dictionaries the word chemist was primarily defined as one skilled in the science of chemistry, and he thought the simplest definition of chemistry was-the science which treated of the constitution of matter. From what might be described as the mythology of chemistry they gathered that the sacred and secret art chemia was first taught by demons or fallen angels to the children of men. A word corresponding to chemin appeared in very early Greek writings, though not so early in Latin. Alchemists sought first the alcahest or universal solvent, next the philosopher’s stone for the transmutation of metals, and then tlie elixir of life. They were chiefly physicians, monks, and priests, and the nobility, and were not usually associated with commerce. In England the words chemia and alchemiae were used in the thirteenth century by Roger Bacon and in the fifteenth by George Ripley.They might surmise that chemistry, regarded as know- ledge applied to industries, such as thc working of metals, brewing, pottery, and the manufacture of oils arid soaps, existed in periods coeval with the beginnings of civilisation. The awakening of knowledge regarding the nature of the materials employed must have followed closely on such application. In the absence of any scientific system chemistry could not be said to have existed as a science until the seventeenth century, when a beginning was made under the influence of such nien as Boyle and Beccher to bring together the scattered facts of tlie alchemist and to reduce these facts to principles, so that the rudiments of the science, freed from the follies of alchemy, were then evolved.THEAPOTHECARIES. In England the apothecaries-originally dealers in roots, herbs, syrups, and the like-had their origin in the spicers (about IZOO A.D.), and were early associated with the grocers, including drug-grocers or druggists. The spicer was not neces- sarily an apothecary, but the latter was a spicer, and frequently dealt in confectionery. The earliest known mention of ;ill apothecary by name referred to John the Apothecary, who was said to have prepared the materials for embalming Robert the Bruce (rpg), and the next when Coursus de Gangeland attended Edward I11 in Scotland, and was rewarded by a pension of 6d.per day for life. Thus, in the fourteenth century the apothecary appeared as the person whose business was the 352 preparation of drugs for the physician. The apothecaries obtained their supplies from the druggists, who dealt in materials for the preparation of galenicals and from chymists who prepared mineral medicines by fire. A number of chemical operations such as distillation and sublimation were obviously practised in very early times, and the chymists who were engaged in the definite business of preparing mineral medicines could be properly regarded as the forerunners of the manufacturing chemists of the present day.As the apothecaries encroached on the func- tions of the physician, the druggists in the course of the sixteenth century usurped those of the apothecaries and became preparers and compounders of medicines, and the physicians then retaliated in many cases by maintaining their own dispensaries. In 1511, however, the physicians were given the exclusive right to practise medicine in London and for seven miles around, and in 1540 and 1553 acquired the power to examine, correct, and punish apothecaries, druggists, and sellers of waters and oils, and preparers of chemical medicines. In 1617 the apothecaries dissociated themselves from the grocers, and when they obtained a charter of their own the grocers were forbidden to keep apothe- caries' shops, but many of the physicians still attended to their own preparing and compounding of medicines, and the over- lapping continued.The physicians and apothecaries continued to wrangle for a period of fifty years, and the latter strengthened their position by remaining in London during the Great Plague, when most of the physicians had fled, and as a result the apothe- caries were successful in securing the legal right to practise medicine, although for long after the sellers of drugs went by their name . The lecturer added that they must acknowledge the con-sideration shown to their views by those engaged in pharmacy who had dropped the use of the word chemist for that of fdzarmacist, a modern title which did not appear in thedictionaries of thirty years ago.He thought they disliked most of all such expressions as "cash chemists,'' "stores chemists," and "British and foreign chemists." The question of restricting the use of the title was, to his mind, inseparable from that of registration for practice. If they restricted the practice they must define the people to whom it was restricted. Many, he thought, were in favour of doing something towards registration and restriction. He believed that without waiting fifty or sixty years for the possession of legal powers of doubtful utility the public would 353 learn through the work of the chemists themselves and through organisation under the institute to call a chemist by his proper name, and to recognise and appreciate more and more fully his part in the work-a-day world.They were now in the age of chemistry, and the chemist was coming into his own. Chemists themselves, the lecturer contended, should use their own title and speak of pharmacists as pharmacists. An appeal should be made to pharmacists themselves to foster this movement for the sake of fair play to the profession to which, after all, they must look for the scientific knowledge which was the basis of manufacture of many of the materials employed in their crafi. The discussion which followed centred mainly on the regis- tration of chemists and the education of public opinion, particu- larly of employers and prospective employers. It was further suggested that a permanent record of the lecture should be prepared.Replying to a vote of thanks, Mr. Pilcher hinted at the possible future publication of a book on “Alchemists and Chemists,” and made a few suggestions as to how public opinion might be influenced. Irish Free State.-The annual general meeting of the Section was held in the chemical lecture theatre, Trinity College, Dublin, on 10th November, Mr. O’Farrelly in the chair. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were read and adopted, and the Committee was elected as follows:-Prof. Adeney, Mr. Fagan, Dr. Leonard, Dr. Millar, Mr. O’Farrelly Mr. Parkes and Prof. Young. Mr. Brownlee and Mr. O’Callaghan were re-elected as Hon. Auditors. On the 26th November, the Registrar visited Dublin and gave a lecture at Trinity College on “Alchemists and Chemists in the Art and Literature of the Middle Ages ” before the members of the Irish Section and their friends.Prof. Young presided in the absence of Prof. Adeney, through illness. LiverpooI and North-Western.-The sixty-fourth general meeting of the Section was held in October, Prof. W. H. Roberts presiding. At the request of the Chairman, Prof. Heilbron gave his impressions of the Conference held at York in July, and a short discussion followed. 354 The seventh annual general meeting of the Section was held on the 12th November at St. George’s Restaurant, Red Cross Street. The balance sheet for the past session was received and the Officers and the Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr.A. Smetham; Committee, Prof. C. 0. Bannister, Messrs. R. B. Croad, R. Crosbie-Oates, A. E. Findley, Prof. I. M. Heilbron, Messrs. E. Gabriel Jones, R. A. Morton, Prof. W. H. Roberts, Messrs. H. Rogerson, 17. J. Smith, T. W. Stuart, Dr. R. Thomas, and Mr. H. J. Evans, ex oficio as District Member of Council; and Mr. John Hanley, I-Ion. Secretary and Treasurer. The Chairman announced that a Dinner had been arranged to be held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists on 19th December at the Midland Adelphi Hotel, and preliminary arrangements were made for the programme of a proposed joint soirke of learned Societies in the Liverpool district to be held in February, 1926.Some consideration was given to the question of promoting further publicity with regard to the importance of chemistry in industry and commerce. At a meeting of the Section held on 10th December, at St. George’s Restaurant, the Hon. Secretary reported on the pro- ceedings of a meeting of the Sub-committee of the Manchester Section which has been appointed to deal with the question of registration of chemists. A discussion ensued and the Hon. Secretary was asked to communicate the views expressed to the Manchester Sub-committee. The Section appointed Dr. R. A. Morton as Hon. Manager of the Publicity Department with a view to securing the publication of articles, on chemistry and its applications, in the public press.London and South-Eastern.