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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1921. PART I, Issued under the supervision of the Ptfblications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, February, 1921. Publications Committee, 1920-21 OSCAR L. BRADY (Chairmaut), SIR HERBERT JACKSON K.B.E. (President), WILLIAM BACON, ALL1N COTTRELL, ALEXANDER C. CUMMING, O.B.E., J. T. DUNN, LEWIS EYNON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, J. H. LESTER, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., ANDREW MORE, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, C B.E., G. H. PERRY, O.B.E., GEORGE STUBBS, C.B.E. Report of the Council (1920-1 921) 70 be sabunitted to the FeLLows and Associates of the Institide at the Forty- third Annual CrencraL Meeting, to be heLd on Tuesday, 1st &larch, 1921.I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. The Council report that during the twelve months ending 31st January, 1921, they have re-elected 3 Fellows, and have elected 43 new Fellows, of whom 22 were Associates ; they have elected 324 new Associates, of whom 68 were Registered Students; and they have admitted 426 new Students. The Council regret to record the death of 28 Fellows and 4 Associates. FELLOWS. Percival S. Umfreville Pickering, M.A., F.R.S.Henry Kelway Bamber. George Pilkington. Henry Bassetts, senr. Alexander Cunningham. John Ruffle. William Hodgson Ellis, M. A.. John Emilius Lancelot Shadwell. M.D.John Shields, D.Sc. Walter William Fisher, M.A. Charles Simmonds, B.Sc. Jacob Grossman, M.A., Ph.D. Watson Smith. Charles Edward Groves, F.R.S. Adolph Urich. Thomas Sidney Haines. Samuel Archibald Vasey. Archibald Hall. Leonard Philip Wilson, F.C.G.I. Edward Kinch. Arthur Wingham. George Lewin. Edgar Alan Masters, B.Sc. ASSOCIATES.Robert McAlley. Rudolph Messel, Ph.D., F.R.S. Arnold Boswell, B.A. Charles Clifton Moore. Frederick William Francis Day. Lucius Trant O’Shea, M.Sc. William Arthur Haward, B.Sc., Julius Ostersetzer. A.R.C.S. Arthur Howard Jay. 4 Fellows, 4 Associates, and 13 Students have resigned, and the names of 15 Students have been removed in accord- ance with the By-Laws. 4 At the date of this Report the Register contains the names of 1,562 Fellows, 1,708 Associates, and 799 Students.The number of members has increased by309 and of Studentsby330. 2. THE WORK OF THE COUNCIL. The Council have held 15 Meetings, and the Committees, Boards and Sub-Committees have held gg Meetings. The following is a list of the Committees, with the names of theii respective Chairmen :-COMMITTEE. CHAIRMAN. 0.Finance .. .. .. The Hon. Treasurer. General Purposes .. .. .. The President. Glass Research .. .. .. Sir George Beilby, Past -President. Vice-Chairman : The President. Benevolent Fund .. .. .. The Hon. Treasurer. 0.House .. .. .. .. George Stubbs. Lectures .. .. .. .. The President. Legal and Parliamentary .. .. Horatio Ballantyne.Library .. .. .. .. Alexander Findlay. Nominations, Examinations and Institutions .. .. .. The President. Public Appointments .. .. A. Chaston Chapman. Publications .. .. .. .. 0. L. Brady.Reagents .. .. .. .. A. Chaston Chapman. Research Chemicals .. .. ... Gilbert T. Morgan.Services .. .. .. .. The President. Special Committee reHon. Corres- 0.ponding Secretaries .. The President. ....Sir Herbert Jackson, President, has been appointed a Governor of the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau. The President has continued to act as a member of the Treasury Committee for the selection of Temporary Assistants in the Government Laboratory. Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, Vice-president, has served as representative of the Institute on a War Office Committee appointed to enquire into the status and functions of the Directorate of Chemical Inspection, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.The President and Sir James Dobbie, Past President, have continued to represent the Institute on the Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies, and the President on the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry. 5 Sir William Tilden, Past President, has continued to serve, as representative of chemistry, on the Council on Medical and Allied Services, Ministry of Health, and Dr. J. F. Tocher, on the Consultative Council of the Scottish Board of Health. Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, Mr. Francis H. Carr, Mr. Kenneth M. Chance, Mr. Charles A. Hill, and Mr. William Macnab were appointed to represent the Institute at a Conference on the desirability of standardising plant and apparatus employed in chemical industries, and on the formation of a Sectional Chemical Engineering Committee of the British Engineering Standards Association.The Sectional Committee has been duly constituted, and the views of the Council on the proposed work have been communicated to the Association. Sub-committees have been appointed to prepare standard specifications for certain forms of chemical plant. Mr. Frank W. Harbord and Dr. J. J. Fox have continued as representatives of the Institute on the Aircraft Sub-Committee on Chemicals of the British Engineering Standards Association. Ur. 0. L. Brady, Mr. Cecil H. Cribb, and the Registrar represented the Institute as members of a deputation from the National Union of Scientific Workers and other Bodies, received by the Commissioners of Income Tax on 10th December, 1920, to request the consideration of abatements of tax in respect of certain expenses incurred by scientific workers.The negotiations are proceeding. The Registrar continued as a member of the Resettlement of Officers’ Committee of the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour until it was dissolved in November. He is still serving as a member of the Grants Committee of the same department, and as a member of a Committee of the Employment Department of the Ministry in co-operation with the Incorporated Association of Headmasters. On 1st December, 1920, a deputation of manufacturers of and dealers in laboratory ware was received at the Board of Trade in support of the Key Industries Bill so far as it related to laboratory glassware.The Council having been invited 6 to appoint representatives to form part of the deputation, decided that they would not undertake to give expression to views of a political character ; but in view of the work of the Glass Research Committee and the help rendered by manu- facturers during the war, the Council held that the Institute should be represented at the Interview. The President and the Hon. Treasurer, with Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, Mr. F. H. Carr and Mr. William Macnab were appointedfor this purpose. The proceedings were reported briefly in the Journal, Part VI., 1920.(See also Glass Research Committee, p. 10.) The Council, having learned with much regret of the proposal of the authorities of the City and Guilds of London Institute to close the Finsbury Technical College in June, 1921,empowered a number of members to take part in a movement towards securing the continuance of the College, and allowed the use of the Council Room for meetings held in that connection. The President joined with the Presidents of many other scientific and professional bodies in subscribing to a memorial to Lord Halsbury, Chairman of the Governing Body, urging that no pains should be spared to preserve the College. Definite information with regard to the future of the College has not yet. been received, although it is understood that favourable negotiations are in progress. 3.FINANCE. The Financial Statements for the year rgzo are given on pp. 24-28. GENERAL Accouh'T.-The Statement of the General Account for 1920 includes under Expenditure several items, amounting to L1206 9s. gd., which may be regarded as extra-ordinary, including the liabilities (mainly relating to printing, house repairs and equipment, on General Account and Building Fund Account brought forward from 1919),with the first premium, L88 6s. 8d., on the Building Redemption Fund, which may be regarded as an investment, and, therefore, ranks as an Asset. The Hon. Treasurer and Finance Com-mittee have had careful regard to the necessity for exercising economy. They have had to meet the difficulties arising 7 from the increased cost of labour and materials : the cost of printing, for example, has increased by 140 per cent.for labour, and by 200-300 per cent. for paper ; fuel also is considerably higher. At the same time, the increasing business of the Institute and the increasing membership have necessitated a larger staff. The cost of the revision of the By-laws is an item of expense which should rarely recur. The By-laws had not been altered in any way for nearly thirty years and the Council propose that the whole cost shall be a charge on capital account ; but the revision of the Regulations, the house repairs which had accumulated during the war, the ex- tension of the Proceedings in the form of the present Journal, the financing of Local Sections, and similar charges, will be met from current income.Having regard to the increasing membership, the normal expenditure will not be found out of proportion to that of 1919. On the Receipts side, the amount for subscriptions is larger than that for 1919 by over &oo. The amounts received for Life Compositions, E62j 6s., and the repayment of part of the loan to the Building Fund, k449 14s., will be placed to capital account, and invested together with a sum of E37 9s. gd. due for investment on 19r9 account. An approximate statement of Profit and Loss, on the year’s working, disregarding the depreciation or appreciation of investments, may be abstracted as follows :-S s. d. % s.d. Ordinary Receipts. . 7154 4 1 Ordinary Expendi-ture .. .. 6871 14 10 Less Balance, Dec. Plus Subs. received 31, 1919 . . .. 666 16 3 in advance .. 91 3 0 6487 7 10 Redemption Premium 88 6 8 Fees on applications in abeyance .. 37 5 6 Accounts due .. 224 0 10 Accounts due for Balanceinhand . . 455 2 4 payment .. 305 7 9 Dzfference . . .. 50 13 5 S7305 11 1 S7305 11 1 In the above abstract the Liabilities in respect of Rent and the Library are excluded, because the full amounts for them are already included in the ordinary expenditure. Exclusive of ordinary items of receipt and expenditure, the net result for the year 1920shows that the outgoings (includhg the extension of the Journal, with corresponding increase in postage and stationery, Local Section expenses and increased Library Grant) have not seriously exceeded the income for the year.The Commitee believe, moreover, that recent activities justify the expenditure involved and that when the initial outlay has been met, and more normal conditions are restored, the Institute will be able to place to capital account all sums reserved for investment and even to show a balance in hand at the end of each year. BUILDINGFuNn-The accounts for the year show addi-tional receipts amounting to k734 8s. 6d. The Fund has now been closed, and a summary of the Account is attached. Mainly owing to the trades dispute which occurred in 1914and to difficulties arising from the war, the cost of the building exceeded the original estimates ; but it will be seen that notwithstanding adverse conditions the contributions received amounted to about lrg,ooo, which was raised at an expense of E4oo (i.e.little more than z per cent.) ; that this ex- pense was more than covered by the interest and dividends on investments, and that although the Council were authorised, if necessary, to draw upon the General Fund of the Institute to the extent of L35o0, the deficit to be met amounts to less than fl1530. Against this deficit, moreover, the appeal may be said to have been directly productive of prospective legacies of E~oooand E500 under the wills of Mr. Edward Riley and Prof. Meldola respectively. The Council, in acknowledging their grateful thanks to all contributors, feel that the Institute has been very fortunate in having acquired its premises before the increased cost of materials and labour rendered their erection prohibitive. 9 (The List of Donations received since the List of Con-tributors was published in July, 1916, is given on p.84 of this Part of the Journal.) BENEVOLENTFum.-The scheme for the establishment of a Benevolent Fund as a Memorial to the Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who died in the service of their country during the war was published in June, and a sum of k31z 4s. 3d. has since been received froin Fellows and Associates. All expenses incurred in connection with the Fund have been debited to the Account. Up to the present no call has been made upon the Fund.This is due, no doubt, to the fact that very few chemists are without appointments ; but the Council hope that members will contribute what they can to provide against contingencies which may arise should these conditions become changed. The Fund should prove of invaluable service in times of stress, especially as an adjunct to the Appointments Register. That Register should obviously be regarded as the chief means of affording aid to those in need through lack of employment, but where misfortunes arise from such causes as disablement, or other infirmity, the Benevolent Fund Committee hopes, through the generosity of the contributors to the Fund, to be in a position to afford liberal help, and looks to the Local Sections and the members individually to co-operate in the scheme.4. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE. The main work of the General Purposes Committee has consisted in the Revision of the By-Laws, a task of considerable difficulty and responsibility. The Committee endeavoured to collate the suggestions of the Committees of Local Sections and Honorary Corresponding Secretaries. The new By-Laws, which were eventually submitted to Extraordinary General Meetings of the Institute held on 28th October and 12th November and adopted, will come into force as soon as they are allowed by the Privy Council. 10 The Committee has further investigated the question of the remuneration and conditions of appointment of chemists occupying whole-time positions, and has reported on the returns received to a circular regarding this enquiry issued in August and October, 1920. (See p.44.) The Committee has also had before it, on the suggestion of the Manchester Local Section, the subject of agreements for chemists in whole- time employ, with a view to the formulation of a form of contract which might be generally adopted, and hopes to report in the near future. In collaboration with representatives of the National Union of Scientific Workers, the Committee has reviewed the position, in relation to income tax, of scientific workers engaged in whole-time and part-time appointments, especially having regard to payments incidental to the successful pursuit of their respective callings. The Committee has also reported on a question raised regarding the assessment, for purposes of Income Tax, of the proceeds of the sale of inventions and patents.(Journal, Part III., p. 160.) The Committee has formulated the scheme for the election of District Members of Council under the new By-Laws. Particulars of the scheme will be published in the Journal (p. 30), and an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Institute will be called in due course to determine the Districts. The Committee has also had under consideration the desirability of the names of members of the Institute appearing in uniform type in directories. This matter also will be submitted for discussion at a Conference to be held immediately after the Extraordinary General Meeting which will be called to determine the Districts.5. GLASS RESEARCH COMMITTEE. In the Journal, Part III., 1920, the Glass Research Com-mittee published schemes for the testing of Laboratory Resistance Glassware and Laboratory Porcelain. The Committee feels that under the conditions prevailing pending the decision of the Government with regard to key 11 industries, British manufacturers of laboratory ware have been hampered in the development of their production. The Committee hopes, however, that the manufacture of satis-factory supplies of laboratory requirements will become firmly established in this country, and will be prepared to assist both manufacturers and users in the investigation of questions bearing on such production, so far as lies in its power, without trenching on the ground allotted to other organisations.In agreement with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Board of Education and the Board of Trade, the Council, on the recommendation of the Com- mittee, have therefore urged users of chemical glass to give their support to the industry, although they agree that, in the event of supplies, satisfactory as to quality, quantity and price not being forthcoming, chemists will have no alternative but to obtain them elsewhere. The Council indorse the views expressed by Mr. A. Chaston Chapman before the Board of Trade, reported in the Journal (Part VI., p. 313). The Council recognise the debt of chemists to manufacturers who endeavoured to create the chemical glass industry during the war, and hope that they may be afforded a fair chance to establish it, in order to prevent a recurrence of the situation with which chemists were faced in 1914. The Council recognise also that it is no part of the functions of the Institute to take part in political matters on which the views of the members generally may be divergent, but they will continue to watch any legislation which may be promoted affecting the interests of the profession.6. HOUSE COMMITTEE. The Council learn that the premises of the Institute are within the site granted by the Government for the University of London, but they hope that the Institute’s tenancy will remain undisturbed. The buildingof the Institute has been maintained in good repair.The bookcase purchased with the bequest of Mr. George T. Holloway has been placed in the Council Room. It contains the books, formerly the property of Sir Humphry and Lady Davy and of John Davy, also bequeathed by Mr. Holloway. Mrs. Bedford McNeill has presented the Institute with a bronzed cast figure of Priestley. Jowmd, Part II., 1920 (pp. 98 andi141). The Memorial to Fellows, Associates, and Students who died in the service of their country during the war has been erected in the vestibule, and was unveiled by the President on 28th October, 1920. Accommodation has been provided in the Laboratories of the Institute for the Director and Chemists of the British Photographic Research Association, and for other chemists engaged in research work.In June, 1920, the Council co-operated with the London Section of the Societv of Chemical Industry in arranging an exhibition of apparatus and materials which was held on the premises of the Institute, and to which Fellows and Associates were invited. 7. LECTURES COMMITTEE. A lecture on ‘‘ Some Scientific Aspects of Tanning ” was delivered before the Institute by Mr. Joseph Turney Wood at University College on 24th November, 1920, and has since been published and issued to Members and Registered Students. Arrangements will be made for further lectures to be delivered and published during 1921. The Lectures Committee has suggested that Fellows and Associates should take part in popularising chemistry by giving suitable lectures before local scientific and literary societies, and has asked Local Sections to allow their members to invite friends to meetings held under their auspices when the subjects under discussion are not of a highly technical or purely professional character. 13 8.LIBRARY COMMITTEE. The Council and Library Committee have had the pleasure of acknowledging many gifts of books and periodicals from authors, publishers, and members, and have made some useful additions to the Library from the Annual Grant allotted to this purpose. The Library Fund at the close of 1920 showed a balance of E33 17s. 4d. THELIBRARYOF THE CHEMICALSOCIETY. The Council again record their appreciation of the privileges allowed to members of the Institute in the use of the Library of the Chemical Society.9. LOCAL SECTIONS. The Local Sections have held meetings for the discussion of papers of professional and technical interest and for the promotion of social intercourse among their members. The Registrar has attended meetings and functions of several Sections. The Council have been indebted to the Sections for suggestions on various matters, and also for assistance in connection with the revision of the By-Laws. A Conference of the Hon. Secretaries of Sections was held at the Institute in April, when the main subject discussed was the allocation of Fellows and Associates to districts for the purpose of electing District Members of Council under the provisions of the new By-Laws.The Conference also met the Finance Committee and the Nominations, Examinations, and Institutions Committee. The Council are fully satisfied that the work of the Sections is beneficial to the best interests of the Institute, and would urge Fellows and Associates- to join the Sections in their respective districts. 14 10. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS & INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Committee has held 30 Meetings. The applications received and considered, with the decisions thereon, are summarised below :-Applications for Admission to the Studentship : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 426 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 ~~ Total .. .. .. .. .. 437 Applications for Admission to Examination for Associateship : Accepted .... .. .. .. .. 20 Declined .. .. .. .. 50. 0. Total .. .. .. .. .. 25 Applications for Election, to the Associateship : *Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 324 Referred for Examination .. .. .. .. 83 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 Postponed for compliance with Regulations .. 57 Total .. .. .. .. .. 520 * By Examination :18 AppZications for Admission to Examination for Fellowship : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 De cline d .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Total .. .. .. .. .. 0 Applications from Associates for Election to Fellowship : 0.Ac cex, ted .. .. .. .. .. 22 0.In aiieyance .. .. .. .. .. 16 Declined .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Total .. .. .. .. .. 43 Applications for Election to the Fellowship*Accepted .... .. .. .. .. 24 Referred for Examination .. .. .. .. 11 0.Declined .. .. -. .. .. 16 In abeyance .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 Total .. .. .. .. .. 61-.t. Re-election : 3; by Examination : 6 15 Applications from Institutions applying for recognitionfor the training of Candidatesfor the Associate-ship of the Institute : a.Accepted . . .. .. .. .. 2 Postponed, pending compliance with conditions prescribed by the Council .. .. .. 2 Total .. .. .. .. .. 4 The Committee, therefore, dealt with 1,096 applications, apart from numerous letters of enquiry on individual cases. 90 Candidates were interviewed by the Committee or by Local Committees appointed by the Council by agree- ment with the Local Sections.The thanks of the Council are accorded to the local Interviewing Committees for their valuable help and reports. REGuLATIoNS.-The Regulations as revised by the previous Council were published in March, 1920, and reprinted in August. ExAMINATIONS.-The Council have received reports on Examinations held in April, July and October, 1920, and January, 1921. The results are sumrnarised in the following table :-Associateship : EXAMINED.PASSED. Branch (a) Mineral Chemistry .. .. Branch (b) Metallurgical Chemistry .. Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. Branch (f) Biological Chemistry, etc. .. Branch (9) Chemical Technology .. General Chemistry (New Regulations) .. Branch (b) Metallurgical Chemistry .. Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. of Food and Drugs, etc... Branch (9) Chemical Technology .. Branch D. Agricultural Chemistry .. Branch (e) Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs .. Fel 1owship : Branch (e) Chemistry (and Microscopy) Associates Examined for Fellowship : Fellow Examined for Certi$cate in the 2 3 0 2 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 8 1 1 4 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 6 Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc. e. 1 - 0 - 32 26 16 The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the authorities of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, the University of Leeds, the Lister Institute, and the College of Technology, Manchester, for the use of laboratories, and to the following members, who have acted as additional Examiners and otherwise assisted the Board of Examiners in connection with Examinations in Special Branches : Prof.J. W. Cobb, Prof. C. H. Desch, Prof. Thomas Gray, Dr. E. Knecht, Mr. J. Macleod, and Mr. F. M. Rowe. INSTITUTIONS.-The Leeds Central Technical School (full day course) has been added to the List of Institutions recog- nised by the Council for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute. Applications from other institutions have been considered, but remain in abeyance pending compliance with certain requirements of the Council. 11. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Public Appointments Committee, whose work is concerned with matters affecting the public interest and chemical appointments, has advised the Council with regard to matters concerning chemists holding such appointments. Thenegotiationswhichhavc passed during the year between the Council and various Government Departments (including the Admiralty, the Board of Education, the Board of Trade, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labour, the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, and the War Office) have been reported from time to time in the Journal.The Council learn that the terms of service of chemists in several Government Departments have been improved, and hope that in the near future the positions of other chemists in the Government Service will receive due consideration with no less satisiactory result. Representation has been made to the Bumham Committees of the Board of Education with a view to securing due recogni- tion of the qualifications of members of the Institute engaged in teaching chemistry.17 The representations addressed to a County Council regard- ing the informal testing of milk by food inspectors (Part IV., p. 238) were duly acknowledged by the authorities, who determined, however, to pursue the course which they had decided to adopt. The matter will be watched in the interests of the adequate administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. The Council have also communicated with municipal and county authorities with regard to the conditions attached to the appointments of Public Analysts. In the case of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney, to which reference was made in the Journal (Part II., 1920, p. 118-no), the Council learn that the conditions attached to the appointment have been substantially improved.The Councils of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts have received returns from public analysts showing that the majority of these officers have recently obtained additions to their emoluments (see p. 52). The prevailing conditions have rendered it imperative for all professions to look to their interests, and it is necessary for chemists, no less than medical men and lawyers, to co- operate in modifying accordingly their fees for professional services. A schedule of fees now regarded as reasonable for various analyses has been prepared by the Public Appoint- ments Committee, and members can obtain information with regard to such matters by applying to the Registrar, indicating the nature of the work in question.The Public Appointments Committee has noted with interest the Report of the Chemical Services Committee of the Government of India referred to in the JaumaZ (Part III., p. 186). The Government appears to be disposed to take an increasing interest in the work of chemists in that Empire, but it is important that chemists who contemplate becoming candidates for appointments in India should make themselves fully acquainted with the conditions of life there in order to obtain suitable status and prospects. 18 12. RESEARCH CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS. Acting on the advice of a Special " Research Chemicals " Committee, the Council have co-operated with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and with other bodies in making known to chemists the progress made in this country in the production of organic chemicals for research purposes.A preliminary list of such products was published in June, and, pending further developments, the Council offered facilities to students and research workers, acting as a " clearing house " for substances which were not easily obtainable. Several chemists were able by this means to secure materials from others who happened to have them in hand. The list of such substances produced by British manufacturers has since been considerably augmented, and the Institute still frequently assists in securing information as to where these materials can be obtained. THEREAGENTSCOMMITTEEhas recommended the Council not to reprint the Pamphlet on Reagents for Analytical Purposes (published in 1915)~but proposes to discuss sugges- tions for the revision and extension of the tests for reagents for publication from time to time in the Jo.urnnZ.Several useful suggestions, which have already been received from manufacturers and users, are now under the consideration of this Committee. 13. SERVICES COMMITTEE. The Services Committee, appointed to consider the position of chemists and metallurgists in the Naval, Military, and Air Services and the action to be taken to secure for them better recognition and status, formulated a report, including a draft scheme for the establishment of an Amy Chemical Service, which was duly received by the Council.In the view of the Committee the principles underlying its scheme were applicable to other scientific professions, and since the Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies had determined to investigate the whole question, the Council forwarded the Report of the Committee to the Board, and are awaiting further development. 19 14. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council record their indebtedness to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries in Overseas Dominion and in India for services during the year, especially for reports upon applications from candidates for membership and for advice on matters of professional interest in their respective countries. 15. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. The successful working of the Appointments Register is indicated by the fact that at no time during the year 1920-a period of stress and general lack of employment in nearly every professional calling-did the number of members actually without appointment exceed 0.75 per cent.of the total membership of the Institute. The number has slightly increased, however, during January, 1921. Many Fellows and Associates have been helped to improved positions, and many recently qualified members have been absorbed into industry and commerce, through the Register. In addition to the Appointments Register for qualified chemists the Institute has established similar Registers for laboratory assistants, and for students who are desirous of gaining practical experience in private laboratories or works during vacations. The Council look to the continued co-operation of Fellows and Associates in their endeavours to secure suitable positions for such assistants and students. The Council believe that there is no more powerful agency for promoting the consolidation and maintaining the status of the profession than ensuring the constant employment of its members, for which purpose the Appointments Register of the Institute is invaluable.They are able, through the influence of the Institute in this matter and from long experi- ence in the conduct of the Register, to confer with leaders of industry, to help employers to secure the services of the best chemists available, and, on the other hand, to introduce chemists to appointments carrying conditions suitable to their 20 status.Further, they hold that, if employers will adhere to the scheme provided for the recruitment of laboratory assistants, those appointed to junior positions will be only such as are of adequate general education and have a reason- able prospect of qualifying in the profession, while a check will be put upon the influx of those for whom chemistry offers only a " blind-alley " occupation, and the staffing of technical laboratories will be developed on an increasingly sound and efficient basis. 16. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY. This Committee has been appointed to watch measi res promoted in Parliament which may affect the interests of the profession of chemistry. The Committee communicated with the Board of Trade on the Gas Regulation Act with special reference to the evidence of competency to be required from candidates for appointment as Gas Examiners under the Act.The Committee hoped that the Act would provide that such appointments should be subject to confirmation by the Board, as the appoint-ments of public analysts, made under prescribed regula-tions, are subject to confirmation by the Ministry of Health. The Board preferred, however, that the responsibility of appointing competent and impartial persons to these offices should remain with the local authorities. The Committee held it desirable that the Board should at least indicate the nature of the qualifications required, but learned that the Board did not propose to interfere unless good cause for such action should arise.The Board has not issued any orders or regulations regarding the method of appointing gas examiners and no appointments are likely to be made before April. In the meantime, the Public Appointments Committee of the Institute has been asked to formulate views on the qualifications necessary for these appointments in order that they may be transmitted to the Board. (See p. 40.) 21 In connection with proposed new legislation for the inspection and control of workshops, a question was raised by a Fellow who had been informed that the laboratories of practising chemists would be subject to a new Workshops Act. From enquiries made at the Home Office, the Committee learned that no change had been made in the law, and that chemical laboratories as such did not come within the scope of the Act. Where a chemical laboratory forms part of a factory it is liable to inspection as is the rest of the factory.The laboratories of private practitioners are not so liable, and the Home Office will investigate any case of inspection of such a laboratory by officials under the Act. The Committee considered, amended and approved for publication the legal notes which appeared in Part VI. of the Jownal referring to (i.) the powers of Bodies incorporated under Royal Charter, and (ii.) contracts in restraint of trade. The work and functions of the Institute were carefully reviewed in the light of the judgment of Mr.Justice Peterson in the first case, and the Committee reported that it found no reason on that account why the Council should restrict the present activities of the Institute on behalf of its members and students. The Dyestuffs (Import Regulations) Bill was also before the Committee, which took steps to bring to the notice of the Board of Trade the advisability for making due provision for facilities for the import under favourable conditions of small quantities of rare organic substances required for research and unobtainable in this country. (See p. 43.) The Committee has also given consideration to the desirability and possibility of the Institute taking steps to obtain statutory restriction of the practice of chemistry to duly qualified and registered chemists, at least, in the first instance, in matters affecting the health of the community and the safety of workers in dangerous trades.The Com- mittee is not yet in a position to report to the Council on this matter. 22 17. PUBLICATIONS. Following the programme outlined in 'the Report ior tg~g-1920, the Publications Committee has supervised the issue of the Jowrtal and Proceedings in six parts during 1920. The Committee desires to develop the official organ of the Institute on lines that will encourage Fellows and Associates to maintain a keen interest in all matters affecting the welfare of their profession, and will welcome any suggestions from Local Sections or from individual members for increasing the usefulness of the Jownal.18, THE RETIRING PRESIDENT. On March Ist, Sir Herbert Jackson completes his term of three years in the office of President. The Council would remind the Fellows and Associates that Sir Herbert accepted office, in succession to Sir James Dobbie, while the war was still unwon and shortly after the Council had initiated and embarked upon a new course in the general policy of the Institute. He was thus called upon to guide its affairs in times of unusual difficulty and responsibility and during the period of reconstruction and resettlement following upon the termination of hostilities. The Council in recording their high appreciation of his valuable services feel that the position of the Institute has been greatly strengthened under his able leadership, and they accord him their hearty thanks for his invariable courtesy, his able conduct of business and his devotion to the interests of the Institute.30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. 28th January, 1921. 23 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the Books and Accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1920,and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the London County Westminister and Parr’s Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced.JAMES CONNAH, } Hon. Auditors, H. DROOPRICHMOND, 1g20-1g21. DAVIDHENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. February 4th, 1921. THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Founded, 1877. Incoq5orated by Royal Charter. 1885, FOR THE YEARENDED DECEMBERSTATEMENT OF RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE 31s~,1920 ~--_____ GENERAL ACCOUNT 1919. RECEIPTS. S s. d. S s. d. Balance at Bank on the 31st Printing, Stationery, Office S236 8 0 Dee., 1919 . . .. 666 16 3 Books, etc.-Journal (Part IV., 1919 ;Parts 1.-V.,Subscriptions-1920) .... .. 824 13 42,347 5 6 Fellows’ .. ..2,340 10 6 Other Printing,Stationeryiktc. .. 563 3 5 1,897 16 5 Associates’ .. . . 2,260 4 6 el,070 3 6 1,387 16 9 220 10 6 Students’ .. .. 369 5 0 429 0 0 Postage .... .. .. .. 469 7 7 ~-4,970 0 0 300 0 0 Rent .. .. .. .. .. 300 0 0 229 7 6 Entrance Fees .. .. 281 18 6 601 4 4 Rates and Taxes .. .. .. 687 16 2 273 19 1 Dividends and Interest .. 345 10 10 43 14 0 Insurance .. .. .. .. .. 65 4 8 33 19 9 Sale of Publications .. 22 12 11 229 12 6 Repairs and Furnishing .. .. 206 5 0 38 5 10 Sundry Receipts .. .. 11 12 11 2,220 19 0 Salaries, Wages, etc. .. .. .. 2,578 2 6 YM 3 10 Hire of Laboratories and 111 12 11 Advertisemegts . . .. .. .. 65 15 10 Rooms .. .. .. 313 19 0 221 14 0 Gas, Water, Electric Light and Power. . 138 9 0 96 1 6 Examination Fees .. 254 7 6 74 14 7 Fuel .. .. .. .. .. 121 17 2 93 3 9 Appointments Register .. 113 19 6 Household .. .. *. .. 26 14 5 88 0 6 Advertisements in Journal 173 6 8 21 8 11 Telephone .... .. .. 23 6 4 Examiners and Assistants (Fees and 6,321 2 2 7,154 4 1 86 16 9 Expenses) .. *. .. .. 379 7 9 Life Compositions reserved 123 18 11 Apparatus and Materials .. .. 46 8 7 2,722 4 0 for Investment.. .. 625 6 0 50 0 0 Library Account (see p. 28) .. .. 75 0 0 Building Fund Accounts paid- 65 5 2 Local Section Expenses .. .. 111 0*10 Printing .. .. 76 19 6 Donations-Contractors .. .. 204 0 3 Chemical Society Library .. 25 0 0 150 0 0 Repayment of Loan .. 449 14 0 Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies-~730 6 9 Federal Council ’for Pire a& 10 . 10 0 15 0 0 Doltations Applied Science .... 10 10 0 46 0 0 46 0 0 160 11 1 Miscellaneous Expenses .. .. 95 11 11 Travelling Expenses .. .. .. 31 15 4 Auditor’s Honorarium .... .. 15 15 0 5,856 15 8 6,871 14 10 2,684 14 3 Cost of Stocks boughtExtraordinary Expenditure- War Memorial .. .. .. .. 55 0 0 Bookcase (G. T. Holloway Bequest). . 28 10 0‘ Printing-1919 Account,including Buildku Wd, g76 12 6 .... 378 19 6 By-lawS ........ 95 18 0 Readations ...... 117 2 3 591 19 9 Redemption Fund (1st premium Eess 20% commission) .. .. .. 88 6 8 Repairs and Furnishing 1919 yc (in-cluding Building Fund, $204 0 3) 420 3 4 Local Sections, 1919 yc . . .. 22 10 0 666 16 3 Balance .. .. .. 455 2 4 Less due to Library Fund 23 10 1 431 12 3 €9,208 6 2 ;E8,509 16 10 €8,208 6 2 $8,509 16 10 STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, Dec. 31st, 1920. 1919. ASSETS. $ s. d. 1919.LIABILITIES. S s. d. . 455 2 4 Subscriptions received in0. 0.E676 7 I Balance S3,OOO Victoria 4% In-advance-2,760 0 0 scribed Stock.. ..2,790 0 0 $58 16 0 Fellows' .. 42 1 6 $1,000 New Zealand 4% 53 9 0 Associates' 38 6 6 830 0 0 Inscribed Stock .. 680 0 0 1 10 0 Students' 10 15 0 $700 Canada 3&y0Regis-91 3 0 469 0 0 tered Stock . .. 420 0 0 Fees-$500 Metropolitan 3 % 169 11 6 Applications in abeyance 37 5 6 0.315 0 0 Stock .. .. .. 305 0 0 75 0 0 Rent outstanding 75 0 0 $500 Great Western Rail- 881 18 4 Accountsoutstanding .. 305 7 9 way 2Q% Debenture Amount due to Library 225 0 0 Stock .. .. .. 205 0 0 9 10 10 Fund .. .. .. 23 10 1 $1,833 Midland Railway Excess of Assets over 24yo Perpetual Prefer -9656 7' 2 Liabilities .... 7,736 9 3 779 0 6 ence Stock .. .. 691 19 2 $2,443 6 4 5% War 2,297 4 3 Stock .. .. ..2,021 16 7 $500 War Savings Certi- 387 10 0 ficates at cost .. 387 10 0 Sundry Ac-140 0 0 counts due 215 0 4 Due from Be-nevolent Fund *. 906 224 0 10 Redemption Fund .. 88 6 8 Interest on Loan to Build-103 6 10 ing Rund .. .. FLoan to Building 1,923 14 2 Pund .. .. .. *$10,906 2 10 "$8,268 15 7 520,906 2 10 $8,268 15 7 *The above statement does not include the value of the premises of the Institute, Furniture, Library, Apparatus, etc. f This item was included in the statement for 1919 on the assumtion that the remainder of the Fund would be raised bv contrihntions. BUILDING FUND ACCOUNT for the Year ended Dec. 31st, 1920.RECEIPTS. S s. d. EXPENDITURE. S s. d. Balance at Bank 31st Dec., 1 $74 19 8 Balance as at 31st Dec., 1918 1920.. .. .. .. 55 18 6 Building Costs- $260 18 2 Contributions .. .. 734 8 6 Contractors and Sub-Con-tractors .. .. .. 60 0 3 General Account- Printing, Station- ery, etc. 76 12 6 Repairs and Fur- nishing .. 204 0 3 Amount paid to I50 0 0 y;/,ofLoan .. 449 14 0 730 6 9 55 18 6 Balance at Bank 31st Dec., 1919 f.3 4 5260 16 2 I $790 7 0 &280 28 2 $790 7 0 Statement of Receipts and Expenditure since the Opening of Building Fund Account, 1909-20. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE. E s. d. S s. d. Contributions .. .. .. .. 18,850 17 7 Site and Building Costs .. .* 20,573 7 8 e.General Account .. .. .. 1,474 0 2 Expenses .. ** ..404 S 8 Profit on Investments and Interest . 652 18 7 -~ $20,977 16 4 $20,977 16 4 BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, June 17th to Dec. 31st, 1920. RECEIPTS. I EXPENDITURE. S s. d. 2 8. d. Cash in Bank 17th June, 1920 .. .. 50 0 0 Postage, Cheque Book, etc. .. .. .. 215 Cwh in hand 17th June, 1920 .. .. 117 0 1 Balance at Bank- Donations and Subscriptions .. .. 246 1 6 1 Current .. .. .. 99 3 4 0.Interest on Deposit .. .. .. 363 Deposit .. .. .. 200 0 0 299 3 4 $301 4 9 I $301 4 9 I ASSETS. LIABILITIES. s s. d. S s. d. Balance at Bank 31st December, 1920 .. 299 3 4 General Account .. .. .. .* 9061 LIBRARY FUND for the year ended Dec. 31st, 1920. RECEIPTS. 2 s. d. EXPENDITURE. S s. d. $15 18 10 Balance 31st Dec., 1919 ..19 18 1 246 0 9 Books, Journals, etc. .. .. 61 0 9 b0 0 0 Grant fromGenera1 Account .. 75 0 0 19 18 1 Balance .. .. .. .. 33 17 4 S65 18 10 294 18 1 $65 18 10 $94 18 1 29 Proceedings of the Council and-Committees Officers and Members of Council -The Councilof the Institute regret that the Privy Council were not able to notify their assent to the new By-laws in time to provide for the election of the new Council in accordance with those By-laws. The Officers and Members who retire from the Council at the Annual General Meeting, on March Ist, 1921,are : President;: Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S. Vice-president : Sir James Dobbie, LL.D., F.R.S., and Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Members of Council : Edward Charles Cyril Baly, C.B.E., F.R.S., Oscar Lisle Brady, D.Sc., Alfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., John Thomas Dunn, D.Sc., Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc., William Macnab, C.B.E., George Henry Perry, O.B.E., B.Sc., Francis Martin Potter, M.B.E., B.Sc., and William Maurice Gathorne Young.The Officers and Members nominated in their stead are :-President, Alfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S. ; Vice-presidents, Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., and William Macnab, C.B.E. Members of Council, Arthur Jenner Chapman, Frederick George Donnan, C.B.E., Ph.D., F.R.S., Frederic Herbert Lees, Harold Moore, O.B.E., B.Sc., Thomas Slater Price, O.B.E., D.Sc., William Rintoul, O.B.E., William Henry Roberts, M.Sc., Leonard Ellerton Vlies, and Sir James Walker, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.Allowance of the New By-laws.-Since the preparation and issue of the Balloting List for the election of Council, the Solicitors of the Institute have transmitted from the Lords 30 of H.M. Privy Council the following Order, allowing the new By-laws of the Institute : At the Council Chamber, Whitehall. 0The 24th day of January, 1921. By the Lords of His Majesty’s Most Honorable Privy Council. WHEREAS the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, did, in exercise of the power in that behalf conferred on it by the Charter of Incorporation of the Institute, by Resolution of a General Meeting held on the 28th day of October, 1920, make new By-laws for the Institute in substitution for the existing By-laws thereof, and did further by Resolution of a subsequent General Meeting held on the 12th day of November, 1920, confirm the said new By-laws : And whereas the Institute has, in compliance with the requirements of the said Charter, submitted the said new By-laws, so made and confirmed as aforesaid, to the Lords of the Council for allowance : NOW, THEREFORE, Their Lordships, having taken the said By-laws (a copy whereof is hereunto annexed) into consideration, are pleased to allow the same.(Signed) ALMERIC FITZROY. District Members of Council.-Following the allow-ance of the Bylaws, the Council have prepared a scheme for the election of District Members of Council, particulars of which are here given :-RULES FOR THE ELECTION OF DISTRICT MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. I.DISTRICTS. For the purpose of the election of District Members of Council, the Districts shall for the present be defined, subject to adoption by a General Meeting of the Institute, as follows :-(i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Rutland, and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmoreland and Cumberland and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington, the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the lihe of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line, be rsie of an.31 London and South-Eastern Counties, including East Anglia, the Counties of Kent, Susgex, Hants, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, London, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Huntingdon, and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham, York, and Lincoln. Edinburgh and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh.Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries.Wales. Ireland. The Overseas Dominions, The Empire of India, and abroad. 11. NOMINATION. Subject to the provisions of By-law 30 (2)-(1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General. Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as ti candidate fop election as a District Member of the Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow ; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-law 94, 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on 01“before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“ We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is,in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council ; “Except that in the case of District (xi) this rule shall read as if the word ‘ August ’ were substituted for ‘ December.’ ” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.111. BALLOTINGLISTS. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District ; Except that in the case of District (xi) this rule shall read as if‘‘ September ” (in the year previous) were substituted for <c January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting-(a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secretary at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. SCRUTINYAND ELECTION. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, not Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2) The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-laws shall be disallowed.(3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting on the third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each Districk respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has withdrawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership’of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election. of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. CASUAL VACANCIES. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respectiveDistrict of one eligible Fellow ; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committee of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice con- vening a meeting €or this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xi),such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. VI. ELECTION. The first election of District Members of Council shall be held under these rules, except that Rule 2 shall be read as if the word “ April ” were substituted for “ December ” and “ August,” that Rule 3 shall be read as if the word “ May ” were substituted for “ January ” and “ September,” and that in Rule 4 the word “ May ” shall be substituted for “January,” and these words shall be added to Rule 4, “ in the election of the first District Member of Council for District (xi) this Rule shall be read as if the word ‘ July ’ were substituted for ‘January.’ ” At an Extraordinary General Meeting to be held on February 28th, the Members will be asked to determine and define the Districts in each of which the members shall be entitled to elect one District Member of Council in accord- ance with the new By-laws, and the Council will thereupon make arrangements for the first election of such District Members of Council.The list of Districts suggested in Rule I. above, based on the decision of the Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections held on April 16th, 1920, will be submitted for approval and adoption. Formation of a Sub-Section.-The Committee has re- ceived from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section a draft of suggested Rules for the formatioi, of Sub-sections which shall apply, in the first instance, to the formation of a Sub-section at Holton Heath. The Council 34 have approved and have sanctioned the formation of a Sub-Section at Holton Heath, to be termed the Bournemouth and District Sub-section of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section.RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF A SUB-SECTION. 1. For the further organisation of the Local Sections of the Institute and the promotion of their objects as well as to maintain the interest of the Fellows and Associates in the general welfare of their profession and of the Institute and to promote social intercourse, the Council will be prepared to receive applications for the formation of Sub-Sections within the Local Sections of the Institute. 2. Applications for authority to form Sub-sections shall be made in writing in the first place to the Committees of the respective Local Sections. Such applications shall be signed by ten or more Fellows and Associates of the Institute and shall set forth the evidence required by these rules ;and the Local Sections, if they deem it desirable, shall forward the same to the Council with an intimation of their concurrence.3. No Sub-section shall be formed unless ten members in a District express the wish that such Sub-section be formed and prove to the satisfaction of the Local Section concerned and of the Council that it is impracticable for them to attend the meetings of the Section. 4. A Sub-section as a whole shall pay the subscription of a single member to the section funds and in return the Secretary of the Sub- Section shall receive all notices to which members of the Section are entitled. 5, A Sub-section shall have the right to nominate one member of the Section Committee, who shall be additional to the number of members allowed under the rules of that Section.6. Any resolution which the Sub-section wish to be considered by the Council shall be submitted to the Local Section Committee, who will take such action as they think desirable. 7. A Sub-section shall elect a Secretary and shall organise its business as it may deem desirable, subject to the approval of the Com-mittee of the Local Section. 8. Except as otherwise provided in these Rules, a Sub-section shall conform with the General Rules laid down for Local Sections of the Institute. The Institute and New Legislation.-The pro-motion of the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Bill, which is now on the Statute Book, and of the proposed Key Industries Bill, has imposed upon the Council the responsi- bility of deciding how far it would be possible to frame a policy which would enable them to take action upon any measure before Parliament with regard to which the Members of the 35 Institute may hold divergent political opinions and yet upon which the Council are entitled to be, and should be, heard in the general interests of the profession of chemistry.On a motion by Mr. William Macnab, a Special Meeting of the Council was held on 27th January, 1921,to consider this important question. In opening the discussion, Mr. Macnab referred to the action taken with regard to the glass industry, particularly laboratory glass,-already reported in the Journal, Part VI.rgao,-and expressed his opinion that in all similar matters chemists as a body should consider whether they could take any step to help the country. He agreed with Mr. Ballantyne, who held that in matters upon which there was reason to believe that strong differences of opinion existed among the Members, action which might be held to commit the Institute should be avoided, unless or until the Council had ascertained the views of the Members generally. Although the important part which chemistry played in the war had been recognised fairly well, there was a tendency on the part of the public and politicians to forget the necessity of holding and developing the advance in chemical industry which had been attained. The passing of the Dyestuffs (Import Regulations) Act, 1920, and possibly of other statutes of importance to chemistry rendered it advisable that such a body of chemists as the Institute should keep these matters under the closest observa- tion.Chemists owed it not only to themselves but to the country to ensure so far as they could that chemical industry was actually developed in return for the support or protection received from the State. Amazing and incorrect statements were frequently put forward by one side or the other on matters of fact which could with advantage be corrected by the Institute, with much greater authority than by private individuals. Both the public and Parliament would thereby be helped. For example, the dye factories had been represented as potential explosives works and, on the other hand, it had been stated that our dye factories made practically no poison gas during the war, and, therefore, that there was no need for dye works for possible purposes of war, as the manufacture of poison gas during the war had been carried out in old established chemical works.These were both misleading statements, although they contained grains of truth. Recently too we had been told about the unsuitability of this country for the manu- facture of dyes, on account of its sodium laden atmosphere! It was true that many nitro bodies which could be used as explosives could be made in the dye works with little or no alteration of the plant ; but the experience in this country, as well as in France and Germany, showed that it was most unwise to make such explosives in the heart of a closely assembled works, on account of the risk of explosion.It was therefore misleading to speak as if the existence of well-equipped dye factories provided ready-made explosives works. Such an industry, however, provided a large reserve of chemists and workmen, experienced in the manufacture of nitro compounds, which would be a national asset should a call for explosive nitro bodies be made. Should it be necessary again to manufacture poison gases, the main asset would be the experience gained in conducting the manufacture of varied organic compounds with the complicated operations often involved. The dye industry, if well developed, could be of the greatest help to the nation if a necessity arose for " chemical warfare " ; but it was hateful to chemists that they should have been called on to produce such abominations as were used during the war or to contemplate making them again.However it was better for all mankind that the spirit which animated the enemy did not emerge triumphant even though we had been compelled to hit back with the vile weapons used against us. Chemists hoped the League of Nations would be able to prevent such prostitution of their science in the future. The scientific and technical ability in this country would prove equal to any demands made on it, if it were given a fair chance; but any industry which received a measure of 37 assistance from the State must loyally support its scientific and technical leaders in their efforts to develop and put the industry on a well-secured foundation of knowledge, and adopt a wide and far-seeing outlook without which national success could not be attained.Directors must recognise the supreme importance of devoting an adequate proportion of profits to research. It was much to be hoped that those concerned in the direction of any assisted industry would be stimulated by a proper patriotic feeling in the matter and act up to it. Many people would heartily welcome any light and leading which the Institute could give when occasion arose, and it was the duty of chemists patiently to determine how they might best help the industries to make the most of their opportunities in order to ensure to the nation the satisfactory development of our chemical industries.Clause 6 in the Dyestuffs Act, providing for the constitution of a Committee for the purpose of advising the Board of Trade with respect to the efficient and economical development of the dye-making industry, would appear to afford some pro- tection to the State and should be carefully considered by the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute. The Institute as a body had no legal standing to ensure that the desired progress was made, but it might very usefully help to guide and form public opinion in these most important matters. One Member of Parliament who voted against the Bill, but strongly desired to see the dye industry well estab- lished, had told him (Mr.Macnab) that he was sure state- ments of fact from the Institute on opportune occasions would be of the greatest assistance to Members of the House. The Dyestuffs Act was already in existence and other Acts involving chemical industry might follow. Chemists being deeply interested and concerned in the chemical industries of the country, it was their duty to do all in their power to help existing legislation to a successful issue and see that any future legislation did not rest on wrong chemical premises. The Institute had a great opportunity of serving the country and benefiting its members in connection with 38 chemical interests and the State. The public and Parliament were badly in need of education in matters relating to chemists and chemistry.He (Mr. Macnab) felt strongly that the existence of the Dyestuffs Act and the further discussiQhs on matters touching chemical industry which were certain to take place in Parliament would provide many occasions on which chemists could make their voice heard effectively and with advantage to all concerned. They should, there- fore, seize suitable opportunities as they arose and act boldly. In the course of the discussion which followed, the views expressed by Mr. Macnab were generally endorsed by the Council. The President said that the action taken by the Institute in 1914with regard to the requirements of chemists-reagents, and chemical glassware and porcelain-and subsequently in many matters connected with the war, had clearly indicated that it was ready to be useful to the country in an emergency.The spirit of the position it had then assumed in public matters should be maintained in dealing with other problems as they arose, having regard to the public interest and the wishes of the members generally, with a view to bringing together, when possible, manufacturers and consumers for their common benefit ; correcting prevalent mistaken notions regarding chemists and their work, and in any event avoiding political party bias. A Special Advisory Committee to deal with the whole question was appointed, consisting of the President and the Hon. Treasurer, with Messrs. Horatio Ballantyne, 0.L. Brady, F. H. Carr, A. Chaston Chapman, F. W. Harbord, E. M. Hawkins, C. A. Hill, P. H. Kirkaldy, Gilbert T. Morgan, William Macnab, F. M. Potter and Sir Robert Robertson. The Remuneration of Public Analysts.