-On 21st October, at a meeting of the Section held at University College, London, Sir Robert Robertson presiding, the Registrar gave his lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated by lantern slides. The annual general meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 18th November, Sir Robert Robertson in the chair. The financial statement for the past year was received and adopted. Replying to Mr. Barrs, the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. Arthur J. Chapman, stated that it was felt necessary to retain the balance 355 in hand in order to meet the less official obligations of the Section and to provide against the possibility that the present arrange- ments for financing local sections might not be permanent. The Officers and Committee were elected as follows:-Chairman, Sir Robert Robertson ; Vice-Chairmen, Messrs.E. R. Bolton and R. L. Collett; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. Arthur J. Chap-man; Committee, Messrs. C. E. Barrs, E. T. Brewis, W. T. Burgess, Dr. Frankland Dent, Messrs. B. F. Howard, E. B. Hughes, S. J. Johnstone, D. W. Kent-Jones, T. Macara, Dr. G. T. Morgan, Dr. W. R. Ormandy, and Mr. P. J. Sageman (Fellows), Mr. A. V. Hussey, Mrs. P. M. Kerridge, Messrs. S. A. de Lacy, T. McLachlan, Miss S. M. L. Snelus, and Mr. F. J. Tritton (Associates); Mr. G. S. W. Marlow was re-elected Hon. Secretary. The Chairman reported briefly on the work of the Committee, referring in particular to the steps which had been taken towards co-ordinating the various chemical activities in London.An informal committee of the Secretaries of the chemical bodies had formulated a joint meeting card, and had succeeded in avoiding the over-lapping of meetings and in providing joint meetings between the various bodies. From their labours some statistics had been obtained as to the numbers of members common to two or more societies. Although the figures for the Chemical Society could not be included in these statistics, he felt that one fact stood out, namely, that, out of nearly 1800 members of the Institute local section, only 628 belonged to one or more of the other societies. Of these only 403 belonged to the Society of Chemical Industry. He felt that this was deplor- able.The argument that the journals of these societies could be seen in the laboratory was no adequate excuse; the valuable information contained in these journals could not be studied in the few spare moments thus afforded. He appealed to members of the Institute, so far as they were able, to pull their weight. On the conclusion of the official business, light refreshments were served, after which an enjoyable smoking concert was held, the artistes being : Mrs. Boseley, the Misses Maconochie and Macdonaugh, and Messrs. Paget and Taylor. Mr. Boseley shared with Mr. Kipps the onus of accompaniment. The whole company, led by Sir Robert Robertson and Mr. Marlow, joined in singing a number of choruses and sea chanties. The evening broke up with a vote of thanks to the artistes and the singing of “Auld Lang Syne.” 360 Manchester and District.-The eighth annual general meeting of the Section was held on 26th October, Mr.S. E. Melling in the chair. After the transaction of the formal busi- ness, the Chairman referred to the losses which the Section had suffered by death. Mr. Melling, having announced his retirement from the Chairmanship, a very hearty vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Mills, seconded by Mr. Walmsley, was accorded him for his valuable services. Mr. Scholefield gave his impressions of the Conference held at York in July last, particularly with regard to the question of the registration of chemists. He did not agree that the resolution in favour of the consideration of this question by the Council was passed only by a slight majority, but rather by a majority of about 2 to I. A discussion followed, in which Mr.Melling, Mr. G. D. Elsdon, Dr. Herbert Levinstein, Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, and others took part. The chair was afterwards taken by Dr. Levinstein, the newly elected Chairman, who thanked the members for the honour of election to that office, and expressed his great willingness to give his services on behalf of the Section. He also thanked Mr. Collett for his presence at the meeting and for the expression of his views on registration. The publication of a more complete account of the meeting has been postponed at the request of the Section Committee, who intend shortly to put forward a case for registration to be avail- able for members of Council and all who are interested in the quest ion.Newcastle and North-East Coast.---The annual general meeting was held in the chemical lecture theatre, Armstrong College, on the 25th November; Dr. J. T. Dunn presided in the unavoidable absence of Prof. Henry Louis. The annual report of the Committee was received and adopted, and the following were elected members of the Com- mittee: Messrs. C. F. Allpress, Dr. P. E. Bowles, Dr. W. B. Davidson, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. A. A. Hall, Mr. T. Wallace (Hon. Treasurer), and Mr. H. R. Whitehead. The resignation of the Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. J. €1. Stock, having been accepted with regret, a cordial vote of thanks was passed, on the motion of the Chairman, to Mr.Stock for his 357 services in that capacity during the past four years. Messrs. J. B. Duncan and A. Short were re-elected Auditors; Mr. F. H. Walker was elected Hon. Secretary. On the conclusion of the formal business, Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe delivered a highly interesting lecture to the members on “Some Analytical Methods used in Atomic Weight Determi- nations. ” South Wales.-The seventh annual general meeting was held at Swansea on 20th November, Prof. J. E. Coates in the chair. The report of the Hon. Secretary and statement of accounts having been received and adopted, Messrs. C. A. Seyler and J. W. Adye were re-elected on the Committee. Messrs. E. A. Tyler and E.E. Ayling were re-elected Hon. Auditors, and Mr. C. W. Wood, Hon. Secretary, for the ensuing year. The meeting was followed by a smoking concert. At a joint meeting with the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Technical College, Swansea, on 27th November, Mr. E. S. Squire, of the National Oil Refineries, Ltd., gave a very interesting paper on “A New and Rapid Method for the Determination of Sulphur in Petroleum Products,” which impressed those present as to its great value for refinery control purposes or for general analytical use. A good discussion followed, in which Messrs. Seyler, Tyler and Cox amongst others took part, and the feeling was expressed that the paper should be published in Chemistry and Industry, so that the method might become more widely known.The Hon. Secretary mentioned that this was the first paper on an original piece of work that the Section had been favoured with for some time. Notes. Chemistry in Civilisation.-The Technical Number of Chemicals, published in New York on 23rd November, announces that the chief theme for the Conference of the Institute of Politics to be held at Williamstown, Mass., in 1926 will be “The R81e of Chemistry in the Future Affairs of the World.” Leading men of science in the United States, Great Britain and the Continent will participate, and Dr. James F. Norris, President of the American Chemical Society, indicates that this subject has been chosen in order to impress upon governments and peoples that chemistry is so profoundly affecting the destinies of mankind in peace and war as to become an in-separable factor in the shaping of international affairs.The Conference will discuss food supplies, energy, waste in industry, efficiency in production, synthetic zleysus natural products, chemical developments in their relation to labour, and chemistry in relation to national defence and health. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry will meet at Washington, D.C., during the week commencing 6th September, 1926. Am eri can I nstitute of C he m i sts.-The American Institutc of Chemists has adopted a code of ethics, governing professional conduct towards employers, partners, clients, fellow chemists and the public.It will be noted that the Code, which is printed below as a matter of interest, differs from that of professional bodies in Great Britain; for example, it allows a member to advertise in “a dignified manner, being careful to avoid misleading statements,” while the By-Laws of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland expressly forbid soliciting for practice. PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT INSTITTJTEADOPTEDBY THE COUNCILOF THE AMERICAN OF CHEMISTS. The profession of chemistry has become an increasingly important factor in the progress of civilisation and in the welfare of the community. Chemists are entitled to the position and authority which will enable them properly to discharge their responsibilitiea and render effective 369 service to humanity.In order that the honor and dignity of the pro-fession be advanced and maintained, the American Institute of Chemists has prepared the following Code to define the rules of professional conduct and ethics, binding on its members. 1. Every individual on entering the profession of chemistry and thereby becoming entitled to full professional fellowship, incurs an obli- gation to advance the science and art of chemistry, to guard and uphold its high standard of honor, and to conform to the principles of professionalconduct. 2. It is the duty of a chemist to bear his part in sustaining the laws, institutions and burdens of his community. 3. The chemist shall not knowingly engage in illegal work or co-operate with those so engaged.4.A chemist shall carry on his professional work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to employers, contractors, and clients, and in a spirit of personal helpfulness and fraternity toward other members of the chemical profession. 5. He shall refrain from associating with, or allowing the use of his uame by any enterprise of questionable character. 6. He shall co-operate in upbuilding the profession by exchanging general information and experience with his fellow chemists and by contributing to the work of technical societies and the technical press, where such information does not conflict with the interests of his client or employer. It is very desirable that the first publication regarding in- ventions or other scientific advances be made through the 6echnicel societies and technical publications and not through the public press.Care shall be taken that credit for technical work be attributed as far as possible to the real authors of the work. 7. He shall advertise only in a dignified manner, being careful to avoid misleading statements. 8. If in his opinion work requested of him by clients or employel’s seems to present improbability of successful results, he shall so advise before undertaking the work. 9. He shall be conservative in all estimates, reports, testimony, etc., and especially so if these are in connection with the promotion of a business enterprise. 10. He shall not accept compensation, financial or otherwise, from more than one interested party without the consent of all parties concerned, and shall not accept commissions from outside parties on sales to his client or employer without their knowledge.He is, however, in no way debarred from accepting employment from more than one employer where there is no conflict of interests. 11. He shall not use any unfair, improper or questionable methodsof securing professional work or advancement and shall decline to pay or accept commissions for securing such work. 12. He may use all honorable means in competition to securo professional employment but shall not, by unfair means, injure directly or indirectly the professional reputation, prospects or business of a fellow chemist and shall not attempt to supplant a fellow chemist after definite steps have been taken toward the latter’s employment.13. He shall not knowingly accept employment by a client or employer while the claim for compensation or damage, or both, of a fellow chemist previously employed by the same client or employer and whose employment has been terminated, remains unsatisfied, or until such claim has been referred to arbitration or issue has been joined at law, or unless the chemist previously employed has neglected to press his claim legally. 14. He shall be diligent in exposing and opposing such errors and frauds as his special knowledge enable him to recognise. 360 15. Any infractions of these principles of professional conduct, coming to his attention, shall be reported to the Ethics Committee of the American Institute of Chemists.16. He shall not attempt to compete with a fellow chemist on the basis of professional charges by reducing his usual charges in order to underbid after being informed of the charges named by the competitor. 17. He shall not accept any engagement to review the professional work (except journal articles and similar scientific publications and in litigation) of a fellow chemist without the knowledge of such chemist or unless the connection of such chemist with the work has been terminated. 18. When undertaking work for a client or employer, he should enter into an agreement regarding the ownership of any and all data, plans, improvements, patents, designs or other records which he may develop or discover while in the employ of such a client or employer.In the absence of a written understanding the following rules are held to apply:(a)If a chemist uses information obtainable only from his client or employer which is not common knowledge or public property, any results in the form of designs, plans, inventions, processes, etc., shall be regarded as the property of the employer. (b) If a chemist uses his own knowledge or information or data which by prior publication or otherwise is public property, then the results in the form of designs, plans, inventions, processes, etc., remain the property of the chemist and the client or employer is entitled to their use only in the case for which the chemist was retained.(c) All work and results accomplished by the chemist outside of the field for which he was employed or retained are the property of the chemist. (d) Special data or information obtained by a chemist from his client or employer or which he creates as a result of such information, are to be considered confidential, and while it is ethical to use such data or infor-mation in his practice as forming part of his professional experience its publication without permission is improper. 19. He shall as far as possible in consulting work fix fees at a point high enough to warrant complete and adequate service. Unreasonablylow charges for professional work tend towards inferior and unreliable work. In fixing fees it is proper for him to consider: (a) The time and labor involved, the novelty and difriculty of the matter and the experience and skill necessary.(b) Whether the employment precludes other employment in similar lines or will involve the loss of other business while engaging in the particular work. (c) Customary charges of chemists for similar services. (d) The magnitude of the matter involved and the benefits resulting (e) The character of the employment, whether casual, or for an es- to the client from the services. tablished and constant client. 20. While it is desirable that chemists engaged in teaching and research should be permitted to use their special knowledge and skill in direct service to individual clients, it is prejudicial to the welfare of the profession for such services to be rendered at rates which ignore the ordinary costs of equipment, supplies and overhead expenses.21. Having established a fair fee and billed same to a client, 110 should oppose any effort of a client to have such fee reduced without real and sufficient cause. Wherever compatible with self-respect and the right to receive a reaxonable recompense for services rendered, controversies with clients regarding compensation are to be avoided. There should, however, be no hesitation to apply to the courts for redress to prevent injustice, imposition or fraud. 