-The Public Appointments Committee has reported to the Council on the remuneration of Public Analysts in 1914and in 1920,respec-tively (see p. 52). 39 In the first place, the Committee considered the conditions of appointment of Public Analysts, who are engaged as whole-time officials by their authorities, and provided with laboratory staff and equipment. The Committee hold that such officials when retained by comparatively small boroughs should receive emoluments at least on the scale adopted by the Government in connection with work requiring like qualifi- cations.For the present, this scale carries a basic salary of &so rising by annual increments of Lz5 to L650 and prospect of promotion, together with the existing Civil Service War Bonus. When the analyst is retained by a county council or local authority of a large borough, the remuneration should be commensurate with the responsibility, With regard to appointments in which the remuneration is made by fee per sample, the Committee feel that although in the majority of instances the local authorities have increased the fees, the average fees are still considerably less than they should be in the prevailing circumstances. Public Analyst for Brightom-The attention of the Councils of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Society of Public Analysts has been directed to the conditions offered for the appointment of Public Analyst for the County Borough of Brighton.The local authority offered a salary of 450 per annurn, with 5s. for the analysis of each sample of milk and 110s. 6d. each for the analysis of other samples. The Councils informed the local authority that this remuneration was far below that generally obtained by Public Analysts in Great Britain. Assuming a reasonable proportion of samples of milk, and allowing for the salary of L50, it appeared that the average fee per sample was not more than 8s. 6d., while the average fee paid by all authorities throughout thecountry wasapproximately 15s. The Councils reminded the local authority that-apart from the advanced cost of living-the cost of assistance, apparatus and materials had more than doubled. All of this had to be borne by the Analyst, and would render it practically impossible, on the remuneration proposed, for him to carry 40 out the duties of the office satisfactorily and with any margin of profit to himself.Public analyts whose qualifications had already been approved by the Ministry of Health had declined to become candidates for the appointment. The number of candidates likely to apply for the appointment was, therefore, limited in a manner which was not in the best interests of the proper administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. The Councils of the Institute and of the Society expressed the hope that the local authority would consider the revision of the conditions before proceeding further with the ap-pointment. A letter was also addressed to Public Analysts and others likely to be interested in the matter, stating that the Councils hoped that they would refrain from applying for the appoint- ment, or, if they had already made application, would with- draw their candidature until the terms had been improved.Gas Examiners.-The Public Appointments Committee has given further consideration to the qualifications which are desirable for gas examiners under the Gas Regulation Act, 1920. While agreeing that the present tests required to be made under the Act are not essentially chemical and that the qualifications of a gas examiner need only a moderate training in chemistry and physics, the Committee anticipates that the testing of gas may in the near future be extended to include more definite chemical work.In those circumstances, it would be desirable that the work should be entrusted to qualified chemists, and that, wherever possible, the Board of Trade should advise local authorities with regard to the qualifications of such chemists, following the principle adopted by the Ministry of Health in dealing with the quali- fications of Public Analysts. The Board, however, has not issued any orders or regula- tions to local authorities regarding the method of procedure which is to be followed in appointing gas examiners, and it is not the intention of the Board to indicate in any way to local authorities the qualifications required in respect of such appointments.The Chief Gas Examiner and the Gas Referees, on the other hand, are vested with considerable powers, and will without doubt take steps to ensure that work of a technical character, such as the determination of carbon monoxide and of inert gases, shall be entrusted only to chemists with the necessary skill and experience. In any case it is unlikely that such testing will be required until after the two Committees recently appointed by the Board have reported. Coal Mines Regulations.-The attention of the Com-mittee has been directed to the General Regulations issued under Section 86 of the Coal Mines Act, 1911,requiring the analysis of coal mine dust.Certain persons and companies are said to have circularised colliery owners offering to analyse samples of dust, under the terms of the Regulations, at a fee of 5s. each. Apart from the objection to such cir- cularisation from the professional point of view, the sampling and analysis are operations of considerable responsibility, and the Council have decided therefore to communicate with the Mines’ Department, Board of Trade, with the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain, and with the Colliery Owners’ Association, in order to impress upon them the importance, from the point of view of the safety of human life, of having the sampling and analysis of these dusts, and also of the oxygen used in connection with breathing apparatus, conducted by qualified analysts.A New Food Bill.-The Food Controller proposes to consult the Councils of the Institute and of the Society of Public Analysts when he is framing, early next session, a Food Bill, to deal, inter dia, with the misdescription and the regulation of the quality of foodstuffs. The Councils have asked the Controller whether they may be allowed to see a draft of the Bill or at least a draft of the headings of the Bill, and have offered to appoint representatives to discuss proposals with regard to the measure with the Controller. Public Analysts are invited to forward to the Registrar of the Institute any unusual and glaring examples of mis-description of foods, and particulars of difficulties with which 42 they have had to contend owing to the lack of standards and definitions of food products, Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act.-The Legal and Parliamentary Committee has considered the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, 1920.Sections I and z of the Act are as follows :-l.+l) With a view to the safe-guarding of the dye-making in- dustry, the importation into the United Kingdom of the following goods, that is to say, all synthetic organic dyestuffs, coloum and colouring matters, and all organic intermediate products used in the manufacture of any such dyestuffs, colours, or colouring matters shall be prohibited.(2) Goods prohibited to be imported by virtue of this Act shall be deemed to be included among the goods enumerated and described in the Table of Prohibitions and Restrictions Inwards contained in section forty-two of the Customs Consolidation Act, 1876, and the provisions of that Act and of any Act amending or extending that Act shall apply accordingly.2.-(1) The Board of Trade have power by licence to authorise, either generally or in any particular case, the importation of any of the goods, prohibited to be imported, by virtue of this Act. (2) A licence granted under this section shall not be transferable. (3) For the purpose of advising them with respect to the granting of licences, the Board shall constitute a committee consisting of five persons concerned in the trades in which goods of the class prohibited to be imported by this Act are used, three persons concerned in the manufacture of such goods, and three other persons not directly con- cerned as aforesaid.Such one of the three last-mentioned persons as the Board shall appoint shall be chairman of the committee. (4) If on an application for a licence under this section the com- mittee are satisfied that the goods to which the application relates are goods wholly produced or manufactured in some part of His Majesty’s dominions, a licence shall be granted in accordance with the application. (5) An applicant for a licence shall be entitled to object to any member or members of such committee dealing with his application on the ground that he is prejudiced, owing to the fact that such member or members is or are trade competitors, and, if such objection is sus- tained by the Committee, the member or members so objected to shall withdraw from further consideration of the case, and shall not have access to any information or documents concerning it.(6) For the purpose of advising them with respect to the efficient and economical development of the dye-making industry, the Board shall constitute a committee of persons concerned in the trades of dye-maker or dye-user and of such other persons not directly concerned in such trades as the Board may determine. 43 (7) For the purpose of providing for the expenses incurred by the Board in carrying this Act into execution, the Board may charge in respect of a licence a fee nor exceeding five pounds.The Committee has considered the effect of the Act on the provision of adequate and reasonably-priced supplies of chemicals for research purposes, being apprehensive as to the interpretation which may be put upon the phrase “ all organic intermediate products used in the manufacture of any such dyestuffs, colours, or colouring matters.’’ The Council have thereupon addressed an enquiry to the Board of Trade in order to ascertain whether it is necessary to obtain a licence for the importation of small quantities of such chemicals,-even though they are capable of being used as intermediate products in the manufacture of dyestuffs, colours, or colouring matters,-provided that there is no intention that they shall be so used.In reply, the Board states that :-“Whilst it is not possible to regard small quantities of organic inter- mediate products which may be required for research purposes as being outside the scope of the Act, the Board will be prepared to issue general licenses for the importation of such products to approved research institutions, covering periods of three months and limited only as to total quantities. This procedure w111 obviate the necessity for separate applications for a large number of small items, but it will be a condition of the issue of any general license that a detailed return shall be furnished at the end of the three months during which the license is in operation, of the quantities of each product actually imported under it.” Schedule of Professional Fees.-In March, 1913,the Public Appointments Committee prepared a draft schedule of professional fees.This schedule was submitted to the Council, and it was agreed that it should be kept at the office of the Institute to enable the Registrar to answer enquiries from members with regard to professional charges. The incidence of the war has rendered it necessary to revise the fees, and the Committee having obtained opinions from practising members in various parts of the country has prepared a new schedule to be substituted for that prepared in 1913; on the understanding, however, that reference shall be made from time to time to well-established practitioners to ascertain whether any modification is desirable in any particular case, 44 The Remuneration of Chemists.INpublishing, in Part I. of the Jownal for 1920,statistics as to the salaries and conditions of employment of chemists, the Council anticipated that their action would be of consider- able service to individual chemists and to the heads of chemical departments when approaching their directors or authorities with regard to the subject of salaries, as well as to employers themselves. In order to confirm this expectation and to obtain statistics which might extend the utility of the investigaticn, the Council issued, in August, 1920,a second circular inviting further returns from Fellows and Associates in whole- time appointments. Replies were received from 917 chemists (including 25 women) resident in Great Britain and Ireland, of whom 616 were Associates and 301 Fellows.Seventy replies were also received from chemists employed in Overseas Dominions. In view, however, of the widely varying conditions of living and rates of exchange, these have not been included in the table below, although they will no doubt be useful in answering enquiries from chemists who propose to take up appointments abroad. The remarks attached to the returns indicated in many cases that the schedule previously published had been directly useful. Indeed, information has been received that it had been particularly referred to in connection with a range of important official appointments recently modified in favour of the chemists concerned, and also in respect of the staffs of several large industrial companies. In very few instances have members expressed themselves as seriously discontented. 45 The following figures show the present average rate of pay received by Fellows and Associates at the age of 30, compared with that received in 1919:-1919 I920 In Industry ...L410 L525 with annual increments of Ez4 ,, Govt. Service ... &o E45o ,, ,, ,, LI59, ), Teaching Work L285 L390 ,, Ers9, 9, 3, ,, all branches ... fT380 is480 ,, Lz3$9 9, JJ The attached tables also show that the higher grade of the Fellowship obtains distinct material recognition in every branch of work. At the age of 30, for instance, the average salary of Fellows in whole-time appointments generally is about &so ; in industry, isgo ; in Government Service, E510, and in teaching, jtI440.The value of Fellowship, moreover, is emphasised at the later ages, and this should afford encouragement to Associates to prepare for advance- ment to the senior grade. In all branches of the profession, however, there is clear evidence of the success of Fellows who have taken the trouble to supplement their university degrees by passing the Institute examinations. The Council again regret that the number of members who have assisted them in this enquiry was not greater, and that the figures, therefore, although correct and useful so far as they go, cannot be taken to represent the exact state of affairs. For the reasons which are indicated hereunder it is clear, however, that the tables understate the position.The comments of members will be briefly summarised according to the branches of work in which they are engaged. Industry.-Replies were received from 637 members (467 Associates and 170 Fellows) engaged in industry; of these over 630 were under 50 years of age. The returns show a considerable improvement on those of the previous year ; the average salary has increased, age for age, by sums varying from Ego to @40, while actual dissatisfaction is seldom expressed. Less than half of the chemists in industry 46 have made any mention of the terms of their contracts, and very few show that the terms are harsh. There are, however, cases where chemists are unable to secure their proper status, where they are subject to illogical restrictions, or are rigorously debarred f rorn opportunities of showing initiative in applying their knowledge to the best advantage.In at least one such case it is clear that the worth of the chemist is deliberately denied adequate recognition for fear of creating jealousy in the non-technical staff. On the other hand, the majority of industrial chemists are looked to for the suggestion of improvements in operations and management, and are frequently rewarded either by lump sum payments, by a bonus on profits, or by allotment of shares in the company, or are definitely permitted to exploit their own inven-tions. In other instances, however, the suggestion of improvements is accepted as part of the normal day’s work, for which no special consideration is accorded. The case of the chemist employed only for purposes of research is somewhat different, as the search for improve- ments is the sole reason for his employment.Some chemists take the view that they cannot properly claim additional consideration when their researches prove un-expectedly remunerative to their employers, since they or others may do equally good work for months, or even years, obtaining results negative in character, which are not translatable into monetary values. They feel that, where the conditions of appointment are good, their salaries are adjusted to compensate them for waiving any pecuniary award in the way of royalties for their discoveries, and that this system is in the best interests of research and of effective team work.Others, however, feel that they should receive a special award for any discovery they may make, and the returns show that many research chemists are given a financial share in royalties from patents which are utilised by others than the employing firm, and even for those worked by the employing firm after the expiration of their agreements. 47 Many chemists are engaged at a definite salary with a fluctuating bonus according to results achieved. Several returns contain no mention of the amount of such bonus, so that the average in the tables is correspondingly lower than it would have been.Many contracts contain a clause restraining the chemist from practising in a similar branch of industry for a definite period. Generally the time and area of restraint are reason- able, varying from one to three years and within small defined areas. Instances occur, however, where perpetual and almost world-wide restraint is attempted. Often the chemist is to be compensated during a period of forced inactivity by the payment of an allowance varying from a quarter to two-thirds of the amount of his salary received during the last year of his employment. The question of the publication of scientific work is variously treated. Some firms are apparently unduly secretive and forbid any publication ; but while admitting that occasionally a firm may have good ground for concealing a discovery from its competitors, such a course imposes hardship on chemists when they are not allowed to submit records cf their work as theses for doctorate degrees of the Universities, 01 as evidence in support of their claims for the Fellowship of the Institute.As a contrast, one case may be mentioned where the firm allows a chemist to devote two days a week to research of academic character with the definite object of presenting it as a thesis for a degree. The majority of contracts are for two or three years, and require the whole of the chemist’s time, at a definite salary, although in a few cases allowance is made for additional remuneration during periods of unusual pressure and, in others, the chemist is allowed to undertake independent consulting work or to hold concurrent teaching appointments.A few salaries are paid income tax free and several appoint- ments carry free quarters or house, and sometimes light and fuel. Many posts are pensionable. Several employers give their chemists time for attending meetings of scientific bodies and pay their expenses in connection therewith. An increasing number of chemists earn their living in vocations requiring other than scientific qualifications : for instance, as general managers, sales managers, and managers of factories and depar tments in industrial establishments and works. The statistics of average salaries of qualified chemists in industry must, in any event, be interpreted with caution, since the worth of brains and initiative cannot easily be appraised, nor the value of services compared and classified.Government Service.-The improvement in the position of chemists engaged in Government Service is due largely to the award of the recent Civil Service Bonuses, and has in some cases arisen through the reorganisation of the departments concerned. In some departments reorganisation is still pending, so that it is not unlikely that in the near future the figures for Government Service will be further enhanced. The hours of working and periods of leave are, on the whole, more favourable than in industry, and no return shows evidence of discontent on that account, but some are doubtful as to prospects of promotion, especially holders of temporary appointments, who are desirous that their positions should be placed on a permanent footing.When the figures for Government Service are plotted on curves, distinct flatten- ings are apparent at periods where chemists have reached the limit of salary attainable in a particular grade, and are awaiting the occurrence of a vacancy before obtaining promotion Only 45 returns were received from chemists engaged in whole-time municipal or other public employment, and it would be inadvisable, therefore, to draw any definite deduc- tions from the figures given. It may be remarked, however, that whereas in one or two appointments the conditions compare favourably with those in Government Service, the average salary is about E5o lower.Teachinga-The figures for teachers of chemistry, though comparing unfavourably with those of other branches of the profession, show considerable improvement upon those published last year. 208 replies, of which 142 were from Associates, were received from teachers of chemistry. This high percentage of the total returns from a relatively small branch confirms the fact that teaching is less remunerative than other branches. Of the Associates 55 were teaching in public and secondary schools. In the junior positions the difference in the emoluments of those teaching in schools and in universities and technical colleges is insignificant . More-over, the position at the time the returns were received was not so favourable as it is to-day, since many authorities have now adopted the recommendations of the Burnham Committee.The salaries of teachers in technical schools and in university colleges are now under the consideration of a similar com- mittee, and it is to be hoped that in the near future these salaries will be so improved as to continue to attract good chemists to this essential branch of the profession. In many cases complaint is made of understaffing in colleges, which is largely due to the influx of ex-service students, while the additional pressw e of work thereby involved leaves little time for research. Lecturers are often expected to undertake a certain amount of evening work, and in some cases this is specially remunerated ; in others, evening work is a definite part of the conditions of employment.Women Chemists.-The average rate of pay of women Fellows and Associates is in every case less than the average received by men of the same age. Similarity of treatment is more nearly accorded in Government Service where younger women chemists receive only 3-7% less than the average salary of men in the same grade. In industry women start at a disadvantage of about 15%, and this is increased with increasing age. Teaching posts for women are also less remunerative to the extent of 6-30%. The general position at present seems to be that women chemists are paid a slightly lower initial salary than men, and their prospects of promotion are much more limited.50 SUMMARY OF PAY STATISTICS RECEIVED FROM CHEMISTS EMPLOYED IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. -AVERAGESALARY INCLUDING BONUS. Government Service, E 358 394 504 534 841 796 Age. 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 26-30 31-35 3640 41-45 46-50 Industry.E 337 455 604 676 911 668 E 337 444 555 599 551 491 Teaching. Average.E E 299 332 334 427 423 551 546 622 503 807 742 717 E E 299 332 326 416 377 508 432 536 526 545 450 455 E 4 410 503 495 635 636 694 483 916 76I 757 A.I.C. E 358 378 432 439 550 350 F.I.C. E 469 633 581 906 852 51 REMUNERATION OF FELLOWS & ASSOCIATES OF THE INSTITUTE IN 1919 & 1920 (i) Fellows (1920) ; (ii) Fellows and Associates (I 920); (iii) Fellows and Aesocicctes (1919) ; (iv) Associates (1920).61 ZZI 6 53 figures for the average remuneration are included in Table A (below), which shows the remuneration received in 1914 and 1920 respectively. The table shows also the average remuneration per sample which applies to those appointments of 'which the conditions have remained unaltered since 1914, and the average remuneration of those in which the fee, retaining fee, or salary has been increased. In a few cases in which the retaining fee or salary had not been altered since 1914,a reduction in the number of samples caused the remuneration per sample to increase, whilst the payment received by the Analyst had remained stationary, or had decreased. These appointments were treated in the tables as if their terms had remained unaltered.Table B shows similar figures for the more important appointments (from which at least roo samples were received during 1920). Owing to the disturbed state of Ireland no useful data can be given for that country. WHOLE-TIME OFFICIALS. Replies were received from 10whole-time salaried analysts. Of these 5 were required to perform analyses of samples other than Foods and Drugs, together with bacteriological exami- nations. The salaries of the other officials varied according to the number of samples submitted, but there was no possi- bility of assessing an average salary according to the number of samples.The following table will, however, serve as a rough guide :-Average Average salary Increase in 1914. in 1920. per cent. Appointments with less than 1,500 samples (of all kinds) per annurn *' E287 E658 129Appointments with more than 1500 samples (of all kinds) per annum .. E620 LI036 67 TABLE A, (ALL APPOINTMENTS. ) Total remuneration pa sample of Foods and Drugs sub-mitted to Public Analysts. (Average from 232 appointments--131 in England and Wales, IOI in Scotland.) United Kingdom. Efigland afld Wales. Scotland . Average. Average. Average. Fees in 1914 . 10s. 6d. 11s. od. 9s. IOd. Fees in 1920 .. 15s. 8d. 14s.6d. 17s. 4d. Fees which have not been increased since 1914 .. .. Fees which have been 12s. rod. 12s. xrd. 12s. gd. increased since 1914 16s. zd. 14s. rxd. 17s. 8d. (1920) (The fees have not been increased in the cases of 34 appoint-ments in England and Wales and 12 appointments in Scotland.} TABLE B. FROM WHICH THE SAMPLES(APPOINTMENTS IN r9zo EXCEEDED 100.) Total remuneration per sample of Foods and Drugs sub-mitted to Public Analysts. (Average from 98 appointments46 in England and Wales, 12 in Scotland.) United England Kingdom. and Wales. Scotland. Average. Average. Average. Fees in 1914 . 10s. 7d. 10s. 8d. 10s. 3d. Fees in 1920 . 14s. 8d. 14s. 3d. 17s. zd. Fees which have not been increased since m.=9=4 .12s. Id. IZS, Id. -Fees which have been increased since 1914 15s. Id. 14s. gd. 17s. zd. (Thefees have not been increased in the cases of I 7 appoint-(1920) ments in England and Wales. They have all been increased in Scotland]. 55 Local Sections. London and South Eastern Counties Section.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on December qth, when the Committee and Officers for the ensuing session were appointed. An informal dinner, which was well attended, was held at the Imperial Hotel, Russell Square, on the same evening ; and the meeting was followed by a short smoking concert which was heartily appreciated. The monthly meeting of the Section was held at the offices of the Institute, on January rgth, being preceded by the usual informal dinner at the Imperial Hotel.Mr. W. G. M. Young opened a discussion upon “The Institute of Chemistry: what it can do, what it cannot do, what it should do, and what it should not do.” Mr. Young said that the main function of the Institute was to act as an examining and registration body. He did not think that the Institute could assume the functions of a trade union, at any rate so long as it wished to hold a Royal Charter. Whether or not the Institute were in sympathy with the idea of a professional trade union was a point which might be debated on a future occasion. He felt, however, that the Institute should at all costs avoid taking any step which was likely to lower the standard of professional competency and should not therefore in any way relax its examinational qualifications.There were some who claimed that the examinations were superfluous; in his opinion, they provided a test of corn-petency to practise in the profession of chemistry which was not provided by any other examination authority in the country. 56 The Registrar was then called upon by the Chairman, but he said that he would rather defer his remarks in order to reply to any criticism which might be levelled at the Institute. He was prepared to defend the view that the Institute had done and was doing what it could, and had not done anything it could not or should not. In the early days of the war, criticism was levelled at the Institute for taking over duties which it was alleged were not properly its duties.He claimed, however, that it had done work which needed to be done and had not, in any way, over-stepped its privileges. Mr. C. L. Claremont was of opinion that the Institute, in the first place, was formed only for those who practised as consulting and analytical chemists, such as public analysts. He deplored that the Institute, in enlarging its membership, had applied tests other than its own examinations. He corn- pared the profession of chemistry with that of medicine and suggested that the Council should decide whether it wished of adopt the functions of the General Medical Council or those to the British Medical Association which, in his opinion, adopted trades union principles.He was not well acquainted with the latest regulations, but, in his opinion, a Fellow elected under the old regulations was at a disadvantage. He thought that it was wrong to grant the Associateship on an examination which did not constitute a specific qualification to practise chemistry. Mr. C. E. Barrs was of opinion that in view of the ever widening scope of the science of chemistry it was essential for the chemist to specialise in a branch of the subject, and he welcomed the examination for the Fellowship which had recognised this fact. Mr. Collett, the Hon. Secretary, said that as the defence of the Institute was apparently more strongly represented than the attack he wished to constitute himself, in the first place, a ‘‘ devil’s advocate,’’ and mentioned criticisms of the policy of the Institute which he had heard expressed.He later said that what the Institute could do-rather, what it wished to do-was governed by the Charter ; and said that 57 all the members should work together in order to hold the profession together. He feared that far too many members took little interest in professional matters, while others criticised wi‘thout taking the trouble to find out what was going on, and did not even read their Journal. He felt very strongly the great value of the Local Sections in binding members of the Institute into a compact body which could do useful service for the State, for the profession, and for the individual.Mr. A. J. Chapman congratulated the Institute upon its efforts to help laboratory assistants. He also suggested that the Council should consider the adviability of the President and Registrar giving lectures to students in the course of their training at college, advising them on points of professional interest and on their prospects of success in the profession. Mr. C. S. Grace called for the unity of the profession and hoped that the Institute would work in sympathy with the trade unions which had recently been formed. He was of opinion that the Charter should, if necessary, be enlarged in order that this might be done. Mr. J. B. P. Harrison claimed that what the Institute could or could not do was clearly expressed in the Peterson Judgment in the case in which a chartered body had claimed the privilege of .ultra vires.The learned judge, however, had decided against this doctrine. He felt that there was room for a trade union of chemists, but that the Institute could not take part in the functions of trade unions, and in this matter he thought it was to be congratulated on the limitation of its obj ec tives . Mr. F. H. Carr suggested that the title of discussion was too wide : What the Institute can and cannot do ” were one and the same subject. He held that the Institute had ideals and that it acted up to these ideals in that it was always striving to raise the standard of attainments of those engaged in the profession of chemistry. 58 Mr. E. M. Hawkins claimed that the Institute had carried through a definite constructive policy It was endeavouring to strengthen the hands of the individual who would help himself.He suggested that the Institute should make an appeal to professors of all colleges to put all their students into touch with the Institute with a view to strengthening the profession. Grievances in a profession arose chiefly when there were half- trained or half-competent men clamouring for admission. Dr. 0. L. Brady reminded the meeting that it was very unwise for a layman to endeavour to apply a judicial decision to an apparently similar case, and at all events he did not think that Mr. Justice Peterson’s decision was exactly what Mr. Harrison had stated. With regard to the question of the formation of a trade union, he reminded the meeting that the main object of a trade union was to act in restraint of trade.This action was impossible for a chartered bodv which had to fulfil obligations to all sections of the coirnunity. The Institute could advise its members what to do in certain emergencies, but it had no power to penalise them, as a trade union could do, if they refused to take that advice. A trade union of chemists could boycott individuals or call strikes, but he very much doubted whether it was the wish of members to exercise this power of the mob, which frequently led to grave injustice. With regard to the question of represen-tation on Whitley Councils, he felt that in this matter chemists as a body, by reason of the smallness of their numbers, whether combined Gr otherwise, were comparatively power- less.He felt that far more influence could be exercised by indirect means. With regard to the suggestion that the Institute should absorb other organisations, he reminded the meeting that this might necessitate the forfeiture of the Charter and might take away from members the sole right to the use of the words “ Fellow, or Associate, of the Institute,” which implied their professional qualification. He hoped that one day steps would be taken to limit and close the profession, but it was 59 necessary first to persuade Parliament that it was in the interests, not of chemists, but of the general public, to do so. He felt that too much stress was laid upon the idea of re-defining the title ‘‘ chemist.” This title had been misapplied to another calling, but great opposition would be raised, both inside and outside of Parliament to any alteration of the law.He felt that members had not considered even such a primary matter as the expense of altering shop fronts, labels, etc. This expense clearly could not be put upon the body of men who were being deprived of what was now their legal title. He thought that the present meeting was an attempt to crystallise criticism of the Institute. Attempts were being made by articles in the Journal to meet criticisms as they arose. He hoped, therefore, that members who had grievances would communicate them at once to the Registrar, who would see that they received the attention of the Council.He did not agree with the earlier speakers who felt that the new members had entered the Institute under easier terms than the old. He thought that the Institute was quite right in recognising that an honours degree now involved a thorough training in practical chemistry and therefore implied com-petence to practise the profession of chemistry. Mr. Young and the Registrar referred to some of the remarks which had been made, the latter stating that, in his experience, the majority of the pre-war Associates and Fellows were doing very well, whilst the Institute’s qualifica- tions were being more and more recognised by industries and firms. With regard to Mr. Chapman’s suggestion, he said that he had frequently spoken to students, both at the Institute and at their colleges, and he hoped that there would be more frequent opportunities of bringing.before them the professional aspects of the calling they proposed to adopt. The Honorary Secretary stated that the Committee would consider the views which had been put forward at the meeting and draft some constructive suggestions for consideration at a future meeting of the Section, 60 Manchester Section.-The present Session has been marked by a very considerable increase in membership and by a hearty interest in the work of the Section. Mr. 1,. E. Vlies has been unanimously re-elected Chairman, and Mr. James Barr has been appointed Hon. Secretary, on the resignation of Mr.David Cardwell. At the invitation of the Chairman, about 75 members were present at a social evening on January z6th, in the rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. The Chairman and members welcomed the Registrar, who ex-pressed the regret of the President and of the Assistant Secretary on their being unable to accept the invitation. The Registrar also said that the Council were glad to note the activity of the Section and appreciated its helpful sug-gestions. He referred briefly to the consideration given by the Council to the Peterson judgment and informed the Section that, although he had reason to believe that the Privy Council would shortly allow the new By-laws, it would not be possible to arrange for the forthcoming election of the Council under the new scheme.The Council, however, would arrange for the election of District Members as soon as possible. An excellent programme of vocal and instrumental music and recitations was much enjoyed. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section.-An Ordinary Meeting of the Section was held on November 4th, 1920,at the Cockburn Hotel, Edinburgh, Dr. T. W. Drinkwater presiding. Mr. Robert Bruce, M.C., read a paper on (‘The Chemist in Warfare,” in which he gave an interesting account of the directions in which the services of chemists had been utilised in the field. He referred to the various compounds which had been used in offensive operations, and described briefly their physiological properties.He then discussed the means which had been adopted to counteract the effects of these bodies, and exhibited different types of respirators and gas masks designed for this purpose. 61 A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Stevenson, Wheatley, Watson and Findlater took part. The Annual General Meeting was held on December 15th, 1920, Dr. T. W. Drinkwater presiding. The report of the Committee for the session ~gxg-~gzohaving been received and adopted, office bearers for the ensuing session were elected as follows :-Chairman, Dr. Leonard Dobbin ; Vice-chairman, Dr. A. Lauder ; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. B. D. W. Luff; Committee, Mr. R. Bruce, M.C., Dr. T. W. Drinkwater, Mr. R. H. Findlater, and Mr. W. A.Williams. The Secretary reported that a joint sub-committee consist- ing of members of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry had been considering the question of establishing a Scientific Club in Edinburgh. A discussion followed, in the course of which Mr. C. Norman Kemp brought forward a proposal for negotiating with a prominent Edinburgh Society for the acquisition of premises which would form an admirable headquarters for an organisa- tion such as that contemplated. The proposal was received very favourably, and the Secretary was instructed to bring the matter to the notice of the joint sub-committee at their next meeting. 62 Personal. Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., a Vice-president of the Institute, has been appointed Government Chemist in succession to Sir James J.Dobbie, Past President, retired. The Board of Trade have lately announced the appoint-ment of Sir Richard T. Glazebrook as Chief Gas Examiner, and of Prof. C. Vernon Boys, Dr. J. S. Haldane, and Mr. W. J. Atkinson Butterfield as Gas Referees. The Board have also appointed a Committee including Dr. T. Gray “to en-quire whether it is necessary or desirable to prescribe any limitation of the proportion of carbon-monoxide which may be supplied in gas used for domestic purposes,” and a further Committee, of which Mr. Butterfield is a member, ‘‘ to enquire whether it is necessary or desirable to prescribe any limitations of the proportions of incombustible constituents which may be supplied in gas.” Obituary.JOHNCANNELLCAIN died at Brondesbury on January 31st, 1921, in his 50th year. He was trained at Owen’s College, Manchester, and having graduated as B.Sc. (Vict.) with first-class honours in chemistry, proceeded to Tubingen University, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. Subsequently he was engaged on research both at Mancheater and Heidelberg, and was awarded the degree of D.Sc. (Manc.) in 1904. He was for six years chemist with Messrs. Levinstein, Ltd., and then became Manager and Chief Chemist to Messrs. Brooke, Simpson & Spiller, Ltd., at Hackney Wick. He was later Chief Chemist at the Dalton Works of British Dyes, Ltd.. which position he resigned in June, 1917. He was Editor of the Journal of the Chemical Society from 1906 until his death, author of numerous papers on technical research, joint author of “ Synthetic DyestufEs,” and author of “ The Chemistry and Technology of the Diazo-Compounds ” and of ‘‘ The Manufacture of Intermediate Products for Dyes.” He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1915.WILLIAMARTHURHAWARDdied on 6th December from injuriesreceived through an explosion at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Born at Islington in 1894 and educated at Owed8 School, he passed the Intermediate Science Examination of London University before entering the Imperial College of Science and Tech- nology, where he took the Diploma of A.R.C.S., in the First Class in Chemistry, also graduating as B.Sc.(Lond.) with First Class Honours. and gaining the Diploma of the Imperial College, for advanced study and research in Chemical Technology, and later M.Sc. (Lond.). During 1914-1916 he was engaged, with Prof. Bone and Dr. R. V. Wheeler, on research of national importance, on the results of which he was awarded a Beit Fellowship, but in 1917 he proceeded to an appointment at H.M. Factory, Gretna, for work under the Ministry of Munitions. Subsequently he returned to Imperial College, where he held a Salters’ Fellowship, and had been engaged for two years on investigations into the behaviour of gases under pressure when the explosion occurred which caused his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. GEORGELEWINdied in the summer of 1920 while on a holiday at Bournemouth in his 8 1styear.He entered the Inland Revenue Depart- ment in 1861, and three years later was selected to undergo a course of training under Hofmann at the College of Chemistry preparatory to his joining the staff of the Inland Revenue Laboratory at Somerset House, and in the course of time became a, Superintending Analyst in the Government Laboratory. His work was mainly connected with the chemistry of foods and drugs; he was largely responsible for official analysis of samples taken under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 64 and his investigations formed the basis of Dr. James Bell’s handbook on the subject. He is credited especially with the discovery of the mode in which the glycerides of butter are arranged.After his retire- ment in 1902 he conducted a private practice as a food analyst and consulting chemist. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, and served as a member of Council for two periods. JULIUSOSTERSETZERdied in Dublin on November 26th, 1920, in his 71st year. He was trained at the Imperial Polytechnic Institute of Vienna from 1866 to 1870, and after holding the position of chemist to Messrs. Newton Keates & Co., Copper Works, St. Helens, became chief chemist and manager to Messrs. W. and H. M. Goulding, FertiAser Manufacturers, of North Wall, Dublin, with whom he had been associated for fifty years. He was a Member of the Royal Dublin Society and well-known in local scientific circles.He mas elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. PERCIVAL UMFREVILLE died in his 63rd year. SPENCER PICKERING The son of Percival A. Pickering, Q.C., he was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, and in 1880 obtained a first-class in the Honours School of Natural Science. From 1881 to 1887 he held a lectureship at Bedford College, and, having fitted up a private laboratory in Bryanston Square, devoted himself to independent research, mainly in physical chemistry. Owing to an accident in the laboratory from which he lost the sight of one eye and suffered in health, he directed his attention to agricultural chemistry, and began, in 1894, investigationson the cultivation of fruit trees which he carried out at one of the experimental farms of th.e Duke of Bedford at Woburn, and continued until the time of his death, the work being financed until 1918 by the Duke, and since then by the Rothamsted Committee.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1890, and served three times on the Council of the Chemical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. JOHNSHIELDS,who died recently in his 52nd year, was born at Bathgate, West Lothian, and educated at Bathgate Academy and Stewart’s College, Edinburgh. He graduated in physical experimental sciences at Edinburgh University in 1889, and proceeded to Strassburg, where he took the degree of Ph.D., in 1890. After further study at Leipzig and Stockholm, he engaged in research at University College, London, and at Edinburgh, as the result of which he was awarded the D.Sc.in Chemistry. He continued research at University College from 1893 to 1897, and then for a year at the Davy Faraday Laboratory, except for a few months in 1896, while he was engaged on the caustic plant of Messrs. Brunner Mond & Co. at Northwich. In 1896-97 he was Lecturer in General and Physical Chemistry in the Royal College of Science, London, and acted as an Assistant Examiner under the Science and Art Department and as an Examiner in the University of Aberdeen. In 1898 he worked for several months on technical research with Dr. Ludwig Mond, and in 1899 became resident consulting chemist to the Scottish Cyanide Co. at Leven. He was the author of numerous papers published in English and Foreign Scientific Journals.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1899. 65 CHARLESSIMMONDS,O.B.E., died suddenly from- heart failure in London on the 15th January in his 60th year. Born at Stourbridge, he received his scientific training at the Royal College of Science, London, and in the Government Laboratory, which was then at Somerset House, and subsequently by evening work at Finsbury Technical College and at Birkbeck College, graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.). He entered the Government Laboratory in 1887, and at the time of his death was a Superintending Analyst. He did important work, during official inquiries, on lead-poisoning in the pottery industry, on the analysis of sour milks, and in connection with the last reKision of the British Pharmacopaeia.His investigations into the composition of potteryglazes and fritts, conducted for the Royal Commission on that subject, are well known, and were incorporated in an article in Thorpe’sDictionary of Applied Chemistry, and contributed from time to time in papers published in the Transactions of the Chemical Society and The Analyst. He was also the author of a standard work recently published on “ Alcohol : its production, properties, and technical applications.” He was elected a, Fellow of the Institute in 1919. SAMUEL VASEYdied at Bromley, Kent, on JanuaryARCHIBALD 7th, 1921, in his 55th year. Educated at the City of London School, he received his training in chemistry mainly at Charing Cross HospitalMedical School, under Prof.C. W. Heaton, to whom he subsequently became chief assistant in the Lancet Laboratory, acting at the same time as Demonstrator in the School. On the death of Prof.Heaton in 1893, he was appointed Director of the laboratory of The Lancet, which position he held until his death. His investigations, which have been recorded in that Journal during the past twenty-eight years, though mainly relating to the foodstuffs, hygiene and public health, covered a very wide field of enquiry into the chemistry of everyday life. He was elected an Associate in 1888 and a Fellow in 1891, 66 January Examinations. Examinations were held at the Institute during the week commencing January xoth, 1921,in General Chemistry and in Mineral Chemistry, for the Associateship; and in the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, Fertilizers, Feeding Stuffs, Soils and Water, for the Fellowship ; also at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in the Chemical Technology of Coal-tar and Ammonia, for the Associateship.One candidate presented himself in each branch. The following candidates satisfied the Board :-For th3 Associateship. Chapman, Cecil (Chemical Technology). McClure, Keith Alister Johnstone, B.A. (Cantab.) (General Chemistry). The Examination Papers were as follows : General Chemistry. 10th to 14th January, 1921. MONDAY, JANUARY 10th: 10a.m. to 1p.m. The Candidate was required to answer two papers in General Theoretical Chemistry.TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 11th and 12th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. A is a sample of commercial sodium sulphide. Estimate the following constituents in it :-(1) Insoluble matter dried at loo*. (2) Water-soluble sulphide. ( 3) Water-soluble thiosulphate. (4) Water-soluble carbonate. The last three constituents are to be calculated as percentages of Na,S, Na,S,O,, and Na,CO respectively, on $he original crude aulphide, 67 2. Write a short report on the nature of the insoluble matter, based on qualitative examination only. In writing up your results indicate clearly the precautions YOU adopt to ensure that no change in the composition takes place during the analytical operations. If necessary this exercise may be completed on Thursday.THURXDAY and FRIDAY, JANUARY 13th and 14th :10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. B is a sample of succinic acid. Prepare from thia :-(1) A sample of ethyl succinate. (2) A sample of succinimide. (3) A sample of succinamic acid. (4) A sample of succinamide. 2. Determine the melting points of your products where they are solid at the ordinary temperature and their boiling points where practicable. State the quantities taken and the yield of products obtained. Branch @)-Mineral Chemistry, 10th to 14th January, 1921. MONDAY, JANUARY 10th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. State how you would prepare a sample of sulphurettedhydrogen in a state of purity suitable for physico-chemical determina- tions.How can the nature and amounts of unavoidable impurity be determined ? 2. State the minerals from which antimony is commonlyobtained. Give an account of the usual methods of extracting this metal from its ores, and mention the impurities commonly present in the commercial product. Indicate how these impurities can be qualitatively proved, and give a short account of the uses of antimonyand its salts. 3. Two samples of vulcanised rubber are submitted to you for analysis. In the process of manufacture one of these has had mixed with it zinc sulphide and mercury sulphide ; the other has been mixed with zinc oxide and graphite. Draw up a scheme for the determination of the proportion of zinc and graphite in the one case, and zinc and mercury in the other.4. Sketch and describe any apparatus in use for the fractional distillation of liquid air on the large scale. Mention the products obtained and indicate in each case the industrial applications, the nature and amounts of the impurities, and the influence of these impurities on the value of the gases for the uses given. 5. Write a short essay on one of the following :-(a) The criteria of purity of a chemical substance. (b) Double salts. (c) The theory of indicators. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 11th and 12th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Make a complete mineral analysis of the water A, and report on its suitability for use in a steam boiler fitted with an economiser. Prepare a specimen of any pure titanium salt from rutile.THURSDAY and FRIDAY, JANUARY 13th and 14th : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a complete analysis of the antimonial lead B. Examine for traces of bismuth, copper and arsenic. Determine the impurities in the liquid carbon dioxide supplied. Branch (e)-The Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs, etc. 10th to 14th January, 1921. MONDAY, JANUARY 10th : 10 am. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe in detail a method for the determination or estimation of '' ethers " (esters) in potable spirit, showing how you would express the results. 2. Discuss very briefly the bearing of niode'm investigations on factors that may influence the comparative effects of different fatty foods on the well-being of the consumer. 3. Describe a scheme for the treatment of the sewage of a small town the effluent of which has to be turned into a river whose water lower down may be used for potable purposes. What criteria of "purification " might reasonably be deranded of such an effluent ? Answer in a separate notebook.1. Enumerate the official preparations of cinchona bark, givingin each case the composition and dose. State how you would determine the percentage of quinine, and of total alkaloids in a sample of bark. 2. Give an account of the symptoms produced in chronic lead poisoning, and state the circumstances under which it commonly occurs. Mention the preparations meant for external application, which contain lead as a constituent. 3. Describe the optical parts of a good achromatic microscope, and illustrate the practical utility of the polariscope in microscopic work. MONDAY, JANUARY 10th :2p.m.to 5p.m. 1. The sample of limejuice provided contains lead; determine 2. Identify the foreign btarch contained in the sample of wheaten its amount. flour, and from the microscopical appearance attempt a rough estimate of the amount present. (Potato.) 3. Identify the preparations on the slides provided. (Humanmuscle fibre ; cotton fibre ; silk ; jute.) 69 TUESDAY, JANUARY 11th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. The wine given to you contains a preservative. Identify it and ascertain approximately its proportion. (Benzoic acid.) Determine the caffeine in the sample of tea. (This latter exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY,JANUARY 12th :10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Complete the tea analysis begun yesterday. Examine the given sample of oil as far as you can in one day’swork. It was sold as “Salad Oil.” Draw up in proper form a certificate relating to it. THURSDAY, JANUARY 13th : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. The fluid supplied is a sweetened solution of Potassium Iodide and Potassium Bromide. Determine the quantities of each of these salts expressed as grains per fluid ounce of solution. FRIDAY, JANUAR17 14th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m.Determine the oil and “ albuminoids ” in the sample of “maize germ meal.” Report briefly on the three samples of drinking water represented by the results of chemical analysis and bacteriological examination shown to you.Candidates were required to translate the following passages from French and German :--T~nnslcrteinto Englzsh.Dans un certain nombre de circonstrtnces, on peut se proposer, soit d’opBrer les combustions, soit d’en mesurer les produits, A, une temperature different0 de la tempkrature ambiante.En parCiculier, on peut determiner h 1’8tat gazeux le volume de la vapeur d’eau form& dans, une combustion. A cet effet, on opere dans un eudiomAtre, B parois suffisamment minces, entour6 d’un cylindre OLI circule : soit cle l’eau B une tempbra- ture determinee (st l’aide cl’un thermombtre) ; soit un courant de vapeur d’eau, ou d’un autre corps, maintenue en Bbullition a une temperature donnee, telle que celle de son Bbullition sous la pression atmosphBrique.La vapeur d’eau, est la plus commode B employer h cet effet, la temperature de loo”, sans appareils sp6ciaux et compliquks, et en raison de sa noninflammabilit6. La figure 54 (p. 121) indique des dispositions faciles h rea1’iser. Trait6 Pratique de l’halyse des Gaz.-M. BERTHELOT. Translate into English. Die Halogene (Chlor, Brom und Jod) werden nur iri wenigenFallen aus organischen Verbindungen durch Kochen rnit Silbernitrat als Halogensilber abgeschieden. Um sie sichcr nachzuweisen, zerstort man durch Gluhen mit chemisch reinem Kalk die organische Substanz vollstandig ; das Halogen bleibt dann an Calcium gebunden zuruck und kann nach dem Losen der gegluhten Masse in Salpetersaure durch E’iillung rnit Silbernitrat erkannt werden.Stickstoff freie Substanzen kann man auch durch Erhitzen mit Natrium, Losen der Schrnelze in Salpetersaure und Fallen rnit Silbernitrat auf Halogene prufen, wahrend dies bei stickstoffhaltigen Substanzen wegen der Bildung von Cyansilber nicht angeht. MEYER-JACOBSON. Branch (g)-Chemical Technology of Coal Tar and Ammonia. 10th to 14th January, 1921. MONDAY, JANUARY 10th :10 a.m. to 1 p.m. General Chemical Technology. (Pour questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the action of sulphuric acid on lead, referring to the influence of (a)temperature, (b) concentration, and (c) impurities in the metal. Describe the construction of a lead tank, with a run-off cock, for storing oil of vitriol. 2, Write an account of the properties of fused silica, and state the uses to which it is put in chemical industry.3. Specify the materials you would use for the construction of the following: (a) floor of an acid store, (b) tank for storing commercial hydrochloric acid solutions in bulk, (c) vessel for the concentration of sulphuric acid to 98%, (d) still for distillation of acetic acid, (e)vessel for evaporation of an aqueous soliition of citric acid. Sketch (b’l and describe the method of construction. 4. Describe the determination of the calorific value of a sampleof coal by the bomb calorimeter, explaining the necessary corrections. 5. Discuss the effect of varying the proportion of steam to air in gas production on (a)the working of the producer, (b)the temperature of the coke, (c)the composition of the gas, (d) the suitability of the gas for the generation of heat and power.State the composition of an average producer gas. 6. You are required to report on the efficiency of combustion of coal under a boiler ; give a general statement of your method of pro- cedure and specify the eonditions which you would consider satisfactory. 2p.m. to 5p.m. (Four questions to be nniwered.) 1. You are required to report on a sample of lubricating oil; state the tests you would apply; explain the purpose of each and describe in detail the test you consider to be the most important. 2. Sketch and describe (a) a, centrifugal pump for ammoniacal 3. Describe and dir;cuss the methods used industrially for the 4.State the various methods employed in industry for the liquor, and (b)either a 4-blade exhauster, or a Root’s blower. removal of tar-fog and fine dust from gases. separation of solids from liquids. Sketch (a) a chamber filter press, (b)a frame press, and discuss the advantages of each. 5. HOWis the rate of heat transmission through metals to a boiling liquid affected by (a)tempcrature difference, (b)nature of the metal and of its surface, (c)nature or the liquid, and (d)rate of movement of the steam over the heating surface ? Sketch and describe th9 operation of the Kestner film evaporator. 71 6. Discuss the separation of two or more liquids by fractional distillation, referring to the influence of (a)the nature of the liquids, (b) the form and size of the still-head, and (c) the rate of distillation. Sketch a benzol still and illustrate the different forms of still-head used ind ustrirtll y.TUESDAY, JANUARY 11th :10 a.m. to 1 p.m.(Pour questions to be answered.) 1. State what you know of the characteristics of the following tars: (a)horizontal retort, (b)vertical retort, (c) water gas, (d) blast furnace, (e) coke oven, (j)low temperature carbonisation. 