361 New Zealand.-Information recently received from New Zealand shows that the Dominion Government has referred to Sir Ernest Rutherford, who has recently visited the Dominion, the question of the relation of science to the industries of that country, with special reference to the Report of the Sub-Com- mittee set up to consider the needs and interests of manu-facturers there, with regard to scientific and industrial research.It would appear from available data that the industries in New Zealand do not utilise the assistance of modern science to the extent that they might for their own benefit. The number of manufacturing establishments, other than meat works and those connected with milk, is shown to be 3789, involving the employment of over 65,000 persons, earning over ten million pounds, and manufacturing goods worth over forty- four million pounds; and yet the number of chemists employed (not including laboratory assistants) so far as can be ascertained does not exceed 5.The factories concerned with butter, cheese, and the preservation of meat, etc., number 529, with 11,162 employees, earning over two million pounds in wages and salaries, with a production value of over thirty-two million pounds; and yet the number of chemists known to be employed (not including laboratory assistants) is less than 10. The number of private consulting chemists is very small, but manu- facturers appear to expect work to be done by universities and State-aided institutions gratuitously, or at very little cost, and well qualified and competent chemists with good experience have found it very difficult to obtain appointments in the Dominion.In abstracting the Report of the Department of Scient@c and Industrial Research. for the Journal, Part V., a statement was made (p. 306) regarding the Linen Industry Research Association and the British Association for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades which may be liable to misunder- standing. The statement should have been to the effect that further aid was being made to these Associations based upon an effective expenditure of approximately &IZ,OOO and E6,ooo respectively. Mr. Theodore Schwarz, F.I.C., has been appointed Vice- Consul of the Republic of Czecho-Slovakia for the Northern part of Mexico. Mr. John Evans, F.I.C., has been nominated for the office of Sheriff for Cardiganshire.362 Obituary. JAMESGRANT died at Prestwich, Manchester, iii his 67th year. Educated at Owens College, he passed the examination for the Associate- ship of the Institute in 1889, and was elected a Fellow in 1893. He was for many years a lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at the Municipal Technical School (later the College of Technology), Manchester, and, as Head of the Foodstuffs Department, was especially interested in breadmaking and brewing. In 1910 he received the degree of M.Sc .Tech. (Mane. ). REGINALDARTHUR JOYNER lost his life as the result of an explosioii 011 7th October, in his thirty-ninth year. He was educated at the Uni- versity of Bristol, where he held the Chemical-Metallurgical Scholarship and graduated with the degree of B.Sc.( Lond.).He subsequently obtained the M.Sc. (Bristol) and proceeded on an 1851 scholarship to Zurich, and later to Karlsruhe, where he obtained the Diplom Ing. and Dr. Ing., after examination by Engler and Bredig. At the outbreak of war he was a Captain in the 5th Royal Scottish Fusiliers, and served with that unit until he was seconded, in January, 1915, to take up an appointment with Messrs. Nobel’s, Ltd. He was some time manager of the Perranporth Factory, then became engaged in the technical department at the head office in Glasgow, and later in the research department at Stevenston. In the course of his work at Bristol he produced three papers on amalgams of silver and tin used in dental metallurgy, and at Karlsruhe he worked on the affiity constant of hydrogen peroxide and the catalysis of camphor- carbonic acids by bases in various solvents. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917.EDMUNDKNECHT,who died on 8th December, in his sixty-fifth year, at Marple, was born at Liverpool and received his education in science at Zurich, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D., and subsequently worked for a year as assistant to Prof. Victor Meyer. In 1884 he became head of the Department of Chemistry and Dyeing at the Bradford Technical College, and in 1890, Chief Lecturer in Chemistry and Dyeing at the Manchester College of Technology, where in 1902 he was appointed to the Chair of Tinctorial Chemistry, and later became Associate Professor of Applied Chemistry.In 1884, also, when the Society of Dyers and Colourists was founded, he was appointed Editor of the Journal of the Society, with which he was associated for over forty years, part of the time jointly with Mr. Christopher Rawson and later with Prof. Walter M. Uardner. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. WILLIAMROBERTLANG,who died suddenly at Toronto recently in his fifty-fifth year, was educated at the University of Glasgow, where he obtained the degree of Doctor of Science, and was for ten years (1890- 1900) an assistant to Prof. Ferguson. In 1900, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Department in the University of Toronto. He published several papers in the Journal of the Society of Cherrbical Industry and the Journal of the Chemical Society.In 1903 he 363 was Chairman of the Canatliaii Section of ibe Society of Chemical Tiidustry, and was elected a Fellow of the Institute in the same year. During the> war he was on active service with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, in which he held the rank of Colonel, and subsequently hccnme Director of Military Studies in the University of Toronto. ROBERTWALTERODDYdied 011 24th November at, Ltochdalo in his seventy-fifth year. He was educated in science at Owens College, Man- Chester, and under Mr. Taylor, analytical chemist of Rochdale, in which town Mr. Oddy himself established a practice about forty years ago. He passed the qualifying examination and was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899, and a Fellow in 1892.JAMES died in April last in his fortiet,h WILLIAM HENRY PATTISON year. He received his education in science at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College, Glasgow, where he obtained the diploma A.R.T.C. before passing the Intermediate Examination of t'he Institute in July, 1907, and the Final Examination in the branch of Mineral Chemistry in July, 1908. During the war he served with the Scottish Rifles and attained the rank of Major. SHYAMAKANT died at Davos Platz, Switzerland, GOVIND SARDESAI on 28th November in his twenty-seventh year. He was born at Ahmednagar, his father being high officer under H.H. The Maharajah the Gaekwar of Bawda, and also tutor to the Gaekwarprinces.He was educated at Santiniketan (where he was a pupil of Rabindranath Tagore) and at Fergusson College, Bombay, where he graduated as B.A. and B.Sc. before proceeding to the University of Berlin, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. for researches on an Indian oil and on some ethylene ethers of vanillin. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. ROBERT TAYLORLLEWELLYN died at Whalley Range, Manchester, on 8th November, in his seventy-fifth year. He received his early chemical experience under Mr. J. H. Calvert at the Calico Print Works at Sabden, Lancashire, and in 1869 became assistant to Prof. Alexander Williamson at University College, London, with whom he remained for three years. He was then appointed assistant Chemistry Master in the Manchester Grammar School, under Mr.Francis Jones, and had occupied that position for over five years, when he was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. At the time of his death he was organising Science Master for the Man- Chester Education Committee and Principal Master in the MunicipalCentral Secondary School. ARTHURWILSON, who died at Woldingham, Surrey, in his thirty- seventh year, was educated at Borden Grammar School, Sittingbourne, and at The College, Herne Bay, Kent. He matriculated at the University of London and studied for three years at Finsbury Technical College, under Prof. Meldola, to whom he was junior research assistant for six months before he became assistant to Dr. R. Lessing, with whom he was associated fop five years.During the war he attained the rank of Major in the Leinster Regiment and gained the Military Cross. After demobilisation in December, 1919, he secured an appointment as Assistant-Superintendent,in the Government Harness and Saddlery Factory, Cawnpore. He passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in January, 1912, and the Final Examination in Organic Chemistry in July of the same year. He was elected a Fellow in 1919. 