2. Sketch two types of tar still vzith connections, and state tho advantages and disadvantages of both designs. 3. Give the specifications for Nos. 1, 2 and 3 Road Board tars, and discuss the influence of the factors specified on the value of the tar for road work. 4. Describe and illustrate by sketches a causticising plant.State how you would deal with the sludge, and describe the tests applied to check the working of the plant. 5. What would you regard as a suitable oil for washing gas for benzol recovery ? Give Colrnan’s specification for wash oil. Under what conditions (a) as to temperature, (6) as to scrubber capacity, (c)as to distribiition and quantity of wash oil, (d) as to impurities in wash oil, may benzol recovery be best carried out ? How would you eliminate naphthalene in the process of recovering benzol ? 6. Describe Pepper’s patent extracting plant ; discuss fully the reasons for its present position in technical practice. 2p.m. to 5p.m. (Four questions to be answered.) 1. Describe the extraction of anthracene from tar, and its estima- tion in crude anthracene.Describe the estimation of paraffin in anthracene. 2. If a pure ammonia solution plant “ went foul,” describe what methods you would adopt to bring the plant, back to normal working again. 3. Describe two methods of “springing” tar acids from their soda compounds, and state their advantages or otherwise. 4. Sketch and describe two forms of dephlegmator. What are the functions of a dephlegmator, and under what circumstances mightit be dispensed with ? 5. State what you know of the recovery of pyridine from coal tar, 6. State the principal industrial uses of carbolic and cresylic acids, and of its commercial and scientific uses. and compare and contrast their properties, referring to (1) melting point, (2) boiling point, (3) solubility in (a) water, (b) 0.880 ammonia, (c)caustic soda of different strengths, (d) petroleum spirit, (e) aqueousglycerine, 72 WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12th :10 a.m.to 4.30p.m. Examine the sample of crude benzol supplied and report the percentages of benzene and toluene. THURSDAY, JANUARY 13th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Determine the calorific value of the sample of oil supplied, and estimate the percentage of sulphur. The candidate was required to tramlate the following passages from French and German :-Translate into English. I1 devrait suffire, du reste, de rappeler les dbcouvertes de la thermochimie sur la chaleur de formation des corps, dont les uns d6gagent de la, chaleur pendant leur formation, tandis que d’autres en absorbent.La loi de Dulong ne tient aucun compte de ces faits, ni de la chaleur de combinaison de l’hydrogene avec le carbone, dans les hydrocarbures :elle applique au carbone un coefficient choisi arbitraire- ment parmi ceux qui nous sont connus aujourd’hui, alors qu’il y a une difference de prhs de 300 calories sur 8000, suivant qu’on fait usage de celui du carbone diamant ou du carbone de hois. Dans la comparai- son qu’ils ont faite entre la chaleur de combustion de la cellulose et le resultat du calcul, MM. Berthelot et Vieille ont adopt6 le coefficient du diamant ; or, en remplagant dans la, formule de Dulong, le coefficient 8080 par celui du dittmant 7859, les &carts entre le calcul et l’expbrience augmentent encore.SCHEURER-KESTNER. Translate into English. Eine gewisse, aber unbedingt nicht ausreichende Entschuldigung fur diese merkwiirdige Fahrliissigkeit so vieler ausubender Chemiker ist der Umstand, dass die Kalibrirung, bezw. Korrektion eines Satzes von gliisernen Messgefassen, eine vie1 langwierigere Arboit als die Kontrole eiiier Wage und eines Gewichtsatzes ist, und dass die erstere Operation gerade genaue Wagen und Gewichte verschiedener Arten vorsussetzt, die in manchen technischen Laboratorien, welche sie sonst nicht nothig haben, gar nicht vorhanden sein mogen. Aber diese Arbeit darf eben nicht geschaut werden, wenigstens fur den Theil der Instrumente, welche zu Analysen fur den iiusseren Verkehr dienen, wiihrend die fur die Betriebskontrole, namentlich in den Handen von Empirikern,dienenden Apparate allerdings meist keine solche Garantie der Genauig- keit beanspruchen, und man hier billige Apparate anwenden kann, die man immerhin einer gewissen Kontrole unterwerfen sollte, wenn auch keiner eigentlichen Kalibrirung.LUNGE. 73 Books and their Contents. [Books marked * have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute.] ‘‘ Application of Dyestuffs to Textile, Paper, Leather and other Materials.” J. M. Matthews. Pp. xvi. and 768. (New York : John Wiley & Son, Inc. ; London : Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 57s. 6d. Chemical study of the fibres ; scouring ; bleaching ; classification of dyes ; application of acid dyes to wool, silk, cotton, etc.; strippingof colours ; application of basic dyes to cotton ; application of sub-stantive dyes to cotton, woo! and silk; developed dyes on cotton and silk ; application of mordant dyes ; sulphur dyes ; vat dyes ; aniline black ; logwood and the minor natural dyes ; mineral dyes ; dyeing of fabrics containing mixed fibres; theory of dyeing; ap-plication of dyes to various materials ; testing of dyestuffs ; data, “ Benzol.” S. E. Whitehead. Pp. xx. and 209. (London Benn Bros. Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Part : Recovery of benzol from gas.Part 11. : Rectification of benzol. Part 111. : Uses of benzol and its products. ‘‘ Chemical Theory, The Foundations of.” R. M. Caven. Pp. 274. (London : Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 12s.6d. “ Chemistry of Plant Products, An Introduction to the.” P. Haas and T. G. Hill. Vol. I. Pp. xiii. and 414.(London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s. net. In ten sections referring respectively to fats, oils and waxes ; alde-hydes, carbo-hydrates, glucosides, tannins, pigments, nitrogenbases, the colloidal state, proteins, enzymes, 74 “ Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.” Sir Edward Thorpe. Vol. I. : A to Calcium. Pp. x. and 752. New Edition. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 60s. “Dye Chemistry.” Fierz David, translated by F. A. Mason. Pp. xiv. and 240. (London : J. & A. Churchill.) 21s. I., Intermediate products : (1) sulphonations ; (2) nitrations and reductions ; (3) chlorinations ; (4) oxidations ; (5)condensations.II., Dyes : (6) azo-dyes ; (7) triphenylmethane dyes ; (8) sulphurmelts ; (9) miscellaneous ; (10) summary. III., Technical details : (11) vacuum distillation ; (12) autoclaves ; (13) structural materials ; (14) works management ; (15) costing. IV. : (16) analytical details. Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-Book of.” 1. R. Partington. Pp. xii. and 1062. (London : Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 25s. Pure substances and mixtures ; elements, compounds, and solutions ; the composition of the air and the theory of combustion; physical properties of gases and vapours ; solutions and the phase rule ; laws of stoichiometry ; atomic theory ; Avogadro’s hypothesis and the molecule ; hydrogen ; chlorine ; valency ; electrolysis ; molecular weights of substances in solution ; ozone and hydrogen peroxide ; law of mass-action ; halogens ; atomic heats and isomorphism ; classification of the elements and the periodic law ; sulphur ; selen-iwn and tellurium ; nitrogen ; inactive elements ; phosphorus ; arsenic ; carbon and the hydrocarbons ; boron and silicon ; spectrumanalysis ; metals and alloys ; metals of the alkalies ; alkaline earth- metals; metals of the iinc group; metals of group 111.of the periodic system ; metals of the fourth group ; metals of the nitrogen group; metals of the sulphur group; manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and the platinum metals ; radio-elements and the structure of the atom. Lubricating and Allied Oils.” E. A. Evans. Pp. xiv. and 128. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 9s.6d. Handbook for chemists, engineers and students. Lubrication, the Practice of.” T. C. Thomsen. Pp. xi. and 607. (New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.) r36s. An engineering treatise on the origin, nature and testing of lubricants their selection, application and use. 75 “ Metallic Alloys.” G. H.Gulliver. Fourth Edition, with Appendix. Pp. xxviji. and 439. (London : Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 15s. Methods of investigation ; physico-chemicd equilibrium of mixed substances; binary laws in which no definite chemical compounds are formed ; those in which evidence of such formation is shown ; transformations which take place in completely solid metals and alloys ; equilibrium conditions in metallic mixtures ; structure of metals and alloys; metals and copper; alloys of iron ; alloys of more than two metals; appendix.“ Metallurgy, Handbook of .7’ Carl Schnabel, translated by Henry Lonis. Third Edition. Vol. I. Pp. xxi. and 1171. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 40s. Metallurgy of copper, lead, silver, gold. “ Microscope, The, its Design, Structure and Applications. ” A symposium and general discussion held bv the Faraday Societv, the Royal Microscopical Society, the Optical Socie<v, the Pho to-Micrographic Society, in collaboration with the Technical Optics Committee of the British Science Guild. Edited by F. S. Spiers. (London : Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) Pp. 260. 21s. I‘ llvlodern Coking Practice, including the Analysis of Materials and Products.” J.E. Christopher and T. H. Byrom. Third Edition, in two Volumes. 10s. 6d. each Volume. Vol. I. : Raw Materials and Coke. Pp. xxi. and 130. Vol. 11. : By-Products. Pp. xxii. and 130. “ Nucleic Acids, their Chemical Properties and Physiological Conduct.” Walter Jones. Pp. viii. and 150. (London : Longmans, Green & Co.) 9s. net. The chemical properties oE nucleic acids ; physiological conduct of nucleic acids. : “ Organic Medicinal Chemicals.” M. Barrowcliff and F. H. Carr. Pp. vii. and 331. (London : Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.) 15s. Narcotics and general anEsthetics ; naturally occurring alkaloids ; natural and synthetic local anzesthetics ; anti-pyretics and anal- gesis ; organic antiseptics and disinfectants ; purgatives ; vaso constrictors and vaso dilators ; diuretics and uric acid solvents ; organo-metallic compounds ; the digitalis group.etc. 76 “ Practical Chemistry, Text-Book of.” G. F. Hood and J. A. Carpenter. (London : J. & A. Churchill.) Pp. xii. and 527. 21s. net. Inorganic preparations ; inorganic qualitative and quantitativeanalysis ; organic preparations ; organic analysis ; physical chemistry. “ Qualitative Analysis.” Fresenius. 17th Edition, trans-lated by C. A. Mitchell. Pp. xix. and 942. (London : J. & A. Churchill.) 36s. net. “ Rubber, Resins, Paints and Varnishes.” R. S. Morrell and A. de Waele. Pp. 247. (Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.) 12s. 6d. *“ Technical Chemist’s Pocket Book, containing a Collection of Notes, Tables, and Data useful to Technical Chemists, Metallurgists and Chemical Engineers.” Robert Ensoll. Pp. viii. and 196. (London: E. & F. N. Spon, Ltd.) 8s. 6d. 77 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on 17th December, 1920, and zIst January, 1921,one Fellow was re-elected, 4 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, and 51 new Asso-ciates were elected, and 71 students were admitted. The Institute has lost 7 Fellows and I Associate by death. Fellow Re-elmted, Wright, Richard Henry, 2, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, E.C.4. New Fellow. Francis, William, Science and Agriculture Department, Georgetown, Demarara. Associates Elected to Fellowship. Cheke, Thomas William, Beacon Villas, Station Road, Marple, Cheshire.Hall, Archibald John, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Silver Springs Bleaching and Dyeing Co., Timbersbrook, Congleton, Cheshire. Hall, Horace Campbell, 7, Dairy House Road, Derby. Raistrick, Harold, D.Sc. (Leeds), B.A. (Cantab.), Messrs Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ardeer Factory, Stevenston, Ayrshire. New Associates (by Examination). Chapman, Cecil, 30, Princes Road, Middlesbrough. McClure, Keith Alister Johnstone, B.A. (Cantab.), Experimental Station, Porton, Salisbury. New Associates. Aeschlimann, John Alfred, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Tanners Lane, Kettering, Northamptonshire. Anderson, Leonard, M.Sc. (Leeds), 20, Melton Road, West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire.Arthur, Robert Owen, B.Sc. (Wales), 14, Pembroke Road, Pudsey, Leeds.Barron, Richard James, A.R.C.S.T., Glen Cottage, Waterford, Ireland. 78 Bates, Victor Edward Lionel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 397, NorthamptonBuildings, Clerkenwell, London, E.C. 1. Bosman, Louis Pierre, B.A. (Cape), B.Sc. (Edin.), 14, Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh.Briscoe, Myer, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Morley Road, Twickenham, Middlesex. Burdett, Miss Frances, B.Sc. (Wales), The Technical College, Bradford. Clucas, Alfred Henry, 33, Victoria Road, Headingley, Leeds. Cray, Frank Maurice, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Thorney Hedge Road, Gunners- bury, London, W.4. Deering, Ernest Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Graeme Road, Baker Street, Enfield. Dickinson, Ernest, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 2, Cliffe Terrace, Hainworth Wood Road, Keighley, Yorks.Dodds, Herbert Henry, M.Sc. (Mane.), Messrs, Kynoch Ltd., Umbogin- twini, Durban, Natal. Dolley, Leslie George Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, St. Albans Road, Watford, Herts. Drummond, Miss Ruth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bedford College, Regents Park, N.W.1. Elliott, George Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Lady Bay Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Ennos, Frederick Raine, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, Carminia Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 17. Forbes, Malcolm Davidson, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Leabourne Road, N.16. Fraser, Lewis Sidney, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 44, Benjamin Road, High Wycombe, Bucks. Glass, William, A.R.C.S.I., Chemical Division, Tar and Ammonia Products Works, Beckton, E. 16. Grainger, Herbert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, Ulverston Road, Wal- thamstow, E.17. Howells, William John, B.Sc.(Wales), 71, Park Street, Clydach Vale, Rhondda, S. Wales. Howson, Charles William Harold, B.Sc. (Birm.), 55, Norfolk Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Huddart, Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77, Bridge Road, Hammersmith, W.6. Jackson, Stanley Ridings, B.Sc. Tech. (Mane.), 31, Bridget Street, Rugby, Warwickshire. Kerr, Horace, Fuel Department, The University, Leeds. King, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 51, Lady Bay Road, West Bridgford, Notts. King, Herbert Joseph Seymour, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemistry Department, The University, Birmingham. Kirklancl, Miss Margaret Kerr, B.Sc. (Glas.), 5, Ellis Street, Kilmar- nock, Ayrshire. Mernagh, Laurence Reginald, A.C.G.I., 6, Grosvenor Road, Highbury, N.5. Naylor, Donald Sanderson, B,Sc. Tech. (Mane.), c/o The Calico Printers Association, The Central Laboratory, Rhodes, near Manchester. Phillips, Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 72, Ferntower Road, Canonbury, N.5. Preston, Richard, B.Sc. (Liv.), 2, Islington, Liverpool. Pritchard, Alfred William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, West Street, Bromley, Kent. Proud, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Woodgrange, 13, London Road, Southend-on-Sea. Reid, Douglas Montagu, B.Sc. (Edin.), Ashdene, 33, Greenbank Crescent, Edinburgh. Sensicle, Laurence Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 73, Dumfries Street, Treorchy, Glam. Simpkin, Neville, M.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), High Bank, Radcliffe New Road, Whitefield, near Manchester. Smith, Cyril Coldron, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, S.W.7. Smith, Herbert Lawrence, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 49, Limerston Street, Chelsea, S.W. 10. Soper, Frederick George, B.Sc. (Wales), 32, Friars Avenue, Bangor, Wales. Sowter, Percy Frederick Combe, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 45, Hillfield Avenue, Hornsey, N. 8. Stevens, Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), 114, St. Peter’s Road, Leicester. Thompson, Hugh Vernon, M.A. (Cantab.), Croft House, Garden Village, Stoke -on-Trent. Toyne, Francis Digby, M.A. (Cantab.), The Heights, Rochdale, Lancs. Vernon, William Harold Juggins, B.Sc. (Birm.), 67, Yardley Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham. Ward, Harry, B.Sc. (Leeds), Mount Terrace House, Holgate, York. Wedgwood, Gordon, A.C.G.F.C., 14, King’s Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19.Williams, Harold Bishop, 6, Hamlet Road, Upper Norwood, S.E.19. Wilson, Donald Cumming, B.Sc. (Edin.), 5, Hope Place, Tranent, East Lothian. Wiseman, Cecil Edgar, A.C.G.F.C., 38, Wellwood Road, Goodmayes, Ilford, Essex. New Students. Adamson, James Henry, Oaklands, Bebington, Cheshire. Allsop, Fred, School House, Outwell, Wisbecir. Ambler, Henry Reason, 45, Clifford Road, East Finchley, London, N.2-Bagnall, Douglas James Talbot, 57, Alexandra Road, Reading. Barker, Leslie Herbert, 28, Grafton Road, Handsworth, Birmingham. Bender, Gustave William, 31, Honiton Road, Brondesbury, N.W. 16. Birkitt, Cyril Herbert, 21, Overdale Road, Derby. Blyth, Jabez George, Engineers House, St. Mary’s Silk Mills, Norwich. Booer, Joseph Roy, 7, Gabriel Street, Honor Oak Park, London, S.E.23.Bowyer, Stephen Bernard, 10, Penwortham Road, Streatham Park, London, S.W. Brice, Frederick Stanley, Winston, 46, Hamilton Road, Felixstowe. Brown, Victor Charles Wilson, 28, Felday Road, Lewisham, London, S.E. 13. Cantelo, Herbert Reginald, 39, Norfolk Road, Southampton. 80 Childs, George Edward, Glevum Villa, Ferndale, Glamorgan. Churchman, Arthur, 14, Runcorn Road, Balsa11 Heath, Birmingham. Cooler, Harold Frederick, 110, High Street, Ponders End, Middlesex, Davies, Thomas Maldwyn, 17, Garth Road, Bangor, North Wales. Dawson, Frederic Alan, 84, Trinity Road, Bridlington, Yorks, E. Dennington, Sidney Herman, 31, Hemberton Road, Stockwell, London. s.w.9. Drummond, John Neill, 70, Cambridge Road, Moseley, Birmingham, Eastland, Cyril Jack, 76, High Street, Margate.Esdaile, Ralph Margrave, Upminster, The Drive, Coulsdon, Surrey. Fielder, Cecil John, 76, Grove End Road, St. John's Wood, London, N.W.8. Frodsham, James Norman, Westerfield, Tensby Road, Heswall, Cheshire. Gallaher, James, Inglenook, Friern Lane, Whetstone, N. 20. Hall, John Graham, 96, Kedlestone Road, Derby.Hecker, William Rundle, Woodlands, Station Road, New Barnet, Herts. Herd, Clifford Walter, 375, Hither Green Lane, Lewisham, S.E. Hindes, Miss Gwendolen, 1, Barlow Street, Oldham. Hudson, Charles Arthur, 134, Sneinton Dale, Nottingham. Kelly, Charles Ambrose, 26, Gloucester Road, Tuebrook, Liverpool. Klein, Ralph Harry, 11, Park Place Villas, Maida Vale, London, W.2.Lees, John Ganley, 2, Rothwell Street, Dalton, Huddersfield. Lovett, Thomas Whittaker, 32, Oak Road, Lower Broughton, Man- Chester. Lumsden, Miss Doris Seton Adamson, 142, Braid Road, Edinburgh. Lynch, Robert Edward, 129, Mersey Road, Widnes, Lancs. Massie, Duncan McRobert, 14, Rock Street, Higher Broughton, Man- Chester. McKic, Douglas, 25, Wemyss Road, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Money, Charles Percy, 17, Gayton Road, Hampstead, London, N.W. 3. Moyes, Robert Baird, 24, Caledonian Road, Edinburgh. Nattrass, Ernest Frederick, 58, Castlewood Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16. Neave, Edward William James, Burnley, Tiflord Road, Farnham, Surrey.Overin, Richard Leslie, 15, Rose Hill Street, Derby. Pickerill, Robert, 59, Derby Road, Nottingham. Pickup, Bernard Waudby, 42, Sefton Terrace, Beeston Hill, Leeds.Purchase, William Henry George, 69, Honeybrook' Road, Clapham kark, London, S.W.12. Reay, Lionel Winson, 36, Nottingham Road, Derby. Renall, Herbert Frank, 17, Clifftown Road, Southend-on-Sea. Richer, Asher Simon, 62, Greenwood Road, London, E.8. Robertson, Kenneth James Rennie, Mayfield, Liverpool Road, Irlam, Manchester. Rolt, William Joseph Woodgate, 15, Honley Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Sach, John Sydney, 46, Rosaline Road, Fulham, London, S.W.6. Secker, Donald, 65, Tanfield Road, Birkby, Huddersfield. Smirles, William Nelson, 25, Florence Road, Acocks Green, Birming- ham. 81 Smith, Daniel Angus, 22, Grundy Street, Hyson Green, Nottingham.Smith, Stanley James, 37, Bedford Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Spence, John Walker, 30, Priory Park Road, Kilburn, N.W.6. Spendlove, Percy Frank, 50, Wimbledon Park Road, Wandsworth, London, S.W. 18. Stewart, Daniel, 10, Pilmuir Street, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Stoton, Percy Fred, 66, Charrmgton Street, London, N.W. 1. Thom, William Albert Stirling, The Hill, Dunlop, Ayrshire.Tillofson, Arthur, 28, Longroyd Street, Dewsbury Road, Leeds. Todd, Gordon Watson, Elmside, Worcester Park, Surrey. Turner, Frank, 8, Charlesworth Street,# Islington, N.7. Watson, Stephen John, 35, Oakfield Terrace, Gosforth, Newcastle-on Tyne.Wightman, George Manderston, 10, Steels Place, Edinburgh. Wilkins, Caryll Ernest Vivian, The Laurels, Old Evinqton, near Leices ter.Williams, Kenneth Alan, 16, Messaline Avenue, Acton, London, W.3. Willman, Joseph Englebert, 13, Mina Road, Merton Park, London, SSV.19. Wilson, Gerald William France, Morden, DuddingRton Road, Porto bello, Scotland. Woolley, Dennis Vernon, Farmwood, Christchurch, Newport, Mon. DEATHS. Fellows. John Cannell Cain, D.Sc. (Manc.), Ph.D. (Tubingen). Edgar Alan Masters, M.C., B.Sc. (Lond.).Julius Ostersetzer. Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering, MA. (Oxon.), F.R.S. John Shields, D.Sc. (Edin.), Ph.D. (Strassburg). Charles Simmonds. Samuel Archibald Vasey. Associates. William Arthur Haward, M.Sc., A.R.C.S. (London). 82 General Notices. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to February, 1918, under Regulations in force prior to July, 1917,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of applica-tion for election to the Fellowship.Any other Associate who desires to apply for election to the Fellowship without examination will be invited to prepare and forward, for the consideration of the Council, in addition to records of research publication, patents, or other evidence, a digest of his work illustrating its bearing on the advance- ment of chemical science or practice. Appointments Registers.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to communicate with the Registrar in any instance in which they are able to assist in securing appointments for qualified chemists. Any Registered Student in the last term of his college course who desires to make preliminary arrangements with a view to obtaining an appointment may receive the Appoint- ments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that his application for this privilege be endorsed by his Professor. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examina- tions and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10A.M. and zP.M.) except when examinations are being held. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10-4.M. to g P.M. on week-days : (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.) Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Students notifying changes of address are requested, to give, as far as possible, their 9ermanent addresses for registration.Publications of the Institute.-A few copies of the following publications of the Institute are obtainable by Members and Registered Students at the following prices :--PROCEEDINGS(prior to 1920). Four Parts annually. Is. each net. AND PROCEEDINGSJOURNAL (1920). Six Parts. Each Part 2s. net. OF THE INSTITUTE,HISTORY 1877-1914. 10s.-Special Edition 21s. LECTURES: Cement.” Bertram Blount, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. Cellulose.” C. F. Cross, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. Gd. net. Thorium.” Edmund White, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s.net. Chemistry in Gas Works.” W. J. A. Butterfield, M.A., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. The Research Chemist in the Works with Special Reference to the Textile Industry.” W. P. Dreaper, F.1.C. 2s. net. 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ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9214500001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1921

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ~~ FOUNDED, 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1921. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Reg.t.straratzd Secretary 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, Apvd, 1921. Publications Committee, 1921-22 HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Chaarman), A, CHASTON CHAPMAN (Prestdent), WILLIAM BACON, ALLIN COTTRELL, ALEXANDER C. CUMMING, O.B.E., F. G. DONNAN, C.B.E., LEWIS EYNON, G. WATSON GRAY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., ANDREW MORE, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, C.B.E.. T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE STUBBS,C.B.E. 89 LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL For the Year ending March lst, 1922.PRESIDENT : ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : HORATIO BALLANTYNE. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S* WILLIAM MACNAB, C.B.E. GEORGE STUBBS, C*B.E. HON. TREASURER: EDWARD WILLIAM VOELCKER, A.R.S.M. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: WALTER ERNEST ADENEY, D.Sc., A.R.C.S.I. : (DUBLIN). WILLIAM BACON, B.Sc. : (LONDON).FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.K. : (LONDON). ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN : (LONDON).ALLIN COTTRELL, M.Sc. : (OLDHAM).ALEXANDER CHARLES CUMMING, O.B.E., D.Sc. : (EDINBURQH). FREDERICK GEORGE DONNAN, C.B.E., F.R.S. : (LONDON).LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : (LONDON).ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. : (ABERDEEN).GEORGE WATSON GRAY : (LIVERPOOL).FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD, C.B.E., A.R.S.M. : (LONDON).CHARLES ALEXANDER HILL, B.Sc.: (LONDON). PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY : (LONDON).B’REDERIC HERBERT LEES : (LONDON).SAMUEL ERNEST MELLING : (MANCHESTER).GORDON WICKHAM MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., M.C., Ph.D. : HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., B.Sc. : (LONDON). (LONDON). ANDREW MORE, A.R.C.S. : (LONDON).FREDERICK MOLLWO PERKIN, Ph.D. : (LONDON).BENJAMIN DAWSON PORRITT, M.Sc. : (LONDON).THOMAS SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D. : (LONDON).WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E. : (AYRSHIRE).WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. : (LIVERPOOL).ERNEST WOODHOUSE SMITH, D.Sc. : (LONDON). LEONARD ELLERTON VLIES : (MANCHESTER).SIR JAMES WALKER, D.Sc., F.R.S. : (EDINBURGH). 90 CENSORS, 1921-1922 THE PRESIDENT, ex-oficio.SIR JAMES JOHNSTON DOBBIE, LL.D., D.So., F.R.S., Past-President. BERNARD DYER, D.Sc.,SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S., Past-President. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS. 1921 : APRIL 22~~. 1921 : NOVEMBER 25~~. MAY 2 ~TH. DECEMBER 16~~. JUKE 24~~. 1929 : JANUARY 20~~ JULY 22ND. JANUARY 27~~. OCTOBER 28~~. FEBRUARY 24~~. ANNUAL GEXERAL NEETING : MARCH IST, 1922. Committees for 1921-22. CHAIRMAN.' FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, THE PRESIDENT. WITH H. BALLANTYNE. L. EYNON. E. M. HAWKINS, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY,' F. H, -LEEs,-wCMACNAB, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, GEORGE STUBBS, AND E. w. VOELCKER*. QENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. THE PRESIDENT.* LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, WITH H.BALLANTYNE*, A. J. CHAPMAN,A. COTTRELL, E. M. HAWKINS, C. A. HILL, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, WM. MACNAB, S. E. MELLING, G. T. MORGAN, W. RINTOUL, UEORGE STUBBS, AND E. W. VOELCKER. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. THE PRESIDENT*. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH W. BACON, H. BALLANTYNE", A. COTTRELL, A. C. CUMMING, F. G. DONNAN, L. EYNON, G. WATSON GRAY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W7. MONIER-WILLIAMS, H. MOORE, A. MORE, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, T. SLATER PRICE, AND GEORGE STUBBS. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE- THE PRESIDENT, WITH H. BALLANTYNE, 0. L. BRADY, E. &I. HAWKINS, H.L. HEATHCOTE, OTTO HEHNER, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, F. H. LEES, H. MOORE, A. MORE, C. PROCTOR, AND E. W. VOELCKER.* LECTURES AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE': THE PRESIDENT, WITH F. H. CARR, C. H. CRIBB, SIR JAMES J. DOBBIE, F. G. DONNAN, BERNARD DYER, A. FINDLAY*, A. J. HALE, A. HARDEN, OTTO HEHNER, C. A. HILL, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, C. A. KEANE, PATRICK H. KIRK-ALDY, F. H. LEES, H. R. LE SUEUR, F. J. LLOYD, GEORGE McGOWAN, G. T. MORGAN, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, F. M. POTTER, T. SLATER PRICE, W. RINTOUL, GEORGE STUBBS, J. MILLAR THOMSON, AND THE EXAMINERS. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*, WITH E. J. BEVAN, E. R. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, C. H. CRIBB, J. T. DUNN, BERNARD DYER, L. EYNON, G. WATSON GRAY, E. M. HAWKINS, OTTO HEHNER, C.A. HILL, F. J. LLOYD, S. E. MELLING, A. MORE, G. H. PERRY, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, W. H. ROBERTS, SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, H. SILVESTER, A. SMETHAM, GEORGE STUBBS, T. TICKLE, E. W. VOELCKER, J. A. VOELCKER, W. M. GATHORNE YOUNG, A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE IRISH ANALYSTS' ASSOCIATION, AND ONE OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS FOR SCOTLAND. SERVICES COMMITTEE : ANY MATTER ARISING IN CONNECTION WITH THE SERVICESCOMMITTEE (1920-1921) WILL BE REFERRED TO THE GENERALPURPOSESCOM-MITTEE. S P ECIAL COM M ITTEE Re HONORARY SECRETARIESCORRESPONDING THEPRESIDENT*, WITH 0. L. BRADY, J. C. BURNHAM, I?. G. DONNAN, C. S. GIBSON, A. LIVERSIDGE, WM. MACNAB, D. NORTHALL-LAURIE, E. W. VOELCKER, AND W. M. GATHORNE YOUNG. 92 SPECIAL COMMUTEES-(continued).SPECIAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE: (CHEMICALREAGENTS, RESEARCH CHEMICALS,LABORATORYGLASS AND PORCELAIN,&c.) THEPRESIDENT*, WITH H. BALLANTYNE, E. R. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, W. T. BURGESS, F. H. CARR, A. W. CROSSLEY, F. G. DONNAN, J. T. DUNN, BERNARD DYER, J. J. FOX, E. M. HAWKINS, OTTO HEHNER, C. A. HILL, W. R. E. HODGKINSON, SIR HERBERT JACKSON, P. H. KIRKALDY, A. LAPWORTH, F. H. LEES, T. M. LOWRY, WM. MACNAB, G. T. MORGAN, D. NORTHALL-LAURIE, F. M. POTTER, P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS, SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, S. SMILES, H. L. SMITH, J. F. THORPE, C. K. TINKLER, MORRIS W. TRAVERS, L. E. VLIES, E. W. VOELCKER, AND SIR JAMES WALKER. LOCAL SECTION COMMITTEES : BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLAND : E. W. SMITH (CHAIRMAN), N.P. BOOTH, S. R. CARTER, GEORGE KING, F. R. O’SHAUGHNESSY, H. SILVESTER, G. B. STONES, D. F. TWISS AND L. P. WILSON. HON. SEC.: F. C. A. H. LANTSBERRY, 63, WALFORDROAD, SPARKBROOK, BIRMINGHAM. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND: I,. DOBBIN (CHAIRMAN),A. LAUDER (VICE-CHAIRMAN),E. ANDERSON, J. G. ANNAN, R. BRUCE, M.C., A. DARGIE, T. W. DRINKWATER, R. H. FINDLATER, S. J. G. C. MACADAM, J. W. ROMANES, S. STEWART, J. F. TOCHER, J. A. WATSON AND W. A. WILLIAMS. HON. SEC. AND TREASURER EDINBURGH.: B. D. W. LUFF, 85, ASHLEYTERRACE, GLASGOW AND WEST OF SCOTLAND: JAMES MACLEOD (CHAIRMAN), THOMAS COCKBURN (ASSISTANTSECRETARY),C. H. DESCH, F. W. HARRIS, G. G. HENDERSON, A. J. ROBERTSON, W. W. LUMSDEN, J. SORLEY, R. T. THOMSON AND J. M. WEIR.HON.SEC. AND TREASURER: T. A. WILSON, 91, NEW ROAD, AYR. GRETNA AND DISTRICT: J. C. BURNHAM (CHAIRMAN), T. H. GANT, J. S. HILL, H. R. NEECH AND F. WILLIAMS. HON. SEC.: WILLIAM CAW, H.M. FACTORY, EASTRIGGS,GRETNA, DUMFRIESSHIRE. IRELAND : W. E. ADENEY (CHAIRMAN), R. F. BLAKE, B. J. FAGAN, J. H. MILLAR, HUGH RYAN, SYDNEY YOUNG (TREASURER).HON.SEC.: A. G. G. LEONARD, 18, BELGRAVEROAD, RATH- MINES, DUBLIN. 93 LOCAL SECTION COMMITTEES-(continued). LIVERPOOL AND NORTH WESTERN COUNTIES: W. H. ROBERTS (CHAIRMAN), C. D. BANNISTER, F. J. BRISLEE, H. J. EVANS, F. S. FOWWEATHER, G. WATSON GRAY, JOHN HANLEY, I. M. HEILBRON, E. GABRIEL JONES, WILLIAM RAMSAY, ALFRED SMETHAM, F. J. SMITH, H. B. STOCKS, GEORGE TATE, AND W.COLLINGWOOD WILLIAMS. HON.SEC. AND TREASURER:JOHN HANLEY, 7 UNIVERSITYROAD, BOOTLE, LIVERPOOL. LONDON AND SOUTH EASTERN COUNTIES: PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (CHAIRMAN),0. L. BRADY, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, MISS E. M. CHATT, R. L. COLLETT, CECIL H. CRIBB, BERNARD DYER, F. G. EDMED (BOURNEMOUTH AND DISTRICT SUB-SECTION), NORMAN EVERS, R. G. GRIMWOOD, W. P. HARMSWORTH, E. M. HAWKINS, G. S. HEAVEN, S. J. JOHNSTONE, G. S. W. MARLOW, W. J. PALMER,RUSSELL G. PELLY, B. D. PORRITT, A. L. SCOTT, B. W. J. WARREN, MISS S. T. WIDDOWS, AND J. A. F. WILKINSON. HON.SEC.AND TREASURER: R. L. COLLETT, 27, WALBROOK, LONDON,E.C.4. MANCHESTER AND DISTRICT: L. E. VLIES (CHAIRMAN),E. B. ANDERSON, F. W. ATACK, DAVID CARDWELL, P. GAUNT, J. GRANT, T. A. HOLROYD, A.LAPWORTH, J. H. LESTER, F. W. LINCH, W. MARSHALL, S. E. MELLING, F. L. PYMAN, C. E. POTTER, L. G. RAD- CLIFFE, MISS RONA ROBINSON, AND W. D. ROGERS. HON. SEC. AND TREAS.: JAMES BARR, HILLSIDE, TOWNSCLIFFE LANE,MARPLE BRIDGE, DERBYSHIRE. NEWCASTLE ON TYNE AND NORTH EAST COAST: J. T. DUNN (CHAIRMAN),P. P. BEDSON, A. FLECK, C. H. RIDS- DALE, J. E. STEAD, C. J. H. STOCK, AND T. WALLACE. HON. SEC. : J. H. PATERSON, NEVILLE CHAMBERS,WESTGATE ROAD, NEWCASTLE -OSIQ-TYNE. SOUTH WALES: F. J. BLOOMER (CHAIRMAN),J. W. ADYE, E. ANDERSON, J. E. COATES, T. EYNON DAVIES, C. M. W. GRIEB, AND C. A. SEYLER. HON.SEC. AND TREAS.: ARTHUR J. SHELTON, 10, PARKROAD,CLYDACH,S.O., GLAM. 94 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1921-22.Chairman : THE PRESIDENT. Members of Council : ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS, PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY, AND BENJAMIN DAWSON PORRITT. GENER~LCHEMISTRY : Examiners for the Associateship : OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A., D.Sc.' SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Section I. Mineral Products :JOHN THOMAS DUNN, D.Sc Section 11. Metallurgy : CECIL HENRY DESCH, D.Sc. Section 111. Manufactured Products : (as required.) Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: JOSEPH EDWARD COATES O.B.E., D.Sc. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOCELYN FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Branch D.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and Water : EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E.,, B.Sc.; Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy : FREDERICK GOWLAND HOP-KINS, D.Sc., M.B., F.R.S. Branch F.-BIO-CHEMISTRY : ARTHUR HARDEN, D.Sc.,F.R.S. Branch G.-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: (As required.) HON. AUDITORS: HENRY DROOP RICHMOND AND CHARLES THOMAS ABELL, M.Sc. AUDITOR : DAVID HENDERSON, Chartered Accountant. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: GEORGE STANLEY WITHERS MARLOW, B.Sc., F.I.C. 95 Forty-Third Annual General Meeting TUESDAY, MARCH Ist, 1921. The forty-third Annual General Meeting was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C., on Tuesday, March Ist, 1921, Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Secretary read the Minutes of the last Annual General Meeting, which were confirmed.Mr. E. W. Voelcker, the Honorary Treasurer, moved “ That the Financial Statements for the year 1920 be received and adopted, and that the thanks of the members be accorded to the Auditors for their services.” The Hon. Treasurer said that the past year had been a very anxious and trying one ; the Institute had been faced with heavy ad- ditional expenditure due to the abnormal rise in the cost of labour and materials and to the increase in its activities. The Roll of the Institute was rapidly growing, but he thought it was hardly recognised that the additional income from annual subscriptions was absorbed to a very considerable extent by the corresponding expenditure on the necessary staff, printing, stationery, postage, and similar matters.Throughout the year the staff had been very actively engaged and had worked splendidly. The Statement of Accounts represented the close of a period of nearly twelve years during which they had been concerned with the Building Fund. About six of those years had been passed under abnormal conditions owing to the war, and the Institute was most fortunate in not having to face the problem of building under existing conditions. The Building Fund was now closed, and a sum of nearly$1500 had to be debited to the general account, which debit, however, was covered by contingent legacies. There were a few contributions still to come in for the Building Fund, and he hoped that any members who had overlooked their promises would not consider that because the fund was closed their contributions would not be welcome.The Finance Committee hoped and believed that the worst of the abnormal economic period was over; prices were undoubtedly coming down, and although it would be necessary most carefully to watch all the expenditure, the Finance Committee looked forward to more normal conditions under which the annual income of the Institute would be sufficient to meet the necessary expenditure. The increased expenditure consequent on the issue of the Journal six times a year instead of four, as in previous years, had been heavy, but by a change in the printersmore satisfactory terms had been obtained than before. It would be noticed that the examinations still continued to cost a good deal of money.It must not be expected that they should be a source of income: at present, on the contrary, they were a considerable financial liability-he would not say loss, because ultimately theyshould be a gain to the Institute. The sum received in annual subscriptions had increased by about $500, and it was pleasant to see that the amount received in dividends and interest showed a sub-stantial increase. With regard to the assets, it would be seen that unfortunately, as was the case with all securities, there was a considerable falling off in capital value. For that reason amongst others any spare money was now put on deposit at the bank.That had the great advantage of bringing in 5 per cent. interest without any loss of capital. Almost every investment possessed by the Institute if realised would result in a loss of capital, and that was one of the principal reasons why the excess of assets over liabilities was lower than it was last year. The difference, however, was not veryserious, and, as the Institute would not be obliged to realise its in- vestments, it was not of grave consequence. Most of the investments were terminable securities which some day it was hoped would be paid back at full par value. Where the Committee had been able to save they had done so; he thought they had been fairly successful, and altogether that the members were to be congratulated on having gotthrough a very difficult and trying year remarkably well.He made an earnest appeal to the Fellows and Associates to support the Benevolent Fund. In order to be of real practical value, the Fund should have an assured annual income. If members would send even quite a small annual contribution to the Fund it would in a comparatively short time mount up so as to be really useful. With something like 4,000 Fellows, Associates and Students paying 29. 6d. a year each it would at once give an income of $500 to meet emergencies. He urged all members in sympathy with the Fund to make it a practice to enclose a small contribution for the Fund when they sent in their subscriptions.Dr. G. McGowan, in seconding the motion, said it must be obvious to everybody that the care of the finances of the Institute was no sinecure at the present time.He thought the Treasurer and the Finance Committee were to be congratulated on the success with which they had carried the Institute through a very difficult year. The motion, including the vote of thanks to the Auditors, was carried unanimously. Mr. James Connah thanked the members for the vote of thanker that had been passed to the Auditors. As he was the only represen- tative of the Auditors present, he would say on their behalf and his own that the work had been a labour of love, and had been really verymuch reduced since the Honorary Auditors had had the service6 97 of a professional chartered accountant. Also he could testify to the very strong interest which Mr.Droop Richmond had taken in auditing the accounts, and could assure the members that they had a veryvaluable asset in his being an Auditor. He himself had had some yearsof the work now, and was anxious to retire, and in doing so he wished to thank the Treasurer and the Registrar for the great help they had given him in the little work he had done. On the proposition of the President, Mr. G. I. Higson was appointed a Scrutineer to examine the voting lists for the election of Officers and Council, and on the proposition of Miss E. M. Chatt, Mr. Abell was appointed as the second Scrutineer. In accordance with Bye-Law 60, the Council had nomi- nated the following Fellows from whom four Censors had to be elected :-Sir James Johnston Dobbie, LL.D., F.R.S., John Thomas Dunn, D.Sc., Bernard Dyer, D.Sc., Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., and Prof.William Palmer Wynne, D.Sc., F.R.S. Ballot having been taken, it was agreed that the Scrutineers should also act in connection with the voting for the election of censors. The President moved that the Report of the Council for the year ending March rst, 1921, be received and adopted. (See p. 103.) He directed attention, however, to an error in the Report on page 15. Against ‘‘ Branch (d), Organic Chemistry,” he said that the figure “ 0 ” should be “ 6 ” ; six candidates had been examined, of whom four passed. The total at the bottom should be increased from 32 to 38.Sir William Tilden seconded the motion and associated it with another motion on his own account, to the effect that the President be requested to allow his address to be printed and published in the Journal. He said it had been a source of considerable regret to him that, owing to circumstances, to which he need not refer further, he had been prevented during the last few years from attending meetings of the various Committees and bodies acting in the Institute. He did not know how to excuse himself except on the ground of advancing years. Those who had read Rudyard Kipling’s Kim would remember that the old Llama was continually declaring that he had acquired merit by doing something or other ; the old Fellows of the Institute seemed to acquire merit by standing still.He had watched the progress of the Institute with very great interest, and sometimes with 98 a little anxiety. There was one feature, however, in which it had un- doubtedly changed wonderfully for the better since the days when he took a more intimate part in its affairs. An Annual General Meeting nowadays was a peaceful and pleasant meeting of friends and associates and the meeting was not disturbed by dissentients of a more or less turbulent character. That was also the experience of Institutions of a similar kind. It was due largely to the success of the operations which had been instituted and carried out by the Council under successive Presidents. The members were under great obligations to the President and Council for their work, and to the President for the dignity he had maintained and the activity he had shown during his three years of office.He had no justification for criticising anything which had been said that day, but he happened to notice one subject upon which he hoped the Institute would concentrate further attention, and that was the difficult question of the supply of fine chemicals or research chemicals to the chemical world. Although he was removed from temptation himself, being no longer able to work in the laboratory, he had been distressed to find that some of his eminent friends had been buying chemicals from Germany, whereas if there were a proper system in this country of cordial co-operation he believed the supply could be found here.The Institute had taken a step in the right direction by en-couraging many teaching institutions and he hoped they would press forward and obtain more cordial co-operation amongst those bodies. With regard to the loss that the Institute had recently suffered from the death of the Senior Past President, he would like to add just a word because he was known personally to Dr. Odling for upwards of fifty years and in the days of long ago owed to him a good deal of friendly encouragement. Being in Oxford in the early part of this year, he called upon Dr. Odling, and was glad to say that not only did he recognise hirn, but he remembered him as a very old friend, and his voice was so strong and his eyes so bright and his mental activities so unchanged that he hoped he would be able to report to the Institute that he was pretty well.A month later he passed away. Dr. Odlinghad told him that he got on very well until he had passed his ninetieth birthday ; at the time of his death he was nearly 92, and it was no doubt the burden of years which led to his death. Mr. G. Rudd Thompson said that under the proposed alteration of By-Laws and Rules for the election of District Members of Council he would like to be informed where the county for which he had the honour of acting as Public Analyst, namely, Monmouthshire, was placed, because he failed to find any allusion to it in the list. It might be per- haps incorporated under No. (ix) Wales. If so, he must protest.(Laughter.) He was not a Monmouthshire man, but he had lived there for a few years. There was a very strong feeling for and against the incorporation of Monmouthshire in Wales, and also there were Acts of Parliament, Rules and Regulations which were expressly mentioned as taking effect for Wales and Monmouthshire. As the Annual Meeting was the only opportunity of members of the Institute to come before the Council and criticise their actions, he would like to refer to a point on page 39 of the Journal, in connection with the appointment of a Public Analyst for Brighton. It was stated in the Report that a recom- 99 mendation was sent out jointly from the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts, expressing the hope that the members of the Institute would refrain from applying for the appointment.It occurred to him to ask, what would be the position supposing a man, notwithstanding the expression of opinion of the Institute, applied for the position, although he might or might not get it. He had been struck with one particular phrase in the President’s address,-that the Institute was not for selfish ends, but that members should help one another. It seemed to him that the Council should have powers, if they had not already got them, to show the displeasure of the Institute when any man disregarded such a letter as had been sent out. It was all very well to say the Institute did not want a man to take the position, but supposing a man did accept it ? He hoped that the Council would not misinterpret his remarks, as he was not present as a captious critic but simply to express the views of some of the junior Fellows of tho Institute.It was worse than useless for the Institute and the Council to saythat they were for the protection of the profession if after having sent out a letter of warning, they took no action. He thought it was a point the new Council should bear in mind, because it was an important one, and one which must be considered in the true interests of the Institute, especially having regard to the younger members of the Institute who had not the benefit of the years of experience which the older members possessed. The President said he did not comment upon that matter, as it was not ripe for comment yet.He thought Mr. Thompson might rest assured that the Council would be obliged to him for his remarks, and would take them into consideration. With regard to the question as to where to put Monmouthshire, perhaps Mr. Thompson could suggest something. Mr. Thompson said he was not a Welshman, and therefore would not include Monmouthshire in Wales. Mr. John Hughes said that in Acts of Parliament specific pro- vision was made for “ Wales and Monmouthshire.” That gave a great prominence to Monmouthshire, and on that account, being a Mono mouthshire man, he did not feel that there was any disadvantage in Monmouth being coupled with Wales. Mr. Thompson said he suggested it should be : “No. (ix) Wales and Monmouthshire,” and it would then be in conformity with Acts of Parliament.The motion for the reception and adoption of the Report was then put and carried unanimously. The President agreed to allow his address to be printedin the Journal, and thanked the meeting for accepting Sir William Tilden’s suggestion in that respect. He was sure the members welcomed the presence of their Pa& President (Sir William Tilden). It was a good thing for the members 100 to have among them men of such experience to whom the Council could turn for advice and help when necessary. On the proposition of the President, Mr. Droop Richmond was reappointed as one of the Honorary Auditors. The President mentioned that Mr. Connah was retiring, and he wished to take the opportunity of moving a special vote of thanks to him for all the trouble he had taken in the past seven or eight years in acting as one of the Auditors.The motion was carried unanimously. On the motion of Mr. F. H. Lees, seconded by Mr. C. E. Barrs, Mr. C. T. Abell was elected an Honorary Auditor in the place of Mr. Connah. The Hon. Treasurer moved that Mr. David Henderson, chartered accountant, be re-appointed Auditor and that his remuneration be 20 guineas instead of 15 guineas, in view of the increase in the amount of work that the accounts involved. He said that Mr. Henderson kept periodic check on the accounts, and he did not think 20 guineas was too much to suggest. Dr. Bernard Dyer seconded the motion, which was carried.The President said he had received the Report of the Scrutineers duly signed by them, and declared that the Officers and Members of Council nominated on the ballot list were duly elected. (See p. 89.) The President announced that the Scrutineers had reported the following gentlemen elected as Censors :-Sir James Johnston Dobbie, LL.D., F.R.S., Bernard Dyer, D.Sc., Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., and Sir Robert Robert- son, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Dr. J. A. Voelcker moved a vote of thanks to the retiring President, Vice-presidents, and Members of Council. He Ohought the President ought to have a vote of thanks all to himself. In a letter he had received from a distinguished member apologising for absence, that member wrote : " I should like on an appropriate occasion to support a vote of thanks to the retiring Presi- dent.During his term of office the Institute has made great advances in extending and perfecting its organisation. Its influence has also 101 markedly increased and its advice has been sought by many bodies and Departments. This extension of its usefulness, as those who have had the opportunity to sit at the Council table will know, has been fostered in a marked measure by the President. Many instances will be realised by those who sat around the table, of difficulties which were smoothed by his sound advice and of troubles which were removed by his diplomacy and tact.” That described better than he could what the President had done, and he was sure that in thanking those who were retiring the members would think especially of Sir Herbert Jackson.The chief work the Institute had done of late years had been in perfecting its organisation and extending its influence, and in both those spheres the President had been a noble leader and a hard worker. With it all he had combined a personality which had made him act always so genially and ha4 made him such a friend to all that the parting with him as President was very hard indeed. While they rejoiced at the honours both public and scientific which had been accorded to Sir Herbert, he. thought, and he believed Sir Herbert would think too, that not least of those honours had been that of being President of the Institute of Chemistry.It had been a pleasure to see Sir William Tilden present that day. Sir William’s portrait was on the wall and now a portrait of Sir Herbert Jackson would join the gallery of those who had so worthilyserved the Institute. The Council had spent an immense amount of time and trouble on the work of the Institute. Pleasant meetings, such as the one of that day, did not take place unless there was peace at home, and that peace had been brought about by hard work and by everyone doing his very best for the Institute. Therefore they took the present opportunity of according to the retiring Members of Council and to the President and Vice-Presidents their best and warmest thanks. Mr. G. Rudd Thompson, in seconding the motion, wished to add his personal thanks to the retiring President for the kindly advice he had given him during his term of office.Sir Herbert had given him valuable assistance, which he should never forget and for which he was deeply grateful. With regard to the work of the Council, in reading the Reports, he realised the vast amount of work the Council had had to perform during the three years they had been in office. Such work could not possibly be done unless an infinitude of time and trouble was bestowed upon it. The members simply judged the work of the Council by the results, and anyone who had seen the wonderful progressof the Institute during the last three years was bound to come to the conclusion that the Council had done their work well, and he expressed the hope that the new Council would do likewise.The motion was carried with acclamation. Sir Herbert Jackson, the retiring President, returned thanks. He said he had not deserved a tenth of what had been said, but he could say of the retiring Members of Council that they had more than deserved every word, He had tried in his remarks to point out the 102 work the Council had done. It would be impossible to have presided over a body of men who threw themselves more wholeheartedly or with greater loyalty and enthusiasm into their work. He agreed that having been Prasident of the Institute was the highest honour he expected to reach. He had been proud to be the President. In the name of the retiring Members of the Council and in his own, he was very grateful for the vote that had been passed.Sir Herbert Jackson then left the Chair, into which he inducted the new President, Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman. Mr. Chapman said that he wished to express his very sincere thanks and deep appreciation of the great honour that had been done him in electing him the President of the Institute. It had already been said that afternoon, and personally he thought everybody would agree, thpt a professional man could not receive any greater honour, ‘ nor could he perhaps experience any keener gratification or satisfaction, than that of having been elected to the Presidency of his own pro- fessional body, implying as it did the goodwill and the confidence of his professional brethren.When it was first suggested to him that he should allow his name to be put forward, he hesitated considerably. He felt in the first place that there were others who were far better qualified to fill the position, and also as a busy man that perhaps he ought not to accept nomination to a position the duties of which might demand a much greater amount of time and energy than he could well afford. A further consideration was that the retiring President had raised the standard of attainment to such a high level that he had rendered the task of his successor especially difficult. Some very kindly, reassuring, and soothing representations were made to him, and in accepting nomination he was very largely influenced by his confident belief that he would receive that loyal support from the Officers and Members of Council and from the members of the Institute which had always been accorded to his predecessors in the Chair.He also felt that he might confidently turn on occasions of difficulty or doubt for advice and help to his old friend, Sir Herbert Jackson. He assured the members that he would do his best. If he made mistakes, as he almost certainly would, and if he fell short of his ideal of what a President of the Institute ought to be and ought to do-as he very certainly would-he would in all sincerity beg the members to be as indulgent to him as possible,and to remember that his sincerest endeavour and earnest desire at all times would be, as they had always been, to do everything that lay in his power to further the interests and to promote the welfare of the profession of chemistry in this country.His very best services would be always placed unreservedly and freely at the call of the Institute, and he could hope for nothing better than that, at the end of his term of office the members might be able to say : “ Well, at any rate, he did his best.” (Hear, hear.) Once again he desired to thank the members sincerely for his election. (Cheers.) The meeting then terminated. 103 Address of the Retiring President. MARCH Ist, 1921. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S. The Report summarises the work of the year, most of which has already been covered by the information given in the Journal. For that reason I do not propose to deal with the Report in detail but merely to offer a few observations on some of the main subjects of interest, and then, if you will allow me, I will briefly review the work of the last three years and say a few words as to the future.The increase in the number of members and students may be regarded as highly satisfactory, although our losses by death have been somewhat severe. In my address last year I referred to Mr. Walter Fisher and Mr. Charles Groves, who died shortly after the issue of our Annual Report. The list before you contains the names of several chemists of mark in various departments of work ; among teachers, Dr. William Hodgson Ellis, Prof. Edward Kinch and Prof. Lucius Trant O’Shea ; amongst industrial chemists, Dr.Jacob Grossman, Mr. Archibald Hall, Dr. Rudolph Messel, Mr. Charles Clifton Moore, Mr. Julius Ostersetzer, Mr. John Ruffle, Dr. John Shields, Dr. Adolph Urich, and, since the Report was written, Dr. John Cannell Cain ; among metallurgists, Mr. Henry Kelway Bamber and Mr. Henry Bassett ; and from the Government Chemical Service, Mr. George Lewin and Mr. Charles Simmonds ; and among those who were associated with journals devoted to the literature of our subject I must mention again Dr. Cain and Prof. Watson Smith ; and here I think I should include Mr. Samuel Archibald Vasey, who was for many years asso- ciated with The Lancet. Two other names of special interest- 104 those of Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering and John Emilius Lancelot Shadwell-recall men who devoted their lives to research.In view of the discussions which have taken place from time to time on the suggestion that the Institute was intended primarily for consulting and analytical chemists, it may be worth while noting how few of the above could be regarded as coming properly within that category, and yet without exception each was truly a chemist in the broad meahing of the word and fully entitled to his place on our Roll. By the death of Dr. Odling, which has occurred since the publication of the Report, we lose from our Roll the name of a Past President to whom we have been specially indebted, because he was in office at the time that the Institute received its Charter. He was an Original Vice-president, and held office as President for five years-from 1883 until 1888.He subsequently served for a further period of three years as a Vice-president, and was for two periods a Censor. Gifted to a remarkable degree as an orator, he delivered addresses to the Institute to which we can turn for useful guidance on almost any point which may relate to its original aims and objects. At the time of the Petition for the Charter, he had to face opposition from those who openly deplored the proposal to incorporate under authority from the Crown a body of men who practised chemistry for their livelihood. Dr. Odling made a strong defence, much of which is reproduced in the official History of the Institute and is well worth while reading at the present day, when we find the profession in a very different position, a position for which in a large measure we owe him our gratitude. As a man he was a genial and delightful friend, as a chemist he was a great teacher, and was for over forty years Waynflete Professor at Oxford. Here his name Will ever be held in honoured and grateful memory.