364 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Applied Chemistry; A Practical Handbook for Students of Household Science and Public Health.” Vol. II., Foods.C. K. Tinkler and H. Masters. Pp. xi.+276. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 15s. Milk; edible oils; fats; carbohydrates; raising agents for baking; meat and meat extracts; vinegar, fruit juices and vegetable acids; beverages ; preservation of food; poisonous metals in food ;cooking; condiments; the calorific value of foods. “Chemistry, Three Centuries of.” Phases in the Growth of a Science. Irvine Masson. Pp. vi. +I~I. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. Rise of scientific thought, including the beginnings of the Royal Society; genesis of modern chemistry; search for the elements; search for the structural units ;postscript on professional chemistry ;index of personsand subjects. “Drugs, The Chemistry of.” Norman Evers. Pp. vii.+ 247. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 32s. 6d. Part I.: Synthetic drugs : hypnotics, antipyretics, anaesthetics and antiseptics, compounds of arsenic, antimony and mercury. Part 11.: Drugs of natural origin: alkaloidal drugs and drugs not containingalkaloids. Appendices: (i) chemical constitution and physiologicalaction; (ii) lists of drugs. “Dyestuffs, Intermediates for.” A. Davidson. Pp. xii. + 256. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 36s. Derivatives of chlorobenzenes, nitrobenzene, aniline, the phenols,nitrotoluenes, xylene, naphthalenes, /3-nraphthol, phthalic anhydride, anthracene and anthraquinone ; stabilised diazo compounds ; miscel-laneous intermediates. ‘‘Hexosamines and Mucoproteins.” p. A. Levene. Mono-graphs on Bio-chemistry. Pp. x.+163. (London: Long-mans, Green & Co.) 10s. 6d. 365 *‘ Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Pp. x. 1-1024. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) E3 3s. Vol. VI.. Carbon (Part II.), Silicon and Silicates. “Science, Religion and Reality.” Edited by J. Needharn. Pp. 396. (London: The Sheldon Press.) 12s. 6d. Historical relations of religion and scicxice; the domain of physical science ; meellanistic biology and tho religious consciousness ; religionand psychology ;science, Christianity and modern civilisation. The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). On Thursday, 29th October, 1925, Mr. G. G. Pullen, the Hon. Secretary, opened an informal discussion by proposing that “Examinations are not conclusive evidence of a candidate’s capabilities.’’ On Thursday, 26th November, a debate was held, Mr.E. S. Hawkins proposing the motion that “This house deplores the prominence given to Applied Chemistry in College Courses.” The opposition was led by Mr. D. M. Freeland. The meetings of the Association are now held at 7 p.m. instead of 8 p.m., and tea and light refreshments are served from 6.30 p.m. A number of interesting fixtures has been arranged for the remainder of the Session, notices of which will be sent to members in due course. 366 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 20th November and 18th December, 1925, I new Fellow was elected, 14 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 50 new Associates were elected, and 41 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 6 Fellows and z Associates by death. New Fellow. Pickles, Sarniiol Shrowder, D.Sc. (Mano.), Westoonibe, Blooinfield Park, Bath. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Austin, Charles Reuben, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Ph.D. (q7ales), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington. Bell, Herbert Dearman, Sewage Works, Burton Grange, Barnsley, Yorks. Cullinane, Nicholas Michael, Ph.D. (N.U.I.), Chemistry Department, University College, Cardiff. Cutting, Percival Harman, 6, Brough Street, Goole, Yorks. Haworth, Robert Downs, B.Sc. (Oxen), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 221, Stock-port Road, Cheadle Heath, Stockport. Irodale, Thomas, B.Sc. (Sydney), D.Sc. (Lond.), Chemical Laboratories, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.1. Martin, Charles William, 66, Mitcham Road, East Ham, London, E.6. Nanji, Dinshaw Rattonji, D.Sc. (Birm.), Bio-Chemical Department, The University, Edmund Street, Birmingham. Phillips, Reginald John, 30, VSToodlands Park Road, Kings’ Nortori, Birmingham. Powell, Charles Wilfrid Roberts, c/oThe Colonial Sugar IGefining Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. Pullman, Arthur Donald Rieber, B.Sc. (Vict.), 11, Eliot Park, London, S.E.13. Smith, Williarn, A.R.T.C., 117, Forth Street, Grangemouth. Sutcliffo, John Algernori Lacy, c/o Messrs. m7illia1~l Butler & Cu., Ltd., Crews Hole, Bristol. ‘Sait, Ada,m, 15, Comely Bank Avenue, Edinburgh. Nex Associates. Alford, Gerard George, A.R.C.S., 7, Guernsey Grove, Herne Hill, London, S.E.24.Anderson, Alfred Milburn, B.A. (Dub.), 7, Trinity College, Dublin. Anstey, John Henry, B.Sc. (Liv.), 240, Dentons Green Lane, St. Helens, Lancs. AniotC, Tftwry, R.Rc. (Rirm.), Coton H’e~l~hRti(1, Xiiticttt 011. 367 Back, Sydney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Medley Road, West Hampstead, Lolidon, N.W.6. Bamford, John Sherlock, Hazelwood, The Park, Che1tenha.m. Blackwell, Percy George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 125, Latchmere Road, hvender Hill, London, S.W.ll. Hoswell, Kenneth Storer, S.Sc. (Birm.), 12, Cranbourne Road, Muswell Mill, London, N.lO. Burton, John Headland, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Bell Street, Sawbridgeworth, Herts. Cast, George Dale, B.Sc. (Lond.), 110, Gaskarth Road, Balham, London, S.W.12.Cochrane, Lieut.-Colonel Charles William, D.S.O., B.Sc. (Edin.), The Technical College, Bell Street, Dundee. Cohen, Wilby Edison, B.Sc. (W. Australia), 24, Park Street, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia. Duvoisin, Alexander Hurll, B.Sc. (alas.), 4, Kensington Gate, Glasgow, W.2. Dyer, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 56, Sandringham Road, Cardiff. Fell, Eric Whineray, B.Sc. (Birm.), Belle Vue, Ulverston, Lancs. Fells, Henry Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Carter Lane, Mansfield, Not t,s. C?erman, Eric, A.C.G.F.C., 75, Dunsmure Road, Stamford Hill, London, N.16. Goldstein, Richard Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 46, St. Paul’s Avenue, wood, London, N.W.2. Greenhill, Alee Walter, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 26, FishpondsRoad, Upper Tooting, London, S.W.17.Hay, William, l3.S~. (Edin.), 47, Darnel1 Road, Trinity, Edinburgh. Heppenstall, Thomas Arthur, M.Sc. (Liv.), 67, Portman Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. Holt, Winston Ellis, B.A. (Oxon), 3, Larkhall Place, Bath. Hoyle, Edward, B.Sc. (Leeds), 13, Whitehall Street, Wakefield. Jephcott, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Birm.), 133, Medlicott Road, Sparkhill,Birmingham. John, William David, B.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Rosslyn Road, Maindee, Newport, Mon. Jones, Griffith Glyn, B.Sc. (Wales), R/I.Sc. (Cantab.),4, T’kr Villas, Tnwyn,Merionethshire. Keast, Alan Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.R., 2, Montana Roarl, T JpperTooting, London, S.W.17. Kerr, John William, 13.8~.((ilas.), 746, Shieltls Kontl, I’ollokshields, Glasgow.Knight, Arthur Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C.S., 4, Queen’s \Vslk Villas, Rrierley Street, Nottingham. S,ead, Wilfred Livingstone, l3.S~.(Liv.), Briarseroft, Warrington Road, Rainhill, Lancs. Livingstone, Alexander Young, A.R.T.C., 15a, Bank Street, Felkirk. 8tirling. Matthews, Geoffrey Charles, I3.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Stapenhill Road, Burton- on-Trent. kGaffin, Ralph Charles, B.Sc. (S.A.), M.Sc. (University of Cape Town), Cape Technical College, Longmarket Street, Cape Town. heale, Miss Dorothy Grace, l3.S~.(Lond.), 28, Forty Lane, Wembiey,Middlesex. 368 Oliver, t3yril Vernon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 10, Hnyle Road, Maidstone, Kent. Olpin, Henry Charles, B.Sc. (Lee&), “East Dene,” Victoria Avenue, Borrowash, nr. Derby. Park, Miss Caroline Alice Rachel, A.R.C.Sc.l., B,Sc.(Loid.), Gleriderrnott Manse, Drumshoe, Londonderry. Price, William Bennett, B.Sc. (Lond.), ‘the Laurels, Woolwich Road, Belvedere, Kent. Pring, Miss Marjorie Ellen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 66, St. Augustine’s Avenue, S. Croydon, Surrey. Provan, Andrew Lloyd, B.Sc. (Wales), The Chateau, Crickhowell, 13recon-shire. Roberts, Arthur Howard, A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Gammons Farm, Gammons Lane, Watford, Herts. Rosa, Louis Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Bayswater Chambers, St. Stephen’s Road, London, W.2. Savill, Albert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 146, Woolwich Road, London, S.E. 10. Smith, Victor, M.Sc. (Manc.), 24, Park View, Wigan, Lancs. Thomason, Reuben ’CVilliam, M.Sc. (Birm.), 87, Greenfield Road, Harhorne, Birmingham.Thornley, Sidney, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 10, Kensal Avenue, Prntllebnry, near Manchester. Voelcker, Eric, A.R.C.S., 7, Durham Villas, Kensington, London, %‘.8. Wood, David Rainforth, B.Sc. (Edin.), Stanhurst, Rurntjsland, Fife. New Associates (by examination). R~irns,Edward Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 118, Abbey Road, St. John’s Woncl, London, N.W.6. Holmes, Ernest John, B.Sc. (Lond.). 2, Castle Row, Qosport, Hsnts. New Students. Adani, Andrew Wood, 52, Clavering Road, Manor Park, London, E.12. Bacon, Eric Sidney, 78, South Street, Ponders End, Middlesex. Bissell, William John, 863, London Road, Westcliff -on-Sea. Campbell, Alfred Randolph, 205, Albert Road, Pollokshields, C:l~~sgo~. Cook, John Henry, 84, Braeside Street, Glasgow, N.W.Coope, Robert, 144, Lawrence Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. Davis, Alfred Winfield, 6, Belle Vue, Treforest, Clamorgan. Ditcham, John Barrington, 40, Tooting Bee Road, TJpp‘cr Tnotjing,London, S.W.17. Ellis, Roland Leslie David, 40, Wern Road, Landore, Swansea. Fawns, Humphrey Theodore, 35, Heathurst Road, Sanderstead, Snrrey. Francis, Ronald Marcus Lloyd, 142, Chesterton Road, Cambridge. (iellman, Alexander, 44, Pembury Road, Clapton , London, E.5. Gordon, James Gray, 50, West Church Street, Buckie. Gough, Rodney Brinsmead, 456, High Road, Streatham Common, London, S.W.16. Qreenaway, Leonard Ernest, 17, Hillsleigh Road, Campdcn Hill, London, w.8. Groves, Miss Ida Mary, 39, Earlsbury Gardens, Handsworth, Birmingham. Hall, Robert Oswald, The Eaves, Bradford Road, Wakefield.369 Hirst, Thomas William, 157, Fountain .Road, Tooting, Lontlon, 8.W.17 Hunter, Edward, 30, Guilford Street, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. Johnson, Ashby James, 33, Winchester Avenue, Setiglcy Park, Prestmich, Manchester. Johnstone, Michael 'L'hoinas, l%a,Westbourne Road, lGlgbastoii, Birming-ham. Kemp, Edward Frederick, 18a, Church Street, Enfield, Middlesex. Lakeman, Miss Enid, Bedford College, Regent's Park, London, N.TV.l. Lee, Donald Gilbert, 69, Woodland Road, Tyndalls Park, Bristol. Levy, Miss Eva Rebecca, 21, St. James' Mansions, London, N.W.6. Lloyd, John Bradburn, 7, Cambridge Road, Port Ellesmere, Birkenhead. Malec, Henry Lawrence, 93, Goldhawk Road, Shepherd's Bush, London, w.12.Mason, Reginald Dean, 2 1, Ormiston Road, Shepherd's BUS^, London, w.12. Meyer, Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86, McLeod Road, London, S.E.2. Muers, Morris Marcus, 45, Hoppers Road, Winchmore Hill, London, N.21. Murphy, Leslie Gilbert, 30, Saltram Crescent, Paddington, London, TV.9. Packman, Percival Gilbert, 66, Hamilton Road, Highbury, London, N.6. Pavitt, William Frank, 3, Bowerdean Street, Fulham, London, S.W.G. Pnsey, Stanley Ernest, 54, Cranbury Road, Fulham, London, X.W.6. Reed, Sydney James, 59, Egton Street, Hull. Robertson, Edward Blair, 19, Morpeth Mansions, Westminster, Lontlnn, 8.W.1. Samuel, Oswald, Glan-y-Gors, Rhiwfaur, Swansea. Spithle, Henry Mills, Hillfoot, Bungalow, Church Street, Wcdnrsbnry, Staffs. Stein, Charles Ponder, 67, Stanhope Avenue, Finchley, London, N.3.Thomas, Oswald, 70, Alltygrug Road, Ystalyfera, Swansea. Weir, Stanley, 237, Great Clowes Street, Broughton, Manchester. DEATHS. Fellows. James Grant, M.Se. (Manc.). TCdmund Knecht, Ph.D. (Zurich), M.Rc.Tech. (RTItnc.). JVilliam Robert Lang, D.Sc. (Glas.). Rohert Walter Oddy. Robert Llewellyn Taylor. Major Arthur Wilson, M.C. Associates. James Vl'illiam Henry Pattison, A.R.T.C. Shyamakant Govind Sardesai, Ph.D. (Berlin), B.A., 13.S~. (Bombay). CHANGE OF NAMES. Hilda Louise Kingston, Associate, to Manning---on her marriage. Grace Lechmere Reynolds, Associute, to Lewis-on her marriage. Elaie Woodward, Associate, to Kassner-on her marriage. Lillian Georgina Chapman, Registered Student, to Mansel-Lewis-on her marriage. 370 REGISTER-ADDRESSES UNKNOWN.The Registrar would be greatly obliged if any member who is aware of the addresses of the following Fellows and Associates would kindly communicate with him, -giving the required in-forma.tion. F. Alford, H. 3. A. Lodge, G. A. Allan, H. F. Millin, D. A. Asherson, N. A. Morton, E. F. Bayley, F. S. A. McEntegart, J. &I. A. Beynon, E. &I. A. McLaren, Miss M. C. A. Brown, T. 1’. A. McParland, A. Q. A. Burton, J. A. Neilson, J. F. A. Child, A. .T. F. Nolan, H. F. Clayton, -4. A. Norris, W. S. G. 1’. F. Cooper, A. J. A. Oriel, J. A. A. Couch, D. L. A. Oxley, H. F. A. Coyle, V, [. A. Purdon, A. 0. A. Crook,S. E. A. Puri, A. N. A.Curtis, It. F. Reeve, H. T. :I?. Davies, P. M. A. Robinson, E. A. Davies, T. E. A. Robinson, G. A. Evans, H. G. A. Savage, B. A. Evans, T. A. Scott, J. rA. A. Fyfe, A. W. A. Xellars, 13. L. A. Gardner, Mrs. G. E. P. A. Slater, L,I?. Garle, J. L. A. Soper, F. (2.A. Gifford, E. C. A. Spearing, C. E. F. Goldsbrough, H. A. F. Stanhill, D. R. A. Grantham, D. R. A. Stern, H. A. Hargreaves, G. W. A. Sykes, L. X. A. Harrap, F. N. A. Talbot, R. A. Harris, C. A. Third, J. A. Hazeldon, tJ. N. F. Thndichnm, C: . 11, F. Head, C. J. A. Walker, E. A. Highfield, A. A. Waters, I?. W. P. Hunt, P. C. R. A. Weaving, 1%. A. A. Ingham, F. T. A. Weil, J. A. A. Irwin, J. H. A. Weston, E. I’ A. Jarrard, W. J. A. Whalley, G. W. F. Johnson, E.13. F. Whewell, (4.A. Johnson, J. C. F. White, A. Z,. A. Kenny, T. C. A. Wisbey, E. 0. F. Kernot, J. C. A. Wise, J. F. A. Lewis, J. S. A. Worcester, D. General Notices. Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytica! chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more thaii 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1925 will be made in January, 1926. Any Fellow or Associate who desires to direct the attention of the Council to work of the character indicated should communicate immediately with the Registrar. Examinations in 1 926.-The arrangements for examiria-lions during 1926 are as follows:- Dates of Exams. Entries close. 4th to 9th Jan., 1926. List closed. 19th to 24th April, 1926.Monday, 15th Feb., 1926. OY 26th April to 1st May, 1926. 20th to 25th Sept., 1926. Monday, 19th July, 1926. 0~27thSept. to 2nd Oct., 1926. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April arid September, and candidates for the Fellowship in Aiwil and Seppieml-,~ronly. 372 Notice to Associates,-Associates elected prior to January, 1923, who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship. Appointments Register -A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of thc Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without cmploy- inent are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays: 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use 373 of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult oi-borrow books, from 10a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from xo a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.Berichte der Deutschen C h emi schen GeseIIsc Ii aft.