(Hear, hear.) Under Section 2 of the Report, after the list of Committees, particulars are given of service rendered by representatives of the Institute on various Committees and Boards concerned 105 with Government Departments and other public bodies. These particulars are significant of the increasing recognition of the importance of chemistry in public affairs and of the Institute as a public institution ; and, with reservations so far as I am personally concerned, I feel sure that the Fellows and Associates will agree that the Institute has been well served by its representatives in connection with their work on the various bodies with which they have been associated. Throughout the war and since the armistice the chartered professional bodies generally have been able to render the State valuable service, and there is no doubt that Government Departments, some of which were formerly inclined to regard the representations of such bodies as mainly prompted by individual interests, have realised that they are actuated by a sincere desire to promote the public welfare.It must be admitted that, in pressing the claims of official chemists for adequate remuneration, there is some difficulty in inducing the Treasury in a time of unusual stress to realise that if the State is to have the services of a due proportion of the best talent available the conditions of their appointments must be reasonable and commensurate with their standing as pro-fessional men.We are glad that such questions have received attention, not onlv in the interests of those who are directly concerned but also because such action on the part of the Government is an encouragement to the coming generation of chemists to follow a career of essential and vital importance to the needs of the country. As an Institute, too, we are glad to have been called upon to send representatives to delibera- tions of the Departments concerned.With regard to glass research, we have left the investi-gatory work to the new organisations which have been formed, We have published the schemes framed by the Glass Research Committee for testing laboratory glass and porcelain and have taken action consistent with our views in the hope that the industries which so closely affect the profession will be firmly established in this country. 106 Matters of finance I have left to the Honorary Treasurer, to whom we are so much indebted for his loyal and able guidance-(hear, hear)-but I should like to make two remarks: first, that if anyone had any doubt as to the ad-visability and need for raising the amount of the annual subscriptions of the members two years ago I think time has proved the foresight and wisdom of the Honorary Treasurer in that matter; secondly, I think the management of the Building Fund has been highly satisfactory from its inception twelve years ago until its closing.To have raised the necessary sum and to have completed the building in the face of all the difficulties with which we have been encountered, and, in the long run, without drawing upon the slender reserves of the Institute are matters for congratulation, and I feel sure will give satisfaction to those who have contributed to this result. (Hear, hear.) The building has been raised by sheer hard work and perseverance. It will last the time of the present generation and of a few more generations, and will serve its purpose so long as we remain unmolested by outside agencies.In addition we are providing a Redemption Fund for the use of future generations, from which I trust they will reap the benefit, and, while being grateful to us for the provision they will inherit, will make the like provision for their successors. This is looking ahead, and I think most of you will agree that in all organisations of this kind much of the work lies in labouring for posterity; but while we are working for the future we must be mindful of those who did the pioneer work of the early days and of their successors who have carried it on. We have happily some still with us, after the 44 years of our existence, to whom I know that the progress of the Institute is a source of real pleasure.While on the subject of our premises, I should like to say that the House Committee is careful to see that they are put to good purpose and to maintain them in good repair. The laboratories and meeting rooms are in greater use than a year ago. The number of members who visit the Institute and make use of its library is steadily increasing. Members 107 from the country or abroad who are temporarily in London constantly look in at their headquarters and are always welcome. The General Purposes Committee have done the main work of revising the By-Laws, and well deserve our thanks. The expense will be considerable, but, I am pleased to say, thanks to the action of our Registrar, substantially less than was anticipated, since, on his representation, the Privy Council have waived strict compliance with a Clause in the Charter which required the Institute to publish the new By-Laws in extenso in the Official Gazettes.Moreover, if we do not have to undertake revision again for another twenty-five years we shall not feel the burden unduly. In any event, I hope that the changes made will be for the benefit of the Institute. The bulk of the alterations were merely verbal and elucidatory, the chief reason for the revision being to introduce changes in our organisation more suitable to the increased membership, and to frame other rules rendered necessary by the trend of opinion and the views accepted during the past quarter of a century.These changes affect very largely the question of securing adequate representation on the Council of all the varied interests of the profession and of all parts of the country, providing even for the election of a Fellow to represent members in overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. A constantly growing and active organisation such as the Institute can, I think, find plenty of work for 45 Members of Council, and it rests with the general body of Fellows and Associates to send to the Council those who will earnestly devote themselves to the business. Another change is to restrict, so far as all future elections are concerned, the membership of the Institute to British subjects. This change was made not merely to avoid corn- plications arising from a state of war, but in order to put on a more definite basis the principle long accepted by the Council that the Institute is essentially a British Institute, although a few foreign candidates who had been trained in this country, 108 or had definitely established themselves in practice here, had been allowed to take the examinations.In future, however, the membership will be restricted to British subjects, (Hear, hear.) A further alteration which calls for special mention is the introduction, in By-Law 57, of a more specific indication of acts which are regarded by the Institute as discreditable to the profession within the meaning of Section 16 (3) of the Charter. The new By-Law is not intended to limit the interpretation of the Charter nor to fetter in any way the absolute discretion of the Censors in dealing with complaints which may be submitted for investigation, but this is an alteration of the highest importance, especially in the light of the practice which has obtained in other countries where the requirements of professional ethics have been less strict.The Institute is called upon to ask from its members the general acceptance of certain principles of conduct without which the profession would undoubtedly tend to degenerate. The standard of conduct maintained by British chemists certainly during the last quarter of a century has been corn- parable with that of the best traditions of other learned professions, for, although the Censois may occasionally receive a complaint, glaring exampies of ipdiscreet acts are rare.Being rare they attract usually more attention than they deserve, but we should all be glad if they never occurred, for one ill-considered action in the way of an advertisement, a trade puff or the like, apart from the odium which it brings upon the offender, does harm to the status of the whole profession. It is true that the complaints for investigation are few, but one is one too many. ?he rule of duty is for the most part clear; we are not here solely for selfish ends, but to help one another. A member who knowingly offends against the principles accepted bJ7 his profession breaks faith with his brethren and, if he should happen to be a man of established position, creates an evil example for those who are younger.Let each man justly value himself, and act up to his worth if he wishes to maintain his position and the good opinion of his fellows. 109 As a means for the further organisation of the Institute and the promotion of its objects, the formation of Local Sections is also ratified by the new By-Laws. The Local Sections should be developed and I would appeal to all Fellows and Associates so far as they are able to take an active part in this development. The new By-Laws should fairly represent the wishes of the members, since the views of Local Sections and of Honorary Corresponding Secretaries have been duly considered ; and I may mention, moreover, that our legal advisers and the General Purposes Committee have closely studied the By-Laws of other chartered professional bodies, in order to in-corporate in our own any principles which appeared to be advantageous.The work of the members of the Nominations, Examina- tions and Institutions Committee has continued heavy throughout the year. They have held 30 meetings and have been most assiduous in keeping their work well in hand, thus avoiding undue delay in reporting on the applications of various kinds which came before them. They have often had a difficult task in deciding upon these matters, but they have regarded the provisions of our Charter and Regulations, as well as the spirit in which those Regulations must be in- terpreted, in the light of the discussion which took place at the Extraordinary General Meeting held in April, 1918,shortly after I succeeded to this Chair.A difficulty was anticipated and has now to be faced in dealing with applications for election to the Fellowship from Associates elected since the principle was adopted of ex-empting from examination candidates who have obtained Science Degrees, with First or Second Class Honours in Chemistry, or Diplomas of similar standard. The number of such applications received up to the present time has not been large, and I suspect that a considerable proportion of those Associates who have completed the requisite period are watching the decisions of the Council before venturing to put their own claims to the test. Referring to what I promised 110 in the name of the Council three years ago, I would remind these Associates that, while a concession was willingly made to fall in with the views of the great British Schools of Chemistry so far as the Associateship was concerned, the Institute as a body has not authorised the Council to make concessions with regard to the Fellowship outside the promise to which I have already referred.(Hear, hear.) The meeting in April, 1918, was held to determine how the Institute should modify its procedure to bring it into harmony with the developments which had taken place in our whole educational system since the foundation of the Institute, and to consolidate it firmly as the central representative organisation for the whole profession of trained and corn-petent chemists.The meeting had to determine the inter- pretation of the words “ trained and competent,” and the Council had to act in accordance with that interpretation. Now I willquote what was virtually. decided in the case of a candidate for Fellowship-“ It was that, before a man was hallmarked with the Fellowship of the Institute, it must be ascertained that he was a trained expert, and, in the absence of the evidence furnished by the Institute’s own examination, the proof required of his right to be called an expert and to be admitted to the Fellowship must be such as to be really conclusive.” Again-“ the Council must see that there was no question of proceeding to the Fellowship ‘ automatically,’ or merely by efflux of time, but that the case of every candi- date for the Fellowship must be most jealously investigated.” The Regulations for the Fellowship require the candidate to produce evidence :-(a) That he is not less than 24 years of age; (b) That since his admission as an Associate, and for a period of three years therefrom, he has been con- tinuously engaged in the study and practice of chemistry in a manner satisfactory to the Council.Every such Associate will be required to pass an examination 111 in one of the specified branches, or to produce evidence satisfactory to the Council :-(i) That he has carried out original research of sufficient merit ; or (ii) That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit ; or (iii) That he is possessed of knowledge and ability equivalent to having fulfilled the conditions con- tained under (i) or (ii) above.It was agreed that the candidate who sought election to the higher grade without examination should be required, therefore, to furnish proofs of outstanding ability. The Council has no intention of departing from that decision. The view was expressed and accepted that the admission of Associates to the Fellowship without examination should be not the rule but the exception, and that the Fellowship of the Institute should continue to be the highest possible qualification for a chemist in the full meaning of the term as we understand it.We had hoped that our new Associates would be spurred to high effort to gain the Fellowship, and that not a few would produce work which would advance the credit of British chemistry, and perhaps it is early yet to say that this will not prove to be the case. Some of those who have applied for the Fellowship on the strength of their original work have indeed satisfied the special assessors ap-pointed by the Council to examine their work, but, on the other hand, we have been obliged to decline the applications of several, who, we hope, will not be discouraged but will either take the examination or else make a further effort to produce work up to the necessary standard. Our thanks are specially due to Members of Council and others who have assisted us in the work of assessing the papers received, work which is often heavy and is highly responsible.I am a little diffident about making distinctions between members of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions 112 Committee, who have all worked so well, but I owe it to Mr. E. 'M. Hawkins-(cheers)-who, although resident in the country, has never missed a meeting, and has so frequentlv occupied the Chair in my absence, to express my grateful thanks to him for the able manner in which he has conducted the business of the Committee; and I should mention also Prof. Morgan, who has often come specially from Birmingham to attend the meetings and whose help has been of such great value in interviewing candidates for membership.(Hear, hear.) Examinations under the new Regulations are hardly yet in operation, but we may anticipate that the number of entries will be increased during the coming year. The Board of Examiners will be reconstituted and augmented by the ad- dition of three members of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, acting ex oflcio, in order to provide a link between the Board and the Council, but not with a view to limiting the responsibility of the Examiners in the control of the examinations. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee is also empowered to invite members of the Board of Examiners to attend meetings of the Committee. The Public Appointments Committee have again had a busy year and have done much useful work under the Chair- manship of Mr.Chaston Chapman. This is work often of a difficult character in that it aims, in many instances, at inducing authorities having little acquaintance with science to have a higher appreciation of the importance of chemistry in public affairs. The Government Departments have in recent years, as I have already indicated, shown increasing interest in such matters, and we now invariably receive from them a sympathetic hearing of our representations. With the majority of Local Authorities also we have lately, though to a more limited extent, succeeded in connection with our repre- sentations on the question of the remuneration of public analysts. On the other hand, we have been less successful with regard to the terms of new appointments ; but the result 113 has been due not to want of effort on the part of the Committee or of the Council, but to the lack of complete support from the profession. I do not propose at the present juncture to comment on a recent instance, since the matter is not yet fully determined ; but I do appeal to the Fellows and Associates to support the Council of the Institute and that of the Society of Public Analysts, who have been associated with us in dealing with some of these matters, when they make a specific announcement of policy with reference to proposed appointments.(Hear, hear.) The endeavours of the Special Research Chemicals Com- mittee have been appreciated by chemists who have been assisted to obtain substances required for research purposes through the Institute acting as a “ clearing house.” The Institute has also rendered some help to manufacturers of such substances by reporting from time to time on the progress made in their production.The Report of the Services Committee contained a well-considered scheme for utilising the services of chemists in the event of war. It is in many respects equally applicable to physicists and other men of science, and has been transmitted thelefore to the Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies. Our Honorary Corresponding Secretaries have helped us, as I have said, with the revision of the By-Laws, and we have been in communication with some of them on other matters.Arising out Gf a proposition on the part of the Australian Chemical Institute to apply for a Royal Charter, we have expressed the opinion that, where it is proposed to establish a qualifying body in any other part of the Empire, the standard of training and examination should be as high as that of the Institute at home. We feel that it is important to maintain this principle, especially in the event of recognition being accorded by the Crown in the form of a Charter, since it is desirable that the members of our Institute and of Chemical Institutions in overseas Dominions should be reciprocally accepted as qualified to practise in any part of the British Commonwealth. This matter has not been referred to in the 114 Report, because it is not yet sufficiently far advanced ; but, in view of the important principle involved, I mention it now on the chance that any member from Australia may be present or that others may wish to comment on it.On the subject of our Appointments Register I do not need to dwell except to say how remarkable the position of our profession appears to be compared with many others. Even although the recent depression in industry has resulted in many concerns terminating the appointment of numbers of chemists, there are to-day less than 50 without employment out of 3,300 on our Register. This is a branch of our work in which we must all co-operate by helping, so far as we are able, to ensure the constant employment of all our members.I am reminded that unemployment often means distress, and it is a matter for general satisfaction that we have now instituted a Benevolent Fund for the help of any of our members or their dependents who may need assistance. (Hear, hear.) I hope that no member in want will fail to call upon the Fund, and that every member who is able to do so will support the Fund, in order that we may be in a position to deal with applications liberally. Under the Chairmanship of our Honorary Treasurer, I am sure that the Benevolent Fund Committee will administer the contributions placed at their disposal with discretion, and will find real pleasure in helping those to whom assistance promptly given may mean so much The Legal and Pailiamentary Committee, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, has carefully watched legislation affecting chemists, and the Council have acted on the advice of the Committee in several matters which have been duly reported.The judgment of Mr. Justice Peterson was naturally a subject of much interest to chartered bodies, but we may rest assured that the Institute has a clear conscience on that account. President after President has impressed upon you the fact that the Institute is what its members make it : you are the Institute and must frame, through your Council, it, 115 policy, and determine the limits of its functions. I am certain, however, that it has throughout its existence fulfilled the purposes for which it was incorporated and will not attempt to embark upon any venture which lies outside its powers.Our ideals and our policy must be kept constantly in mind, and we mast work patiently and persistently towards their attainment and fulfihnent. A new question of policy has been raised recently in the Council, on a motion by Mr. Macnab, whose election as a Vice-president, which I anticipate will be announced shortly, will be a source of great satisfaction to us all. (Hear, hear.) His remarks, reportec in the Journal, with regard to the place of the Institute in the affairs of the country cannot be too widely read. They were endorsed by his colleagues on the Council, and express clearly our intention to take our part in all matters of public: lmportance on which the Institute is entitled to be heard, as being the representative body of professional chemist3 and possessing the knowledge and experience necessary 'or guiding public opinion.For instance, in the matter of the cupply of laboratory requirements, which are essential to the work of the chemist, and essential to chemical industries, I think we are agreed that this country should be rendered self-sufficing if that is possible. We are not concerned with the politics of this matter, but we realise its importance not orly to the industry but also to the coming generation of chemists, and we feel entitled to express our opinions on that account. A Committee is therefore pre- paring a Memorandum which, if the Council approve, will be published.The first year of the Journal in its extended form does, in my opinion, great credit to the Publications Committee and to its Chairman, Dr. Brzdy. Our aim in this direction, as it is in the formation of the Local Sections, is to maintain on the part of the members a liTrely interest in their profession, to foster the idea of fellowship and to bring to light and to discuss for our common good any matter of interest to the profession. Having commented briefly on the various sections of the 116 Report for the year, I propose, on completing my term of three years’ office, to give a very short summary of our work during that period. When I came into office the Council had determined upon the lines of policy to which I will now refer, and which were shortly afterwards endorsed by an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Institute :-(I) To modify the Regulations in order to effect more completely the consolidation in one body of properly trained and competent chemists in all branches of the profession.The Regulations have been thoroughly revised to provide avenues to the membership for all who take steps to equip themselves for professional chemistry consistently with the standard prescribed in the Charter, thereby effecting closer co-operation between the work of the Institute and that of the Universities and Colleges. The figures for our Roll of Membership in the Reports for the years 1917-18 and 1920-21 are as follows :-1917-18* 1920-21. Fellows 1356 1562 Associates 491 1708 Totals 1847 3270 an increase of 1423 Members. Incidently the Roll of Students shows the figures :-1917-18.1g20-21* 370 799 an increase of 429 Students. (2)The formation of Local Sections. Ten Sections have been formed, of which the majority are decidedly active and doing remarkably good work. (3) To review the system of election to the Council in order to give the general body of members greater freedom of nomination, 117 This involved the revision of the By-laws, which has been taken in hand and completed, not only with respect to this matter but very thoroughly, as I have already indicated. (4) To extend the list of Institutions formally recognised for training candidates for the Associateship of the Institute.The number of such Institutions has been increased from 43 to 52. (5) To revise the conditions for the admission of Students. This has been provided for in the new By-laws and in the Regulations. I may add that the Council intend to arrange for further means by which Students of the Institute may be brought together. They hope also that Fellows and Associates will interest themselves in the Students and give them the benefit of their experience. The Council realise that the present students are prospective Associates, and will try to bring them into closer touch with the Institute. (6) To extend the publications and to keep members informed of the views and actions of the Council which represents them. The Journal and Proceedings is now issued in six Parts annually instead of in four Parts.(7) To make further endeavours to bring before the public the importance of chemistry to the country, its in-dustries and commerce, and generally to forward the interests of chemists in every way possible. This, I maintain, has been the main business of the CounclI and Committees, as the last Report clearly demonstrates. If any meqber will take the trouble to glance through our records of the past three years, I think he will be surprised at the number and variety of matters in which the Institute has taken an important part. What then has been our main work including the subjects specifically indicated above ?, We have made considerable 118 progress with the consolidation of the profession and we can look forward to the future Mith the knowledge that our position is thereby so much the stronger for taking any action which appears desirable in the interests of the profession.We have materially assisted members who served with the Forces or were otherwise engaged in the service of the country to become resettled in civil life, and, moreover, although we have adopted no methods inconsistent with our constitution, we have taken steps which have improved the general conditions of the employment of chemists. The Institute keeps alive the corporate spirit of the pro- fession, and is the means whereby the opinions and views of its members may find expression in matters of public concern.It is the officially recognised public body to which the country generally can turn for advice and guidance on matters relating to the profession. It represents that profession in matters of public importance. It provides a bureau of information and renders every possible assistance to those who intend to follow the profession of a chemist. It promotes and maintains the highest standard of training and competence for the profession and registers the trained and competent. It thereby provides competent professional service for the country. It promotes the strictest integrity on the part of its members in their dealings with one another and with the public. It fosters by every means in its power the status of its members. Time may bring about many changes-that is natural-but so long as the members make good choice of their Council and Officers, trust them and help them, they may feel confident that the Institute and the profession will con- tinue to gain strength and prestige.The Councils over whom I have had the honour to preside have been animated with the desire to further the good work of the Institute in every direction. It is not easy adequately to express the indebtedness of the Institute to the Vice- Presidents, the Treasurer and the Members of the Council whose report is POW before you. They have given services 119 of the greatest value to the business of the Institute. The increase of this business has meant an expenditure of time and energy which has involved very considerable self-sacrifice on their part.The meetings of thekouncil and of the various committees have been many and long, but always has it been possible to get Members of the Council to devote themselves ungrudgingly to the work and to carry it wisely to a successful issue. Theirs has been the spirit which must be fostered in every professional body; the spirit which impels men to actions yielding no individual reward, but done in the service of their profession and to keep alive its highest traditions. I dissociate myself from the Council in paying a tribute of admiration to its members for their high sense of responsi-bility in the discharge of the duties entrusted to them, and I wish gratefully to acknowledge the support, consideration and kindness which they have invariably accorded to me and by which they have made the position of President often an easy one and always a pleasant one.On this occasion, the completion of my last year as Pre-sident, I desire to express my personal gratitude to Mr. Pilcher-(hear, hear)-for his valued help and for sparing me trouble in every way possible. On other occasions I have spoken of his exceptional devotion to the Institute, and of the debt which it owes to him for the extent to which he has so abundantly fulfilled his duties. It is necessary, however, to have been President to appreciate properly how much he means to the Institute, how firm a grasp he maintains of all its activities, and how, without ostentation, he plays his part, as Registrar and Secretary, in guiding the business of the Institute by the ability, loyalty and enthusiasm with which he carries on the manifold duties of his office both inside the building and during the visits which he is called upon to make as our official representative to Government Depart- ments, Universities and other Institutions.(Hear, hear.) During the first of my three years, Mr. Pilcher was without the help of our Assistant Secretary. It was a time of much stress, and he would, I know, wish me to speak of the great 120 assistance rendered to him by Miss Cawston, who never spared herself in doing practically double duty, and who continues, as chief clerk, to do excellent work in the same unstinting manner with a most liberal interpretation of her duties and of the hours to be spent in the service of the Institute. (Hear, hear.) For nearly two years Mr.Marlow has acted as Assistant Secretary, and it is a matter for congratulation that in him we have a valuable officer who has shown that he can combine with secretarial duties others in which his scientific knowledge is of much value to the Institute. (Hear, hear.) We can congratulate him on having more than maintained the promise of success in his position which was evident a year ago. In retiring from the office of President, it is a great satis- faction to me personally, as it is, I am sure, to all of you, that Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman is to be your leader. (Hear, hear.) As a chemist in the full meaning of the word and as a professional man in the best sense of the term, he commands the confidence of all members of the Institute.(Hear, hear.) He is well known for his original work and his published scientific papers cover a wide field. He has had experience of our examinations both as a candidate and as an examiner. He has been a Member of Council for three full periods, and for several years he has been Chairman of the Public Ap-pointments Committee. I congratulate the members on their choice of one who knows the Institute thoroughly, who has ever upheld its best traditions, and who has so often voiced its highest aspirations and ideals. I have found it a great honour to be your President, and though I am relinquishing that office I hope I may yet work for the Institute and enjoy the privilege of serving under one who has been a valued friend for many years.(Cheers.) I have much pleasure in moving that the Report of the Council for the year ending March Ist, 1921,be received and adopted. 121 Report of the Conference. FEBRUARY 28fh, 1921, A Conference of the Fellows and Associates was held at the Institute on February 28th, 1921,to discuss the question of the desirability of members adopting an uniform practice with respect to the style, the character of the type used, and the particulars given in the entries of their names in direc-tories, diaries and similar publications. Twenty-four Fellows and Associates were present .The President said that the Conference was called in order to give the members an opportunity to express their views, and to establish, if possible, a consensus of opinion upon a matter of some importance. As he was ex oficio a Censor, he could not express an opinion upon matters upon which he might be called upon to adjudicate. He thought, however, that everyone present had heard it expressed that the policy of the Institute was to raise the status of the profession of chemistry, and to bring that profession to a position corn- parable with that of the professions of medicine and the law. No medical man, for example, could have entries in a directory In such type or arrangement as would draw special attention to his name compared with others, without being called to order.Chemists could not have it both ways: they could not be professional men in the same way as medical men and lawyers, and at the same time be free to do what was against the traditions and etiquette of the professions. Since these matters had not hitherto been definitely determined, it should be unnecessary to state that the proceedings would have no relation to any entry which might then be appearing in any publication, and a reasonable period would elapse in order to give members an opportunity to conform to the decisions arrived at, because it should be remembered that chemists in practice were frequently unaware of arrangements made by their secretaries or clerks. Mr. Macnab said that, if it was desired to promote a high 122 sense of dignity in the profession, the members must follow the etiquette generally followed by other professions and avoid anything like advertising.It was well worth while foregoing any slight advantage that might be expected from advertising for the sake of keeping the profession on a high plane, and it would redound to the welfare and benefit of the members. Mr. E. W. Voelcker, the Honorary Treasurer, expressed his conviction that it would be a very great mistake to countenance any form of advertising. It would be against the interests of the profession and the interests of the in- dividual member, and in any case advertising was not likely to be profitable or to attract the class of work with which a professional man liked to deal.The professional man could only hope to attract practice by acquiring a reputation for good work. Mr. A. J. Chapman concurred with Mr. Voelcker in the view that when a man became known by his work, that in itself was sufficient advertisement for him. The President suggested that someone should act as ‘‘ devil’s advocate,” because there were difficulties in con-nection with younger men who had not made their names and did not find it easy to establish themselves in practice. Mr. C. H. Field thought that the Institute ought to give some idea to the members as to the means they should adopt of letting the public know that they were in practice as consulting and analytical chemists. It need not be done by electric light signs, but something should be done,and the Institute should help the junior member ; not every member was on a pedestal.The President suggested that the same difficulty arose with medical men when they began practice. He thought, how-ever, that the difficulty which Mr. Field had brought forward ought to be realised. The profession had got very near to the position when the public realised that there was a true profession of chemistry whose members were prepared to refrain from doing things which other professions would not 123 allow. There was no question that blatant advertising was a serious matter. Mr. R. L. Collett, while in agreement with the maintenance of a high standard of conduct in the profession, held that it differed from that of medicine and the law, in that most people were compelled to resort to a doctor or lawyer at some time or other.He referred to the fact that manufac- turing firms and companies, with which occasionally Fellows of the Institute were associated, advertised their burinesses. The President pointed out that such Fellows did not advertise as professional men, intimating that no complaint would arise provided they observed the practice of the pro- fession so far as professional work was concerned. Mr. Collett said that he hoped that the Conference was not simply for the purpose of passing a pious resolution. He hoped that the Censors or Council would be able to act upon it. Mr. Hawkins said that he understocd that one of the partners of a well-known firm of druggists’sundriesmen was a medical man ; but, so long as his profession was not brought into the matter, there could be no objection to the finn advertising their business as much as they liked.The President concurred, and added that it was very necessary, in order to promote the applications of science to industry, that scientific men should be directors in industry, and this could be done without the concern advertising that it engaged in professional practice. Mr. Collett asked whether the Institute would take actiun in such case. The Registrar said that if any member raised a complaint it would be a matter for the Censors to investigate. Mr. Hawkins held that if any member of the Institute allowed his name to appear prominently amongst those of other members in a directory, it was really unprofessional.No barrister, doctor, or solicitor would be allowed to do such a thing in England, although perhaps in Overseas Dominions there was occasionally some difficulty in considering whether the same practice should obtain as in England. 124 The President reminded the members of the steady movement during recent years towards consolidating the profession through the influence of the Institute. He thought it was almost the psychological moment for making good all the promises that had been given to the public as to the Institute being a body of competent men whom the public should trust as professional men.The Institute was the members, and the members themselves must determine the ethics of the profession. Mr. Hawkins pressed the view that, whether at home or abroad, there was only one standard to be adopted, and that anything of the nature of advertising was radically wrong. He felt that there was a tendency to take a less professional view in some places abroad, where he was not at all sure that a lower professional standard was not also taken in other professions. Mr. Lee suggested that it would be wiser to allow Fellows resident in the Overseas Dominions to observe such a standard of professional etiquette as obtained in those parts ; they did not much like being legislated for. The President said that if the Meeting passed resolutions they would be submitted to the Council, and would be made known to the Fellows and Associates generally.If pro-fessional etiquette was to be promoted the members would be expected to observe it. Mr. Field again pressed for an answer as to the means which young men should adopt to bring themselves before the public. The President said that men in other professions brought themselves to the notice of the public on their merits and by their work. Mr. Collett said he could not think of any man having become a famous consultant in a particular line by advertising. The President replied that usually such men had read valuable papers at meetings of societies and had contributed to the advance of knowledge. Mr. Macnab said that he would like to submit a motion 125 to the effect that the Institute should adopt a standard of professional etiquette as high as that of any other profession.The Registrar suggested that the meeting was called to discuss a specific question, namely, whether the members should adopt an uniform practice with respect to the style, the character of the type used and the particulars given in the entries of their names in directories, diaries and similar publications, in accordance with the practice obtaining in medicine, the law and the higher professions. He noticed that qualified architects and chartered accountants did not have their names in larger type in the Post Office Directory. Mr. Macnab moved, and Mr. Porritt seconded, “That in the opinion of this Conference it is desirable that Fellows and Associates adopt an uniform practice wlth respect to the style, the character of the type used, and the particulars given in the entries of their names in published directories.” Mr.Collett wished to propose the addition of the words “ and hereby urges the Council to take strong disciplinary action against any Fellows transgressing. ” The Registrar said that the Council could only act on the report of the Censors ; the Censors had to investigate each complaint as it came before them. Since the Extraordinary General Meeting held on 27th April, 1893, the resolution then passed relating to professional conduct had strengthened the hands of the Censors, and in his opinion had established principles which had been generally accepted by the members. The Hon.Treasurer said that if the resolution was passed, it would be open to any member of the Institute to complain to the Censors of any infringement of it. Mr. Collett said that he would like to see the Council make a definite ruling on the matter. The President said that the Council would report what the Conference had decided, and the procedure that would be followed in the event of a complaint would be in accordance with the By-Laws. The Registrar said that the Council were advised that neither the Council nor the Censors should take the prime 126 move in any matter of the kind, because the Censors acted as judges first of all, and if the case was so unsatisfactory that a member was called upon to resign, it was only on his refusing to resign when called upon that the Council knew anything about it.The Council should not be prejudiced when the case comes before them. Mr. Collett said that he would like to add to the resolution, “ and that all Fellows and Associates are urged to bring cases to the notice of the Censors so that action may be taken under Rule 57.” He did not want to stop short at a pious ex-pression of opinion. The President intimated that if the resolution was passed it would be an expression of opinion that should have the necessary effect, and he hoped that no complaints would arise. Mr. Hawkins suggested that the Conference had been called simply to give the Censors and the Council the views of the members on the subject.The Registrar suggested that it would meet Mr. Collett’s point if the following words were added to Mr. Macnab’s motion : “ And that departure from this practice should be considered a discreditable practice within the meaning of Section 16 (3) of the Charter.” With the concurrence of Mr. Porritt, Mr. Macnab’s motion was then amended, put to the Meeting, and unanimously carried. It was then put as a substantive motion and carried, as follows : “ That in the opinion of this Conference it is desirable that Fellows and Associates should adopt an uniform practice with respect to the style, the character of the type used, and the particulars given in the entries of their names in published directories, and that departure from this practice should be con-sidered as unprofessional conduct within the meaning of the Charter, Section 16 (3) and By-Law 57.’’ The President said that the next point was to obtain the opinion of the meeting with regard to pocket books, guide books, timetables, diaries, etc.It was the custom in some of 127 those publications to put in very few names which might possibly give the persons whose names so appeared a singular advantage. A guide book, or diary, for instance, might indicate that there were only three or four consulting chemists in London, while a directory would show that there were many. The Hon. Treasurer objected to the insertion of names of professional men in any publication of the kind indicated, other than a bonafide directory, and hoped that such insertion would be discountenanced.Any one who wanted to find a name for business purposes would not turn to a guide or to a diary, but to a recognised directory giving the names of all practitioners within the sphere covered by the directory. Mr. Hawkins agreed that a directory should include the name of every practitioner : it was for the convenience of the general public. A diary or guide book was a different thing and he thought the Institute should go so far as to say that the insertion of any name in any list other than a recognised directory was derogatory to the profession. He moved : “ That in the opinion of this Conference the insertion of the names of Fellows or Associates in publications such as diaries, pocket books, guide books, timetables, constitutes an advertisement and is thereby held to be discreditable within the meaning of the Charter, Section 16 (3) and By-Law 57.” Mr. A.J. Chapman seconded the motion, which was unanimously carried. Mr. Hawkins thereupon suggested that in Kelly’s Post Office Directory it would be desirable to indicate the pro- fessional chemists who were Fellows and Associates of the Institute in the same way as had been done in the case of accountants, architects, and others. The Registrar said that he would see the proprietors on the matter. The President hoped that what had been done that after- noon would be valuable to the profession and that the Fellows and Associates would be guided by the opinion which had been expressed by the Conference. 128 Extraordinary General Meeting.The Extraordinary General Meeting called for Monday, 28th February, 1921,was adjourned owing to lack of a quorum until 7th March, 1921,when the meeting was duly held in accordance with By-Law 7 (2) and (3), Mr. William Macnab, C.B.E., Vice-president, in the chair. The Meeting was called to determine and define the Districts in Great Britain and Ireland and in the British Dominions and Protectorates beyond the seas and in the Empire of India, the members in each of which Districts shall be entitled to elect one District Member of Council in accordance with the provisions of the new By-Laws of the Institute.The Districts suggested in the notice convening the meeting were amended in accordance with the views corn- municated by various members, and the meeting agreed unanimously to the following Resolution :-That for the purpose of the election of District Members of Council the Districts shall for the present be defined as follows :-(i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the CountieB of Gloucester, Wilts., Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmoreland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington ;the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all tomon the line of which the greater portion of the postal&strict lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. 129 London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Countiee of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks., Oxford, Bucking- ham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Hants., with the Isle of Wight and the channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid.(4 North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northwnberland, Durham and York. ‘vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown,Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Ireland. The Overseas Dominions, the Empire of India and abroad. 130 Proceedings of the Council. Appointment of Committees.-The Council elected on March 1st held their first meeting on March ~rth, when they appointed the Standing and Special Committees with their respective chairmen (see pp.90-92). The following changes have been made in order to simplify the organisation of the Institute’s business : (I) The Finance and House Committees have been amalgamated. (2) The Lectures and Library Committee have been amalgamated. (3) The General Purposes Committee will consist of the whole Council meeting in Committee. (4) The Glass Research, the Research Chemicals, and the Reagents Committee have been amalgamated with the Special Purposes Committee which was recently appointed to deal with matters of public interest concerning the profession.At the same meeting the Council authorised the publica- tion of the Memorandum referred to on p. 133. Conference.-The Resolutions passed at the Conference held on February 28th have been communicated to the Council and referred by them to the General Purposes Com- mittee for consideration and report. 131 Registered Students,-The Council propose to take special steps to further the interests of Registered Students, by providing means for bringing them together for lectures, debates, and social intercourse. At the same time, the Council have also decided to watch the progress of the training of Registered Students, and to ask for periodical reports on their work from the Fellows who are preparing them for their profession.Li brary.-The Library Committee have purchased some recent publications, which can be seen at the Institute (see P* 154) Board of Examiners.-At their meetingheld on February 25th the Council, in addition to ordinary business, appointed the Board of Examiners for the ensuing year (see p. 94). Institutions.-The Northern Polytechnic Institute has been added, subject to conditions agreed upon between the authorities of the Polytechnic and the Council of the Institute, to the list of institutions recognised for the training of can-didates for the examinations. Coal Mines Regulations.-The Director of Health and Safety, Mines Department, has replied to the representations made by the Council of the Institute regarding the sampling and analysis of dust samples and oxygen stating that the Secretary for Mines has brought the views expressed by the Council to the attention of the Secretary of the Mining Association of Great Britain, who has promised to bring them under the notice of the members of his Association.In the meantime, on the publication of the Journal, Part I., 1921,a prominent Fellow, who is directly interested in colliery work, protested that the action of the Council was at fault in requiring that the work which merely consisted in determining the moisture and residue after incineration according to methods prescribed in the official order should be performed by qualified analysts, and, further, that he was 132 recommending collieries to entrust the work to any intelligent lad who happened to be available.The Public Appointments Committee of the Institute, who have had this matter under consideration, is strongly of opinion, however, that its views were justified since the im- portance of the work lies in its interpretation rather than in its actual performance. Moreover, the Committee holds that the action taken is supported by the following Orders recently issued bv the Mines Department :-(S.R.O. 200). In pursuance of No. 4 of the General Regulations made under the Coal Mines Act, 1911, and dated 30th July, 1920, the Board of Trade hereby prescribe that the following procedure shall be adopted for the purpose of determining the amount of combustible matter in samples of dust mixture which contain carbonates, in lieu of the procedure prescribed by paragraph (c) of the said regulations :-1.A weighed quantity of the dried dust shall be heated to a temperature high enough to ensure complete decomposition of the carbonates, in an open vessel, until it no longer loses weight ; and the percentage loss of weight shall be determined. 2. A weighed quantity of the dried dust shall be treated with dilute acid in a suitable apparatus and the percentage loss of weightdue to the evolution of carbonic acid gas shall be determined. 3. The difference between the two percentage losses of weight so determined, shall be reckoned as the percentage of combustible matter for the purpose of the test. (S.R.O.201.) In pursuance of No. 4 of the General Regulations made under the Coal Mines Act, 1911, and dated 30th July, 1920, the Board of Trade hereby prescribe that the following procedure shall be adopted for the purpose of testing the composition of samples of dust mixture which contain such a high percentage of moisture that the mixture cannot be sieved in the manner prescribed by the said regulation :-1. The samples collected shall be well mixed and a weighedquantity of the mixture shall be dried at 2120 F. The weight lost shall be reckoned as moisture. 2. The dust so dried shall be treated in the manner prescribedby paragraph (b) of the said regulation and the percentage of combustible matter shall then be determined in the manner prescribedby paragraph (c) of the regulation. In connection with the above, the attention of the Council has also been directed to the action of the Technical School Committee of a Yorkshire Borough in allowing colliery owners within the district to have monthly tests of representative 133 samples of the dust in mines carried out by the Mining Lecturer at the local Technical School at a fee of 2s.6d. per test of each sample, the lecturer to receive two-thirds of the fee. The Council hold that it is not a function of Technical Schools to compete with private practitioners in matters of this kind, and they have represented their views to the Com-mittee concerned. New Food Bill.-On the cessation of the Ministry of Food at the end of March, the Council understand that the promotion of the new Food Bill, proposed by Mr.McCurdy, is likely to be entrusted to the Board of Trade, with whom the Council are now in communication on that matter. Special Purposes Committee (1 920-21).-The Special Purposes Committee, referred to in Part I. (p. 38) as the Special Advisory Committee, originally appointed on January z7th, has prepared a Memorandum on Fine Chemicals, Laboratory Glass and Porcelain, which is published in this Part and has been widely circulated. It is the earnest desire of the Council to do all in its power to ensure that members of the Institute shall be able to obtain their requirements of the above-mentioned materials and articles from home sources and also aid manufacturers in successfully meeting such requirements (p.135). Public Analyst, Brighton .-Notwithstanding the circu- lars issued by the Council, referred to in the previous Part, a few candidates applied for the post of public analyst for the County Borough of Brighton. A Fellow of the Institute has been appointed, and his appointment has been confirmed by the Ministry of Health. Finsbury Technical College. -The Council have received a letter from the City and Guilds of London Institute, in answer to the representation signed by the Presidents of sixteen professional institutions urging the continuance of Finsbury Technical College. 134 The Honorary Secretaries of the City and Guilds Institute state that, in view of the importance of not depleting the existing provision for technical training, particularly in engineering, at the present time, the London County Council have decided to assist in the maintenance of the College for a period of five years by an annual grant of lro,ooo (exclusive of equipment grants), and that in the meantime the future objective of the College will be fully considered.This assist- ance, however, is subject to the conditions ordinarily attached to the award of Block Grants to governing bodies of poly- technics so far as applicable, and also to the Board of Educa-tion recognising the expenditure falling on the Council as ranking for the 50 per cent. deficiency grant. The London County Council state that until such recognition has been secured they cannot make any arrangements for the actual payments of the grants.The Council of the City and Guilds Institute have accepted the proposal of the County Council, and now await the decision of the Board of Education as required by the County Council, on the question of recognition. The assistance from the County Council, however, will not, it is understood, at any rate for the present, go beyond the carrying on of the present work for a limited period of five years, and will not provide for any extension or development of the work in the meantime. It has been suggested, therefore, that possibly the Institutions who presented the petition, and who have expressed so high an appreciation of the work of the College, might be willing, if an opportunity should present itself, to co-operate with the City and Guilds Institute both by associating themselves with the work of the College and by rendering some financial assistance towards its development. The letter has been referred to the Finance Committee for consideration. 136 Fine Chemicals, Laboratory Glass and Porcelain.The Council of the Institute of Chemistry have had under consideration a number of important issues arising from and directly relevant to the work undertaken by the Institute during the war in connection with the production, in this country, of laboratory requirements, such as reagents, research chemicals, glass and porcelain. The Council recognise that the political considerations underlying some of these issues are outside the scope of the activities of the Institute ; but they regard the retention of industries concerned with laboratory supplies as essential to the maintenance of a powerful chemical industry, upon which, in turn, the future of a great many other industries depends.Further, and this is the special concern of the Institute in this matter, it affects the prospects of present and future members of the profession of chemistry. The Council feel, therefore, that they are called upon to put before all users of laboratory materials certain definite facts, and certain con- clusions which may be drawn from those facts. With regard to the production of chemical reagents, it is generally known that before the war this industry in our country was very limited, and the custom prevailed of buying such substances very largely from abroad.The Council are, however, in a position to state that, notwith- standing the high cost of labour and plant and the difficulty of obtaining suitable scientific staff and operatives, a great advance has been made during the war, and since, by our manufacturers, and this has already enabled professional chemists to obtain practically the whole of the reagent chemicals necessary for their work. Many instances have proved that British manufacturers are capable of producing chemicals in a state of purity fully comparable with that of 136 pre-war supplies from abroad, and the Council feel that in this matter it is their duty to emphasise the importance of encouraging home production.The production of any considerable number of chemicals for research purposes could not be undertaken during the war, but great progress has since been made, as is evident from published lists, to which additions are constantly being made. Although, in the time at the disposal of manufacturers, it has been impossible to prepare so large a number as that previously obtainable from Germany, there can be little doubt that, if encouraged, British manufacturers will be able to meet the requirements of research workers. The Council of the Institute are far from suggesting that chemists should be hampered for want of chemicals if they cannot be obtained in this country in sufficient quantity and of the right degree of purity.What they wish to emphasise is that users of chemicals should make themselves acquainted with what is available as the result of the very substantial progress made by British manufacturers. With a view to helping to spread this knowledge the Council have appointed a special Com- mittee to deal with questions relating both to reagents and research chemicals and will be prepared to assist chemists to obtain any materials which they may need. If our manufacturers were not prepared to produce and supply substances of high quality at reasonable prices, the Council would have no ground for pressing the matter, but at this critical time, when the industry can be either firmlv established by encouragement or destroyed by discourage- ment, the Council consider it their duty to put clearly before the members of the Institute and all users of such chemicals the necessity of making themselves fully acquainted with all the circumstances and of considering the ultimate effect oi failing now to aid in building up a stable chemical industry in this country.In respect of glass apparatus, certain manufacturers have shown enterprise, ability and readiness to produce the articles required ; but it has become more and more clear that these 137 manufacturers are under the impression that the support which was promised to them during the war and to which they confidently looked forward has not been extended to them in a measure sufficient to render them hopeful of the stability of this part of their industry.Acting on the advice of the Institute, with the concurrence of the Board of Trade, the Board of Education and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, these manufacturers are providing articles, such as beakers, flasks, etc., distinctly marked to indicate their origin ; but it is well- known that unmarked articles are also being offered for sale. The Council of the Institute are aware that many complaints are made with respect to the quality and quantity of laboratory glassware sold as of British origin, but, so far as they have been able to obtain evidence at present, the complaints regarding glass of recent manufacture, marked with the names of known makers, have been few in number.The Institute, with the approval of the Departments above referred to, has recently issued a letter to a large number of users, urging them to purchase only laboratory glassware which bears the manufacturers’ distinctive marks. This action has been taken in order to help both the users and manufacturers, since without these marks it is impossible to trace the source of any articles which may be the subject of complaint and to take steps to remedy the faults disclosed. In repeating and emphasising this point, the Council of the Institute feel that, if bovza fide British manufacturers who are prepared to guarantee their productions by their own marks do not receive proper encouragement, the opportunity of establishing firmly the British scientific glassware industry will be lost, and this at a time when through enterprise and research success in respect of manufacture and technique has been attained.Indeed, British-made scientific glassware, equal at least in quality to any hitherto obtainable elsewhere, is forthcoming and at a price which is not unreasonable in the present circumstances, having regard to the high cost of materials and production. There is a prospect, moreover, that when once the confidence of the manufacturers is restored and the industry established finnly, prices will compare favourably with those of articles now imported. The same general considerations apply to the desirability of affording manufacturers of British laboratory porcelain such support as will enable them to complete the final stages of development necessary in order to supply porcelain of at least as high quality as that obtained from abroad.The Council of the Institute are fully cognisant of the importance of not handicapping chemists by asking them to purchase articles so inferior in quality as to render their work more difficult or less satisfactory, and it is clearly recognised that any essential article which cannot be produced in this country of suitable quality and at a reasonable price must be obtaincd elsewhere. The Council feel, however, that many of the complaints which have been made relate to apparatus of doubtful origin and, for that reason, have appointed a Committee which is prepared, in the interests alike of users and manufacturers, to investigate any complaints which may be brought to their notice.To summarise, the Council of the Institute earnestly desire to do all in their power to ensure that chemists shall be able to obtain their professional requirements from home sources, and to aid manufacturers in meeting successfully such require- ments. The greater recognition, during the war, of the importance of professional chemistry not only led to the rapid absorption in industry of the trained chemists then available, but had the effect of inducing a large number of ex-Service men and others to enter upon a course of training with the intention of adopting chemistry as a profession.This affords, in the opinion of the Council, additional reason for making every possible effort to foster chemical industry in this country, and so to create a greater demand for the services of all such properly trained and qualified men. 139 Local Sections. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held at Dowell’s Rooms, Edinburgh, on February 8th, Dr. Leonard Dobbin, Chairman of the Section, presiding. Dr. Dobbin, in an address, commented upon the fact that the Institute had just adopted a new set of By-Laws which might be destined to mark a turning point in its history. He suggested that the Institute should aim at strengthening its position by making persistent efforts to induce all who were qualified for admission to its membership to join, as well as by urging upon the younger generation of students of chemistry the importance of keeping prospective membership constantly in view.Referring to the anomalous position of the term “ chemist,” he suggested, as lines upon which legislation should be sought, that in the future, persons qualifying under the Pharmacy Acts as compounders and vendors of poisons should have the statutory title of “ pharmacist ” or “ druggist ” con-ferred upon them, while the name ‘‘ chemist ” should be the statutory title of members of the Institute. He further suggested that after a date to be fixed, limited companies, firms, whose partners were not members of the Institute, &c., at present trading as “ chemists and druggists,” or “ phar-maceutical chemists,” should be required to relinquish any title including the word ‘‘ chemist ” or “ chemists” and to adopt the title ‘ pharmacists ” or (‘druggists,” while similar.provisions should apply, under like circumstances, to “ manu-facturing chemists,” “ wholesale chemists,” &c., who could designate themselves “ chemical manufacturers ” or ‘‘ whole-sale chemical dealers. ” Mr. S. C. Farrar, read a paper on “The Institute as a Professional Association,” in the course of which he commented on the probable effect of the “Peterson Judgment ” in relation to the activities of chartered bodies like the Institute. A discussion followed the reading of the 140 paper, to which Dr.T. W. Drinkwater, and Messrs, J. A. Watson, R. Bruce, and W. G. Martin contributed. Attention is drawn to the fact that the proceedings of the Section are reported in the Scotsman. The Hon. Secretary suggests that all Sections should secure the slipport of the Press in thus bringing the profession of chemistry and the work of the Institute to the public notice. London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section.- On February 16th, at the Institute, the Section held an informal meeting combined with an exhibition. Mr. Norman Evers demonstrated the efficiency and utility of certain Brit ish-made indicators . Mr. C. L. L. Claremont showed some interesting exhibits connected with the problem of rat extermination. Mr. G. Rurnand, on behalf of Messrs.Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd., exhibited a collection of rare and precious metals and their salts. Fine chemicals were shown by Messrs. Chemicals & By-products, Ltd., and, through -the kind offices of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, by Messrs. The British Drug Houses, Ltd., The Graesser Monsanto Chemical Works, Ltd., Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., and The Gas Light & Coke Co., Ltd. Chemical literature was displayed by Messrs. A. & F. Denny, H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd., and Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Chemical glassware and porcelain were exhibited by members of the British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Asso-ciation, including Messrs. Duroglass, Ltd., John Moncrieff , Ltd., The Royal Worcester Porcelain Co., Ltd., and Wood Bros.Glass Co., Ltd. The Scientific Glass-blowing Company showed apparatus of their own manufacture; an expert representative of the Company gave a practical demon-stration, and made many pieces of apparatus during the evening. The Section held its Second Annual Dinner at the Imperial Hotel, Russell Square, on Wednesday, March 16th, Mr. Patrick 141 H. Kirkaldy presiding. The guests included Mr. A. Chaston Chapman (President of the Institute), Sir Frank Heath, K.C.B. (Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research), the Registrar of the Institute and Mrs. Pilcher. The toast of “The King” having been honoured, Sir Frank Heath proposed “ The Institute and the President ; The Section and the Chairman.” Sir Frank expressed his appreciation of the work of the Institute and referred to its cordial relations with his Department.He reminded the members of the investigations in which the Department and the Institute had been mutually interested. The Department knew that it could look to the Institute for consultation and advice on matters concerning chemists, and was glad to avail itself of the existence of such a useful public body. The President, in returning thanks, remarked that although he was an ordinary member of the Section, he was proud to be present in the capacity of President of the Institute. He thought chemists were coming more and more into their own; they were fast becoming a strong consolidated pro- fession; and provided they held together for the common good, they could not fail to secure for chemistry the same measure of public recognition as was accorded to the older professions.The Chairman, in reply, dealt briefly with the work of the London Section, claiming that suggestions which had been transmitted by the Section to the Council had led up to im-portant developments. He expressed his great regret that Mr. Collett, the Hon. Secretary of the Section, was unable to attend through illness. The recent success of the Section was very largely due to Mr. Collett, but he had also to acknowledge the valuable services of Mr. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, who was also a member of the Committee of the Section, and the help very kindly given by Miss Cawston, the Chief Clerk of the Institute.Sir Robert Robertson proposed the toast of “The Guests,” to which the Registrar replied ; and Mr. Arthur J. Chapman proposed “ The Ladies,” for whom Miss E. M. Chatt responded. 142 A programme of music was contributed by Miss Hilda Bertram, Miss Collett, Miss Watt, and Mr. Harmsworth. At the conclusion Mr. William Macnab proposed “The Chairman,” the toast being received with musical honours. Mr. Kirkaldy, in returning thanks, acknowledged the kind help of the artists who had so largely ensured the success and enjoyment of the evening. Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-At a meet-ing of this section held on February Ioth, Prof. W. H. Roberts, the chairman, submitted a paper dealing with some of the difficulties, particularly with reference to works chemists, which would arise if an attempt were made to close the profession of chemistry.He referred to the Medical Act, 1858, which provided for the registration of unqualified practitioners, and mentioned that public analytical appointments had been virtually restricted to candidates holding specific qualifications, suggesting that it would not be difficult to include consulting and research chemists, chemists holding university and technical college appointments and chemists engaged in any key industry or in works producing foodstuffs or explosives. It was felt, however, that this would not be sufficient, as the great body of works chemists were outside the fore- going categories, and it was absolutely essential for the well- being of the country that it should possess a large body of well educated and highly trained chemists, and also a second body of trained and skilled laboratory assistants.These bodies being analogous to the registered medical practitioners and nurses respectively. In view of the fact that during the next 18 months many hundreds of trained chemists will issue from the universities, it was suggested that the time had come to make an effort to close the profession and regulate the education and training of chemists on the one hand and laboratory assistants on the other. 143 To achieve this end it was suggested :-I. That the title " Chemist " should be rigidly and legally redefined.2. That the profession should comprise two classes, chemists and laboratory assistants. 3. That the Institute of Chemistry should be the registra- tion authority. 4. That a council consisting of members of the Institute, the universities, technical colleges, and Society of Public Analysts should be given powers, on similar lines to those of the General Medical Council, to regulate the education and training of chemists and laboratory assistants. The first duty of this body to be to determine to which class an applicant for admission to the profession belonged. 5. That no laboratory assistant or untrained person over 21 years of age should be permitted to be employed to conduct chemical analyses unless he possessed a diploma obtained in accordance with the regulations made by the suggested Council.6. That the utmost advantage should be taken of the new Education Act in order to enable laboratory assistants to obtain the necessary instruction. Mr. H. J. Evans thanked the chairman for his exceedingly interesting paper. The members present no doubt recollected that the former paper on this subject was circulated among the other local sections with a request that they would discuss it and give us the benefit of their views. He had been struck by the reply from the South Wales section, which recommended that action be taken to close the profession as regards analytical and consulting chemists. That section, however, did not think it practicable to prevent the employ- ment of unqualified persons in laboratories and works, and the speaker had with regret come to the same conclusion. Mr.Smetham had also once remarked that the profession bore a closer analogy to the legal than to the medical pro- fession. Mr. Evans therefore suggested that action be taken to prevent anyone save a duly registered person from practising 144 as an analytical and consulting chemist, and that only persons so registered should be allowed to issue certificates, or give technical evidence in a court of law, and that no person other than one so registered or licensed should be allowed to charge or recover fees for work done or advice given. This would not, of course, prevent the employment of unqualified persons by large firms, but it is more than probable that no firm of any standing would employ, in any responsible chemical position, a persons who was not a duly registered chemist, because the certificates or opinions of any other person would be valueless.In this way two clearly defined classes of chemical workers would be evolved, i.e. the chemical practitioner, corresponding to the barrister or solicitor, and the laboratory assistant, corresponding to the solicitor’s clerk. Mr. Alfred Smetham said there would not be much diffi- culty in imposing a qualification, so far as analysts were concerned but he thought there would be in the case of chemists employed by manufacturers. He would make it illegal for an unqualified chemist to give evidence in any legal proceedings.If the profession were closed to works chemists it would be necessary to admit so many at the start that he thought no benefit would accrue to the profession for many years. Mr. William Ramsay asked where the line would be drawn between a chemist and a, chemical assistant ? The Chairman thought that only qualified chemists ought to be employed in food factories and in dangerous trades. He would like to extend it to all key industries. Mr. P. N. Williams said that after spending eight or nine hours in a laboratory it would be too much to expect an assistant to attend evening classes. It would be detrimental to his health, and, in his opinion, men trained in such a way rarely rose very far. Prof.Bannister said that the number of chemists in ana- lytical practice was really very small, and few of these were unqualified. He suggested that it might be made illegal to use a certificate signed by an unregistered person for any 145 purpose whatever. The practice of taking premium appren- tices and binding them for a number of years was disappearing. He thought that when apprentices or assistants were engaged, they should be required to show evidence of a good education, and they should be encouraged to take a matriculation examination before starting. They should be made to understand that unless they made a determined effort to become chemists they would not be retained. He did not agree that two or three evenings a week for classes would do any harm to anyone, and knew many people who had been very successfully trained in this way.Mr. Watson Gray, referring to the recovery of fees by un- registered chemists, said that many practitioners would not care whether the fees were paid or not ;if a client did not pay. the chemist was well advised to have nothing further to do with him. It had been suggested by a professor that there should be an F.I.C. at the head of every important works, but he (Mr. Gray) knew of one particular article made in various works, in which not a single F.I.C. was employed in any one bf them. It was one of the most important products in the world. He thought the chance of closing the pro- fession was worse than it had ever been; there were too many teachers, who would never become consulting chemists, and he thought they ought not to be in the Institute.Dr. Brislee disagreed zn toto with Mr. Gray’s remarks. The teachers supplied the prospective chemists, and imparted to their students the Institute ideals. He thought it essential that they should be in the Institute. The principal difficulty he foresaw was in fixing the preliminary education of assistants. Mr. Croad asked if the Government system of granting money for research was to be a general practice; if so, he thought it afforded a chance of insisting upon the employment of Institute men. It was public money, and it must be shown that it was properly expended. Mr. Gabriel Jones asked if it was not likely that more than one association might exist, as in the case of the accountants and dentists; there were, for example, the Chartered Ac-countants and the Incorporated Accountants. 146 Mr.Evans thought that if a qualification were enforced, reputable people would only employ qualified chemists. Prof. Bannister suggested that certificates would have no value unless signed by registered chemists ; this should not only hold in legal cases, but also in buying and selling. The Chairman said that any proposals must come from the Institute, and provision must be made for those who would not be admitted. It was, of course, a question whether the Institute was the right body to deal with this matter, and whether it could act as an examining body and a registering body at the same time.Perhaps the better plan would be for the matter to be referred to a Committee composed of representatives of the universities, the Institute, Society of Chemical Industry, and Society of Public Analysts, called together by the Government. Mr. Watson Gray suggested that manufacturers would not be dictated to ; they would take the risk that the analyses of their chemists were correct. Mr. Knowles suggested a possible working arrangement between the Institute and the B.A.C., and Mr. Gabfiel Jones supported this, remarking that it was impossible to get much information about the B.A.C., or to attempt to guide its policy, if the Institute ignored its existence.Mr. P. H. Jones gave particulars of the policy and methods adopted by the Pharmaceutical Society, which imposed a four years’ apprenticeship, following an approved preliminary examination, and followed by two years in an approved School of Pharmacy. The Society was endeavouring to arrange that all pharmacists should have a university training, and they had appointed someone to supervise the training classes. All chemists should have at least as good a training as pharmacists, the ground work was required as well as practical experience in the laboratory. He instanced the medical practitioner, who had to go through a long course of training in various subjects, but the average person would not care to rely upon him until he had had actual experience.He thought that when boys were engaged as laboratory 147 assistants, they should be told at the commencement what lay before them, and that they must pass examinations later or their services would not be retained. This was the practice in pharmacy. Mr. R. B. Croad proposed that a resolution should be sent to the Council, and it was agreed that this should be done at the next meeting. Manchester and District.-At a general meeting of the Section held on March and, the members during the proceedings expressed the hope that information would soon be available on the progress made by the Legal and Parliamentary Committee in the investigation of the subject of chepists’ agreements. The Hon. Secretary of the Section recently attended a conference of representatives of Scientific Societies in Man- Chester, whereat arrangements were made to avoid overlap- ping in fixing dates of meetings and to co-operate in matters of mutual interest.The Hon. Secretary will be glad to hear from any member in the District who has not received an invitation to join the Section. South Wales Section.-On January7th ameeting of the Section was held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when an interesting paper on “ Coal ” was read by Mr. C. A. Seyler, followed by a dis-cussion, in which Messrs. H. J. Bailey, A. Grounds, F. J. Bloomer and Prof. J. E. Coates took part. On March Igth, Mr. J. W. Adye submitted a paper on “ The Contact Process for the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid,” describing some of the difficulties which had to be overcome in developing the Grillo process during the war.Irish Section.-At a meeting of the Section held on Wed- nesday, January Igth, at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, Mr. Alfons O’Farrelly, in opening a discussion on “The Status of the Chemist,” said that chemistry had become a definite profession offering a career to its devotees, and that it was important that chemists should make that career attractive in respect of remuneration. The work of the chemist differed from that of the doctor or lawyer in that in most cases it involved no direct personal contact with the public. The war, however, had brought about a great im- provement in the position of the chemist; his place in the community had been well advertised, and the time had come to take advantage of this public recognition. Mr.O’Farrelly indicated some salient points in the rise of the profession, among which were the foundation of the Chemical Society in 1841, the Institute of Chemistry in 1877,and of other associations more recently. The trend of each of these bodies was dwelt upon. He classified chemists as professional and industrial, sub-dividing the latter class into (a) a small branch acting individually as consultants, and (b) a large branch employed in works, forming an important part of a highly organised industrial system. As to the means of effecting an improvement in remuneration, he emphasised the value of individual effort and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the formation of a trades union.The question had arisen in three stages : first, the development of the science of chemistry, fostered by societies such as the Chemical Society; second, the development of the pro-fession of chemistry, fostered by the Institute, whose aim was to ensure that the exponents of the subject were properly qualified; and, third, the necessity which arose for ensuring the adequate remuneration of those exponents, for which purpose several associations had recently sprung into exis- tence. He thought a union would arise or be developed from present organisations for the specific purpose of improving the remuneration of industrial chemists, and urged that a fair and impartial statement of the situation should be issued by some representative body such as the Institute.In the discussion, Prof. Adeney remarked that the provisional protection of key industries would lead to increased demand for trained chemists, a matter of con-siderable importance, considering the large number of young men at present undergoing training. Prof. Werner, while expressing the opinion that, until legal status was given to their profession, chemists must necessarily occupy an inferior position to members of the closed professions, corn- mented on the circumstance that those who entered the profession of chemistry did so rather from the love of the subject than from pecuniary motives.Dr. Leonard reminded the students present that chemists entering industrial works must be prepared to justify their worth to their employers, and Mr. Andrews referred to the great debt which industry owed to pure science, and urged the importance of work chemists being thoroughly trained in physics and physical chemistry. At a meeting of the Section held on Tuesday, 1st February, Prof. Werner gave an interesting paper on the constitution of urea. From the behaviour of urea on hydrolysis and when treated with nitrous acid under suitable conditions it was shown that the carbamide formula was not in keeping with the facts. The cyclic formula suggested by the lecturer, however, was shown to give a simple explanation of the chemical properties of urea and to be in agreement with the results of experiment.The lecture was illustrated by a number of experiments which clearly proved certain essential points in the line of reasoning followed by Prof. Werner. At a meeting held on March 1st a vote of condolence with the relatives of the late Sir Charles Cameron was passed in silence, the members standing :-The members of the Irish Section of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland have heard with deep regret of the death of Sir Charles Cameron, C.B., M.D., F.I.C.,who was one of the earliest members of the Institute, and acted as a member of Committee of the Irish Section since its inception. The Fellows and Associates desire to place on record their high appreciation of his work in Science and Public Health, and to express their sincere sympathy with the members of his family in their sad bereavement.Mr. Douglas Mellon submitted an address on “ The Works Chemist.” He compared the nature of chemical control in large and small concerns; in the former it consisted of a number of highly organised sectional laboratories in which 150 routine chemical work is carried out by unqualified assistants under the supervision of one or more chemists, whereas in the latter a chemist often worked single-handed or with the minimum of assistance. Analytical work alone was rather a ‘‘ blind alley” from the monetary point of view, and the young chemist would be well advised to acquire an intimate knowledge of manufacturing processes in order that he might be prepared to take control of a process when the opportunity arose. The chemist in charge of processes must be possessed of caution and tact, so as to win the foreman to his side and keep him there.Chances of gaining knowledge of the pro- cesses and the business side of works were greater in a small concern than in a large one, and consequently the chemist often profited by beginning in a small concern. With regard to analytical control, volumetric methods were employed when available, as, although possibly not the most accurate, they were rapid and, provided the results were consistent and stood in a known ratio to those obtained by the most exact methods, they were quite satisfactory.The ratio, however might vary according to variation in the materials under ex- amination, and caution must be exercised in such cases. Mr. Mellon mentioned some salient features in considering the lay-out of a works, and dwelt in some detail on the economic conditions necessary to justify the installation of plant in order to replace labour. In connection with the planning of works he referred his audience to a valuable publication of the Ministry of Munitions-Preliminary Studies for H.M. Factory, Gretna-which showed lucidly and comprehensively the studies and calculations which had to be considered in planning a factory. 151 Personal. The Council record with deep regret the death of Prof. William Odling, F.R.S., Past President.The Longstaff MeGal of the Chemical Society has been awarded to Prof. Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Major Paul Murphy has been appointed Director of Ex-periments, and Major W. C. Ball, Superintendent of the Chemical Department, at the Experimental Station, Porton. Dye Licences Advisory Committee.-The President of the Board of Trade has appointed the following Committee to advise the Board of Trade with respect to the granting of licences under the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, 1920:--Mr. V. Clay (joint managing director, Robert Clay, Limited) Mr. G. W. Currie, Mr. G. Douglas (managing director, Bradford Dyers’ Association, Limited), Mr. E. V. Evans, O.B.E., F.I.C. (treasurer of the Society of Chemical Industry), Dr.M. 0. Forster, F.R.S., F.I.C. (director of the Salter Institute of Industrial Chemistry), Mr. C. C. Railton (director, Calico Printers’ Association, Limited), Mr. H. B. Shackleton (Messrs. Taylor, Shackleton, and Co., Shipley), Mr. T. Taylor (Corn- brook Chemical Company, Stockport), Mr. S. A. H. Whetmore (British Dyestuffs Corporation, Limited), Mr. W. J. U. Woolcock, C.B.E., M.P. (general manager, Association of British Chemical Manufacturers). Pending the appointment of a permanent chairman, which it is hoped to make at an early date, Mr. Percy Ashley, C.B., assistant secretary, Industries and Manufactures Department, Board of Trade, will act as chairman of the Committee. The Secretary to the Committee is Mr. W. Graham, M.B.E., and all applications for licences should be addressed to the Secre- tary, Dyestuffs AGvisory Licensing Committee, Danlee Buildings, Spring-gardens, Mancliest er.The Library. Since the issue of the Journal and Proceedings foI 1920, Part II., the Lectures and Library Committee has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :-ATACK,F. W., M.Sc., F.I.C.: The Chemists’ Year Book. Edited by F. W. Atack, M.Sc., F.I.C., assisted by L. Whinyates, A.M.C.T., A.I.C. 2 Vols. London, 1920. MESSRS. BAILLIERE,TINDALL& Cox : Silica and the Silicates. James A. Audley, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1921. Anthracene and Anthraquinone. E. de Barry Barnett, B.So., F.I.C. London, 1921. BARNETT,E. de Barry, B.Sc., F.I.C. : Anthracene and Anthraquinone.E. de Barry Barnett, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1921. THE CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS: Technical Handbook of Oils, Fats and Waxes. Percival J. Fryer, F.I.C., and Frank E. Weston, B.Sc , F.I.C. 2 Vols. 3rd Edition. Cambridge, 1920. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: Lubricating and Allied Oils. E. A. Evans. London, 1921. Food Inspection and Analysis. Albert E. Leach. Revised and enlarged byAndrew L. Winton, Ph.D. 4th Edition. London and New York, 1920. MESSRS. CROSBYLWKWOOD& SON: Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes : Their ManuCacture, Refining, and Analysis, including the Manufacture of Candles, Margarine, and Butter. Geoffrey Martin, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. London, 1920. DAVIES,L. J. : South Wales Coals, their Analyses, Chemistry and Geology.L.J. Davies. Card@, 1920. MI-SSRS. CHL4RLES GRIFFIN& CO., LTD.: Centenary Volume, London, 1920. HODGKINSON,W. R., C.B.E., Ph.D., F.I.C.: One Thousand Experiments in Chemistry and the Useful Arts. Colin M’Kenzie. London, 1521. JENNISON,F. H., F.I.C. : Manufacture of Lake Pigments from Artificial Colours. F. H, Jennison, F.I.C. 2nd Revised Bdition. London, 1920, 153 KNAPP,A. W., B.Sc., F.I.C. : Cocoa and Chocolate :Their History from Plantation to Consumer. A. W. Knapp, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1920. MESSRS. LONGMANS,GREEN& Co. : Cement. Bertram Blount, F.I.C., assisted by W. H. Woodcock and H. J. Gillett. Monographs on Industrial Chemistry.London, 1920. MESSRS. MACMILLAN& Co., LTD.: Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry for University Students.J. R. Partington, M.B.E., D.Sc. London, 1921. MORGAN,J. J., F.I.C. : Notes on Foundry Practice. J. J. Morgan, F.I.C. London, 1920. MESSRS. E. & F. N. SPON,LTD.: Technical Chemist’s Pocket Book. Robert Ensoll. London, 1921. STEWART,ALANW., D.Sc., A.I.C. : Guide Pratique du Chimiste Metallurgiste et de l’essayer. L. Campredon. Paris, 1898. THORPE,PROF.J. F., C.B.E., F.R.S. : Report of the (Indian) Chemical Services Committee, 1920. Simla, 1920. TYLER, REGINALD, F.I.C. : Dr. Sorby’s Copy of Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis. 2nd Edition. London, 1898. WALKER,A. JAMIESON,Ph.D., B.A., F.I.C. : A Text-Book of Organic Chemistry. A. F. Holleman. Edited by A.Jamieson Walker and 0. E. Mott. 5th English Edition. London and New York, 1920. WOODWARD,JAMES,B.A., B.Sc., F.I.C. : The Principles of Chemistry. MendeGeff. (5th Russian Edition, 1889). Books Purchased. Alcohol : Its Production, Properties, Chemistry and Industrial Appli- cations. Charles Simmonds, B.Sc., F.I.C. London, 1919. Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organischen Chemie. Vierte Auflage.Bdnder I.-111. Berlin, 1918-1920. Chemische Krystallographie. P. Groth. Vols. IV. and V. Leipxig,1917-19. Determination of Hydrogen Ions. W. Mansfield Clark, M.A., Ph.D. Baltimore, 1920. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Revised and enlarged edition. Vol. I. London, 1921. Disinfection and the Preservation of Food. S. Rideal, D.Sc., F.I.C.London and New York, 1903. Examination of Water, Chemical and Bacteriological. William P. Mason. London and New York, 1917. Food Poisoning and Food Infections. W. G. Savage, B.Sc., M.D. D.P.H. Cambridge, 1920. 154 Identification of Organic Compounds. The late GI. B. Neave, M.A., D.Sc., and I. M. Heilbron, D.S.O., Ph.D., F.I.C. 2nd Edition. London, 1920. Introduction to the Chemistry of Plant Products. Vol. I. Paul Haas, D.Sc., Ph.D., and T. G. Hill, A.R.C.S. 3rd Edition. London, 1921. Introduction to Physical Chemistry. (Sir) James Walker, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. 8th Edition. London, 1919. Introduction to Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Fresenius. Translated by C. A. Mitchell, M.A., F.I.C. 17th Edition. London, 1921.Laboratory Manual of Elementary Colloid Chemistry. Emil Hatschek. London, 1920. Manufacture of Intermediate Products for Dyes. J. C. Cain, D.Sc., F.I.C. 2nd Edition. London, 1919. Margarine. William Clayton, M.Sc. London, 1920. Metallic Alloys : Their Structure and Constitution. G. H. Gulliver, D.Sc. 4th Edition. London, 1921. Metals of the Rare Earths. J. F. Spencer, D.Sc., F.I.C. Monographson Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. London, 19 19. Mineral Industry : Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1918. Edited by G. A. Roush, A.B., M.S., and Allison Butts, A.B., B.S., Vo1. XXVII. London and New York, 1919. Mineralogy of the Rarer Metals. Edward Cahen, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., and N. 0. Wootton. 2nd Edition. London, 1920. Organic Chemistry for Advanced Students.Julius B. Cohen, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.S. 3 Vols. London, 1920. Practical Biological Chemistry. G. Bertrand and Pierre Thomas, translated by H. A. Colwell, M.B., D.P.H. London, 1920. Practical Physiological Chemistry. Sydney W. Cole, M.A. 6th Edition. ellambridge, 1920. Practical Physiological Chemistry. Philip B. Hawk, M.S., Ph.D. 6th Edition. London, 19 19. Quantitative Analysis by Electrolysis. A. Classen. Revised, re-arranged and enlarged by William T. Hall. London and New York, 1919. Rubber, Resins, Paints and Varnishes. R. S. Morrell, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C., and A. de Waele, A.I.C. London, 1921. Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances. A. Seidell, Ph.D. 2nd Edition. London and New York, 1920. Technical Methods of Ore Analysis.Arthur H. Low. London and New York, 1919. Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. J. A. Newton Friend, D.Sc., F.I.C. Vol. VIII. The Halogens and their Allies. Geoffrey Martin, D.Sc., F.I.C., and E. A. Dancaster, B.Sc., A.I.C. London, 1919. The Lectures and Library Committee will be grateful to Fellows, Associates, Authors and Publishers for the con-tinuance of their generous support. 155 The Committee will be glad to receive gifts of any of the following, which are needed to complete sets :-Publication. Wanted. The Analyst .. .. Vols. 3 and 4. The Chemical News .. Vol. 29, Nos. 748 and 754; Vol. 30, Nos. 766, 767 and 786. The Chemical Trade Journal. Vol. 27, No. 610. Chemiker-Zeitung .. .. Vols.1-17, inclusive. Chemisches Zentralblatt .. The first four series, and Vol. 1 of the 5th series, Comptes Rendus .. .. From commencement to 1877, inclusive, and 1894 onwards. Journal of the Board of Agri- culture .. .* .. From Vol. 2, Part 3, to Vol. 7, Part 3, inclusive. Journal of the Institute of Brewing .. .. .. 1898 (Nos. for January and March); 1899 (No. for February). Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering .. ., Vols. 1-4 of the Metallographist, in- clusive. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety . . .. .. Vols. 1-12 (1862), and Vol. 25 (1876) onwards. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Chemie .. .. . From commencement to 1898 inclusite; and 1901. 156 Books and their Contents. [Books marked * have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “ Ammonia and the Nitrides.” E.B. Maxted. Pp. vi. and 116. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 7s. 6d. Ammonia equilibrium ; synthesis of ammonia ; nitrides of the groups of the periodic system ; active nitrogen. “ Animal and Vegetable Fixed Oils, Fats, Butters and Waxes ; their preparation and properties and the manufacture therefrom of candles, soaps and other products.” C. R. Alder Wright. Third edition, revised by C. Ainsworth Mitchell. Pp. xiii. and 939. (London: Charles Griffin & CO.,Ltd.) 56s. General composition and nature ; physical properties ; chemical properties ; processes of extraction, rendering, refining, etc. ; classification and uses ; adulterations ; the candle industry ; the soap industry ; appendices, containing references to reports issued by the Ministry of Food and a note on vitamines. “ Anthracene and Anthraquinone.” E.de Barry Barnett. Pp. x. and 436. (London : Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.) 27s. 6d. net. Anthracene and its homologues ; simple derivatives of anthracene ; the anthraquinones and dianthraquinonyls ; anthrone, anthranol and allied products ; anthraquinone ring syntheses ; the benzan- thraquinones ; aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids ; nitro, nitroso, and halogen anthraquinones ; sulphonic acids, mercaptans and sulphides ; aminoanthraquinones and dianthraquinonylamines ; hydroxy and aminohydroxy anthraquinones and ethers ; pyridineand quinoline derivatives ;acridones, xanthones, and thioxanthones ; benzanthrones ; cyclic azines and hydroazines ; miscellaneous heterocyclic compounds ; miscellaneous compounds. Artificial Silk and its Manufacture.” J.Foltzer. Trans-lated from the French by T. Woodhouse. Pp. xi. and 244. (London : Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 21s. Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organischen Chemie.” Vierte Auflage. Band I. : System-nummer 1-19; Band 11. : System-nummer 152-194; Band 111. : System-nummer 195-322. (Berlin : Julius Springer.) 15i British Scientific Instruments, Dictionary of .” British Optical Inst rument s Manufacturers Association. Pp. xii. and 325. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 21s. Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes.” J.Lewkowitsch, edited by G. H. Warburton. Sixth Edition. Vol. I. Pp. xviii. and 682. (London : Mac-millan & Co., Ltd.) 36s. Cocoa and Chocolate their Chemistry and Manufacture.” R. Whymper. Second Edition. Pp. xxi. and 568. 42s. History, botany and agriculture of cacao ; manufacture of choco-lates and cocoa powders; chemistry of cacao. Coke Oven and By-product Works Chemistry.” T. Bid-dulph Smith. Pp. 180. (London : Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 21s. Analysis, plant, calorimetry and polarimetry. Two Appendices. Colloid Chemistry, Applied : General Theory.” Wilder D. Bancroft. Pp. viii. and 345. (London and New York : McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.) 18s. Adsorption of gas or vapour by solid, of vapour by liquid, and of liquid and solid by solid and liquid; adsorption from solution; surface tensiong coalescence ; preparation and properties of colloidal solutions ; jellies and gelatinous precipitates ; emulsions and foams, fog and smoke.Creative Chemistry.” E. E. Slosson. Pp. 311. (London : University of London Press.) 12s. 6d. Description or recent achievements in the chemical industries. Dairy Chemistry : Practical Handbooks for Dairy Chemists and others having Control of Dairies.” H. Droop Rich- mond. Third Edition. Pp. xii. and 490. (London : Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 25s. Part I : The constituents of milk ; Part I1 : the analysis of milk and milk products ; Part I11 : Technical applications. Drugs and Medicines, Chemistry and Analysis of.” H. C.Fuller. Pp. xix. and 1072. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 55s. Part I : General methods and crude drug assays ; Part I1 : Alka-loidal drugs, alkaloids and medicinally allied substances ; Part I11 : Glucosides, glucosidal drugs and natural drugs containing principles other than alkaloids ; Part IV : Other organic substances ; Part V : Inorganic section. 158 “ Dynamical Theory of Gases.” J. H. Jeans. Third Edition. Pp. 449. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.) 30s. Imperial Institute Monographs on Mineral Resources, with special reference to the British Empire : “ Chromium Ore.” Mi. G. Rumbold. Pp. 58. 3s. 6d. “ Lead Ores.” T. C. F. Hall. Pp. 127. 6s. (London : John Murray.) Industrial Scientific Research, The Organisation of .” C.E. K. Mees. Pp. 171. (New York : McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.) 12s. Position, staff, building and equipment, direction, design. Mineralogy, Economic.” Thomas Crook. Pp. xi. and 492. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 25s. Crystals and their calorimetry ; physical characters of minerals ; crystal optics ; chemical examination and physical analysis of minerals ; economic classification ; data of specific minerals. Monographs on Bio-Chemistry : Physiology of Protein Metabolism.” Pp. vii. and 176. E. P. Cathcart. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 12s. 6d. Digestion and absorption of protein ; protein regeneration ; feedingexperiments ; de-aminisation ; protein requirements ; influence of carbohydrates and fats on protein metabolism. Monographs of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry : The Electronic Conception of Valence and the Constitution of Benzene.” Pp.xviii. and 300. H. Shipley Fry. (London: Longmans, Green SL Co.) 16s. The electronic conception of valence ; electronic formula of benzene ; substitution in the nucleus ; physical properties and physico-chemical phenomena ; molecular volumes ; absorption of light and fluores- cence. Metal ammines. *“ Organic Chemistry, A Text-Book of.” A. F. Holleman, translated by A. Jamieson Walker and 0. E. Mott. Pp. xviii. and 642. Fifth English Edition. (New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ; London : Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 19s. Part I : Aliphatic compounds ; Part I1 : Cyclic compounds (carbo- cyclic compounds ; hetero-cyclic compounds).159 Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants,” and some Mathematical Functions. G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby. Fourth Edition. Pp. 161. (London :Longmans, Green & Co.) 14s. Plant Life, Chemistry of.” R. W. Thatcher. Pp. xvi. and 268. (New York : McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.) 18s. Plant nutrients ; organic components of plants ; photo synthesis ; carbohydrates ; gums, pectins and celluloses ; glucosides ; tannins ; pigments ; organic acids ; esters, fats ; waxes ; lipoides ; essential oils and resins ; vegetable bases : proteins ; enzymes ; physicalchemistry of protoplasm. Poisons : their Effects and Detection.” A. W. Blyth and M. W. Blyth. Fifth Edition.Pp. xxxiv. and 745. (London : Charles Griffin 8; Co., Ltd.) 36s. Introductory and general ; poisonous gases ; acids and alkalies ; more or less volatile poisonous substances capable of being separated by distillation from neutral or acid liquids ; alkaloids and poisonous vegetable principles separated for the most part by alcoholic solvents poisons derived from living or dead animal substances ; oxalic acid group of poisons ; inorganic poisons. Silica and the Silicates.” J. A. Audley. Pp. xii. and 374. (London : Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.) 15s. Silica ; silicates ; ilbne, cement, and mortar ; ceramic industries; glass and enamels ; miscellaneous applications of silicates. Synthetic Drugs, Chemistry of.” Percy May. Pp. xiv. and 248. (Longmans, Green & Co.) 12s.6d. Third edition, including necessary alterations and additions in the light of the experience of the last two years. A Committee of the British Science Guild has prepared a Catalogue of British Scientific and Technical Books, which is now in the hands of the printers. The Catalogue is an extension of the list of books which was given in the catalogue of the British Scientific Products Exhibition, 1919,held under the auspices of the Guild. In conjunction with the Institute’s notes on Books and their Contents, the catalogue should be of service to chemists and firms who desire to extend their libraries, and especially to those who are forming the nucleus of a chemical library. A Prospectus can be obtained from the Guild Office, 6, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.Z.160 GEORGEALEXANDERBYRN died at Sydney, New South Wales, on January 2nd, 1921, in his sixty-seventh year. Educated at the Diocesan Grammar School, Waterford, and at Cowley College, Oxford, he obtained his training in chemistry at Queen’s College, Cork, where he also took the course in the Faculty of Engineering. He was for fifteen years Demonstrator in Chemistry at the Sydney Technical College, and for many years chief assistant to the late William A. Dixon, with whom he went into partnership in 1899. The firm (which also included Mr. A. J. Dixon, now the sole survivor) practised in Sydney as Assayers and as Analysts for the Municipal Council of Sydney, under the Public Health Act, New South Wales.SIR CHARLESALEXANDERCAMERONdied on February 27th, 1921, in his ninety-first year. The son of Captain Ewen Cameron, of Lochaber, he was born in Dublin, where also he was educated and received his professional training in medicine and chemistry, taking the latter subject with Dr. Aldridge. At the foundation of the In-stitute he already held several appointments as a teacher of chemistry, and was Public Analyst for the City of Dublin. He was appointed chief Medical Officer of Health in 1880, and also held appointments as public analyst for many counties and boroughs in Ireland, and acted as medicine analyst for many Poor Law Unions. He was a Fellow, Past President and Professor of Hygiene and Chemistry in the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, a Past President of the surgical section of the Academy of Medicine, Dublin, and a Past President of the Society of Public Analysts (1893-1894).In 1885 he received the honour of Knighthood, mainly for his services in the cause of public health, and in particular for reforms in the housing of the poor of Dublin, and in 1899 was appointed a Companion of the Bath in recognition of his long public services. He was the author of text-books on the Chemistry of Agriculture (1857) and on Elementary Chemistry and Geology (1896-1898), and of several manuals on Hygiene, Food and Diet, in addition to a trans- lation of German poems (1876), a History of the Royal College of Sur-geons, Ireland, and of Irish Medical Institutions (1886), and a volume of Reminiscences (1913).He received the degree of M.D. (Honoriscausa) from the Royal University of Ireland in 1896, and was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Ireland, in 1898. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, and was a Vice- President from 1884 to 1890. WILLIAMODLINGdied at Oxford on February 17th in his ninety- second year. The son of George Odling, surgeon, he was born at Southwark, and studied chemistry under Hofmann at the RoyalCollege of Chemistry, and medicine at Guy’s Hospital, graduating as M.B.(Lond.) in 1851. In that year he went to Paris to continue his training in chemistry under Gerhardt. On his return he was appointeddemonstrator at Guy’s Hospital, and in 1863, lecturer at St.Bartho- lomew’s Hospital. In 1856 he became one of the Hon. Secretaries of [SonrlLr. WILLIAM ODLING, n4.-4.,M.B., F,R.S. President : 1883-1888. 161 the Chemical Society, and from 1860 to 1872 was a frequent contributor to the Transactions, dealing with the determination of atomic weights, valency, the classification of the elements, and similar subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1859. From 1868 to 1873 he was Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution, and in 1872 succeeded Sir Benjamin Brodie as Waynflete Professor of Chemistry at Oxford University, which position he held for forty years, retiring in 1912. He was President of the Chemical Society (1873-1874) ; was a Master of Arts in the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Worcester College ; and was awarded the Degree of Ph.D.in Mathematics and Physics in the University of Leyden in 1875. At the foundation of the Institute he was a member of the Organisation Committee, an Original Vice- President, and in 1883 was elected President, holding office for five years covering the period during which the Institute received recog- nition from the Crown by the grant of a Royal Charter. He was subsequently a Vice-President for a further period (1888-1891), and he served also as a Censor for 1878-1880 and 1882-1891. He was for many years one of the analysts for the London water supply, was a member of a Royal Commission on Beer Materials and in 1876 acted as British judge for chemical manufactures at the Exhibition at Phila- delphia.His translation of Laurent’s Chemical Method ; Notation, Ckcss@cation, and Nomenclature, was published by the Cavendish society in 1855, and in 1857 he contributed a paper to the Philosophical Magazine On the Natural Groupings of the Elements, which may be regarded as leading up to the discoveries of Newlands and Mendeleeff. He was also the author of numerous papers and of several textbooks, including A Manual of Chemistry : Descriptive and Theoretical (1861), Lectures on Animal Chemistry (1866), Outlines of Chemistry (1869),A Course of Six Lectures on Chemical Changes of Carbon (1869), A Course of Practical Chemistry (1878), and A Primer of Chemistry (1882).His addresses to the Institute are indicative of his ready speech, which was fostered no doubt by his devotion to literature.He was also interested, as a collector of engravings, in the fine arts, and rendered useful service in that connection to the Ashmolean Museum and to the University Galleries. He was buried at Holywell Cemetery on February Zlst, when the Institute was represented by Dr. F. D. Chattaway, Past Vice-President. HERBERTPORTERdied on February 23rd at the age of 60 years. The son of John Henderson Porter, patentee of the Porter-Clark water-softening process, he was trained at the Royal School of Mines, London, and after about six years’ association with his father, was for three years assistant to Francis Sutton, of Norwich. He then worked with Messrs.Burroughs, Wellcome & Co., at Dartford, for two years, and with the New Explosives Co., at Stowmarket, for three or four years. In 1895 he was appointed a Sub-Inspector under the Alkali, &c.,Works Regulation Act, in charge of the Manchester District (South Lancashire and part of Yorkshire), and, in 1908, became Inspector for the Special District of Widnes, Runcorn and Liverpool He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on January zIst, and February qth, 1921,5 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship ; 24 Associates were elected; and 51 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost g Fellows by death.Associates Elected to Fellowship. Drakeley, Thomas James, M.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Manchuria Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 11. Gibson, William Howieson, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.), York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast, Ireland. Reilly, Joseph, M.A., D.Sc. (R.U.I.), F.R.C.S.I., Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath, nr. Wareham, Dorset. Rowe, Frederick Maurier, XSc. (Leeds), College of Technology,Manchester. Webb, Harry William, M.Sc. (Birm.), Technical College, Cardiff. New Associates. Backes, Joseph John Valentine, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Braemar, Harold Wood, Essex. Baker, Bertram Francis, 34,Chelmsford Road, Leytonstone, London, E. 11. Baylis, Miss Dorothy, B.Xc. (Liv.), 4, Sunnyside, Lightcliffe, nr.Halifax, Yorks. Blane, Edward Richardson, A.M.C.T., 10, Wright Street, Chorlton-on- Medlock, Manchester. Brown, Joseph Patrick, 13.S~. (Vict.), Brackley Villa, Little Hulton, Bolton, Lanes.' Cadman, William Henry, B.Sc. (Wales), Agricultural College, Giza, Egypt.Clayton, Herbert, B.A. (Oxon), 73, Thornbury Drive, Bradford, Yorks. Facer, Albert William, B.A. (Oxon), Agricultural Laboratory, Box 387, Salisbury, S. Rhodesia. Farnell, Robin George Westbury, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Eector's Lodge, Exeter College, Oxford. Gentle, Joseph Alfred Hector Roberts, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Owenite Street, Abbey Wood, London,[S.E. Harris, Ellis Thomas, B.A. (Cantab.), 19, Hawthorn Terrace, New Earswick, York. Jones, Richard Morgan, M.Sc. (Liv.), 37, Fell Street, Kensington,Liverpool.Mann, Miss Gladys Ruby, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ianthe, 27, Lansdowne Road, S. Woodford, Essex. Nickolls, Lewis Charles, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Imperial College of Science and Technology, S. Kensington, London, S.W. 7. O'Toole, Peter Keily, M.Sc. (Dub.), 17, Catherine Street, Waterford, Ireland. , Phillips, Henry B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Henry Street, Upper Kennington Lane, Vauxhall, London, S.E. 11. Plowman, Arthur, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 8, Rowantree Road, Bycullah Park, Enfield. Powell, Walter James, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W. 7. Rogers, Cecil William, B.Sk (Lond.), 62, Hartington Road, Preston, Lancs. Sayer, Harold Charles, A.C.G.I., 3, King Edward Avenue, Dartford, Kent.Shorrock, James Norman, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Beech Mount, Winning- ton, Northwich, Cheshire. Thorne, Emmanuel Isaac, 13, Cantwell Road, Woolwich, London, S.E. 18. Williams, Aneurin, XSc. (Liv.), 57, Frederick Street, Widnes, Lancs. Wood, Cyril Christian, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.),94, Park Avenue South, Crouch End, London, N. 8. New Students. Austin, Reginald George, 223, Exmoor Road, Southampton. Baskett, Ronald Gilbert, 121, London Road, Reading Bell, Herbert Vincent, Scencliff, Redcar Road, South Bank, Yorksj Benson, Gwyn, Maesyffynon, Merthyr Road, Pontypridd, Glarn. Bowden, Sydney Thomas, The Emporium, Seven Sisters, Glam. Calvert, Harry Shaw, Wagaraw, Greenhead Road, Huddersfield. Clothier, George Leonard, 28, Grove Road, Surbiton, Surrey.Comrie, Alan Arthur Douglas, Flat E, 15, Vera Road, Fulham, London, S.W. 6. Dawson, Thomas Theodore, 17, Upper Grosvenor Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.Elder, Henry, 20, Warrender Park Road, Edinburgh. Exell, Harold Cyril, 41, Cantley Avenue, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 4. Fairley, Henry, 6, Faraday Place, Addiewell, Midlothian, Scotland. Fleming, James Sintoii Bruce, 47, Montpelier Park, Edinburgh. Flett, Thomas, Anchor Cottage, Kirkwall, Orkney. Gibbon, Eric Rupert, Spring Bank, Whitefield Road, Ashton-on-Mersey, nr. Manchester. Goldthorpe, Harold Hopwood, Shelley, nr. Huddersfield, Yorks. Green, Frank Joseph, 35, Botha Road, Plaistow, London, E. 13. Harris, John Sargent, 20, Essex Road, Rushden, Northants. Hart, Edward Holford, 35, Park Avenue, Cricklewood, London, N.W.2. Harvey, Sidney John, Bridge Cottage, Leatherhead. Hole, Stanley Reginald, 10, Ringstead Road, Catford, London, S.E. 6. 164 Horton, Harold Vivian, 9, Brambledown Road, Wallington, Surrey.Ling, Arthur William, 15, Howard Road, Penge, London, S.E. 20. Llewellyn, Herbert Mervyn, 35, Northfield, Bridgwater, Somerset. Mathie, John Richardson, Roseneath, 14, Eglinton Place, Saltcoats, Ayrshire.McDonald, Hector Archibald, Cultbent, Linlithgow. McMillan, Walter Keith, Ashley, Market Harborough, Northants. Murch, William Owen, 25 Wix’s Lane, Clapham Common,London, S.W.4. North, Charles William, Leacroft, Stanwell Road, Ashford, Middlesex. Palfreeman, Geoffrey, Pleasley, Mansfield, Notts.Payne, John William, Nazeing Park Gardens, Waltham Cross, Essex. Potter, Victor James, 34, Clifton Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey. Pound, Albert, 81, Hoopern Street, Holwell Road, Exeter. Press, Edwin William Stanley, 156, Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.Reid, John, St. Helens, Albert Terrace, Musselburgh, Scotland. Sayce, Leonard Alfred, 5, Toward Terrace, Sunderland. Stephenson, Henry, Walton Mount, Walton, nr. Wakefield, Yorks. Storey, Ralph Charles, 119, Moorside, Armley, Leeds. Thatcher, Alfred Ronald, 94, Brecknock Road, London, N. 7. Tritton, Frederic Jenner, 1 F, Vicarage Mansions, West Green, London, N. 15. Tunstall, Richard Brian, 16, College Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Umanski, Arthur Joseph Victor, 7 1, Staverton Road, Brondesbury Park, London, N.W.2. Urquhart, Alexander Robert, 106, Marchmont Road, Edinburgh. Walker, Ernest, 6, Wellington Street, Waterloo, nr. Liverpool.Walker, Thomas, 151, Stockwell Park Road, London, S.W. 9. Wayne, Edward Johnson, 20, Cowper Street, Leeds. Webster, David Mackay, 17, Watson Street, Falkirk, Scdand. Weingott, Hyam, 11, Ashbrooke Terrace, Bebington, Cheshire. Weston, Frank Ramsay, 29, Sibella Road, Clapham, London, S.W. 4. White, Colin McLuckie, 16, Hopetoun Place, Winchburgh, West Lothian, Scotland. Woodroffe, Frank Windham, 43, Mexborough Street, Chapeltown Road, Leeds. DEATHS. Bertram Blount. Alexander Wynter Blyth, M.R.C.S., L.S.A., Barrister-at -Law. George Alexander Byrn. Sir Charles Alexander Cameron, C.B., M.D.Herbert Yabsley Loram. Prof. William Odling, M.A., M.B., F.R.S. Herbert Porter. Isaac Sydney Scarf. Changes of Name. Miss Louie Midgeley Badger (Associate)-on her marriage, Mrs. Sinnatt Miss Elizabeth Gentle Kennedy (Associate)-on her marriage, Mrs. Raikes. 165 General Notices. Exami nations,-The Council give notice that Examina- tions will commence on Julv 4th. The list of candidates will be closed on Monday, 3oth"May, 1921. Candidates who intend to present themselves can obtain further information from the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to April, 19x8, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of applica- tion for election to the Fellowship.Appointments Register.--A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examina- tions and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. I66 A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have opportunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations. The Library.-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and z P.M.) except when examinations are being held. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M.to 9 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.). Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Publications of the Institute.-A few copies of the following publications of the Institute are Qbtainable by Members and Registered Students at the special prices indicated :-PROCEEDINGS(prior to 1920). Four Parts annually. Is. each net. JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS(1920). Six Parts. Each Part 2s.net. HISTORYOF THE INSTITUTE,1877-1914. 10s.-Special Edition 219 LECTURES: “ Cement.” Bertram Blount, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “ Cellulose.” C. F. Cross, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “ Thorium.” Edmund White, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. “ Chemistry in Gas Works.” \V. J. A. Butterfield, M.A., F.1.C. 2s. 6d. net. “The Research Chemist in the Works with Special Reference to the Textile Industry.” W. P. Dreaper, F.1.C. 2s. net. “ Explosives.” William Macnab, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. PAPERS.Annual Sets (prior to 1917), 6d. each (7d. byEXAMINATION post). After 1917, 1s. post free. To all other purchasers, the Lectures will be charged at 5s. each ; the ordinary edition of the History at HS., and the Special Edition at #22s.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9214500087

出版商:RSC    

年代:1921