--The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute’s set of the Bevichte for the year 1924 and since. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal.Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGStheon following terms:-Buckram case, IS. zd. ; binding, 2s. gd. ; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern SI ides for Lectu res.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists.Sir George Beilby Memorial.-A Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry has 374 issued an appeal for funds and particulars of a proposal for the establishment of a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. With the concurrence of the Councils of the three bodies- of each of which Sir George was a past-president-the appeal has been issued for subscriptions towards a fund from which, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, substantial sums will be awarded to mark appreciation of a record of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby viz. applied chemistry, chemical engineering and metallurgy. The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit.The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than &,ooo-providing an income of about f125.0 a year for awards. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy and Mr. John Fry have consented to act as Honorary Treasurers. The Secretaries of the three co-operating bodies have been appointed Honorary Secretaries, with the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry, as convener. District Members of Council.-The following have been returned as District Members of Council to take office at the Annual General Meeting to be held on Monday, 1st March, 1926:-(i) Birmingham and Midlands : Cyril Alexander Frederick Hastilow, M.Sc.(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Frank Southerden, B.Sc. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : Herbert John Evans, B.Sc. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties: Ernest Mostyn Hawkins. (v) Manchester and District : Samuel Ernest Melling. (vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire: Lewis Gordon Paul, Ph.D. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Leonard Dobbin, Ph.D. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: Walter Henry Coleman. 376 (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire: Clarence Arthur Seyler, B.Sc. (x) Northern Ireland: Joseph Harold Totton, B.A., BSc. (xi) Irish Free State : William Robert Fearon, M.A., DSc. (xii) The Overseas Dominions, The Empire of India, and Abroad: Frankland Dent, Ph.D., MSc. Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council:-By-law 26. (1) Any twenty menibem, not being members of the Clouncil, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary sm weeks at lemt before the Annual General Meeting, and shall lx in the following form: “We the undersigned, Members of tho Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B., of (registeredaddress) , a Fellow of this Instituto, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Councilof the Institute, and w0 do hereby nominate him as aCandidate for election as it General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List).By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected 88 President, Vice-president or Treasurer, for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the racanoy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The names of the Vice-president and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, and who are ineligible for re-election as such, are as follows: President, Arthur Smithells, C.M.G. , B.Sc., F.R.S. ; Members of Council Frederick Daniel Chattaway, M.A., D.Sc., F.K.S., Harold Govett Colman, D.Sc., Ph.D., Arthur James Hale, Hamilton McCombie, D.S.O., M.A., Ph.D., Robert Howson Pickard, D.Sc., Ph.D,, F.R.S., Benjamin Dawson Porritt, M.Sc., William David Rogers, B.Sc. ,A.R.C.S., Harry Silvester. 376 ATTEKDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUSCIL AND CONMITTEES, MARCH TO DECEMBER, 1926.Council. (lounuil in Uommihtee. ( 'ommittcc. G. G. Henderson . . (Jlasgow . . .. E. C. C. Baly ..Liverpool . . .. E. R. Bolton ..London . . .. A. Chaston Chapman London .. .. T. Slater Price ..London .. .. ..London .. .. ..London .. .. . . London .. .. ..Somerset .. .. . . Maidstone .. ..Newcastle-on-Tyne London . . .. ..Oxford .. .. ..London .. .. . . Glasgow .. .. ..London .. .. ..Edinburgh .. ..London . . .. ..Liverpool . . .. ..London .. .. ..Irish Free State .. . . Northern Ireland ..Glasgow .. .. ..London . . .. ..London .. .. ..Birmingham . . ..London .. .. ..Liverpool . . .. ..Exeter .. .. ..London .. .. ..Cambridge .. ..ManChester . . ..Wolverhampton .. ..Huddorsfield .. ..London .... ..London .. .. ..ManChester .. ..Ardrossan .. ..ManChester . . ..Manchester .. ..Wales .. .. ..Birmingham .. ..Burton-on-Trent . . ..Bristol .. .. ..London . . .. ..Aberdeen .. ..Glasgow .. .. A. Smithells .. E. W. Voelcker P. H. Kirkaldy L. Archbutt .. F. W. F. Arnaud H. C. L. Bloxam Arthur J. ChapmanF. D. Chattaway H. G. Colman W. M.CummingFrcanklandDent L.Dobbin .. A. V. Elsden €3. J.Evans .. L.Eynon .. W. R. Fearon W. H. Gibson T. Gray .. W. H. Greaves A. J.Hale .. C. A. F. Hastilow E. 1%.Hawkins I. M. Heilbron W. H. Lewis T.Macara .. H. McCombie S.E. Melling. . R. S. Morrell. . L.G.Pau1 .. R. H. Pickard B. D. Porritt F. L. Pyman. . W.Rintou1 ., W. D. Rogers F. Scholefield C.A. Seyler . . H. Silvester A.Slator . . F. Southerden J.F. ThorpsJ.F. Tocher .. J.H. Young 10 ti 15 5 33 10 2 15 1 4 10 10 15 9 23 10 i 15 3 10 10 0 15 12 11 10 2 15 3 11 10 8 15 9 22 10 ICJ 16 15 28 10 7 15 5 0 10 4 15 4 G 10 4 15 2 12 10 10 15 14 19 10 4 15 3 6 10 9 15 14 12 10 2 15 1 11 6 ci 12 10 4 10 0 15 0 11 10 8 15 10 17 10 3 25 3 6 6 6 12 12 17 10 1 25 1 6 10 0 15 0 5 10 2 15 2 0 10 7 15 II 18 10 10 15 II 6 10 3 15 3 11 10 8 15 11 22 10 6 15 3 6 10 5 15 5 0 10 9 15 14 18 10 2 15 1 0 10 2 15 2 11 10 i 15 4 0 10 5 15 4 11 10 7 15 10 17 10 9 15 10 18 10 4 15 2 0 10 3 15 3 0 10 3 15 2 6 10 6 15 2 5 10 4 15 2 6 10 7 15 6 11 10 3 15 2 0 10 9 16 8 6 10 7 15 4 12 10 1 15 0 6 10 0 15 0 0 1ii

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9254900333

出版商:RSC    

年代:1925

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

377 Index. Accounts (1924), 20, 78 Address, President‘s, 9 1 Addresses required, 370 Agricultural Chemistry as a Career, Agriculture, Ministry of, 5 Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature, 35, 112, 340,353, 354 Xlchemist,s’ Club, Glctsgow Uni-versity, 54, 113 Xnierican Institute of Chemists, 355 American, The Scientific, 176 Xnnual General Meeting, 69, 77 Annual Report, 3, 80 Applied Chemistry, Teclching of , 26, 149 Appointments Register, 17, 67, 206, 274, 326, 338, 372 Assistant Secret’ary, 76, 100 Association of Teachers in Tech-nical Schools, 102 Attendances at Meetings of Council and Committees, 1925, 339, 376 Atomic Structure, 32 Auditor (1925-1926), 76 Auditors, Report of, 19 Bankers, 76 Bedford College for Woiiien, 12 Beit Fellowships for Scientific Re- search, 53 Belfast and District Section, 28, 105, 165, 226, 340 Benevolent Fuiid, 23, 113, 151, 214, 338 Benevolent Fund Committee, 7, 76 Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen GeselLYchqft, 6S, 207, 275, 327, 339, 373 Hooks and fheir Contents, 59, 137, 199, 269, 319, 364 liirmingham ant1 Midlands Section, 28, 112, 284, 340 Hoard of Esaminers (1925-1926), 76, 100 Board of Track, 5, 336 British Dyestuffs Industry, 336 British Chemistry Dinner, 331 British Empire Exhibition, 16 British Engineering Standards, 5, 54, 268 Bristol and South-Western Coun- ties Scction, 29,112,156,216,281, 340 Cape Scction, 30, 113, 216, 342 Cement, 5 Censors (1925-1926), 74 Chemical Societies, Union of, 107‘‘Chemist,” 350 Chemistry and Civilization, 31, 358 Chemists’ Agreements, 112 Chemists’ Dinner (1925), 216 Committees (1925-1926), 74 Conferences, 17 Conference at York, 10th-11th July,149, 205, 211, 223 Contracts of Service, 177 Corresponding Secretaries, Hon-orary, 16 Council Attendances, 339 Council ( 1925-1026), Nomination of the, 27 Council, Committees and Represen- tatives, 4, 100 Council, Dates of Meetings of, 74 Council, Proceedings of the, 25, 100, 149, 211, 279, 333 Council, Report of, 3 Covers for Journal, 68, 207, 275, 327, 373 Deaths, 3, 66, 145, 204, 272, 324, 369 Designatory Letters, Professional, 134 Dinner, Chemists’ (192q, 215 Directories, Entries in, 9, 26 District Members of Council, 73, 374 Drafting of Reports, 268 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 30, 346 Election of Auditors, 83 Election of Members of Council, 149, 328 Engineering Standards, British, 61, 268 Entrance Fees, 83 Entries in Directories, 9, 26 Examinations, 11, 12, 55, G7, 182, 206, 273, 290, 325, 337.371 ‘‘Exercises in the Gentle Art of Smoking: A mixed Grill,” 36 Faraday Celebration, 151 Far East, A new section in-augurated for, 16 Federation of Men of Science and a General Science Council, 17, 34 Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 28. 