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1921. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee, RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, June, 792I. Publications Committee, 1921-22 HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Chairmnn), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (President), WILLIAM BACON, ALL1 N COTTRELL, ALEXANDER C. CUMMING, O.BE F. G. DONNAN, C.B.E., LEWIS EYNON, G. WATSON GRAY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E. HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., ANDREW MORE, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, C.B.E., T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E. GEORGE STUBBS, C.B.E. 169 Proceedings of the Council.Election of District Members of Counci1.-Nomina-tions for the election of District Members of Council having been invited from the Districts determined at the Extra- ordinary General Meeting held on February 28th, the following Fellows were returned unopposed and were declared duly elected District Members of Council for their respective Districts, as follows :-(iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast : John Hanley. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : Alfred Vincent Elsden, B.Sc. (v) Manchester and District : William Marshall. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Thomas William Drinkwater, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Macleod. (x) Ireland : Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, A.R.C.S.I., B.Sc., Ph.D.Nominations were received in respect of Districts (vi)North-East Coast and Yorkshire, and (ix) Wales (excluding the County of Flint), and the County of Monmouthshire, and on ballots being taken the following were duly elected :--(vi) North-East Coast and Yorkshire : (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire : Cyril Joseph Heath Stock, B.Sc. George Rudd Thompson. No nominations were received in respect of Districts (i) Birmingham and Midlands, (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties, and (xi) The Overseas Dominions, the Empire of India, and Abroad. The seats for the District Members of Council for those Sections therefore remain vacant. 170 Election of an Ordinary Member of Council.-Mr. Francis Arthur Freeth, O.B.E., M.Sc., has been elected a member of Council in the place of Mr.John Rogers, O.B.E., who has resigned his seat owing to pressure of other duties. Fine Chemicals, Laboratory Glass and Porcelain,-The publication, in Part IT.., of the memorandum prepared by the Special Purposes Committee (1920-21)on fine chemicals and other laboratory requirements has attracted correspon- dence both from users and manufacturers. Among the former a few complaints have been received with regard to quality, failure of supply, and price. Such complaints are the subject of conference, so far as possible, between the Special Purposes Committee and the manufacturers concerned. The manufacturers appear to have appreciated the publica- tion of the memorandum by the Council of the Institute, who desire to help all concerned, in the belief that the future progress of chemical industry and the profession of chemistry in this country willbe very largely dependent on the ability of the manufacturers to meet satisfactorily the requirements of the profession.These discussions, moreover, have clearly demonstrated the fact that manufacturers prefer frank criticism to covert discontent. It is hoped, therefore, that members will give British producers a fair chance in order that by mutual co-operation the difficulties which stand in the way of the firmestablishment of the industries concerned may be steadily overcome. Meldola Medal.-A medal, to be known as the Meldola Medal, will be presented annually by the Society of Mac-cabaeans, for the most meritorious chemical work of the year carried out by a British subject of not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The object of the institution of the medal is to recognise merit on the part of a rising member of the profession of chemistry, and at the same time to keep alive the memory of the distinguished chemist who had held office as President both of the Society presenting the medal and of the Institute of Chemistry. 171 The award will be administered by the Council of the Institute and a member of the Society of Maccabaeans ap- pointed by the Committee of the Society, who shall be at liberty to withhold it in the event of no work of sufficient excellence in their opinion being brought to their notice.Power to vary the above conditions is vested in the Com-mittee of the Society of Maccabaeans and the Council of the Institute of Chemistry acting jointly. A plaster cast of the obverse of the medal-a profile of Prof. Meldola-has been received by the Council, and has been placed in the Library of the Institute. The Council hope that the first presentation of the medal will be made by the President of the Institute at the Annual General Meeting, on March Ist, 1922. Public Analysts.-The Public Appointments Com-mittee has dealt with several matters affecting the interests of Public Analysts, and has made representations to the Ministry of Health thereon. With regard to an official memorandum of the Ministry- 36 : Foods-the Ministry was informed that public analysts took exception to the encouragement of “rough sorting methods” in dealing with informal or test samples taken in connection with the administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, and especially to the suggestion, in Memorandum 36, that such rough sorting should be entrusted to the public analyst or “some other person.” The hope was expressed that the Ministry would see its way to modify any circulars dealing with such subjects to provide for the work being undertaken by competent persons.The Ministry holds that the system of taking informal samplesi has been justified by experience; that the local authorities are unlikely to give it up, and that it would be difficult to disallow a certain amount of rough sorting by sanitary inspectors, but the effect of the paragraph in question may be modified, in future circulars, to provide that the rough sorting should be carried out “ by the public analyst or other 172 authorised person,” while the Ministry intends to keep itself informed of the sorting methods employed.On the question of the Ministry intervening in cases where local authorities offer inadequate terms for public analysts’ appointments, the Ministry holds that it should decline to take action in respect of those appointments in which the analysts are free to conduct other practice, but might consider the matter differently in instances where inadequate terns are offered for whole-time appointments.Public Analysts also complained that they did not receive copies of memoranda and regulations issued by the Ministry. All communications with the Ministry pass through the Clerks to the local authorities, and not only public analysts, but medical officers, complain that communications in which they are specially concerned frequently do not come to their notice. The Ministry has been asked to send copies of memoranda relating to public analysts to the Institute for notification in the Journal and to the Society of Public Analysts for notifica-tion in The Analyst. Reference has already been made to correspondence which has passed between the Institute and the Ministry of Food and the Board of Trade on the proposal to introduce a new Food Bill.The Councils of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts have notified the Ministry of Health that they are anxious to afford the Government every assistance in their power when such a measure is in contemplation. A Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society is, in fact, taking steps to collect from public analysts useful information bearing on such legislation ; but it appears probable that the measure may be delayed for some time. Public Analysts are urged, however, to forward to the Registrar of the Institute particulars of any unusual and glaring examples of misdescription of foods, and particulars of difficulties with which they have had to contend owing to the lack of standards and definitions of food products.As (Can example of misdescription the term egg-powder” is applied to mixtures containing no egg. 173 I pjsh Appointments.-Many appointments as public analyst and as drug analyst to unions have become vacant owing to the death of Sir Charles Cameron. The Public Appointments Committee have had before them particulars of the reports of meetings of local authorities and copies of announcements made with regard to filling the vacancies referred to. These particulars disclose widely varying condi- tions, in many cases disadvantageous to the analyst and prejudicial to efficient administration. It is to be hoped that the Government will take this opportunity to effect, as far as prevailing circumstances permit, an alteration in the previous unsatisfactory conditions, and that public analysts in Ireland will thereby be able to improve the position of the profession in that country.Dangerous Drugs Act.-The main object of this legisla- tion is to prevent the increase of the drug habit. The Report of the Committee appointed by the Home Secretary to advise on the Draft Regulations under the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1920, has recently been published (Cmd. 1307). The Report deals largely with objections raised and evidence given by the representatives of medical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary bodies with regard to the original draft regulations under the Act, and submits regulations for the consideration of the Secretary of State. In conformity with this report and partly in response to representations made by the Councils of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts, the Home Secretary has included, in the Regulations made under Section 7 of the Act (S.R.O., 1921,Nos.864 and 865), certain references of interest to members of the Institute. The drugs to which the Act and the Regulations made thereunder apply are ‘‘morphine, cocaine, ecgonine, and diamorphine (commonly known as heroin) and their respective salts, and medical opium, and any preparation, admixture, extract or other substance containing not less than one-fifth per cent. of morphine or one-tenth per cent. of cocaine, ecgonine or diamorphine,” the percentage in the case of morphine being calculated as in respect of anhydrous morphine.174 S.R.O. 864 provides the following Regulations :-1. No person shall supply or procure, or offer to supply or procure,raw opium to or for any person whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere, or shall advertise raw opium for sale-(a) unless he is licensed by the Secretary of State or is authorised by these Regulations or by any authority granted by the Secretary of State to supply raw opium, or unless he is licensed by the Secretary of State to import or export raw opium, or (b) otherwise than in accordance with the terms and conditions of such licence or authority. 2. No person shall supply or procure, or offer to supply or procure, raw opium to or for any person who is not licensed or otherwise author- ised to be in possession of raw opium nor to any person so licensed or authorised except in accordance with the terms and conditions of such licence or authority.3. No person shall be in possession of raw opium unless- (a) he is licensed to import or export raw opium, or (b) he is licensed or otherwise authorised to supply raw opium, or (c) he is otherwise licensed by the Secretdry of State or authorised by these Regulations or by any authority granted by the Secretary of State to be in possession of raw opium. 4 gives the provisions with which persons supplying raw opium must comply with regard to keeping records. 5 provides that- “Any duly qualified medical practitioner, or any person law- fully keeping open shop for the retailing of poisons in accordance with the provisions of the Pharmacy Act, 1868, as amended bythe Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1908, or any person employed or engaged in dispensing medicines at any public hospital or other public institution being a person duly registered under the Phar-macy Act, 1868, as amended by the Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1908, or any registered veterinary surgeon or any person in charge of a laboratory for purposes of research or instruction attached to any University, University College, public hospital or other institu -tion approved by the Secretary of State for the purpose, or anyperson appointed by a local authority with the approval of the Minister of Health as an analyst for the purposes of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 1875 to 1907, is hereby authorised so far as is necessary for the practice of his profession or employment in such capacity to be in possession of and supply raw opium, but subject always to the provisions of the foregoing regulation.” 6 provides for the withdrawal of authorisation for breach of the Act ; 7 regulates the procedure of delivery to messengers ; 8 defines posses- sion, “in the order or disposition of any person” ; 9 : application to Ireland; 10 provides that the Regulations come into force on Sep-tember lst, 1921.S.R.O. 865, referring to the other drugs before-mentoned,-provides similar Regulations to those contained in S.R.O. 864 175 with regard to manufacture, sale, distribution (including the giving and dispensing of prescriptions), possession, and the keeping of records, besides provisions for marking packages and bottles containing such substances.Under Regulation 11-(‘Any duly qualified medical practitioner, or any registered dentist, or any registered veterinary surgeon or any person em- ployed or engaged in dispensing medicines at any public hospital or other public institution being a person duly registered under the Pharmacy Act, 1868, as amended by the Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1908, or any person in charge of a laboratory for purposes of research or instruction attached to any University, University College, public hospital, or other institution approved by the Secretary of State for the purpose, or any person appointed by a local authority with the approval of the Minister of Health as an analyst for the purposes of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, 1875 to 1907, is hereby authorised so far as is necessary for the practice of his profession or employment in such capacity to be in possession of and supply the drugs.” 12 provides for the withdrawal of authorisation ; 13 deals with delivery to messengers ; 14 defines possession ; 15 provides for authori-sation to the master of a ship to administer and supply the drugs to anymember of the crew in accordance with the instructions prepared or sanctioned by the Board of Trade ; 16 provides that “The Secretary of State may exempt from the operation of these regulations any hospital or other public institution subject to the observance of such conditions as he may by order prescribe.” 17 exempts certain preparations (named in a Schedule), and also any of the drugs when denatured in a manner approved by the Secretary of State ; 18 deals with the application of the Regulations to Ireland ; and 19 provides that the Regulations come into operation on September lat, 1921.The Councils of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts have been informed that the Secretary of State will be prepared to consider any applications for licences under the Dangerous Drugs Act from Fellows and Associates of the Institute who show to his satisfaction that the drugs are needed by them for carrying out investigations arising in the course of their professional practice and employment.Entries in Directories, Diaries, &c.-The proceedingsof the Conference held on February 27th (reported in the Journd? Part 11.) on the subject of the entries of the names of members of the Institute in directories, diaries, &c., have 176 been referred to the General Purposes Committee with authority to consult the solicitors of the Institute as to the action which should be taken to give effect to the resolutions passed at the Conference. The Conference was not called as an Extraordinary General Meeting, but as a meeting for discussion, and it was attended by only about twenty members. The solicitors were asked to suggest means whereby an opinion, with regard to professional procedure generally accepted by the Institute, should be accepted by the Censors as guidance in investigating complaints which may come before them.The question, was referred to counsel, who briefly discussed the provisions of the Charter and By-Laws with regard to the investigation by the Censors of alleged unprofessional offences, as follows :-" Clause 16 of the Charter vests in the Council the power to exclude or suspend any member who commits any offence therein specified. One of the grounds for exclusion or suspension is that the Council have held that the member is guilty of an act or default discreditable to the profession. The Charter does not attempt further to define this offence. Clause 10 of the Charter however provides that the powers of the Council are to be exercised in accordance with and subject to the provisions of the Charter and By-Laws and subject to the control and regulation of any general meeting.'' By-Laws 54 and 56 provide machinery for the assistance of the Council in the exercise of their powers of expulsion or suspension.Censors must be elected at each annual meeting and to them is entrusted the duty of investigating any alleged offence. " By-Law 57 enumerates certain acts which are to be deemed discreditable to the profession within the meaning of the Charter, but it is expressly provided that their enumeration is not to be treated as run. exhaustive definition. In my opinion it is clearly within the powerof any general meeting to control and regulate this matter further by passing resolutions to the effect that certain other acts or defaults shall also be deemed to be discreditable.The Council in the exercise of their powers would be bound to have regard to such resolutions, and it follows that the Censors also would be similarly bound inasmuch as their duty is that of assisting the Council by hearing and investigating charges and reporting to the Council any case in which they think it necessary for the Council to exercise the power of expulsion or sus-pension. " Counsel advised that, in order to give effect to the Resolu- tions passed at the Conference, a formal Resolution on the 177 subject should be submitted to a Special General Meeting, and that the Resolution should provide that any breach of the Regulations adopted by the meeting should be deemed by the Censors and the Council to be a discreditable act within the meaning of Section 16(3) of the Charter, and that the Censors and Council should act accordingly.On receiving the opinion, the Council, on the advice of the General Purposes Committee, decided to postpone imme- diate action in the matter, since it would be reasonable that members should be allowed time to comply with the Resolu- tions passed at the Conference, and some might have made arrangements for entries in publications already in prepara- tion. The Council hope, however, that Fellows and Aso-ciates of the Institute will accept the Resolutions passed by the Conference, and thus establish the principles involved, and render further proceedings unnecessary.Duty-Free AlcohoI.-The Legal and Parliamentary Committee have reported to the Council on the question raised by the Liverpool Section, whether further facilities should be granted to chemists for obtaining duty-free alcohol for analytical and research purposes. The Board of Customs and Excise will not ordinarily sanction the receipt of such alcohol except by universities, colleges, and public institutions. The Committee learned that this matter had also been brought to the notice of the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Ghemistry. For many laboratory operations dehydrated industrial methylated spirit is suitable, and it would be reasonable to expect chemists to use such spirit where absolute ethyl alcohol is not essential, but the Committee recommended that the Council should address the Board of Customs and Excise, asking for further facilities on the lines indicated.The Committee also suggested that when a supply of methyl and ethyl alcohol had been purchased and used by a chemist, he should be entitled to claim the return of the duty thereon, on proving to the satisfaction of the Customs authorities that it had been used exclusively for professional or research purposes. The matter is proceeding. 178 Department of Scientific & Industrial Research.. Attention has been directed to the Parliamentary Estimates of the Research Department for the year 1921-22,with par-ticular reference to Clause D.2-Research Boards and Com-mittees-Development (Grant in Aid) : Provision for expenses of further development of the work of Boards and Committees for Government Research.The estimated expenditure for the year 1920-21was stated as @oo,ooo. The corresponding estimate for the year 1921-22 was L39,500 ; a decrease of ;tT160,500. The total estimated decrease in expenditure for the whole of the activities of the Department was stated as @40,845. The decrease in the estimates appeared to be arnatter of serious concern to research workers, but, on inquiry, it was ascertained that the estimates were not necessarily an in-dication of what the Department would spend during the period, and, in fact, it anticipated spending more this year than last.The sum of E200,ooo was received in the previous year as the possible cost of the work that the Department might be asked to undertake ; but experience had shown that the sum of f13g,500 was more likely to be the approximate amount that would be required during the present year, while any balance of the grant unexpended at the end of the financial year was not liable to surrender. Committee on Incidence, Causes and Prevention of Blindness.-At the invitation of the Committee appointed by the Ministry of Health to enquire into Causes and Pre-vention of Blindness, the Council appointed Sir Robert Robertson and’Mr. William Macnab to give evidence with regard to accidents causing blindness or impairment of vision, incurred among workers in chemical industries gener- ally and in chemical laboratories of all kinds.At the request of the Committee, Sir Robert Robertson prepared some notes regarding the incidence of blindness through chemical operations. He stated that, although he had controlled at one time over a hundred chemists and 179 physicists and a like number of assistants engaged on the in-vestigation of explosive substances and the determination of their properties, his experience of over twenty-five years did not point to such work being specially dangerous provided due precautions were taken. As to precautions, the quantities of the explosive substance under investigation were kept down to a reasonable minimum, goggles were worn in all circumstances where there was a likelihood of explosion, and the work was entrusted to com- petent chemists.The goggles were of a specially reinforced type, and were submitted to severe test before use. Operations such as determining the melting point of explosives were carried on behind a glass screen. Special accommodation was provided for the handling and storage of explosive com- pounds, and all explosives were removed from the laboratory every night, as a precaution against the spontaneous in-flammation of unstable substances and the possibility of fire from any cause. For such storage, lockers were built, away from the laboratory, into a mound with a front baffle of sleepers. Work with larger quantities than those handled in the laboratory was conducted behind shields or in specially armoured chambers provided with suitable mechanical con-trivances. These precautions required constant supervision and care on the part of those responsible for the work, who were scientific men who had studied the properties of and effects produced by the bodies with which they were working. Much of the work of such scientific men, however, did not involve the handling of sensitive or dangerous bodies and was conducted in laboratories equipped for research in organic chemistry.In the manufacture of explosives, large quantities of acids were handled, but although accidents occurred from spillages, the frequency with which operatives escaped injury to the eye was remarkable.The ordinary risks of a chemist were minimised by his training. Thus, he would have been taught the safe methods 180 for opening a Carius tube which was under pressure. An instance was known of a student losing an eye through looking down a Carius furnace when the glass tube exploded. Again,in carrying out a fusion with caustic potash, some of the contents of the silver capsule was projected into a chemist’s face and involved injury to his eye. The process of diazotis-ing had been known to assume such violence as to be explosive and to damage a student’s eye. Generally, in laboratories, there were some risks, but they were small, and provided against when the laboratories were under control of properly qualified persons.At the hearing, Sir Robert supplemented the above state- ment, and Mr. Macnab gave evidence from his long experience, in explosives and other industries, during which he had very rarely known a case of blindness arising from accidents either to chemists or operatives. The Registrar, who was in at-tendance at the hearing, was also questioned as to the preva- lence of blindness among chemists. He said that during nearly thirty years with the Institute he had not known of more than twenty cases among 8,000 or g,ooo chemists. The Committee appeared to be more especially concerned with the safety of operatives, since chemists were in most circumstances able to protect themselves, and at the con-clusion of the hearing asked for a specimen pair of the goggles referred to by Sir Robert Robertson, who promised to supply them.The Title “Chemist.”-The Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section has forwarded a resolution urging the Council to take action to restrict to persons practising chemistry and registered by a competent registration authority, such descriptions as “ chemist,’’ “ chemical practitioner,” “ analyst,” “ analytical chemist,” “ consulting chemist ” ; and the Committee of the Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast Section has intimated that, without prejudice to the question as to the continuance of the use of the term ‘‘ chemist ” by pharmacists, it gives general approval to the resolution of the Liverpool Section. The matter has been referred to the Legal and Parlia- men tary Committee.Women Chemists,-The question of equal pay for men and women chemists engaged on the same work is frequently under discussion, and the Council have recently been asked for an expression of opinion on the subject. The formulation of a definite and comprehensive statement is rendered difficult owing to the greatly varying nature of the work of chemists and of the conditions under which they are required to work. In professional work, where payment according to merit should be the rule, the fixing of a flat rate and even the provision of a scale, which is often unavoidable in large establishments, cannot provide for equitable remuneration in every case. The Institute has admitted women to membership since 1892, and makes no distinction between men and women in the requirements either for the Associateship or the Fellowship.In the matter of the employment of women as chemists, the view is held that, so far as routine work is concerned, the insistence upon equal pay for men and women of equivalent qualifications and working an equal number of hours with the same ability, would be likely to tend to the unemployment of women through preference being generally given to men, even when questions of mere economy are not of great im-portance. It is doubtful, therefore, whether the acceptance of the principle of the equal payment of women chemists en- gaged in routine work would not be detrimental to their own interests. In research, and other work, however, where special individual merit-originality, initiative, etc.,-is a more prominent factor, the view is held that the scale of rernunera-tion should depend on merit and good work, and, in general, that where there is equality in these respects, there should be no distinction in salaries on the ground of sex. 182 Registered Students.-The Council have asked the Local Sections .to consider a memorandum based on sug-gestions receivgd from Mr.D. G. Murdoch, Registered Student, having in view the desirability of furthering the interests of Students of the Institute. Briefly stated, these suggestions are- (I) That the Institute should encourage further inter- course between the Registered Students of the Institute ; (2) That the Institute should provide opportunities for Students to discuss matters of common interest, should arrange for Fellows of the Institute to give addresses on various branches of professional and industrial chemical work, and encourage students themselves to give papers before meetings of students ; (3) That the Institute should arrange " exhibit evenings " at which students could show specimen of prepara-tions, and at which could be shown special or com-plicated apparatus, laboratory devices, diagrams, charts, etc., of interest to students; (4) That the Institute should arrange social evenings for students. These suggestions involve the formation of Students Societies, possibly under the various Local Sections of the Institute.Already several Sections have invited Registered Students to attend meetings at which technical papers have been submitted and, incidentally, it may be mentioned that the London Section has recently urged the importance of in-culcating in Students as early as possible a sense of the realities of professional life. The replies from the Local Sections willbe considered by the Generd Purposes Committee, who will report in due course to the Council. 183 Finsbury Technical College.-Reference was made in Part 11. to the decision of the London County Council to assist in the maintenance of Finsbury Technical College. On a report from the Finance and House Committee, the Council of the Institute regret that they have been obliged, in view not only of the financial position of the Institute, but also the provisions of the Charter, to report that the Institute is unable to respond to the appeal for financial assistance in the development of the College.The Council hope, however, that reference to the matter here may be the means of securing for the College a measure of support from past Students and from employers and others who know of its good work. The College authoi ities have now announced their inten- tion of appointing professors in various departments of the College. Lectu res.-Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, Vice-president, has kindly promised to deliver in the autumn of this year a lecture on Chemists and the Patent Laws with special reference to the Patents and Designs Act 1920, and its application to chemical patents.Dr. E. J. Russell has kindly agreed to give a Lecture on Agricultural Chemistry and its Applications. Other lectures will be announced in due course. The Council again desire to emphasize the desirability of Fellows and Associates taking advantage of any opportunity to popularise chemistry and will be glad to hear from Fellows and Associates who have given or arranged to give lectures with that object in view. They particularly refer to lectures delivered before foremen and operatives by chemists in industrial undertakings. Regulations.-The degree of M.Sc. of the University of New Zealand has been added to the list of those recognised under Section IV. (11.)of the Regulations, page 19,provided that candidates have obtained first or second class honours in chemistry in that examination.The Regulations for the admission of Students have been revised to conform with the provisions of the new By-Laws. 184 A candidate for registration must be a British subject, at least 16 years of age; he must have passed an approved Preliminary Examination in the required subjects, and be proposed for admission by a teacher in an institution recog- nised by the Council, or* by a Fellow with whom he is studying, or,*? in exceptional circumstances, by a chemist in a laboratory or works which is approved by the Council and in which he is studying. With a view to keeping in touch with registered students other than those admitted on the recommendation of a teacher in a recognised institution, the Council will require every such student to obtain before 30th November in each year from the Fellow or chemist under whom he is registered a report of his progress during the preceding year.The Council will then be in a position to ascertain that the students are follow- ing the regulations or, on the other hand, where any student fails to make a return satisfactory to the Council, the desira- bility of removing his name from the register may be con- sidered. On a registered student ceasing to study under the Fellow on whose recommendation he was registered, he shall be required to apply to the Council for re-registration on the proposal of the Fellow or chemist under whom he is then studying.Institute’s Laboratories.-Fellows and Associates are occasionally allowed the use of bench space in the laboratories of the Institute on terms which are arranged, according to circumstances, with the Finance and House Committee. The Council, however, have decided, on the advice of the * The Council will require from the proposer an assurance that the student will have facilities in the laboratory for obtaining satisfactory experience in general laboratory work. *tIn the consideration of applications under this clause the Council may accept the registration of a student for the first year of a day course or for the first two or three years of an evenmg course, at an Institution which is not on the list of Institutions recognized by the Councii, on the proposition of the head of the Chemical Department of that Institution.185 Committee, that such use shall be restricted to specific investigations, and not extended to ordinary practice or to enable a chemist to start a practice. Universities and Institutions-The following institu- tions have been added to the list of Universities, Colleges and Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Examinations of the Institute :-Paisley Technical College.Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario. The Constituent Colleges of the University of New Zealand. The University of Cape Town. The Pretoria University of Stellenbosch. The Constituent Colleges of the University of South Africa.Institutions other than Universities and their constituent Colleges are placed on the list on the understanding that they will be inspected from time to time by at least two representative Fellows of the Institute, preferably present or recent Members of Council, or examiners, with the assistance of an officer of the Institute. Such inspections will be made when officers are visiting Local Sections in the neighbourhood of the respective institutions, and the Council intend to arrange that all such institutions shall be visited during the next three years. Examinations,-The Council have received a report from the Board of Examiners on the April Examinations (p. 210). Memento of 30, Bloomsbury Square.-The premises occupied by the Institute from 1893 to 1915and the adjoining houses in Bloomsbury Square have lately been entirely de- molished to prepare the site for the Liverpool Victoria Friendly Society.Through the courtesy of the Architect to the Society Mr. Charles W. Long, F.R.I.B.A., the Institute has been pre- sented with a sufficient quantity of oak from the floors of the old premises for the construction of a table for the Library of the Institute. The house was situated on the east side of the Square, formerly known as Seymour Row, and adjoined the 186 residence occupied by Lord Mansfield (1705-1793), which was demolished by rioters in 1780, and that of Sir Anthony Panizzi (1797-1878), Principal Librarian of the British Museum. The house is said to have been built in 1665, the oak referred to, which is in sound condition, forming part of the original structure.A ppointments Register.-The Appointments Register of &he Institute was well able during 1920 to deal with the influx of large numbers of newly-trained men, but the position to-day is much more difficult. The number of members, including many with several years’ experience, whose names are on the Register, has steadily increased from about 160 in August, 1920, to about 260 in the present month. Of these the majority are seeking to improve their positions, or possibly, in some cases, anticipate that the present industrial depression may result in their unemployment, while the number actually out of employment has increased from about 20 in August, 1920, to 50 in March, 1921, and to about 60 in the present month.This condition of affairs gives emphasis to the concern which has been expressed from time to time that it would not be possible to find suitable employment for the exceptional number of students who have entered on a course of training for professional chemistry since the end of the War. Under normal conditions there is a constant flow of junior members to higher posts leaving vacancies for the new-comers, but in the present circumstances this flow has almost stopped because in many cases employers have postponed filling such vacancies. In answer to enquiries addressed by the Institute to the recognised universities and colleges, information has been ob- tained to the effect that 800 chemical students will complete their academic training before the close of this year.A fair proportion of these will take up teaching work and others will remain at college for a year’s research ; but even allowing for these deductions the number seeking employment will be far in excess of the vacancies likely to be available, 187 Fortunately the dates of the Final Degree Examinations of the various Universities do not all coincide, and conse-quently the output of newly qualified chemists will be more gradual than it would be if the Final Examinations were held simultaneously, in which case the difficulty of placing such chemists in suitable appointments would be greatly increased.The majority of the new graduates will be ex-service men whose training was interrupted by the war, very few of whom have had any previous experience or are in a position to sup- port themselves without employment. The Institute is anxious to assist them in every way possible to make a start in their professional careers, and the Council seek the co-operation of Fellows and Associates generally in finding them opportunities for gaining experience. In many instances this may be done by members allowing temporary facilities in their laboratories until the conditions of industry and commerce have improved with a consequent heavy demand for chemists. They should then be readily absorbed, but for the present they will need all the help that established members of the profession can give them.___--Vol. IV. of the Annual Tables (Chemical, Physical and Technological) of Constants and Numerical Data is now in the press. Particulars thereof are circulated with this number of the Journal at the request of the General Secretary of the International Committee, which has compiled the tables. The International Committee was appointed by the 7th International Congress of Applied Chemistry, held in London in June, 1909,and the tables are published under the patronage of the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry. Members of the Institute are entitled to subscribe for the tables at the reduced price of 75 francs unbound and 90 francs bound, provided application be made before July 15th next, an extension of the time having been arranged owing to the fact that the Journal cannot be published before June 30th- the date originally fixed.188 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-A Local Section has been formed for Belfast district. Members interested are advised to ad- dress enquiries to the Hon. Secretary, Dr. W. €3. Gibson, O.B.E., F.I.C., c/o Messrs. The York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast. Bristol and South Western Counties District.-A Local Section is being formed with headquarters at Bristol. The inaugural meeting will be held when travelling facilities have improved. Members interested are requested to address enquiries to Prof. J. Wertheimer, D.Sc., F.T.C., Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol.Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Second Annual Dinner of the Section was held at Ferguson and Forrester’s Restaurant, Edinburgh, on March Ist, Dr. Leonard Dobbin in the chair. A musical programme was provided by members of the Section. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A golf competi-tion in connection with the above section was held over the West Kilbride Course on April 30th by the invitation of the Ardeer members and by the courtesy of the committee of the West Kilbride Golf Club. There was a turn-out of about twenty-five members. The visitors were rather fewer than was expected-due, possibly, to the restricted train service in operation on account of the coal strike. The competition took the form of a stroke sweepstake.The day was 189 exceptionally fine, and the meeting was pronounced a success. Best scores :-(I) and (2)W. Barbour (IS) and J. W. McDavid (18),81 ; (3) J. Sorley (7),82. The visitors were entertained to lunch and tea. After tea, Mr. Macleod proposed a vote of thanks to the Ardeer members and to the Committee of the Club, which Mr. Rintoul acknowledged. Irish Section (Dublin).-The Committee of the Section has discussed the question of forming a Students’ Society, and it proposes to do everything to encourage students to attend Section Meetings and to become members of the Institute, postponing, for the present, in view of the small number of Registered Students of the Institute in Ireland, the formation of a definite Society.Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-The Section has forwarded to the Council resolutions urging that ’action be taken to restrict to persons practising chemistry and registered by a competent registration authority such descrip- tions as (‘chemist,” (‘chemical practitioner,” (‘analyst,’’ “ analytical chemist,” and (‘consulting chemist” (see p. 180). The Section has also urged the Council to endeavour to secure further facilities whereby chemists may obtain duty- free absolute ethyl alcohol for professional and research purposes (see p. 177). London and South-Eastern Counties.-On Wednes-day, April zoth, a debate was held on a motion by Mr. F. H. Carr That the Institute, as representing the profession ofI‘ chemistry, should support legislation to protect the manu- facture of chemicals and chemical glassware as being key industries.’’ Mr.Carr referred briefly to the increasing facilities for primary and secondary education and the consequently larger numbers from whom relatively skilled workers could be recruited in order to carry on such industries as the production of fine chemicals and laboratory ware. He referred to the position in which this country was placed at the outbreak of 190 war by its reliance upon continental supplies, and expressed the hope that the country would not revert to a state of dependence on outside sources through lack of support by the users of such materials. He submitted figures to indicate that the imposition of protective measures did not necessarily involve an increase in the cost of the materials whose manu- facture was so fostered.He cited as an example saccharin, very little of which, prior to the war, was manufacturedin this country. We were now in a position to manufacture all our requirements, and were producing and selling at a price which, apart from any protective tariffs, gave no inducement to importers to bring material from abroad. He maintained that this example should allay the fears of any who were nervous as to the effect of the measures proposed in the Key Industries Bill. Mr. E. M. Hawkins opposed the motion. He agreed with the opener with regard to the necessity for fostering British chemical and glass industries, but he did not feel that the methods which were being proposed were in the best interests of those industries or of the users of their products.He felt that, despite the example which Mr. Carr had given, chemists had no guarantee that the price of these products would be kept within reasonable bounds, and that the proposition of an ad vaZorem duty was committing chemists and the country to a leap in the dark. It were much better (although he objected to doles and subsidies) to give a straightforward subsidy to an industry to assist it to get on a proper footing and thereafter to let it stand (or fall) on its merits. In the discussion which ensued, Dr. Brady, Mr. Collett, Mr. Hussey, Mr. Cook, Mr. Macnab and others joined. The meeting was not very well attended in view of the restrictions of the train service.Over 40 members were present, and some had left when the vote was taken and it was found that 16 were in favour of and 10 against Mr. Carr’s motion. -4 further meeting of the Section was held on Wednesday, May 18th, at which a memorandum with regard to a proposal 191 for an association of students was considered. After some discussion it was decided to invite the Secretaries of the Chemical Societies of the various recognised colleges in the London area and a number of other representative students to meet the Chairman and Secretary of the Section for an informal conference in order to obtain the views of students themselves. The meeting, on the whole, rather than the formation of a separate Students’ Society, favoured the policy of inviting students to meetings of the Section and of arranging one or two evenings in each session as Students’ Evenings in order to provide opportunities for students to meet members of the Institute.At the conclusion of the discussion, Mr. Pilcher gave a very interesting informal resume‘ of the history of the Institute. His remarks were interspersed with anecdotes concerning the chemists of the early days of the Institute. In the time which was available, however, he was only able to touch very briefly on the later stages of the history, and the Section hope at a future meeting to hear him again on the subject. A vote of thanks was accorded, on the motion of Dr.Dyer, who referred to details of the foundation of the Institute. On Wednesday, June 15th, an informal meeting of the Section was held, by the courtesy of Mr. H. S. Wellcome, at the Wellcome Historical and Medical Museum, which was specially opened in the evenizlg for the members of the Section. The Museum contains a remarkable collection of medical and pharmaceutical exhibits and many of great interest to chemists. Members particularly noticed reproductions of alchemical laboratories and of Liebig’s laboratory, and also the mask of a plague doctor attributed to the seventeenth century, a forerunner of the modern gas mask. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Section has transmitted to the Council a resolution supporting “ without prejudice to the question of the continuance of the use of the word ‘chemist ’ by pharmacists,” the first resolution of the Liverpool Section referred to on p.189. 192 The Section finds it difficult to keep in touch with the whole of the North-East Voting District,-which includes Yorkshire, Northumberland, and Durham-containing in all about 400 members, and proposes at an early opportunity to hold a meeting in a convenient centre, say, at York, to discuss the matter. Possibly the problem will be solved by the formation of a new Section or Sections, or by arranging for meetings of the Section to be held in several important centres in rotation. South Wales,-A meeting of the South Wales Section was held at the Hotel Metropole, Swansea, on Saturday, May 28th, when Mr.Marlow, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, attended. The Section discussed the question referred to them by the Council as to how far the Local Sections could promote the interests of Registered Students of the Institute. The members present were found to be in favour of Students being attached to Sections without payment of additional sub- scription, in order that they should be able to attend meetings, although unable to vote. Prof. J. E. Coates gave an interesting paper on Hydro- cyanic acid, in the course of which he described the difficulties to be met with in the manufacture of the anhydrous acid, and how they had been overcome; he also dealt with the con- struction and development of plant for production of large quantities of the acid.A hearty vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. 193 Personal. Col. William Henry Willcox, C.B., C.M.G., has been created a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. Prof. John Burchmore Harrison, C.M.G., has received the honour of Knighthood. Prof. Robert Robinson has been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the University of St. Andrew’s, in succession to Prof. J. C. Irvine, who has been elected Principal of the Univer si ty . The Council deeply regret to record that Mr. Gruffyd Thomas Speakman, B.Sc., A.I.C., has lost both eyes as the result of an explosion. Mr. Speakman, who was trained at University College of North Wales, Bangor, was engaged as an explosives chemist during the war at Faversham, and after- wards at Ardrossan.In 1920 he proceeded to the British Westfalite Co., at Denaby, near Rotherham, where the accident occurred, on March 14th. A Chemist as Poet.-A small volume of Poems, entitled Samson Adami and other Essays in Verse, by Mr. Oliver C. de C. Ellis (Associate of the Institute), with an introduction by Prof. C. H. Herford, has recently been published by Messrs. Sherratt & Hughes, Manchester (one shilling net). The volume includes “A Chemical Fragment (On Kekule’s defence of his Benzene Formula).” 194 Notes. Official Chemical Appointments Overseas.-A Colonial Office paper (Miscellaneous No. 280, Fifth Edition) on Agricultural, Forestry and other Scientific Appointments in the Colonial Service, gives considerable information for the assistance of intending applicants for such appointments.Vacancies are only occasionally open to candidates under the age of 22 at the time of taking up their duties. Candidates may, however, apply before they reach the minimum age limit in order that their applications may be completed in time to be considered at the earliest possible moment. The age limits for all junior appointments in Tropical Africa are 22-35, candidates under 30 being preferred. No candidate will be considered for appointment who has not served in some branch of the forces during the war unless his reasons for not doing so are entirely satisfactory to the Secretary of State.Appointrxents at the disposal of the Secretary of State are confined to those Colonies, Protectorates, etc., which are ad-ministered under his directions :-In Tropical Africa, including the Kenya Colony and Protectorate, and the Uganda Protectorate, Nigeria and the Gold Coast ; Ea,stern Colonies and Protectorates, and Protectorates such as Ceylon, Hong Kong, the Straits Settlements, and the Malay States ; The West Indian Colonies, such as Jamaica, Barbados, the Windward and Leeward Islandb, and Trinidad, together with British Guiana and British Honduras ; Fiji ; Cyprus ; Gibraltar and Malta ; Various Islands such as Mauritius, Seychelles. and Bermuda ; Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Aden. The Secretary of State does not select candidates for ap-pointments for the Self-Governing Dominions, such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland, information with regard to which is obtainable 195 from the High ‘Commissioners or Agents-General in London ; nor for Egypt and the Sudan, information with regard to which can be obtained from the Eastern Department of the Foreign Office, Downing Street, London, S.W.I.Enquiries relating to Rhodesia should be addressed to the British South Africa Company, 2, London Wall Buildings, E.C.2 ; and relating to North Borneo, to the British North Borneo Company, 37, Threadneedle Street, London, E.C.2. General information respecting the Colonial Services can be obtained from the “ Colonial Office List,” published by Messrs.Waterlow & Sons ; the “ Colonial Regulations ” governing the Colonial Services generally, showing the rules as to leave of absence, free passages, &c., can be purchased from H.M. Stationery Office (gd. net). Under Agricultural Appointments, including those of Agricultural Chemists, a note occurs :-“ A chemistry student who wishes to qualify for an appoint- ment as agricultural chemist should refer to the syllabus approved by the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland for the Fellowship Examination in Branch D (Agricultural Chemistry), and it would be to his advantage to possess the certificate of the Institute in that Branch.” For these posts a good scientific university education and some post-graduate work are required.Experience of research is very desirable as is also some experience of the tropics, though the latter is not usually an indispensable qualification. The salaries attaching to the appointments are given in the paper, but these are frequently subject to special arrange- ment according to circumstances. Under Part V., Appointments for Analytical Chemists, the following statements appear .-“A candidate for one of these appointments should usually be an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry or should possess a good university degree in chemistry. He should also hold the certificate of the Institute of Chemistry in Branch E (The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and Water). The duties and qualificationri required vary, but, as a rule, the Govern- ment Analyst may be called upon to undertake any analytical work that falls outside the sphere of the Agricultural Chemist, 196 e.g.the analytical examination of stores such as cement, oils, and paints ; the analysis of aamples of water, food and drugs ; the identification and assaying of ores ; bacteriological and medico- legal work. His duties may include the teaching of the native subordinate staff and a certain amount of work outside the laboratory, such as the inspection of cargoes on board ships. Research Chemist& are sometimes required to carry out special investigation.” The Memorandum on Present and Pre-War Expenditure (Cmd. 1304), recently published, shows, under Scientific Investigation and Research, an estimate of L141,ooo in 1914-15, and -&7g,ooo in 1921-zz-an increase of L438,ooo.The amount of the increase includes :-Scientific and Industrial Research, ~180,000; National Physical Laboratory, %IIO,OOO ; and Fuel Research Station, fl50,ooo. Army Paper (Cmd. 1138), constituting the Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee, appointed in August, 1919, records under Summer Operations, 1915, The Battles of Ypres, including (i)Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge, the tactical incident of the first gas attack of the enemy, zznd and 23rd April; but no mention is made of the first occasion when gas was used by the British Army on September 25th, 1915,or of any subsequent occasion.Belgian Bureau of Chemical Standards.-At the Second Annual General Meeting at Rome, in July, 1920,of the National Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Chemical Section), the Belgian delegates presented a memorandum setting forth the reasons for the.formation of a collection of samples of chemical substances of standard purity. As a result, the meeting decided to create a Belgian Bureau of Chemical Standards, and the Belgian Chemical Society has undertaken the task of preparing the collection, which is stored partly in the University of Brussels. The Society is seeking the co-operation of manufacturers of chemical products by asking them to prepare in their laboratories quantities of the standard substances and to provide the materials and intermediates necessary for the work, so as to reduce the amount of capital which is kept unproductive by the maintenance of the collection.The Society also seeks the co-operation of chemists in charge of laboratories, who are invited to forward samples of pure or rare substances, which they may have occasion to prepare, if they are capable of being used as standards. In this connection the Society suggests that chemists who are anxious to conserve their samples would be able to make mutual exchanges of small quantities. (The Society, in this matter, is undertaking a similar work to that which has been under- taken by the Institute in the past year in connection with the shortage of supplies of less known research chemicals.) The Society, though working in Belgium, seeks to be of inter-national service, and asks for the co-operation of chemists throughout the world.Professional Stat us.-A Fellow has directed attention to a letter which appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald early in February commenting on announcements regarding vacancies under the Public Service Board :-Head Teacher, blacksmithing : Qualification, Technical experience in the trade ; salary S371. Head Teacher, plumbing : Qualification, expert knowledge of the trade; salary S340. Bio-Chemist, Health Department : Qualification, special training in Bio -Chemistry, Physiological Chemistry, and Immunology ; must hold a University Degree as Bachelor of Science ; salaryS298 15s. Under the %om de filzwze “ Perplexed Parent,” the writer of the letter comments on the circumstance that a man specially trained in three abstruse branches of science Is offereda salary which the authorities do not dare to offer to a plumber, and shows good reason for hesitating whether to give his son a university training or to put him to plumbing.It is clear from the above that the Australian Chemical Institute and analogous organisations in the British Common- wealth must continue to co-operate actively in fostering among Government Departments a higher appreciation of science if the Empire is to reap the best advantage from its talent. 198 International Physico-Chemical Symbols.-The Journal of the Chemical Society for April, 1921 (pp.~OZ-IZ), contains the Report of the Working Committee, nominated by the late Sir William Ramsay, with the approval of the International Commission for the Unification of Physico-Chemical Symbols. The Committee consisted of the late Sii William Ramsay (Chairman), Dr. Friedrich Auerbach, Prof. P. A. Guye, Prof. P. J. Walden, and Prof. Alexander Findlay (Hon. Secretary). The Committee trust that every means will be taken to encourage the use of these symbols, which they hope may find general acceptance by chemists and physico-chemists, and are to be revised at such times and in such ways as may appear to the Commission to be advisable. The list of Symbols is followed by explanatory remarks. Institute of Physics.-Many Fellows and Associates will have been interested to note the proceedings of the inaugural meeting of the Institute of Physics, which was held on April 27th at the Institution of Civil Engineers.The aim of the founders is to provide a body, analogous to the Institute of Chemistry, to represent the profession and strengthen the position of workers engaged in physics. It will also form a bond between the various societies interested in physics, such as the Faraday Society, the Optical Society, the Physical Society of London, the Royal Microscopical Society, and the Rb'ntgen Society. The new Institute will devote itself to the professional interests of physicists, will grant diplomas, organise exhibi- tions of apparatus, hold conferences, and in due course provide a building for the participating societies.Sir Richard Glazebrook, who presided at the inaugural meeting, stated that the membership already numbered 300, comprising the leaders of physical science in the country. Interesting addresses were given by Sir J. J. Thomson, Mr. A. J. Balfour, Sir Robert Hadfield, and others. The Secretary of the new Institute is Mr. F. S. Spiers, 10,Essex Street, Strand, W.C.22. 199 Contracts of Service. In response to a request from the Manchester Section, and in view of the frequent enquiries which are addressed to the offices of the Institute with regard to chemists’ contracts, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee has been asked to consider this matter, with the object of assisting chemists, as well as companies and firms with which they are engaged, by indicating the general principles which underlie such contracts.Although considerable care has been taken in the prepara- tion of the following article, it must not be regarded as an authoritative statement of the law on the subject, but the Committee hope that the article will be of service to members interested. The Committee, however, desire to add a note of caution, viz. that the interpretation of legal phraseology, or even the legal interpretation of ordinary language, should not be undertaken by those inexperienced -in the law. Members who are in any doubt or difficulty regarding their own con- tracts should obtain legal advice. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee desire to acknow- ledge the valuable assistance of Mr.Marlow, Assistant Secre- tary, in the preparation of the article. Contracts of service may be verbal or written. It is not wise, however, to enter into a merely verbal contract of employment since, if the arrangement is intended to continue for more than a year, neither party has any legal right in the contract, and neither party can enforce the terms of the agreement. Thus, if a prospective employee agrees in conversation to serve as a chemist at a certain salary for a year and is requested to commence his duties on the morrow or at any subsequent time, this contract cannot be enforced at law, because such a contract cannot be completed within a year. In any event the chemist is entitled to be paid for services 200 rendered even if the contract not being in writing cannot be enforced according to its terms.It may be remarked, however, that when the employment has, in fact, continued for any period more than a year, during which period a salary has been paid, the Courts, although there has been no written agreement, will presume that such employment was under a contract for a “ general hiring,” and this implied contract may be enforced. In such cases a point of law will arise in the event of either party wishing to determine the contract, as to whether it is a yearly hiring (i.e. one which can only be deter- mined by notice at the end of any one year of service) or whether it is a custom of the profession that a shorter period of notice is given.In view of this element of doubt and of the fact that in the event of dispute, the terms of the contract must be ascertained by the opposing evidence of the parties concerned, it is clearly desirable that every contract of service should be in writing. Whether the agreement be verbal or in writing, or in the more formal style under seal, no particular or technical form of words is required by law. It is sufficient if the intention of the parties can be gathered from the words used. Thus a series of letters between the employer and his chemist will constitute an agreement which can be enforced at law by either party provided that the documents fix the consideration for the agreement, which in the majority of cases will be the salary. The whole of the terms of the contract need not be expressed, but there must be “agreement,” that is, unity of thought, between the parties.Thus a letter of offer from an employer, followed by a letter from the employee in the following terms, has been held not to constitute a contract. “I agree to your offer to enter your employment at a salary of E--per annum. The final adjustment of some of the terms of your agreement can be left for further consideration.” A written contract may take the shape of a series of letters, or, as is frequently the case, may be drawn up in formal language. In the former case it is likely that only those covenants or promises will be expressed which affect 201 the relations between the particular employer and chemist, the covenants which in law govern the relations of every master and his servant being implied, in accordance with the legal supposition that every person knows the law of the land.A formal contract, however, will usually express these general covenants, for the guidance of the chemist who, in actual fact as opposed to legal supposition, may need to be reminded of the duties and rights comprised in the contract. But it must not be assumed that the absence of the expression of any such covenant will affect the legal obligations and rights of the chemist thereunder. A formal contract is completed between the employer and prospective employee as a matter of mutual business precaution ; but in many cases such a contract may not seem to be required between men who can trust one another to fulfil the spirit of a legal document.On the other hand, where such a contract is deemed necessary, neither party anticipates that the other will have any reason to enforce at law the covenants to which he is committed, and each party is presumed to have full ability to judge of the consequences of his action. Speaking generally, the points dealt with in chemists’ service contracts are the names of the contracting parties ; the capacity in which the chemist is employed; the period of the agreement ; the salary, working hours and holidays of the chemist ; his obligations as regards devoting his whole time to the service, carrying out instructions, promoting the success of the concern, making reports, etc.; stipulations as to maintaining secrecy concerning plant, processes and business of a confidential nature; the rights with regard to discoveries and improvements (patented or not) made by the chemist ; and certain restrictions upon the activities of the chemist after the expiry of the period of service. Contracts also differ in the nature of the provisions made for their determination. In one form a chemist may be ern- ployed at a yearly salary without any stipulation as to the ending of the contract, or for a definite period of years at a 202 yearly salary, and thereafter from year to year subject to determination by a prescribed period of notice. If a period of notice is agreed upon no difficulty will arise as to the date of ending the contract, but if no period of notice be expressed the question may not be so easily settled.In another form of contract the chemist is employed at a salary for a definite period without any provision as to the employment being continued on the completion of the term, although in many cases the employment is so continued by mutual agreement. In the opinion of the Committee it is desirable, in fairness to both parties, either to avoid this form of contract or to stipulate that formal notice of determi-nation shall be given at a definite period before the completion of the term: if this be not done either party can cause the other great inconvenience by sudden withdrawal from what was expected to be a renewed agreement. The question of notice should preferably be incorporated in the contract ; if it be not mentioned the matter will be governed by custom in the profession, evidence of which will be admitted by the Courts ; the onus of proving such custom will rest upon the party alleging its existence.If no such custom be proved it is for a jury to say what notice is reason-able in all the circumstances. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee are not aware of any reported law cases, dealing with chemists, in this con- nection, and therefore cannot quote a precedent. It is their opinion that a reasonable notice should be, as a rule, three months. In view of the special nature of the functions of the chemist, it is not reasonable to expect either chemist or employer to be able to complete other arrangements in less than that period; nor is it reasonable, on the other hand, to hold either party for a longer period where a determination of the contract is desired.From the contracts examined by the Committee it appears that although in individual cases there are variations, the average period of notice prescribed in chemists’ contracts is three months, but it may on occasion 203 be shorter for less experienced members of the profession and longer where men of considerable experience are concerned. In cases where employment has extended beyond the limit set out in the contract the question arises as to what period of notice is required to determine the employment.If the original contract expressly stated that employment was to continue at the end of the term subject to a prescribed period of notice the matter is of course clear ; if the original contract contained no such stipulation, but did contain a clause with regard to the period of notice, the employment will still be governed in all respects by the covenants in the original contract ; if, however, there be no stipulation as to period of notice the matter will be settled by custom or as in the foregoing paragraphs . A closely allied matter is the question as to the period for which a chemist is engaged if the contract is silent in that respect. The matter is decided at common law by the proposition that, in the absence of circumstances showing an intention to the contrary, hiring will be presumed to be yearly hiring, and cannot be terminated before the end of a year of service.In practice, however, other circumstances, which may be deemed to show an intention to the contrary, are so frequently present that no such precise rule can be laid down ; each case must be considered by itself. For example :-The circumstance that salary is paid monthly is, if no other considerations arise, strongly in favour of the view that the hiring was for a month, but A chemist being a man on whose education considerable capital has been expended, it is highly improbable that he would consent to very short terms of engagement. Custom often governs the matter ; thus it has been held that editors, reporters, surgeons, and an engineer to a canal company are yearly servants.Service for more than a year, without an express con-tract of hiring or under a contract, but for no definite period may be evidence of a yearly hiring. The following are some of the broad legal principles which govern the relations of every master and servant whether they be specifically indicated in the contract of service or not :-The employee is required faithfully and diligently to serve the employer in the stipulated capacity and to endeavour to promote the success of his employer's business to the best of his ability ; this needs little comment. The employee is bound to be reasonably diligent, and he may be dismissed for habitual neglect of his duties.He is bound to act with good faith and consult the interests of his employer, and may be dismissed for misconduct injurious thereto, even though such misconduct do not relate to the particular duties. The employee is usually required to devote the whole of his time and attention to the business of the employer and the duties of his office. In a case which went to the Court of Appeal (Whitwood Chemical Co. v. Hardmarc) a chemist had agreed to give the whole of his time to the plaintiffs as manager, but he devoted his spare time to promoting the interests of a somewhat similar company on whose Board he was asked to serve as a director. The Court refused to restrain him from so doing.In explanation of this decision, it should be remarked that an agreement for service cannot be specifically enforced by the Courts, so that if an employee is improperly dismissed and forced to apply to the Courts for remedy, apart from the question of mutual agreement, his only remedy is to obtain damages. On the other hand, if the employee refuse to carry out his contract the employer cannot force hirri to do so, though the latter can obtain damages against the former; but what the Courts will not do directly they may by injunc-tion effect indirectly ; so that if a contract of service contains a positive agreement to do something and a negative agree- ment not to do another, though they cannot enforce the positive, agreement, they can restrain the breach of the nega- tive agreement.In the circumstances, therefore, if it is desired that the chemist shall, in fact, devote all his professional energies to the work of his employer, a definite negative covenant should be included to the effect that he shall not 205 during his term of employment be engaged directly or in-directly in any other trade, business, or employment without the consent of his employer. The employee must perform all such services as may be required and carry out all lawful orders of his employer, and he may be dismissed without notice for wilful disobedience of such orders. On the other hand, an employee may not be dismissed if he refuse to perform services of a kind which he did not undertake to perform.It matters not how incon- venient to the employee nor how harsh the orders may be- provided they are lawful and within the scope of his employ- ment-he must obey on pain of dismissal. Employers have been held to be warranted in dismissing employees for disclosure of the employers’ trade or business secrets, for disclosure of the accounts of a company to a person connected with another company, and for the secret receipt by a managing director of commissions from companies with whom he contracted as agent for his employers. The Courts will restrain, often with damages, the publication to the prejudice of the employer of information acquired during an employee’s term of service. In many of these matters a chemist stands in an exceptionally privileged position for the acquisition of such secret knowledge, and although, in the words of Mr.Justice Astbury, “A man’s aptitude, his skill, his dexterity and his manual or mental ability . . . are not his master’s property, they are his own . . .” and, therefore, although he is entitled to the enhanced value of his professional knowledge, no employee is justified in using or publishing knowledge or information as to his employer’s business. For instance, a process or a particular piece of apparatus used in a certain factory may actually be described in the literature, but a chemist is not allowed without permission to disclose that this particular process or apparatus is used in the factory where he is or has been employed.In a similar manner an employee cannot use in a future employment confidential information obtained in the course of the late employment, i.e. such information as relates to the 206 business connections, or the secret (unpublished) processes- of his late employer, or the results of (unpublished) researches carried out by himself or his predecessors or immediate colleagues in such employment. Inasmuch as contracts of service are not assignable the assignment by the employer of his whole business and all contracts connected with it, operates as a wrongful dismissal of the employee, if the latter desires to avail himself of the breach, and if the employer is a Company, a compulsory winding up order or the appointment by the Court of a Receiver, or a voluntary winding up order coupled with notice to the employee that the business will be discontinued, amounts to a dismissal for which the employee may claim damages.. These are all matters of general law which are frequently included in service agreements, since ignorance of them or inattention to them may lead to a breach of contract. It is necessary to add that a master is not bound to give a valid reason for dismissing his servant ; it is sufficient if a valid reason in fact exist, but it is for the jury to say whether the facts alleged do constitute a valid reason. On account of the confidential nature of his employment a chemist is frequently called upon to assent to a covenant restraining his right to practise in a certain branch of the profession, subject to specified limits as to time and place.This covenant was fully dealt with in the Journal 1920,pages 326 to 329. It must be emphasised that such covenants must be supported by good consideration, and that the restraint must not extend further than is necessary to protect the reasonable rights of the employer in the particular circum- stances in question. The general clauses of a service agree- ment cannot be. assigned, since the contract is a personal matter between employer and employee, but a covenant in restraint of trade may be enforced by the assignees of the employer save where it is of a purely personal character. A covenant of this nature cannot be enforced by an employer who has terminated the contract by wrongful dismissal.The amount of the damages for a breach of such a covenant is for 207 the jury to assess. The parties may, however, actually agree that in the event of a breach the one shall pay to the other a specified sum, but unless expressly stated it is not infrequently a matter of difficulty to decide whether such a sum is by way of penalty, i.e. a sum named to secure performance of the contract, not an agreed valuation of the consequences of a breach, i.e. liquidated damages. If the Court considers the sum a penalty only the actual damage sustained can be re- covered, though an injunction also may be granted. It is usual and desirable, where it is intended that an employee shall be restrained from practice, for the employer to agree to continue to pay a definite proportion of salary during any period of enforced idleness, or alternatively to agree to the further employment of the employee during such time. In this connection, and also when suing for wrongful dismissal, it is necessary to bear in mind that the employee is bound to make reasonable exertion and show diligence in endeavouring to obtain other employment.In estimating the damage he has suffered he will be deemed to have earned what he might have earned if he had been diligent in seeking other employment. In chemists’ contracts it is commonly covenanted that in the event of any improvements or inventions being made by the employee during his term of service they shall be communica- ted to the employer, and any patents that may be taken out for them shall be the sole and absolute property of the employer.Having regard to the nature of the duties of a scientific and technical employee, such as a chemist, his opportunities and qualifications for getting an insight into confidential matters, and the special knowledge he is properly expected to bring to bear upon his work, these stipulations are, in the great majority of cases, reasonable. It is difficult to see how any chemist, even if his duties be of a routine character, can fulfil his common-law obligations of diligent and faithful service and of secrecy otherwise than by full disclosure to his employer (and to no one else, except with his employer’s permission) of any improvements or inventions he may make.Sometimes it is expressly agreed that the employee is to receive additional (though unspecified) remuneration, at the discretion of the employer, in respect of such of the employee's inventions or the like as are taken up and worked by the employer. Except in very unusual cases-such as where a chemist is engaged specifically to invent a process for manufacturing a particular material-it is impracticable to specify a definite basis of remuneration, and this matter has to be left to the good sense of the employer, who, as a business man, will naturally be anxious that a chemist who has proved his worth will be contented with his employment. A chemist who has shown originality and ability by making discoveries is generally marked out for special advancement.It is desirable to specify in the contract that, despite any extra remuneration, the contract will subsist, since otherwise it might be possible to rescind for a technical breach of contract by reason of the extra payment. It should be borne in mind that even if the service agree- ment contains no express covenant to give to the employer the benefit of discoveries, etc., made by the employee, there may nevertheless be an implied contract to that effect. Thus in the case of the manager of an engineering company, whose agreement contained no such covenant and who took out certain patents, it was held that owing to the nature of the relations between the parties he was not entitled.to the benefit of the patents (Worthifigton Pumping Engine Co. v. Miwe). The judge said : "I recognise and quite appreciate the principle of those cases which have established that the mere existence of a contract of service does not fiey se disqualify a servant from taking out a patent for an invention made by him during his term of service . . . but, on the other hand . . . it is clear that the circumstances must be considered in each case. I consider that, bearing in mind the principles laid down in the authorities to which I have referred, it is impossible to say in the present case that the defendant has established the right he claims, having regard to the obligations to be implied arising from his contract of service, and I am of opinion that 209 his case is inconsistent with an observance of that good faith which ought properly to be inferred or implied as an obligation arising from his contract.” The Contract should indicate the salary which it is intended shall be given throughout the term, and a clause should also define the extent of holiday.The amount of holiday will largely depend upon the character and responsibility of the work involved. The termination of a contract is effected-(n) By mutual consent. (b) By expiration of the period of service. (c) By notice or payment of salary in lieu of notice. (d) By dismissal, or departure without notice, for good cause. (e) By impossibility of service, e.g.through the death of one of the parties. Finally, it is important to remember that Service Contracts are liable to Stamp Duty. The Contract must be stamped (6d.) within fourteen days of its signature, and in the case of a contract with a company, under Seal, a ten-shilling stamp is required. No contract which is not properly stamped will be admitted in the Courts as evidence, and in the case of omission to stamp a contract a heavy penalty is payable. 210 April Examinations. Examinations were held during the week commencing April Iith, 1921,at the places given below :-General Chemistry-for the Associateship, at the Institute. Branch (d) Organic Chemistry-for the Associateship, at the Institute, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow.Branch (e) The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs, and Water-for the Fellowship and the Associateship, at the Institute. An Examination in Branch (d) Organic Chemistry was also held in the University of Otago, New Zealand, during the week commencing February 14th. Nine candidates presented themselves ; the number examined in each branch and the number of those who passed are shown in the following table :-NUMBER NUMBER EXAMINED. PASSED. General Chemistry, for A.I.C. .. .. 3 2 Branch (d) Organic Chemistry : For A.I.C. .. .. .. .. .. 3 3 Branch (e) Chemistry, including Microscopy of Foods and Drugs, and of Water : For A.I.C. .. .. .. .. .. 2 For F.I.C. .. .. .. .. 1 0 9 6 In the case of one candidate in General Chemistry the Board recommended that when he presents himself again he be not required to take the practical part of the Examination.The following Candidates satisfied the Board :-For Associateship.Birkitt, Cyril Herbert .. .. . . General Chemistry. Boyes, George Richardson .. .. Branch (e) Byron, John Percy .. .. .. (49, Carter, Charlie Lyons .. .. .. ?? (4Macaulay, Robert Milroy .. .. (4$9 Taylor, Henry Frankland .. .. General Chemistry. 211 The practical work of the successful candidates was satisfactorily carried out. The examiners report, however, that as a rule the candidates did not write up their notes as the work proceeded ; in consequence the experimental record was hurriedly put together at the end of the day.The Examiners also remark that in general the translation of German technical literature into English was not altogethei satisfactory ; although in most cases a reasonably accurate translation was produced, it was clear that the candidates would not refer to German literature as a matter of routine. Examination for Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, APRIL llth, 1921, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only six questions to be attempted.) 1. Mention the principal ores of copper and describe the metal- lurgical processes involved in obtaining the metal from them. 2. Give a brief outline of the resemblances and differences between the chemical properties of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel, and show the relation of these elements to their neighbours in the Periodic System.How may pure salts of nickel and cobalt be obtained 1 3. Describe the lead chamber and contact methods for the pre- paration of sulphuric acid. In what respect has the latter the advantage ? 4. Describe the separation of pure thoria and pure ceria from Monazite. 5. State Graham's Law of diffusion, and show how it may be 6. Give a general account of the methods used for the deter- 7. Describe how the Phase Rule has been applied to the study of 8. Discuss the influence of Cannizzaro on the development of deduced from the Kinetic Theory of gases. mination of atomic weights. alloys of two metals. modern chemical theory. 2 to 5 p.m. (Only six questions to be answered.) 1.Give an account of the amino-acids showing how they have 2. On what grounds is the usually accepted structure of naphtha- been utilised in the preliminary steps to the synthesis of an albumen. lene bamd '1 212 3. Describe with experimental details Skraup’s method of synthesising quinoline and show the part played by the reagents employed. What oxidising agents may be employed in this synthesis 1 4. Give an account of the Stereo-chemistry of unsaturated compounds as shown by substances containing either (1) the = C = C = or (2) = C = N -groups. 5. Describe briefly the investigation of the structure of indigoand the researches which led to the synthesis of this dyestuff on the commercial scale. 6. Describe the chief uses in synthetic organic chemistry of eifher ( 1) the Grignard reaction, or (2) the Diazo-reaction.7. Describe the synthesis of one of the following compounds (1) Nicotine, (2)Camphoric Acid, (3) Adrenaline, (4) Uric Acid. 8. Give an account of the use of metals as catalysts in organic chemistry. TUESDAY, APRIL 12th, 1921 ;10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the sample of Barium Peroxide supplied (A).(This exercise may be compEeted on Wednesday.) WEDNESDAY, APRIL 13th, 1921 ;10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the Barium Peroxide. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture of inorganic substances (B)which contains four metals and two acid radicles. [WNO,),, Ca(NO,),, CuCL HgCI2.I THURSDAY, APRIL 14th, 1921 ;10 a rn.to 4.30p.m. 1. Estimate the glucose in the sample (A) supplied using volu- metric and polarimetric methods. (C,H1,06,H,O.)(This exercise may be cmpZeted on Friday.) FRIDAY, APRIL loth, 1921 ;10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the sample of glucose. 2. Separate the two components of the mixture (B) of organiccompounds. Prepare derivatives of each component and determine their physical constants. (/%naphthol and P-naphthylamine. ) Branch @)-Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. Describe in detail a method for the preparation of phthalic2. Write a shortteasay on the molecular conditions which are 3. Illustrate the chieftdiff erences which influence the preparation anhydride and indicate the chief industrial uses of this substance.considered to determine the presence of colour in an organic compound. 213 of an organic derivative of industrial importance in the laboratory and on the large scale. 4. Glucose and many other sugars exhibit mutarotation. Define this phenomenon and describe how its occurrence has been explained. 5. Write a short essay on the chemistry of cellulose. Why has this substance been regarded as a possible starting point in the pre- paration of power alcohol ? TUESDAY, APRIL 12th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. You are required to hydrolyse the given ester (a) and to prepare pure specimens of both acid and alcohol. The melting point or boiling pomt of each should be recorded and specimens left for inspection.(Salol.) 2. Assign substance (b) to its class, and, if possible, identify it. (m-nitrobenzoic acid.) WEDNESDAY. APRIL 13th, 1921 :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Substance (c) is a crude hydrocarbon; you are required to prepare from it (1) a specimen of the pure hydrocarbon, (2) an oxidaticn product and (3) a picrate. In all cases crystalline specimens should be left for inspection and the melting points determined. (Acenaph-thene. ) THURSDAY, APRIL 14th, 1921 :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. From the aqueous solution of the formic acid provided (d) you are required to prepare (1) a, sample of the pure acid, (2) the ethyl ester. 2. Investigate the substance (e) (Bismuth tribromphenol.) FRIDAY, APRIL 15th : 10 a.m.to 4.30p.m. From the aromatic primary amine provided (f)prepare about 20 grams of the iodo derivative of the hydrocarbon in a pure condition, (p-toluidine.) Branch (e)-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs, etc. MONDAY, APRIL llth, 1921 ; 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. NoTE.----Candidates are required to answer the questions in Part I, and Part 11. in separate books. PART I. 1. Write an account of the methods prescribed in the Britich Pharmacopoeia for the estimation of arsenic in drugs. Give the maximum permissible Pharmacopoeia1 limit for the proportion of arsenic in any three drugs. 214 2. What means are available for the analytical distinction between animal and vegetable oils? Discuss the limitations of the processes you describe.3. What authoritative body has in recent years proposed stan- dards for the purity of sewage effluents? What are the standards proposed ? and describe in detail the analytical methods applied to determine conformity or otherwise with these standards. 4. Burettes, measuring flasks, etc., used in volumetric analysis are customarily standardised on one of two systems. State what these two systems are. A liquid whose specific gravity is 1.021 is found to contain 2.4% per cent. by weight of a certain ingredient. Express this result in grains per pint. PART 11. 1. Compare hydrocyanic acid and aniline as poisons, both as to their mode of action and the symptoms produced. State how you wonld identify both these substances in the contents of a stomach.2. Enumerate the official preparations of nux vomica and opium. Give a list of the active principles that have been obtained from these two drugs with their medicinal doses and the doses you would consider to be “ poisonous.” 3. Explain what in pharmacy is meant by “incompatibilify.”Mention any drugs or pharmaceutical preparations which would be incompatible with the following :--Acidurn hydrochloricum ; (b) Strychninae hydrochloridum ; (c)Potassii citras ; (d) Sodii bromidum ; (e) Acidum tannicum ; (f) Zinci sulphas. MONDAY, APRIL llth, 1921 : 2 to 5p.m. 1. Identify the poison in solution A and make a slide and a drawing thereof showing crystals, which may be used as a test for the poison.(Potassium Oxalate.) 2. The sample of oatmeal B contains an alkaloid. Identify it and state whether it is present in sufficient quantity to be poisonous. (Strychnine hydrochloride.) 3. Identify the microscopical preparations on the slides numbered 1 to 6. (Human hair, wool fibre, cotton fibre, silk, fresh potato starch, haemin crystals. ) TUESDAY, APRIL 12th, 1921 : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of ammonia present as ammonium 2. Identify the two substances which, in the given liquid, are in salts in the fertiliser provided (lawn sand). solution in alcohol. From the liquid prepare a pure specimen of an organic acid and leave a specimen of this acid deemed sufficient, and in a fit state, for the determination of its melting point and its neutralisation value.(Phenol and methyl salicylate dissolved in alcohol.) 215 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 13th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the melting point and the neutralisation value of the specimen of organic acid prepared yesterday. 2. Identify as many as possible of the substances A to H. All are single substances ; E to H are in aqueous solution :-A. Saccharin. E. Glycerine.B. Chloroform. F. Gelatine. C. Tartaric acid. G. Formaldehyde.D. Acetone. H. Acetic acid. For A.I.C. candidates only. 3. Examine and report upon the sample of ammoniated tincture of quinine (weak in Ammonia,). POTP.I.C. candidates only. 4. Examine the sample of lime juice provided and determine the nature and amount of preservative present, if any.Apart from the question of preservatives, do you consider this a genuine lime juice. (An artificially coloured solution of citric acid with sulphite &B a preservative.) THURSDAY, APRIL 14th, 1921 : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the behaviour of the given water towards per- manganate in acid solution. Choose your own conditions. (Londontap water.) Por A.I.C. candidates only. 2. Examine and report upon the sample of cheese provided. (Normal full-cream cheese.) For F.I.C. candidates only. 3. Examine the sample of flour provided with a view to the detection and estimation of foreign substances. Determine the percentage of phosphorus in it. (Wheaten flour, maize, potassium persulphate. ) FRIDAY, MARCH 15th, 1921 : 10a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of alcohol in the given liquid. 2. Determine the percentage of “ash” in the milk provided. (Spiritus camphorae B.P.) Do you consider the ash a normal one ? (Milk containing 10% of added water and 0*1%of added sodium chloride.) 3. Identify microscopically the specimens A to F. Determine by measurement the average size of the starch granules in C. A. Cocoa shell powder. D. Ground date stones. B. Oatmed. E. Penicillium. C. Ground rice. F. Apple pulp. 216 TRANSLATIONS. Candidates were required to translate ;French and German technical literature into Erqlish. The passages given in the foregoing examinations were :-FRENCH. Chimie et Industrie, Vol. IV., No.IV., page 490. Procede rapide de dosage du titane, etc. Vol. IV., No. V., page 65, Modification 2~ la m6thode a la phenylhydrazine. Vol. IV., No. 2, page 198. Marche de l’analyse en presence de l’acide phosphorique. Vol. V., No. 3, page 289. Nouveau prockde pour le dosage du soufre dans les petroles. Vol. V., No. 2, page 163. La detection de l’arsenic. Vol. II., page 788. Distillation des huiles hydrocarburdes. Vol. I., page 310. Procede pour la preparative des vitamines 6pur6es. GERMAN. Ber. 1921 : 54, 439 : 11. Rulfonsauren, Part I. Ber. 1920 : 53, 2041 : 2.6-Dibrorn-p-nitranilin(VI.) (whole para.)Ber. 1921 : 54, 9: Darstellung von Tribrom-isopentan (as far as “Produkt ”).Ber. 1913 : 1, 217 : 11. Die Verbrennung von Diamant in Sauerstoff. Ber.1913 : 46, 17 : Richard Meyer (whole paragraph). Report of the 7th International Congress of Applied Chemistry,Section V., page 307 : Ueber die Bestimmung des Invertzuckers in Ruben (as far as ‘‘verfugen ”). Report of the 7th International Congress of Applied Chemistry,Section VIb, page 62 : Hochkarburierter Spiritus als Motortreibmittel (as far as “ der Landwirtschaft gelegen ist ”). Branch (d).--Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, FEBRUARY lath, 1921 (in New Zealand): 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. Describe, with all necessary experimental details, the course of the reactions which take place in the Perkin synthesis of unsaturated aromatic acids. 2. Indicate the manner in which hydrogen in the presence of catalysts has been utiliseddfor the preparation of organic substances of commercial importance.3. Discuss the chemistry of the oximes with special reference to 4. Describe the methods used for the isolation of anthracene from the stereoisomerism exhibited by certain members of the series. 217 coal-tar and illustrate the industrial importance of the chief derivatives of this hydrocarbon. 5. Give an account of the present position of our knowledgerespecting the chemical constitution of rubber. TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 15t12, 1921 : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Prepare about ten grams of the acetate of the hydroxy deriva- tive A in a state of purity suitable for analysis. (/?-naphthol.) 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture B. (Uric Acid, Sodium Acetate, Maltose.) WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 16th, 1921 :10a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Estimate the percentage of acetyl in the acetyl derivative prepared yesterday. 2. C and D are commercial samples of intermediate products employed in the manufacture of dyestuffs. You are required to identifythe compounds and to report on the impurities present. (C was R-salt; D was p-nitraniline.) THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 17th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. E is an aqueous solution of acetone and methyl alcohol. You are required to determine the amount of acetone and of methyl alcohol present in the solution. (This exercise may be finished to-morrow, if necessary.) 2. Identify the substance F. Prepare a crystalline derivative and determine its melting point. (Malonamide.) FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 18th, 1921 ;10 a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete exercise 1 (yesterday’s paper). 2. P is an alkaline solution containing the products of hydrolysisof an ester. You are required to (a)isolate from the solution a puresample of the alcohol and of the acid, (b) determine the boiling point of the alcohol and the melting point of the acid and to leave a specimen of each for inspection. (10 gms. of propyl alcohol and 20 gms. of benzoic acid dissolved in 100 cc. of 20 o/n aqueous KOH.) 218 Books and their Contents. [* Books presented by the authors or publishers to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Bio-Chemistry.” Benjamin Moore. Pp. vii. and 340. (London : Edward Arnold.) 21s. 3iotic structure and biotic energy ; life and light ; photo synthesis ; inorganic iron compounds in ploroplasts ; formation of nitrites from nitrates; action of light on organic compounds; chemical trans- formation in living matter; velocity of reaction and influence of other factors upon enzymes and cells; catalysts and enzymes; secretion and glandular mechanisms ; colloid and crystalloid cells.“Cellulose Esters, Technology of.” E. C. Warden. Vol I. (in five parts). Pp. cccclxxvi. and 3709. (London : E. & F. N. Spon.) LIO 10s. Cellulose ; starch ; cotton ; preparation of cotton for esterification ; nitric acid ; sdphuric acid ; mixed acids ; acid tables ; nitrocellu-lose theory ; nitration of cellulose ; analytical determinations of the cellulose nitrates ; historical development of the cellulose esters. “Chemical Solubilities, Dictionary of ” : Inorganic.2nd edition. A. M. Comey and D. A. Hahn. Pp. xviii. and 1139. (New York: The Macmillan Company.) 72s. *“Chemists’ Year Book.” z vols. Edited by F. W. Atack, assisted by L. Whinyates. Pp. 1142. (Manchester : Sherratt & Hughes.) 21s. “Colloids, The Formation of.” T. Svedberg. Pp. viii. and 127. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 7s. 6d. Formation of disperse systems in vacuo ; in gases ; in liquids and in solids. “Dairy Bacteriology.” Orla Jensen, translated by P. S. Arup. Pp. xii. and 180. (London : J. & A. Churchill.) 18s. Part I. :General. Part 11. :The normal and abnormal microflora, of milk; preservation of milk and its treatment for consumption; applications of lactic acid fermentation ; butter ; the ripening processes of the different cheese8 ; defects of cheese ; grading of milk.219 ’’Electronic Conception of Valence and the Constitution of Benzene, The.” Monographs on Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. H. S. Fry. Pp. xviii. and 300. (Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s. Part I. : The electronic conception of valence. Part 11. : The electronic formula of benzene ; substitution in the benzene nucleus. Part 111. : Physical properties and physico-chemical phenomena : molecular volumes ; absorption of light and fluorescence. Part IV. ; Metal-ammines; bibliographical review and general conclusions. ‘(Eminent Chemists of our Time.” Benjamin Harrow. Pp. xvi.and 248. (New York : D. Van Nostrand Co.) gs. *“Explosives Supply, Technical Records of,” 1915-18. No. I : Denitration of Spent Acids. Ministry of Munitions and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Pp. viii. and 56. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 12s. 6d. Description of the process; plant design and operation. *“ Factory Chemistry : Preparation to Courses in Metallurgy and Metallography.” W. H. Hawkes. Pp. vii. and 59. (London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co.) 4s. 6d. “Famous Chemists: The Men and their Work.” Sir William A. Tilden. Pp. xx. and 296. (London : George Routledge & Sons.) 12s. 6d. Robert Boyle ; the Phlogistians ; the anti-Phlogistic revolution ; electricity in the service of chemistry ; laws of combination and the atomic theory ; electro-chemistry; molecule and atom defined ; early attempts at clas3ification ; theories of chemical action and constitution of molecules ; classification and nature of elements. * “ Gretna, H.M.Factory : Description of plant and processes.” J. C. Burnham, C.B.E., C.S.I. Pp. x.and 218. (H.M. Stationery Office : J. Maxwell & Son, Dumfries.) *“ Industrial Alcohol Committee, Report of,” 1920. (Govern-ment Central Press, Simla.) “Inorganic Chemistry, Text-Book of.” J. Newton Friend. Vol. IX., Part 11. Pp. xxv. and 265. (London : Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 18s. Iron and its compounds. 220 “Laboratories : Their Planning and Fittings.” A. E. Munby. Pp. xx. and 220. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 25s.Scope and inception of build,ing schemes ; the requirements of chemistry ; the requirements of physics ; the requirements of biology and geology ; laboratory services ; recent school designs ; recent designs for advanced work ; recent foreign designs. “Laboratory Glass Blowing, Notebook of.” B. D. Bolas. Pp. vi. and 106. (London: George Routledge & Sons.) 3s. 6d. Metallography.” Part I. : Metals and Common Alloys. Samuel L. Hoyt. Pp. ix. and 462. (New York : McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.) 28s. Pure metals; white metal alloys; light metal alloys; brasses and bronzes ; steel and cast iron ; special steels. Microbiology.” C. E. Marshall. 3rd edition. Pp. xxviii. and 1043. (London: J. 8r A. Churchill.) 21s. Morphology and culture of microorganisms ; physiology of micro-organisms ; nutrition and metabolism ; physical influences ; chemi-cal influences ; mutual influences ; applied microbiology of air, of water and sewage, of soil, of milk, of milk products, of foods, of alcoholic fermentation and derived products, of special industries, of the diseases of men and domestic animals ; microbial diseases of plants.Microscopy, Critical.” A. C. Coles. Pp. viii. and 100. (London: J. & A. Churchill.) 7s. 6d.-Manipulation of the microscope and its accessories. ““Modern Chemistry, Pure and Applied.” A. J. Hale. 2 vols. Pp. vii. and 272, viii. and 276, and tables. (London: Virtue & Co.) 15s. each vol. Vol. I. : Composition of air and water ; atomic theory and laws of chemical change ; sulphur, selenium, tellurium ; chlorine group of elements ; nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic ; carbon and its compounds; silicon, boron and their compounds.Vol. 11. : Alkali metals and their compounds ; properties of dissolved substances ; metals of the alkaline earth group and their compounds ; velocity of chemical change; equilibrium; aluminium group of metals; rare earth elements, titanium and zirconium; inert gases of the atmosphere, radio-activity. 221 Perfumes, Essential Oils and Fruit Essences.” Monographs of Chemical Technology, X. Geoffrey Martin. Pp. vii. and 138. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 12s. 6d. Characteristics and classification ; manufacture ; essential oils and other vegetable perfuming substances ; animal, artificial and synthetic perfuming substances ; artificial fruit essences and eaters ; tinctures, extracts ; blending ; recipes ; analysis.Reagent Chemicals, Standards and 1ests for.” Benj amin L. Murray. Pp. vi. and 385. (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co) 18s. Steel, Case Hardening of.” H. Brearley. Pp. xi. and 207. (London : Longmans, Green & Co.) 16s. Cementation ; structural changes in the core ; properties and defects of hardened cases ; carburising operation ; case hardening steels ; carburising reagents ; methods of testing ; automobile steels ; hardening and tempering ; surface hardening without cementation. ‘‘Tanning Materials, with notes on Tanning Extract Manu- facture.” A. Harvey.Pp. ix. and 182. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Sons.) 15s. Tanning materials ; manufacture of tanning extracts ; methods of examination ; miscellaneous. CoRRIGENDuM:.---In the Journal, Part II., the book on &%ca and the Silicates, by J. A. Audley, should have been entered and marked (*) as presented by the author. 222 Obituary. BERTRAM died at 48, Bedford Gardens, Kensington, onBLOONT April 9th, in his fifty-fifth year. Educated at King’s College School, he matriculated in the University of London, and received his training under Prof. Bloxam at King’s College, where he was Daniel1 Scholar in 1885. After holding an appointment for about a year as chemist to the Bullion and Metal Refinery Co., he became chief chemist at the Chemical Laboratory and Testing Works of Mr.W. H. Stanger, with whom he subsequently became partner, at Broadway, Westminster. At about the same time he was appointed chemist to the Crown Agentsfor the Colonies. From the earliest stages of his career he paid specialattention to the chemistry of Portland Cement, but his practice, which he continued independently after the death of Mr. Stanger, included a wide range of work covering materials of construction and engineering generally. He wm the joint author with Mr. Arthur G. Bloxam of Chemistry for Engineers and Manufacturers, and with Mesara. W, H. Woodcock and Gillett of a monograph on Cement. On the same subject he contributed articles to the Encyclopmdia Britannka and $0 Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, and delivered, before the Institute, two lectures, which were subsequently published and issued to the members and students.He was also editor of a series of books on Electro-Chemistry, in course of publication at the time of his death. In 1903 he was elected as representative of the Institute, and rendered valuable service, on a Sub-committee of the British Engineer- ing Standards Committee, appointed to deal with the question of the standardisation of cement tests. He also gave evidence, on behalf of the Institute, before the Treasury Committee appointed in 1906 fo enquire into the working of the National Physical Laboratory, so as $0 avoid undue interference with the business of other agencies. In the early days of the war he waa very active in an endeavour to bring cotton within the category of contraband goods.He became an Associate of the Institute in 1888, and a Fellow in 1891 ; served as a Member of Council for two periods (1903-06, 1911-14),and as Examiner in General Chemistry and Mineral Chemistry from 1907-11.At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. Frank W. Harbord. UX~DER WYNTERBLYTHdied on April let in his seventy-seventh yesr. The son of a medical practitioner, he waa born at Woolwich, trained in medicine and chemistry atu King’s College, London, and qualified aa M.R.C.S. (Eng.) in 1870. He practised 223 medicine at Worcester for several years before he was appointed Public Analyst for Totnes, for the County of Devon, and the Borough of Tiverton.He was associated, from its inception, with the Society of Public Analysts, of which he was three times a vice-president, fre- quently contributing papers to The AnaZyst. Later he came to London as Medical Officer of Health and Public Analyst for the Borough of St. Marylebone. He was associated in the foundation of a journal entitled Public Health, of which he was for some years editor, and contributed many papers to scientific societies on sanitary science and the chemistry of food and hugs. He was the author of Foods ; Their Composition and Analysis, Sixth Edition (1909), and of Poisons ; Their Effects und Detection, Fifth Edition (1921). He was called to the Bar as a member of Lbcoln’s Inn.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887, and served for two periods as a Member of Council. JAMES JOHNSON died at Forest Gate on April EDWARD JOHNSON lst, in his sixty-fourth year. Trained at Finsbury Technical College, under Professors Armstrong and Meldola, Ayrton and Perry, he became engaged as managing partner and chemist, in 1880, in the manufacture of pure acetic acid, acetates, &c., at the Crown Chemical Works, Stratford, with which he had previously been associated since 1872, and where he remained until his retirement in 1907. He was also connected with the manufacture of Edme Patent Yeast, and of Tuson’s Disinfectant. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. Information has lately been received of the death of GEORUE JOYNSON,a Registered Student of the Institute, who was killed in action at the Battle of Loos.Born in 1887, he was trained at the Municipal School of Technology, Manchester (1902-1905), obtaining the Associate- ship of the School in Applied Chemistry and passing the Intermediate Science Examination of London University. At the time of his regis- tration was working with Mr. John C. Platts, at Wilmslow. Subsequently, he was engaged in the laboratory of the Openshaw Works of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co ,Ltd., but soon after the outbreak of war, enlisted in the Lancashire Fusiliers, and in July, 1915, was transferred as a Corporal to the Special Brigade, R.E. (Gas Services). He was buried at Becordel, near Albert. His name will be added to the Roll of Honour of the Institute.HERBERT LORAMYABSLEY died on March 23rd, 1921, at the age of 74 years. He was a student at the Royal College of Chemistry in 1870-71. He obtained an appointment as chemist at the Bede Copper Company, where he was engaged in the treatment of poor copper ores by lixiviation, and was afterwards Chief *4ssistant to Dr. Hassall in London before he became associated with John Grove Johnson. He was for over 40 years Chemist and Technical Adviser to Messrs. Johnson & Sons, Manufacturing Chemists and Assayers, specialising particularly in the analysis of metals, minerals and fuel, and in the manufacture of preparations of the precious metals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. 224 EDMUND MILLS died at Acton on April 21st, in his 80th JAMES year.Born in London, he was educated at the Grammar Schbol, Cheltenham, and proceeded to his professional training at the Royal School of Mines. He graduated B.Sc. in 1863, and was awarded the doctorate in 1865. In 1861 he was assistant to Dr. John Skenhouse, and in the following year was appointed a demonstrator in chemistry in the University of Glasgow, where he continued until 1865. In 1875 he was appointed, in succession to W. H. Perkin, senior, as Superintendent of the “ Young Laboratory ” in Anderson’s College, which was incorporated, in 1886, in the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College, Glasgow, which position he held until his retirement with the honour of Emeritus Professor, in 1901.He was the author of numerous contributions to the Proceedings of the RoyalSociety, the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, etc., and of a book on Fuel and its Applica-tions, written jointly with Mr. Rowans (1889)’ and Destructive Distilla- tion (1877, 4th edition, 1892). He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Glasgowand was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1874-was an Original Fellow of the Institute, a member of the first Council, a Vice-president (1904-07), and served as an Examiner for two periods (1883-87, 1888-92). SYDNEYSCARFISAAC died as the result of an accident on March 21st in his sixty-eighth year.He was trained under Edward Frankland at the Normal School of Science, and was a science master in the City of London School from 1874 to 1919, and lecturer in chemistry and physics in the City of London College from 1883 until 1913. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. CAPTAIN WILLIAMHENRYTEMPLEMANdied on March llth, 1919, in his 36th year. Born on July 18th, 1883, he was educated at Hymer’s College, Hull, and received his technical training at University College, London, and St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he graduated with First Class Honours in Natural Science Tripos, and also as LL.M. He was for some time a Demonstrator at St. John’s College, and later proceeded to Australia, where he was called to the Bar. Soon after the outbreak of war he returned to work under the Department of Explosives Supply, Ministry of Munitions, and was engaged at Waltham Abbey, Queensferry, and Gretna.In 1917, however, he proceeded to the Ordnance College, Woolwich, qualified as Inspecting Ordnance Officer, and was appointed Assistant to the 1.0.0.Scottish Command. While occupying that position he attended courses at Heriot-W att College, Edinburgh. At the time of the armistice he was engaged at the R.N. Ordnance Depot, at Crombi6. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. 225 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on April zznd, and May 28th, 1921, 4 Fellows were elected and 10 Associates were elected to the Fellowship ; 52 Associates were elected ; and 81 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 4 Fellows, z Associates and I Student by death. New FellOYYS. Briggs, John Frederick, A.C.G.I., 3, Hartington Street, Derby. Lawrence, Henry William, Chemical Laboratory, Johnsonville, Wellington, New Zealand Singh, Bawrt Kartar, M.A. (Cantab.), Professor of Chemistry, Govern- ment College, Lahore, Punjab, India. Tuck, William Bradshaw, D.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Bartholomew Road, London, N. W. 5. Associates Elected to Fellowship. Barber, Charles Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Champion Road, Up-minster, Essex. Day, Frank Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, The Trossachs, North Strand, Limerick. Dixon, Stanley, M.Sc. (Sheff.), 300, Uttoxeter New Road, Derby. Fairbourne, Arthur, B.A.(Oxon), M.Sc. (Manc.), 8, Victoria, Road, Withington, Manchester. Fearon, William Robert, M.A., D.Sc. (T.C.D.), Physiological Labora- tory, Trinity College, Dublin. Henstock, Herbert, M.Sc. (Vict.), Ph.D. (Zurich), Chemical Research Laboratory, School Gardens, Shrewsbury. Higson, Geoffrey Isherwood, M.Sc. (Liv.),c/o The Institute of Chemistry.Le Rossignol, Robert, 7, St. John’s Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Thole, Ferdinand Bernard, D.Sc. (Lond.), Meadhurst, Sunbury-on-Thames. White, Gerald Noel, D.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Victoria Avenue, Worcester. New Associates (by Examination). Birkitt, Cyril Herbert, 21, Overdale Road, Derby. Boyes, George Richardson, 61, Balham Hill, London, S.W. 12. Byron, John Percy, 7, Pavilion Road, West Bridgford, Notts.Carter, Charlie Lyons, M.Sc. (Otago), Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand. Macaulay, Robert Milroy, 290, Paisley Road West, Glasgow. Taylor, Henry Frankland, 299, Eccles New Road, Salford, Manchester. New Associates. Arnott, John, 14, Percy Street, Ibrox, Glasgow. Bell, James, B.A. (Dub.), 30, Trinity College, Dublin. 226 Biggs, Sidney Harold, Ma, Rockmount RoBd, Plumstead, London,S.E.18. Birkinshaw, John Howard, B. Sc. (Leeds), Maythorne, Ardrossan Rbad, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Bonnell, Miss Jane, B.Sc. (Wales), Glan Rhys, Pwll, Llanelly. Booth, Alfred Lawrance, A.M.S.T., Hockerley House, Whelley Bridge, via Stockport.Brown, Andrew Charles, 26, Springvale Place, Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Cammack, Walter, B.Sc.(Lond.), Durley Grange, South Benfleet, Essex. Duerden, Richard Byron, B.Sc. (Lond.), Teniscliffe, Preston Old Road, Blackburn. Ewart, Herbert James, B.Sc. (Birm.), 16, Clarendon Road, Leeds. Farnell, Miss Gladys, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Blenheim Mount, Bradford. Farrar, Edward Kinder, A.M.C.T., 3, Stevenson Drive, Langside, Glasgow.Fraser, James Ross, A.C.G.F.C., 13, Archibald Road, Tufnell Park, London, N.7. Frew, Hugh Kilpatrick, 83, Siddals Road, Derby. Fullman, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.), The University, Bristol. Funnell, William Stanley, M.A. (Toronto), 348, Davenport Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gander, Bernard Vincent, M.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.), Sutton Valence School, Kent. Gosling, Frederick, 42, Shakespeare Crescent, Manor Park, Lmdon, E.12. Harding, Charles Thompson, B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Mill Lane, Horwich, nr. Bolton. Haywood, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cowley Boys’ School, St. Helen’s, Lancs. Herring, James Norman, 5, Kensington Gardens Square, Bayswater, London, W. 2. Holden, Edmund Haworth, M.Sc. (Vict.), Springhill, Cloughfold, via Manchester. Inghrtm, George, B.A. (Oxon.), c/o Messrs. Kynochs Ltd., Umbogin- twini, Natal, S. Africa. Jarman, John, A.R.C.S., 33, Prebend Gardens, Stamford Brook,London, W.4. Jones, Benjamin, B.Sc. (Wales), Post Office, Filton, Glos. Jordinson, Frank, B.Sc. (Leeds), 78, Rentley Street, Lockwood, Huddersfield. Knapp, Brian Russell, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Hertcombe, George Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey. Ling, Edgar Robert, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.(Lond.), Loughborough College,Leicestershire. Macnair, Peter Mackenzie, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Mrs. McLeod, 25, Scotstoun Street, Scotstoun, Glasgow. Malkin, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Golden Square, Warrington. Martin, George, B.Sc. (Birm.), Sunnyside, 93, Upper Belgrave Road, Longton, Stoke -on-Trent. Newman, Herbert Samuel, B.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Ivy House, Alderfield Voad, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. 227 Nichol, ThomrtrJ Carrick, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 12, Newton Road, Urmston, Manchester. Nicol, Hugh, 14, St. George’s Road, Palmers Green, London, N.13. Rigg, Theodore, B.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (New Zealand), Cawthron Institute of Scientific Research, Nelson, New Zealand. Ross-Smith, Gerald Grant, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 30, Craven Hill Gardens, London, W.2.Sewell, William Gawan, B.Sc. (Leeds), Colour Chemistry Department, The University, Leeds. Smith, Robert Christie, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 25, Allan Park, Stirling. Strafford, Norman, B Sc (Lond.), 17, Delctunays Road, Crumpsall, Manchester. Taylor, Nathan, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 245, Cheetharn Hill Road, Man-Chester. Thompson, Leonard, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 36, Palm Street, Slade Lane, Manchester. Thorne, Percy Cyril Lesley, M.A. (Cantab.), 40,Kidbrooke Park Road, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. Townend, Donald Thomas Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 133, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, London, E.5. Urquhart, John Cramond, B.Sc. (Lond.), East Anglian Institute of Agriculture, Chelmsford, Essex. Watson, Arthur Frederick, B.Sc.(Lond.), 39, Guilford Street, London,w.c.1. Weighell, Arthur, 31, The Avenue, Consett, Co. Durham. New Students. Abbott, Walter Edgar, 65, Hollybrook Road, Clontarf, Dublin. Alexander, James Dickson, 11, Wellington Street, Edinburgh. Allan, John, 189, St. Andrew’s Road, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Anderson, James Thomson, 126, Lawford Road, N.B., Rugby. Andrews, Frederick William, 93a, St. Paul’s Road, Camden Square, London, N.W.1. Banfield, Francis Harold, 40, Maryland Road, Wood Green, London, N. 22. Berchem, Rudolph Otto George Alexander, 3, Casewick Road, West Norwood, London, S.E.27. Blacktin, Samuel Cyril, 23, Walton Road, Sheffield. Boudry, Cyril, 23, Esplanade Place, Whitley Bay, Northumberland. Box, Ronald John, Elchester, Arthur Road, Slough.Breslin, John James, Royal College of Science, Dublin. Burns, James Alexander, 22, Townsend Place, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Catchpole, Percival Arthur, St. Heliers, Masons Hill, Bromley, Kent. Challans, Frank Bertrand, 74, Plane Street, Hull. Clarkson, Ernest-Lickiss, 2, South Avenue, Londesborough Street, Hull. Clements, George Stephen, 93, Durham Road, Plumstead, London, S.E.18. Cochrane, Henry Alfred, 25, Pretoria Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. Cohen, Harris, 54, Rahere Street, Goswell Road, London, E.C. 1. Coulson, Alan George, 19, Gladwell Road, Stroud Green, London, W.8. Cramford, Aynsley, 5, The Hollies, Billingham, nr. Stoclsfon-on-Tees 228 Curtin, Norman Richard, 29, Grove Park, Rathmines, Dublin.Dalton, William Geoffrey, 50. Moring Road, Tooting Bee Common, London, S.W. 17. Davie, George Forbes, 102, Irvine Place, Aberdeen, Scotland. Edwards, Owen Kempster, 6, Dacre Park, Lee, London, S.E.13. Evans, Arthur Jack Sackville, 185, Maida Vale, London, W.9. Evans, Vivian Richard, 14, St. John’s Road, Maindee, Newport, Mon. Fairclough, Fred, 20, Gordon Avenue, Bolton, Lancs. Farina, Philip Edward Lodovico, 8, Bettridge Road, Hurlingham, London, S.W. 6. Farrell, Alfred Edmond, 37, Bellevue Road, Edinburgh. Forster, Claudius, 239, Westmorland Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Fulton, James Davidson, 63, King’s Road, Beith, Ayrshire. Goldsmith, Eric Waller, Woolsthorpe Rectory, Grantham, Lincs. GOSS,Frank Robert, 4, Abbotsford Road, Goodmayes, Ilford, Esaex.Greyson, Harold John, 60, Broadwater Road, Tottenham, London, N. 17. Greenwood, John, 38, Gordon Street, Abbey Hey, Gorton, Manchester. GriRths, Albert Edward, 25, Meadowbank Crescent, Edinburgh,Scotland. Guinan, John Francis, 6, Lothair Street, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Man- Chester. Handley, Percy, Loughborough College, Loughborough, Leicestershire. Heather, Jack Rowan, 85, Lakeside Road, Palmers Green, London, N.13. Hendy, Reginald William, 45,Orchard Place, Blackwall, London,E. 14. Hyland, John Laurence, 158, Mortlake Road, Ilford, Essex. Johnson, Bertrand Reaveley, The Hawthorns, Moss Lane, Pinner, Middlesex. Jones, Edgar, Milverton House, 167, Upper Dale Road, Derby. Lewis, Alkin, 74, Sutherland Avenue, Maida Vale, London, W.9.Matthews, Samuel, 46, Glenroy Street, Cardiff. McCaffery, Brian James, Royal College of Science for Ireland, Dublin. McCurdie, Thomas, 20, Torrens Square, Romford Road, London, E.15. MeDougall, Alan Cameron, Iona Villa, Hunter’s Quay, Aqgyllshire. Milne, Leslie Burt, 27, Warren Road, Wanstead, London, E. 11. Mitchell, Robert Edward, 41, Park Parade, Harlesden, London, N.W. 10. Mort, Albert Victor, Frondeg, Mynyddbach, Landore, Swansea. Myer, Edward, 51, Oxford Street, Liverpool. Orr, Andrew Picken, 22, Portland Road, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. Osborne, Frederick William Seguin, St. Anthony, Vivian Avenue, Hendon, London, N.W.4, Owen, Edward John, 17, Park Street, Upper Bangor, N. Wales. Owens, Ridland, 62, Eaton Avenue, Litherland, Liverpool.Palmer, Herbert John, 41, Newcastle Street, Cubitt Town, Poplar, London, E.14. Parker, William Henry, 42, Mill Lane, Kidderminster. Parkinson, Reginald Henry, 14, Canton Street, Poplar, London, E.14. Pearson, Edward Feakes, Stapenhill, 32, Tona Road, Glasnevin, Dublin. Pike, Richard Edwin, 12, Artillery Buildings, Greycoat Place, West -minster, London, S.W. 1. 229 Purdie, Desmond Tremeer, 34, Hillmarton Road, Holloway, London, N.7. Quick, William Clifford, 13, Brighton Road, Weston-super-Mare.Redsell, Edward Norman, 81, Clumber Street, Hull. Scott, Miss Winifred Isabel, Model Schools, Ballymena, Ireland. Shacklock, Cecil Wilson, 49, Stanhope Gardens, London, N.4. Smetham, Denis John, 60, Lordship Park, Stoke Newington, London, N.16. Surfleet, Robert, The Limes, Beckingham, Doncaster. Thomas, Edward Boaden, 31, Ordnance Road, St. John’s Wood, London, N.W.8. Thomas, Iorwerth, 7, Carlton Road, Sunny Bank, Clydach-on-Tawe Glam. Thompson, Stephen Percy, 7, Eckington Terrace, Glapton Road, Nottinghm.Vigar, Laurence Edward Philip, 35, Botha Road, Plaistow, London, E.13. Walker, John, Clifton House, Slaithwaite, nr. Huddersfield. Ward, Henry Herbert, 4, Lyncot Road, Aintree, Liverpool. Watson, Harry Freeman, 5, Wrightson Street, Norton-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Watson, William John, 539, Holloway Road, London, N. 19. Williams, Leslie Henry, 19, Cranwich Road, Stamford Hill, London, N. 16. Wishart, Carl Courtenay, 3, Mayfield Terrace, Edinburgh.Woodley, James William Allan, 22, Taunton Road, Lee, London, S.E.12. Wright, Eustace Cecil Barton, Oakleigh, Godstone, Surrey. Wright, Miss Winifred Mary, 3, Addison Road, Kensington, London, W. DEATHS. Fellows. William James Chrystal. John Hughes. James Edward Johnson. Edmund James Mills, D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. LL.D. (Glas.), F.R.S. Associates. Francis William Buckland Cunnington, B.Sc. William Henry Templeman, B.A., LL.M. Student. George Joynaon. Change of Name. Miss Ella, Caird (Associate)-on her marriage, Mrs. Corfield. CoRRIaENDuM.--In the Journal, Part II., the degree of Mr. P. K. O’Toole, given as M.Sc. (Dub.),should have been stated M.Sc. (N.U.I.), 230 General Notices. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to June, 1918, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of applica- tion for election to the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examina- tions and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have opportunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Li brary.-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M.and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and 9P.M.) except when examinations are in progress. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to 231 consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.). Registered Students using the Library are informed that Mr. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary, is available to those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Publications of the Institute.-A few copies of the following publications of the Institute are obtainable by Members and Registered Students at the special prices indicated :-PROCEEDINGS(prior to 1920). Four Parts annually. Is. each net. AND PROCEEDINGSJOURNAL (1920). . Six Parts. Each Part 2s. net. HISTORYOF THE INSTITUTE,1877-1914. 10s.-Special Edition 218 LECTUREs : “ Cement.’’ Bertram Blount, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “ Cellulose.” C. F. Cross, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “ Thorium.” Edmund White, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Chemistry in Gas Works.” W. J. A. Butterfield, M.A., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “The Research Chemist in the Works with Special Reference to the Textile Industry.” W.P. Dreaper, F.I.C. 2s. net. “ Explosives.” William Macnab, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. PAPERS.Annual Sets (prior to 1917), 6d. each (7d. byEXAMINATION post). After 1917, 1s. post free. To all other purchasers, the Lectures will be charged at 5s. each ; the ordinary edition of the History at 21s., and the Special Edition rat s2 2s. The Register of the Institute is in course of revision for publication in the autumn. Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students are requested to notify the Registrar immediately of any alterations with regard to degrees, addresses, etc., which they wish to be made in the new edition. Building Fund.-The name of Mr. C. M. W. Grieb was inadver-tently omitted from the List of Contributors of Sl Is., published in the Journal, Part I.(p. 57). BRITISH GLASS CAN BE OBTAINED WE are producing All-British Glassware, and can giveimmediate delivery of all kinds of Hollow Ware, LampblownWare and Graduated Ware. A 1. Certified Graduated Ware Weare now supplying Graduated Ware with a certificate of errors. As an example we offer an unstoppered 500 cc. measuringflask with a maximum error of +O.l5cc. for 7/-This price in- cludes the cost of the certificate stating errors. We also supply burettes, bulb pipettes and graduated pipettes with similar certificate. Post a card to-day for price list. If you cannot obtain Duroglass from your dealer please write direct to us, stating your re-quirements. DUROGLASS, LTD. Sales Dept., 92 Fore St.,London,E.C.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9214500167