103, 151, 213 Finance and House Committee, 6, 74 Finsbury Technical College, 178, 213 Forensic Chemistry, 279 Gas Examiners, 15 Gas Works Management, 104 General Meeting, Annual, 69 General Notices, 67, 206, 273, 326, 371 General Purposes Committee, 8, 74 Gifts, 6 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 31, 113, 216, 286, 346 Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club, 64, 113 Government Scientific Publications, 151 Grants, Local Section, 212 Health Insurance, Royal Com-mission on, 281 Health, Ministry of, 4, 104 Heat Engine Trials, 5, 53 History of the Institute (1887-1914), 69, 208, 275, 327 House Committee, Financo and, 6, 74 Huddersfield Section, 31, 113, 159, 360 Income Tax, 130 India, 11, 287 Industry, Training of Chemists fur, 342 Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medi- cine, 10 Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London), GO, 132, 179, 365 Institute, Roll of, 3 Institutions, 11 Interests, Professional, 335 lnternational Union of Pure aiid Applied Chemistry, The, 3.38 Irish Free State Section, 32, 353 Joint Committee of Representativesof the Institute and the Board of Education, 76 3 Joint Committee with the Institutc of Physics on the Qualifications of Gas Examiners, 14 Journal and Proceedings, 13, 104 Lantern Slides for Lectures, 69, 208, 275, 327, 373 Lectures ancl Library Chmmittes, 10 Leeds Area Section, 32, 115 Leeds, University of, 4, 27 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 10, 74 Library ancl Lectures Committoo, 10 Library Organisation for Chemists, 164 Library Fuiitl Account, 24 Library, The, 10, 68, 139, 206, 274, 326, 372 Liverpool and North-Western Ser-tion, 33, 116, 159, 217, 353 Local Sections, 13, 16, 28, 105, 155, 216, 284, 340 London and South-Eastern Cowl-ties Section, 34, 121, 164, 217, 354 Malaya Section, 31, 126 Manchestry and 1l)istrict Section, 34, 127, 176, 3.36 Medical Charities Act@, 28, 106 Meldola Meclnl, 27, 77, 273, 325, 371 Members of Counril, District 7.3, 374 Milk, 336 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 5 Ministry of Health, 4 Microscopical Socicty, The lCoyri1, 130, 178 National Certificates in Clhemistry,15, 75, 214, 261, 337 Newcastle and Morth-East &\t Section, 128, 336 New Zealand, 361 Nomination of the C‘ouncil (1925-1926), 27, 375 Nominations, Rsaininations ant1 Institutions Committee.11, i4 North-Western Section, Liverpool and 33, 116, 159, 917, 353 Northern Ireland, 100 Notes, 53, 130, 177, 268, 286, 3X Notices, General, 67, 205, 371 Notices to Associates, 206,273,323, 372 Obituary, 60, 133, 180, 266, 302, 362 379 Office Organisation for Chemists, Library and, 164 Officers and Council, List of, 73 Official Agricultural Analyst, 14 Official Chemical Appointments,5th edition, 68, 207, 275, 327 Paints and Paint-making, 29 Patent Office Procedure, 5, 10 Pavia, University of, 150 Pharmacy and Poisons Bill, North- ern Ireland, 28, 101, 165 Phosphorus, R61e of, in Agriculture, 341 Photography, 60 Physico-Chemical Apparatus, 30 Physics, Institute of, 14 Platinum, 132 Position of the Institute, Approxi- mate Comparison at the end of 1923 and 1924, 6 Presentation to Registrar, 84 President’s Address, 91 Prime Minister, 4 Proceedings of the Council, 25, 100, 149, 211, 279, 33.5 Professional Designatory Letters, 134 0 Professional Interests 335 Progress of Chemistry in Public Affairs, 10 Public Analysts, 103, 105 Public Appointments Committee, 14, 75 Publications Committee, 2, 13, 72, 74, 148, 210 I’ublicity, 288 Publicity Scheme, 31, 113 Register, Appointments, 17, 87, 206, 274, 326, 338, 372 Register, The,, 4, 6, 17, 62, 143, 201, 270, 321, 366 Registrar, The, 26, 76, 84 Regulations, for the Admission of Associates and Fellows, 223, 337 Reports, Drafting of, 268 Representatives, Council, Commit- tees and, 4 Roll of Institute, 3 Royal Commission on National Health Insurance, 281 Koyal Holloway College, 12 Royal Microscopical Society, The, 130, 178 Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 28, 105, 106 Sale of Milk Regulations, 106 Sand Lime Bricks, 5 Science, Place of, in Government, I) Scientific and Industrial Research, 304 Scientific Publications, Govcrmicrr t , 151 Scientific Research, Beit Follon--ships for, 53 Scottish Board of Health, 4 Scrutineers, Report of, 82 Sections Local, 16 Sewage Analysis, 4, 104 Sir George Reilby Memorial, 213, 328, 373 Sir William Dunn’s School of Bio-Chemistry, Cambridge, 5 Sir William Ramsay, 347 Societe do Chimie Industriollo, 28s Solicitors, 76 South Africa, Formation of iirw section, 16 South-Eastern Counties Sectiun, London and, 34, 164, 217, 354 South Wales Section, 35,129,176,357 South-Western Counties Section, Bristol and, 29, 112, 156.216, 284, 340 Special Committees (1925-1926), i5 Special Purposes Committee, l(j Staff Insurance Scheme, 7 Standardisation of Scientific GI~lhri-ware, 4 Standards, 13ritish Engineering, 34 Stereochemistry, Somo irrterofitiri 2 Problems in, 107 Structure of the Atom, 28, 32 Students’ Association (Londoil),16, 60, 178, 365 Sulphur in Petroleum Producix, 337 Tables Annuelles de Constantes et DonnBes NumBriques, 178 Tannins and Catechins, 129 Teaching of Applied Chemistry,The, 25, 149 Technical Schools, Associat,ion of Teachers in, 102 Textile Institute, 286 Three-dimensional Chemistry, 114 Trials, Heat Engine, 53 Union Internationale (Copenhagmi), 5 West of Scotland Section, Glasg, riv and, 31, 158, 216, 286, 346 York, Conference at, 10-11th Julv, 149, 205, 211, 223, 337 Zeitwhrqt j%iiil.Angewundte C,’hem(e,127 Publications of the Institute Copies of the following publications of the Institute are now obtainable at the prices indicated below :-HISTORYOF THE INSTITUTE,1877-1914.10s. Special Edition. 219. LEUTURES: “Cement.” Bertram Blount, F.I.C.2s. Gd. net. C. F. Cross, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net, “Some Scientific Aspects of Tanning.” J. T. Wood, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net,. “Modern Applications of Chemistry to Crop Production.” Sir E. J. Russell, O.B.E., F.R.S. 2s. net. “Chemists and the Patent Laws.” Horatio Ballantyne, F.I.C. 2s. net. “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.” E. J. MacGillivrey, Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “The Progress of Chemistry in Public Affairs.” J. T. Dunn, D.Sc.,F.I.C. 29. net. “Chemistry as a Career.” A Synopsisof Lectures given by the Registrar, 1921-1923. 2s. net. “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine,” Sir ’William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., M.D., F.I.C. 29. nef. “Notes on Contracts of Service.” G.S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. RPQULATIONSFOR THE ADMISSION OF STUDENTS, ASSOCIATESAND FELLOWS.Gratis. PROOEEDINGS(prior to 1920). Four parts annually. Is. net. JOURNAL PROCEEDINGSAND (1920 and after). Six Parts annually. 2s. each net. PAPERS.Annual Sets (prior to 1917), 6d. each (7d. byEXAMINATION post). After 1917: Is. post free. OFFICIAL CHEMICAL APPOINTMENTS.6th Edition, 1924. 5s. net. (To Registered Students, 2s.). REGISTER ASSOCIATES STUDENTS,OF FELLOWS, -44~~ 192 . In preparation. 5s. net. wuu olt quARTHUR JOHNSON S “CHINAGRAPH”PENCILS For Writing on Glass and China Ware. Withstands GYLU~U. No. 480 BLACK ,, 481 BLUE 4Teara&Ask your,, 482 RED ,, 483 YELLOW Dealer. ,, 484 GREEN TFfE ROYAL SOvw1EICN PENCIL CO.. LTD.. LONDON. N.W.18

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9254900377

出版商:RSC    

年代:1925

数据来源: RSC