出版商:RSC    

年代:1921

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1921. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, August, 1921. Publications Committee, 1921-22 H0RAT10 BALLA N TY NE (Chairman), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (Preside&), WILLIAM BACON, ALL1 N COTTR ELL, ALEXANDER C. CUMMING, 0.B E,, F. G. DONNAN, C.B.E., LEWIS EYNON, 6;. WATSON GRAY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., ANDREW MORE, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, C.B.E., T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE STUBBS, C.B.E. 235 Proceedings of the Council.(June-July. 1921) Instruction in Chemistry in Technical Schools and Colleges in England and Wales.--In May last the Council were approached by the Board of Education, who Tsere desirous of encouraging day and evening students in technical schools to follow properly graded and balanced grouped courses of instruction in chemistry and allied subjects. The Board had in view the establishment of a scheme for the award of certificates which would be recognised in all parts of the country and not merely in the district in which any particular school might be situated. The Council thereupon appointed as representatives of the Institute :-The President (Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, F.R.S.), with Mr. Horatio Ballantyne, Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., F.R.S., Prof.Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., and Dr. T. Slater Price, O.B.E., to confer with the representatives nominated by the Board :-Mr. W. R. Davies, C.B. (Principal Assistant Secretary), with Mr. A. Abbott (Chief Inspector of Technical Schools), and Mr. C. H. Creasey, Dr. A. Jamieson Walker, F.I.C., and Mr. J. Wilson, F.I.C. (H.M. Inspectors). Conferences were held on 30th June and 20th July. At the first Conference, Mr. Abbott, in the unavoidable absence of Mr. Davies, was invited to introduce the matter for discussion. After referring to the organisation of science teaching and examination under the Science and Art Department during the latter half of the nineteenth century, and to the provision then made for instructing teachers in methods of teaching, Mr.Abbot said that, later, the Science and Art Department had become merged in the Board of Education. Teachers had become 236 more plentiful and more competent, and the old system of examinations had accordingly been abandoned. The responsi- bilitv of examining had been placed on the teachers themselves, the Board being prepared under certain conditions to endorse the certificates granted by the various Technical Institutions. The conditions laid down under this arrangement provided that the examinations for these awards should be internal, and that external assessors should co-operate with the teachers in the final examination. The endorsement scheme, however, was not widely adopted, and the value of the certificates was depreciated owing to their being of local rather than of national character.The Board now desired, with the assistance of representa-tive professional bodies, to initiate a new scheme designed especially for students who were unable to prepare for Degree Examinations of a University, but whose aim was to prepare theniselves, according to their ability, for scientific work in connection with industry, although at the time thev might not be able to complv with all the regulations with regard to training for the membership of the professional bodies. Under the former Science and Art Department Scheme candidates could present themselves for examination in any one or more of some twenty-five subjects, and they were frequently somewhat ill-advised in their choice.In recent years, however, grouped courses of instruction had been followed by a large proportion of the students. The Board now sought to maintain and raise the standard of instruction provided in such courses, and, so far as chemistry was con-cerned, hoped to obtain the co-operation of the Institute. Under the suggested arrangements it was proposed that sudents who devoted themselves to chemistrv should take grouped courses, including chemistry, physics, and mathe- matics, and suitable approved cognate subjects. Mr. Abbott said that schemes of training would be evolved by the schools subject to the approval of the Institute and the Board, and such schemes would provide courses both for part-time (mostly evening) and for full-time students.It was proposed that the 237 system of internal examinations should be continued, so far as chemistry was concerned, but that the Institute, in conjunc- tion with the Board, should appoint the assessors for the final examination of each course. For part-time students the following certificates would be granted:-Senior at the end of a course of at least three years, and Advanced at the end of at least two further years. For full-time students a certificate in chemistry would be granted on completion of a course of at least three years’ training. A certificate in applied chemistry nould be ohtain- able after the completion of an approved course of at least a further year.In the case both of the part-time and of the full-time courses there would be, in the final year of the course, an examination conducted by the teachers under the supervision of assessors appointed by the Institute, who would be con- sulted both in regard to the examination questions and in regard to the marking. During the earlier years of the course the examinations would be under the sole control of the teachers, but the results of these examinations and other records of the students’ work would be available to the assessors in the final year. In the Senior part-time course the range of study in chemistry would be at least comparable with that undertaken in preparation for the- Intermediate Science Examinations of the Universities, and in the Advanced part-time course at least comparable with that normally undertaken for a Final Pass B.Sc.For the full-time course certificate the range of study in Chemistry to be aimed at would be above that prescribed for the Final Pass, and would approach that prescribed for candidates for the B.Sc. with honours in Chemistry. The subjects covered in the courses would be recorded on the certificates. Special emphasis would be laid upon practical work. The Conference discussed the general educational qualifica- tions of students pursuing the proposed courses. 238 It was stated that all students wishing to take the full- time course certificates would be required to have passed a preliminary examination approved by the Institute and the Board, but, for the present, it was not considered desirable to insist upon students passing a preliminary examination prior to taking a part-time Senior or Advanced course.In order to obviate any confusion with the Diplomas of Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute it was decided that the certificates should bear a statement of the conditions under which they are granted. The Institute would consider at a later date whether and how far the training and the higher certificates should be recognised under the Regulations of the Institute. The President assured the representatives of the Board that the Institute would be verv Qilling to co-operate with the Board, and the Conference eventually agreed that the Board should be asked to prepare and submit a draft statement of the scheme which was duly considered at the meeting held on 20th July The Council have accepted in principle this suggested scheme, and expect, at a meeting to be held in October, to ratify the complete arrangements and put the scheme into immediate operation.They feel that the Institute is afforded a welcome opportunity to develop still further the objects of the Charter, by collaborating with the Board in promoting the study of chemistry. The Council, in considering applications for membership, have been repeatedly impressed by the large number of candidates who have devoted years to training themselves for their vocation, but have nevertheless fallen far short of the fundamental requirements of the Charter of the Institute. Such candidates, through lack of advice and assistance in the co-ordination of their courses of training, have frequently acquired considerable knowledge of one particular branch of chemistry without undergoing a thorough grounding in general (inorganic, organic, and phvsical chemistry and the cognate sciences.On account of their early 239 specialisation they have not only sacrificed the opportunity of joining the ranks of the profession in the Institute, but they have in many cases rendered their livelihood more precarious and dependent entirely upon the demands of the particular branch of industry in which they have specialised. The Council feel, therefore, that the collaboration with the Board of Education supplements the provision made for train- ing Laboratory Assistants, and fits in with the revised Regula- tions for the Studentship.Every worker in chemical industry should now be afforded means, to an extent suitable to the nature of his calling, of obtaining sound instruction in the principles of the sciences he is putting into practice, while the keener workers will have every inducement to put them- selves into line with the Institute’s requirements should they desire eventually to qualify for the profession of chemistry. Post-Graduate Training in Industrial Chemistry.-The Council have received from Mr. A. Cottrell copies of a letter which he addressed to the Editor of the Journal of the Societv of Chemical Industry with regard to the question of post-graduate training in industrial chemistrv.Mr. Cottrell suggests that the Government should be approached to ascer- tain whether it would not be possible to release for training purposes chemical plant and appliances now lying idle in various factories and to put it at the disposal of proiessors and teachers of technical chemistry. Mr. Cottrell has approached various authorities who are ‘likely to be interested in the matter, and is seeking the co-operation of all professors of chemistry and of the Institute. The Council have expressed their readiness to support the proposal. f nstitutions.-The Cardiff Technical College-in respect of its four-year Joint Diploma Course (in conjunction with University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire) and its five-year evening course-has been added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Examinations of the Institute, subject to certain conditions agreed between the Council of the Institute and the Authori-ties of the College.240 The Profession in South Africa.-The Council have had an opportunity of reviewing, with Prof. J. A. Wilkinson, matters of interest to the profession in South Africa. Prof. Wilkinson, who is at present on leave in this country, is Head of the Chemical Department at University College, Johannes- burg, and is a member of Council and a Past President of the South African Association of Analytical Chemists-a body which carries out in South Africa functions analogous in many respects to those performed in this country by the Institute.The South African Association is anxious to co-operate with the Institute, and the Council have concurred in a proposal that the name of that body should be more nearly allied to that of the Institute. The Council were glad to hear from Prof. Wilkinson of the many useful activitiesiof the Association which are leading to the fuller ;recognition of the profession in South Africa. Information has since been received that the name “South African Chemical Institute ” has been adopted. Many Fellows and Associates of the Institute find employ- ment in the various Dominions, and it is advantageous, in the general interest to maintain the closest touch and the most cordial relations, with the Dominion bodies analogous to the Institute.The Council, moreover, hope that as these bodies develop, their standards of qualification will be maintained on a level with those of the Institute, and may be reciprocally recognised in all parts of the British Commonwealth. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee have reported that they have recently dealt with two applica- tions for assistance from the fund. They feel that the exist-ence of the fund is of real benefit to members who have fallen on hard times. The financial position is, however, not so secure as to justify them in being as generous as they would wish, and they earnestly hope, therefore, that all Fellows and Associates will make some donation to the fund.The Committee suggest that if every Fellow and Associate subscribed 5s. annually to the fund, it would have an income 241 of about Lgoo per annum, and with such a sum the Committee would be well able to carry out the objects for which the fund was created. The Council have instructed the Committee to consider and devise means for raising, in addition to an annual income from subscriptions to the fund, a substantial capital sum, the interest on which could be applied in the furtherance of the objects of the fund. Appointments Register.-As a result of a recent enquiry it appears that there are approximately eighty members of the Institute seeking engagements.In all the circum-stances, the proportion, in respect to the total niember- ship of the Institute, is remarkably small, but every possible step is being taken to introduce these members to suitable positions. A circular, directing attention to the Appointments Register, has been addressed to a large number of firms who usually employ chemists, and also to many firms who may not at present employ chemists, but might in their own interest utilise their services. In selecting the lists of firms to whom this circular should be addressed, the Council have sought the co-operation of the Local Sections, and they ask Fellows and Associates to suggest the names of firms who should be approached on the matter, so that the circular may be as widely and effectively dis-tributed as possible.Laboratory Assistants,-Fellows and Associates are also asked to communicate with the Registrar in any instance in which they are able to assist in finding employment for laboratory assistants, so that these junior posts may be filled by youths who have shown their keenness to undertake the necessary courses of training which will lead to a professional qualification. The Institute’s Register of Laboratory Assistants com-prises the names of youths who have addressed themselves personally to the Institute and also of those who have been put into touch with the Institute by the Secretary of the 242 Secondary School Headmasters’ Employment Committee acting in co-operation with the Ministry of Labour, Appoint- ments Department. The Register contains only the names of youths who have passed an approved preliminary examination, and whose parents certify that the youths are of necessity precluded from undergoing a systematic four years’ day course at a recognised college, and give an undertaking (a) that they shall attend an approved evening course of study with a view to obtaining the Associateship of the Institute, and (b) that they shall applv to be registered as Students of the Institute.Provision is made that when an assistant has once secured a post through the agency of the Register, he will not be allowed the further use of the Register except on the pro-duction of satisfactory certificates of the work he has done in the intervening period.By this means those who are unlikely to qualify will be dissuaded from pursuing .a career in chemistry before they have reached such an age that it is difficult for them to adopt another vocation. The Register is divided into three grades:- GRADEA. Assistants who have passed an approved preliminary examination. B. Assistants who have also satisfactorily corn-1’ pleted studies of the standard of a first year University course. c. Assistants who have also satisfactorily corn-91 pleted studies of the standard of a second year University course. 243 Local Sections. Belfast and District,-The First General Meeting of the Section was held at the Municipal Technical Institute, Belfast, on June 16th.The meeting adopted the Draft Rules for Local Sections provisionally, and appointed a Committee and Secretary as follows:-Mr. J. H. Totton, B.A., B.Sc., Chair- man; Miss N. I. Maxwell, M.Sc., Treasurer; Messrs. W. G. Bennett, M.Sc., H. Graham, M.Sc., A. P. Hoskins, C. J. Still, BSc., and Dr. W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., Hon. Secretary. Bristol and South Western Counties District.- The Section has not Vet held its inaugural meeting owing to the difficulties causedby the recent coal strike. The inaugural meeting will probably be held in September. There are already nearly 50 members of the Section. Members interested are requested to address enquiries to Prof. J. Wertheimer, D.Sc., F.I.C., Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol.Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-The Com-mittee of the Section are arranging an interesting programme for the forthcoming session. The first meeting will be held on October qth, and will take the form of a smoking concert, the main purpose of which is to provide an opportunity for the registered students resident in the district to meet one another and the Fellows and Associates who are Members ot the Section. The Committee are also arranging to hold a joint dinner with the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. The Committee have assisted the Institute in preparing a list of firms in the district who should be approached with a view to the employment of chemists. The Committee report that the financial position of the Section is satisfactory and that there is every reason to expect renewed and increased energy in the forthcoming session.244 London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Corn-inittee of the Section are preparing the agenda for the forth- coming session. The first meeting will take place on the 18th October, and it is hoped earlv in the session to hold a dinner on behalf of the Institute’s Benevolent Fund, by which means the Committee expect to rake a considerable sum for the Fund Newcastle and North-East Coast Section.-On the occasion of his retirement from the Chair of Chemistry in the University of Durham, Prof. P. P. Bedson, was presented with a mahogany bookcase. The presentation, in which members of Local Sections of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and members of the Chemical Industry Club (Newcastle) were associated, was made by Dr.J. T. Dunn, Prof. Louis being in the chair. Dr. Dunn congratulated Prof. Bedson on the fact that during his thirty-nine years as Professor of Chemistry, he had been instrumental in training some of our most prominent chemists, and had won the respect of all who had passed through his hands. Notes. Brewing Research.-The Coiincil have received the first report of the Research Fund Committee of the Institute of Brewing which deals with the initial work of the Research Scheme. The Institute of Brewing is controlling research on the various biological and agricultural aspects of the industry, and the chemical work is being carried out at the College of Technology, Manchester, with the object of isolating the constituent or constituents of the hop on which antiseptic or preservative qualities depend.Chemical work is also being carried out at the Imperial College of Science and Technology with a view to studying the various kinds of timber which are suitable for cask making. 245 Personal. A deputation representing the leading engineering societies of the United States has lately visited this country to present the John Fritz medal to Sir Robert A Hadfield. The medal is the highest honour in the gift of the engineering profession in the United States. Among the names of previous recipients are those of Edison, Goethals, Graham Bell, Kelvin, Westing- house, and Orville Wright.The Council of the University College of Wales, Abervst- wyth, have appointed Dr. T. Campbell James to the chair of chemistry and the Directorship of the Edward Davies Chemical Laboratories in succession to Professor B. Mouat Jones, who was recently appointed Principal of the Manchester College of Technology. Many friends of Mr. Otto Hehner will be glad to hear that he is benefiting greatly by his journey to South Africa. On his arrival in Cape Town he was met by Dr. Juritz, Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute, who had arranged a number of visits for him to places of interest in the neighbour- hood, and had also arranged for him to meet a number of eminent scientific and public men, including the Prime Minister, who was in Cape Town at the time.He has now proceeded to the Transvaal. At a meeting held at the Columbia University on April 18th, the Chandler Medal was presented to Prof. F. Gowland Hopkins in public recognition of his pioneer work in the study of food accessories, such as vitamines. Dr. Percy Claude Cameron Isherwood has been appointed to the Humphrey Owen Jones Lectureship in Physical Chemistry, in the University of Cambridge. Dr. D. W. Jones has been appointed to the chair of chemistry at the University College of Wales, Cardiff, in succession to Prof. C. M. Thompson, who has retired. Mr. Arthur James Hale has been appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Finsbury Technical College.246 July Examinations, 1921 Summary of Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinat ions were held at the places and on the dates given below :-In General Chemistry, for the Associateship, at the Institute, July 4th to 8th. Branch (b) For the Associateship, at the University of Sheffield, July 11th to 15th. Branch (d) For the Associateship, at the Institute, July 4th to 8th. Branch (e) For the Associateship, at the Institute, July 4th to 8th. Branch (9) For the Associateship :-In the Chemical Technology of Soap Manufacture and the Chemical Technology of Coal Tar Distillation and Inter- mediate Products, at the Institute, July 4th to 8th. In the Chemical Technology of Coke Oven Practice, at the College of Technology, Manchesfer, July 4th to 8th.For the Fellowship :-f In the Chemical Technology of Explosives, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and at Messrs. Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ardeer, Stevenston, Ayrshire, July 4th to 8th. Twentv-five candidates presented themselves ; the number exarnined-in each branch and the number of those who passed are shown in the following table :-NUMBER NUMBER EXAMINED. PASSED. For the Associateship. General Chemistry .. .. .. .. 14 8 Branch (b) Metallur gcal Chemistry .. 1 1 Branch (d) Organic Chemistry .. .. 2 2 Branch (e) Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc. ee ea .. .* 4 3 Branch (9)Chemical Technology. Chemical Technology of Explosives .. 1 0 For the Fellowship. Chemical Technology of Coke Oven Practice 1 1 Chemical Technology of Soap Manufacture 1 1 Chemical Technology of Coal Tar Distillation and Intermediate Products ..1 0 25 16 247 In the case of one candidate examined in General Chemistry the Board recommend that when he again presents himself he be not required to pass any part of the Examination except in the translation of technical literature from German into English. The theoretical part of the Examination in General Chemistry was well answered by the successful candidates, except that the majority of the candidates showed an.un-satisfactory knowledge of the history of chemistry. In the practical part of the Examination the inorganic qualitative analysis was, on the whole, less satisfactory than was expected.Many of the candidates found difficulty in dealing with the phosphates in the mixture given. In the inorganic quantitative exercises most of the candidates dis- played ingenuity in attacking the problem, but a high degree of accuracy was not generally attained. The qualitative analysis was on the whole well done but the quantitative exercises were not well carried out. The translation of technical literature, especially the German translation, was only moderately well done. The work of the successful candidates in the other branches was satisfactorily carried out. The Pass List and particulars of the exercises, etc., are attached. The thanks oi the Council have been accorded to the authorities of the College of Technology, Manchester, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, of Messrs.Nobel’s Explo- sives Co., Ardeer, and of the University of Sheffield, for labor atorv accommodation. The Board of Examiners is indebted to Mr. E. R. Bolton, Dr. F. H. Butler, Prof. Thomas Gray, Mr. I. V. Hopper, Mr. E. L. Rhead, Mr. William Rintoul, and Prof. F. J. Wilson, for help in connection with the Examinations, 248 PASS LIST The following candidates have been successful in the recent Examinations and have been duly elected Associates of the Institute : Examination in General Chemistry. Campbell, Alan Newton, B.Sc. (Lond.).Doolan, James Joseph.Evans, Benjamin Beardmore, B.Sc. (Birrn.).Hand, Percy George Terry.Jenkin, John Watson. Pugh, William.Ridge, Bert Pusey.Woolf, Sidney Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.). Examination in Metallurgical Chemistry. Storer, George Paterson. Examination in Organic Chemistry. Kenyon, Frank. Sheldon, Francis Joseph, A.R.C. S., B. Sc. (Lond. ). Examination in the Chemistry of Foods and Drugs, etc. Martin, Charles William. Mooney, Paul Michael, B.Sc.--(Lond.).Woodwsrd, Miss Elsiq. Examination in Chemical Technology.(Soap Manufacture. )Smith, David Dow. (Coke Oven and By-product Practice.) Whitaker, John Wilfrid, R.Sc. (Lond.). 249 Examinations : July, 1921 EXAMINATIONS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP. General Chemistry. MONDAY, JULY 4th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 1p.m. (Only six questions to be answered.) 1. Briefly indicate the advances in chemical science associated with the names of (1) Lavoisier, (2) Davy, (3) Bunsen.2. Give an account of Thallium and its chief compounds and contrast this element with lead and potassium. 3. Describe the reactions between sodium nitrite and sulphurous acid and show how hydroxylarnine may be prepared from one of the products. 4. What is meant by the “ electrolytic solution pressure” of a metal ? Show how this conception may be applied to explain the production of a current in a Daniel1 cell. 5. Explain the term “ metastable state,” giving three illustrative examples in your answer. 6. Give a brief account of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. 7. Write a short essay on the “Co-ordination Theory” as applied to metal-ammines. 8. Discuss the relation of manganese to its neighbours in the periodic arrangement.(Only six questions to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the Walden Inversion. 2. In what ways is ethyl acetoacetate used in synthetic organic chemistry : Give a brief account of the type of tautomerism of which this compound is-an example.3. The structure CH: GI12 is suggested for an organic -vCOOH compound. What means would you employ to establish this con stitution ? 4. Write a short essay on the Beckmann rearrangement. 5. Give an account of the nitration of aromatic substances referring to-(1) The reagents employed : (2) the position taken up by the nitro-groups (3) the influence of these groups on the be- haviour of othem attached to the nucleus. 250 6.Write an essay on either (1) the constitution of camphor, or (2) the general methods used in determining the constitution of alka-loids. 7. State how the following reagents are prepared and describe the purposes for which they are used : Benzoyl chloride, phenyl isocyanate, phenyl hydrazine, semicarbazide and diazomethane. 8. Describe the synthesis of (1) phenacetine, and (2) any local anaesthetic agent. TUESDAY, JULY 5th, 1921 : 10 am.to 4.30pm. You are given a solution containing approximately 10 per cent. of a mixture of potassium and sodium chloride and iodide (two salts only). Estimate the amounts of each constituent. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, JULY 6th, 1921 : 10a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the mixture supplied, con-taining 4 metal and 3 acid rrtdicles. [AICl,; MgCl,; Ba(NO,),; N%HPO,.] THURSDAY, JULY 7th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. You are given a mixture of two esters of organic acids. Identify these and estimate the amount of each present. [Ethyl Oxalate and Ethyl Benzoate.] (The identification must be completed to-day, but the estimation may be continued to-morrow.) FRIDAY, JULY 8th, 1921: 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. You are supplied with a sample of aniline prepared from pure nitrobenzene. Examine this for impurities and estimate the amount of aniline present. [Jmpurity: nitrobenzene.] Branch (b)-Metallurgical Chemistry. MONDAY, JULY Ilth, 1921: 10 a.m.to 1 pm. (Five questions onty to be answered j 1. What refractory materials are wed in the lining of a coke oven, the construction of the roof of an open-hearth steel furnace, and the lining of a Bessemer converter ? Mention the s1 ecial qualities of each material. 2. How is copper extracted elertrolptically from an ore in which it is present as a readily soluble salt ? What material is suitable for the anodes in such a process ? 3. H0n7 are pig irons classified? Describe the influence of each of the usual impurities found in pig irons on the bropeities of the iron. 4. Mention some of the rarer metals which have become import- ant in metrtllurgy, and describe their principal applications, 251 5.Describe some form of optical pyrometer employed in the measurement of high temperature. Explain clearly the principle on which it works, and indicate the chief sources of error. 6. How would you examine a sample of coal in order to deter- mine its value for metallurgical purposes P Describe carefully the tests you would employ. 7. What micro-structures would you expect to fmd in- (a) a steel containing 0*4%C,heated to 900°C. and slowlycooled ; (b) the same steel, quenched from 1000"in cold water; (c) a heavy casting of Admiralty gun metal; (d) a bearing metal containing 15% tin, 12% antimony2%copper, and 71% lead; (e) a light aluminium alloy containing 4% of copper and small quantities of iron and silicon.TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, JULY 12th. and 13th: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Make as complete an analysis as possible of the given nickel-chrome steel. Examine the specimen of brass, and determine the principal impurity. THURSDAY, JULY 14th: 10 am,to 4.30 p.m. Make a microscopical examination of the given specimen of alloy. Sketch the structure, and report on its probable composition. FRIDAY, JULY 15th: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a dry assay of the given ore, and determine the percentage of silver in it. Branch (d )-Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, JULY 4th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Give an historical account of the cinnamic acids, and describe the manner in which their constitutions have been determined. 2. Contrast the methods of preparation and the reactions of the mono-amino, mono-carboxylic acid and mono-hydroxy derivatives of pyridine and of benzene.3. Discuss the large scale processes involved in the manufacture of (a) Saccharin, or (b) Phenacetin. 4. Maltose bears the same relationship to starch as cello-biose does to cellulose. Explain this statement and discuss the constitutional formulz assigned to the two disaccharoses named. 5. Discuss the chemistry and describe the method of manufacture of any one technically important member of the Indanthrene series of colouring matfers. TUESDAY, JULY 5th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m, 1. A is a solution of a solid organic substance in an organic solvent. Identify each constituent and isolate a pure sample of each.[m. dinitrobenzene in bromo- or chlorobenzene.] 2. Report on the nature of the compound B. [Salicylamide.] WEDNESDAY, JULY 6th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. C is a mixture of the two condensation products obtained by heating a mixture of anhydrous oxalic acid 1mol. with aniline 2 mols. at 120° for an hour. You are required to determine the amount of each constituent of the mixture. 2. Examine and prepare a derivative of the compound D. [diphenylamine.] THURSDAY, JULY 7th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. E is an organic cyanide. You are required to prepare from it, (a)the acid amide, (b)the acid, and to determine the melting point of each. [Benzyl Cyanide.] 2. Investigate the compound F. [Mercury Acetamide.] FRIDAY, JULY 8th, 1921 : 10a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. G is a mixture obtained in a faulty preparation of the iodo derivative of an aromatic hydrocarbon. You are required to (a) analyse the mixture qualitatively, (b) to isolate a pure sample of each ingredient of the mixture, and (c) to estimate the amount of one con- stituent of the mixture. [A mixture of Iodobenzene, Aniline and Phenol.] Branch (e)-The Chemistry of Foods and Drugs, etc. MONDAY, JULY 4th, 1921: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Write an account of the composition and chemical constitution of the natural oils and fats (not essential or mineral oils). 2. Detail the procedure laid down officially for the determination of the various forms of phosphate in a sample of fertiliser taken under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act.Why are these forms of phosphate separately determined ? 3. What is (a)a catalase, (b) a peroxydase 1 Discuss the im. portance of these bodies in milk analysis. Answer the following questions in a separate notebook : Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. 1, Describe the characteristics of Oxalic Acid as a poison. How would you decide in a given case that death was due to the adrninistra- tion of the acid 1 2. Describe the various forms of " Extracts " comprised in the British Phaimacopoeia, giving examples of each. 3. State the composition and medicinal dose of each of the following : Liquor Arsenii et Hydrargyri Iodidi ; Pilula Hydrargyri ; Liquor Atropinae Sulphatis ; Tinctura Aconiti ; Tinctura Quininae Ammoniata ; Tincturn Nucis Vomicae ; Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphinae ; Pulvis Ipecacuanhae Co.4. Describe fully the technique involved in the microscopical examination of stains upon clothing which are suspected of beingblood stains. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Determine as accurately as time will allow the arsenic in the ample of Beer A. 2. Using a human blood corpuscle as a standard, estimate ap- proximately the averago diameters of the Starch graniiles contained in the powder B. [Oatmeal.]3. Examine the deposit from the sample of water C. Draw and identify any significant structures that may be present. [Deposit taken near a sewage outflow.] TUESDAY, JULY 5th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Examine the specimen of acid calcium phosphate and report as to its suitability for use in the preparation of a baking powder.[Excessive CaSO,.] 2. From a microscopical examination of the given specimen of ground ginqer report as to its purity. [Adulterated with Capsicum.] WEDNESDAY, JULY 6th, 1921 : 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine in duplicate the percentage of morphine in the given Tincture of Opium.(This exercise may be completed on Thursday.)2. Examine microscopically the sediment from the decoction of tea provided; identify any foreign matter present. [Sawdust.]3. Identify the substance A. [Caffeine Citrate.] THURSDAY, JULY 7th, 1921 : 10n.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the Tincture of Opium. 2. Determine the original gravity of the sample of beer provided. 3.Submit the given liquid to the Reinsch test ; mount micro- scopically, and shew to the examiner, the arsenious oxide crystals obtained. FRIDAY, JULY 8th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of crude fibre in the sample of mea 2. Determine the amount of oxygen in solution in the givenprovided.sample of water. 254 General Chemical Technology MONDAY, JULY 4th, 1921 : 10u.m. to 1p.m. 1. Discuss the action of the commoner inorganic acids on the commerical varieties of iron and mention any industrial applications of iron for the construction of plant to deal with these acids. State the composition and physical characteristics of any special acid- resisting iron alloys. 2. State the composition of Portland Cement and explain its behaviour when mixed with a limited proportion of water, referring to the influence of (u)Calcium sulphate and (b) free lime.Specify,without giving details, the tests used for valuing cement and explain the purpose of each. , 3.. How is the refractory character of a clay firebrick influenced by the proportion of alumina to silica present and what is the effect of other normal constituents of clay ? Indicate generally the com-position of “ acid,” “ basic,” and ‘‘ neutral ” firebricks and give an account of their physical characteristics. 4. Give a brief statement of the various methods which have been proposed for preventing corrosion and scale formation in steam boilers and describe any one of them.5. Give a short statement of the current views regarding the constitution of coal and of the methods suggested for the classification of coals. 6. Sketch any form of oil burner and discuss shortly the various methods of burning liquid fuels. Compare and contrast oil with coal, referring to the following points :-(a)Supply, (b) labour in handling, (c) storage, and (d)efficiency in use. 2 to 5p.m. 1. Sketch any form of gas producer and describe the method of operating it. Specify the qualities you would look for in a goodproducer coal and discuss the prevention of clinkering trouble. 2. Describe the methods used industrially (a)for mixing powdered solids and (b) for the separation of two solids: Sketch one form of plant in each case.3. Sketch (u)a continuous-acting, rotary filter and (b)a vacuum filter plant, with arrangements for elevating the clear filtered liquid to an overhead tank, showing the filter and receiver in section. Suggest a method of separating a finely divided solid from sulphuric acid of 80% strength and. specify the necessary materials of construction. 4. Sketch an over-driven hydro-extractor with bottom discharge, showing the method of controlling the gyration of the cage. How is the centrifugal force related to the speed of rotation, the diameter of the cage and the weight of the charge ? , 5. Show diagrammatically the arrangement of a plant for eva- porating in vacuo a thin liquid from which crystals separate. Give sectional sketches, illustrating the construction of the evaporatorand condenser.6. Explain with the help of a diagram the principle of evapora-tion by multiple effect and discuss the advantages of this system. 255 Branch (9)-The Chemical Technology of Soap Manufacture. The Candidate was required to take the above two papers in General Chem;caE TechnoEoyy. TUESDAY, JULY 5th, 1921 .-10a.m. to 1p.m. (The Candidate is expected to attempt all the questions.) 1. Describe the method of manufacture of Soap by the Cold and Boiling Processes, dealing with the relative costs, advantages and suitability of raw materials to the respective processes. 2. Write a Specification suitable for a contract for Household Soap, and enumerate the tests you would apply to the soap to see if the contract had been fulfilled, stating the information obtainable from each test.3. Give the origin, properties and uses of the following :-(a) Acid Oil, (b) Soap Stock, (c) Melted Stuff, (d) Black Grease. 4. Write a brief description of methods of Fat Splitting, dealing with the use of Autoclaves, Twitchell’s reagent and Enzymic methods. 2 to 5 p.m. (The Candidate is expected to answer the first three questions and one 0ther.) 1. What materials would you select and what quantities would you use to make 100 tons of Carbolic Soap, which would contain ‘? total Fatty Matter including Rosin 50% 2. Briefly describe the manufacture of pure Glycerol from spentlye. 3. Discuss the use of hydrogenated fat for soap making.4. Briefly describe any three fats which differ widely from one another, commonly used in soap mauufacture, and also discuss them from the standpoint of Glycerine yield. 5. Define Soft Soap and mention purposes for which it is used. 6. M7hat is meant by “detergent action” and what theories have been put forward to explain it? WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, JULY 6th and 7th, 1921. 1. Make a general analysis of the sample of soap A, includingRosin estimation, but not including an investigation into the composi- tion of the Fatty Matter. 2. Estimate the moisture, impurities and caponifisble matter in the sample of Palm Kernel Acid Oil C. 3. Make the necessary analysis to recognize respectively the two tats marked B and D, and say if you consider them to be good merchant able quality.[Cocoanut Oil and Shea-nut Oil.] 256 Branch (g).-The Chemical Technology of Coal Tar Distillation and Intermediate Products. TUESDAY, JULY 5th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 1p.m. The candidate was required to take the above two papers in General Chemical Terhnolopj. (see p. 254). (Only four questions to be answered, oj which No. 1 must be one.) 1. A coke oven works produces 100 tons of tar per day. Describe two plants, (a) Intermittent ; (b) Continuous ; to distil this into the preliminary fractions of naphtha, creosote, anthracene oil, and pitch. Give special attention to the kinds of metal to be used and the sizes of the stills. 2. Compare the two methods referred to in question 1.3. What are Carbazol and Curnarone ; in what fractions do they occur in the distillation of coal tar, and how are they isolated ? 4. Describe briefly any commercial. method for the separation of 60's crude carbolic acid and crude cresylic acid. 5. What is a dephlepator ? What functions does it perform ? 6. A works produces anthracene (testing 32%) by filtering and centrifuging. It is desired to improve the product to a minimi-rm of 40%. How would you proceed to do this ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Only four quedons to be answered, of which No. 1 must be one.) 1. Describe the various processes for the manufacture of syn-thetic phenol (for Picric Acid) from pure benzene. State the yields you would expect to obtain and the chief sources of loss.2. What is technical Toluidine, and how is it prepared com-mercially ? 3. Describe the preparation of a and p Naphthol and the methods adopted to vary the proportionate yields of the two substances. 4. Describe a laboratory method for the separation of the three isomers of Cresol from 97/99 yopale cresylic acid. 5. What is Benzyl chloride ? How is it prepared, and for what is it used ? 6. What is an autorlave ? Give a sketch ; describe its general uses and give the details of any one process in which it is used. WEDNESDAY, JULY 6th, 1921, and THURSDAY, JULY 7th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 4.30p.m. each day. 1. A is a sample of crude naphtha. Determine its value by means of its commercial (not pure) products; (assume values for the products).2.B is a sample of crude anthracene. Determine the amount of paraffins. '3. Prepare one of the sulphanilic acids from nitro-benzene. 4. State whether you consider sample 23 is anthracene of A or B quality. 257 Examination for the Associateship in Branch (g). Chemical Technology of Coke Oven & By-Product Practice. The candidate was required to answer two papers in Generat Chemicat Technology (see p. 254). TUESDAY, JULY 5th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 1p.m. (Only Jive questions to be answered.) 1. Give a classified list of coals and other fossil fuels showing the relationship of the caking to the non-caking varieties, and write an account of the methods of determining the caking power.2. State what you know of the modern ideas of the constitution and components of coal and the relation of the caking power to the components.3. Give some account of the varying effect of the rate of increase and final temperature on the character of the products of the coking operation. State how far it is possible for these conditions to be modified in modern coke ovens. 4. Describe as fully as possible the preparation of coal for coking purposes up to the point of introduction to the ovens. State clearly the reasons for each operation, and include in your answer references to modern improvements and proposals for the treatment of coal for making coke. 5. Discuss the tendencies in the development of by-product ovens, stating the advantages and possible disadvantages of the modification.Make such sketches as are necessary in illustration of your answer. 6. State clearly and fully the considerations that would guide you in the selection and setting of brickwork and other refractories in building by-product ovens. What tests would you apply to the materials and what points require special attention in supervising the erection ? 7. Describe types of pyrometer suitable for use on a coking plant. 8. What are the main characters required in good blast furnace State the principles on which they are based. coke ? State the conditions under which they can be best obtained, and how you would test the coke mechanically to ascertain its fitness. TUESDAY, JULY 5th, 1921 :2 to 5p.m.(Only jive questions to be answered.) 1. Give some account of the occurrence of sulphur in coal and its disposition in the products of coking. Describe proposals for its more complete elimination from coke. 2. State the general composition and amount of tar from (&) a fat coal, (b)lignite. State how its composition varies with the temperature and period of the operation. 3. Discuss the methods of recovering the ammonia from coke oven gas and of treating the ammoniacal liquor. In describingapparatus, special care should be taken to emphasis0 the principles on which it relies for its efficiency. Make such sketches as may be neces- sary. 258 4. Give a description of the method you would adopt for the preparation of motor benzol from coke oven distillation products.What tests would you employ to ascertain its quality ? 5. If coke oven gases be applied to town lighting, what special treatment must they receive and what special modifications of plant will be necessary ? 6. How would you proceed to determine the calorific value of a sample of gas ? Sketch and fully describe the apparatus you would use. 7. Give an account of the various appliances that may be employed for lifting and transferring the liquids produced and used on a coking plant. 8. What arrangements would you make for the treatment of 250 tons of tar per week ? State the nature and approximate amount of the product. Give a sketch showing the disposition of the plant. WEDNESDAY, July 6th, 1921 : 10 a.772.to 5 p.m. 1. You are required to identify the materials supplied, to describe their properties and, where essential, the causes that have led to their production. (Anthracene; Xylol ; Bromobenzene ; Graphitised Coke ; from a crack in a (‘black end ”).2. Examine the coal supplied. Determine its calorific power, and make such chemical examination as is necessary to determine the purposes to which it could be satisfactorily applied. If unfinished, you may complete this exercise on the following day. THURSDAY, July 7th, 1921 :10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of gas supplied. 2. Determine the strength of the sample of ammoniacal liquor. Examination for the Fellowship in Branch (g). The Chemical Technology of Explosives Manufacture.The candidate was required to answer two papers in General Chemical Technology (see p. 254). TUESDAY, July 5th, 1921 : 10a.m. to 1pm. 1. Write a short description of the various methods for the manu- facture of picric acid, and describe the characteristic properties of this explosive.2. What are the chief sources of cellulose used in the manufacture of Cordite ? How is the raw cellulose purified and what tests are applied to the purified material ? 3. Describe the particular precautions to be observed in storingand handling the following :-Blasting Gelatine. Trinitrotoluol. Nitric Acid. Dinitrochlorbenzol. Acetone. Cotton waste ready for nitration. Empty sodium nitrate bags. 4. Describe the principal stability tests applied to nitrocellulose.Which of these tests is best suited for :-(1) The control of manufacture. (2) The examination of 8 sample of unknown origin, 259 TUESDAY, July 5th, 1921 :2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write a short essay on recent advances in explosives technology. 2. Classify the following explosives with regard to their properties and applications, and describe the manufacture of any one of those marked with an asterisk :-"Hexanitrodiphenylamine.Lyddite. Lead azide. "Tetryl.Bob binite. *Ballib tit e. Rex Powder. Arnmonal. Hexanitrodiphenyl sulphide. Neonal. Dinitrotoluol. 3. Describe fully all the tests with which an explosive must comply before it can be used as a permitted blasting explosive in coal mines.4. Draw up a scheme for the complete analysis of Cordite MOD. THURSDAY and FRIDAY, July 7th and 8th, 1921 :10a.m. to 4.30p.m. each, day. 1. Make a full analysis of Blasting Explosive Sample A. (Composition : % Ammonium Perchlorate .. .. .. 50 Sodium Nitrate .. .. .. .. 35 Dinitrotoluol 1.204 .. .. .. .. 9 Paraffin Wax.. .. .. .. 60. 100) 2. Make a full analysis of the sample of mixed acid B and carry out with it a preparation of hexanitro-mannitol, determining the yield and melting point of the product. (Checked analysis of Acid : % Sulphuric Acid Nitric Acid .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 59-87 38.92 Nitrous Acid .. .. .. .. 0.24 Water .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.97 lOO*OO) 3. Identify the moderant in the sample of propellant explosive C.(A nitrocellulose powder containing amyl phthalate.) 260 Candidates were required to translate from German and French technical literature into English. The passages given in the foregoing examinations were selected from the following : GERMAN. Ber. 1919: Sept. p. 1709, “Versuche . . . . . . Skala verfolgt.” Ber. 1919: Nov. p. 2072, “231 J. Houben . . . . . . Hindernis.” Ber. 1919 : Oct. p. 1883, “Versuche . . . . . . Molekulargewicht.” Ber. 1919: Dec. p. 2237, “C. Neuberg . . . . . . ausgebildet” (p.2238). Ber. 1920: Jan. p. 14 2 pars. “Das beim Uberleiten . . . . . 3 Stunden benotigt. ” Ber. 1920: Feb. p. 180, par. 1, “Reakfion unter Benzol-Xylol . . . Genusch.” Ber.1920: Mar. p. 454, from “Zur Bestimmung der Ketogruppen” to end of page. Ber, 1920: Apr. p. 585, “(a)Trennungsmethoden” to end of page. Bez. 1920: May p. 824, “ExperimentellerTeil . . . . . . umkrystal-lisierte wurde” (p. 825). Ber. 1920: June p. 922, 2nd and 3rd par., “Wir erhitzen . . . . wirksam waren.” Ber. 1920: July p. 1219, par. “2-methylderivat.” Ber, 1920: Sept. p. 1454, top of page down to “Ausbeute ca. 73%.” Ber. 1920: Oct. p. 1932, “Benzoyl-ameisensaure” to end of page Ber. 1920: Nov. p. 2138, “Der so erhaltene Olefin . . . . . Ver-puff ung verspritzte.” Ber. 1921: Jan. p. 154, “Oxim des 3-n-Propyl -2(5) acetothienons” to end of page. Ber. 1921: Feb. p. 247, “Versuche . . . . . ihre Menge betrag ca. 5 g.” Ber, 1921: June p, 902, “Walter Hieber .. , , , , der Brom Ein-wirking.’’ Bsr. 1921: July p. 1182, “Hydro-cuprein . . . . . . Petroliither.” FRENCH. Chimie et Industrie, 1920 :-Jan. p. 42 Sect. entitled “Diminution de la capacit6 . . . . . . 77 Feb. p. 157 Sects. ,, “Premier mode ” and “Second mode.” 79Mar. p. 313 Sect. ,, “Emploi de la conductibilit6 . . . . . . April p. 422 Intro. section “L’isolement . . . . . . filaments de tungsthe. ” May p. 617 Sect. entitled “DBtermination qualitative et quantitative du molybdbne dam le fer et l’acier.” 261 June p. 755 Sect. entitled “Catalyse.” June p. 756 “Rdactions ii haute tempdrature.” 99 99 July p* 44 ‘‘Divisions naturelles.” 79 Y7 99 t9Aug. p. 200 “Modification h la mdthode de Pearce pour le dosage de l’arsenic.” Sept.p* 318 “RBsines solubles pyrog6n6es.” 99 79 Oct. p. 457 1st par. and 2nd (part of) “L’analyse electrolytique” . . (top of next column) “extrkmement important.” Nov. p. 597 1st 6 pars. “Lorsqu’un rayon . . . . . . phosphores-cents.’ ’ 1921. Dec. p. 722 1st 2 pars. “Les conditions . . . . . . B bas prix.” April p. 371 1st 4 pars. “Nu1 n’ignore . . . . . . ce cas particulicr ” Feb. p. 136 “Les gaz de l’bchappement . . . . . des gaz d’hchappe-ment.” 1921. Jan. p. 36 “L’emploi de cupferron . . . . . . le manganhse.” Feb. p. 206 “Mat6riel de controle . . . . . . de ce dernier.” Mar. p. 288 “Simplifications apporthes . . . . . . cinq minutes.” 1920. June p. 778 “ProcBd6 de dissociation . . .. . essences 16g&res.” 262 Books and their Contents. [*Rooks presented by the authors or publishers to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] “Animal Proteins.” H. G. Bennett. Pp. xiii. and 287. (London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.) 15s. Hides for heavy leathers; skin for light leathers; chrome leathers; miscellaneous tannages ; gelatine and glue ; miscellaneous proteins ; by-products. Engineering Steels.” L. Aitchison. Pp. xxxi. and 397. (London: MacDonald & Evans.) 25s. Steel melting processes; casting and working; heat treatment; mechanical testing; plain carbon steels ;case hardening steels ;cold worked steels ;tool stsels. “French-English Dictionary for Chemists.” A. M. Patterson. Pp. xvii. and 384. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) History of Chemistry.” Sir Edward Thorpe.Pp. 300. (London: Watts & Co.) 7s. Volume I.:From earliest times to the middle of the 19th Century. Liquid and Gaseous Fuels and the part they play in modern Power Production.” Vivian B. Lewes. 2nd edition, revised and edited by J. B. C. Kershaw. Pp. xiv. and 353. (London: Constable & Co.) 12s. 6d. Combustion; fuel ; determination of calorific value ; liquid fuels ; manufacture of coal gas; use of coal gas for heating and power; water gas; poor fuel gas; appendix of tables. Manufacture of Pulp and Paper.” J. J. Clark and T. L. Crossley. Pp. x. and 182. (New York and London: McGraw Hill Book Co.) 30s. Vol. 11. :Mechanics and hydraulics ;elements of electricity ;elements of chemistry.263 Metallography.” S. L. Hoyt. Pp. xiv. and 462. (New York and London: McGraw Hill Book Co.) 28s. Vol. 11.: Metals and common alloys; white metal alloys; light metal alloys; brasses and bronzes ;steel. Monographs of Industrial Chemistry : The Electric Furnace.” J. N. Pring. Pp. ix. and 485. (London: Longmans, Green and Co.) 32s. Types of furnace for experimental laboratory work; measurements of high temperatures ; manufacture of calcium carbide and of nitrogen compounds; electric smelting of iron. ores ; electric steel furnaces ; production of ferro-alloys; application for the preparation of alloys of non-ferrous metals; electro metallurgy of zinc and of copper; pro-duction of carborundum, silicon, alundumm graphite, phosphorus and carbon bisulphide ;electrolytic processes with fused electrolytes ; refractories ; heat losses ; appendices of tables and bibliography.Organic Chemistry, Fundamental Principles of .” C. Morcau. Translated from the 6th French edition by W. T. Braun-holtz. Pp. 400. (London: J. & A. Churchill & Co.) 12s. 6d. Physical Chemistry for Colleges.” E. B. Millard. Pp. vi. and 411. (New York and London: McGraw Hill Book CO.) 21s. Laws of gases ;liquids ;solids;solutions;therm-chemistry;chemical equilibrium ;velocity of reactions ; physical properties and chemical structure; periodic law and radio chemistry ; atomic structure; colloids; electro-chemistry. ‘ Sulphur and Sulphur Derivatives.’’ Harold A. Auden. Pp. 101. (London: Sir Isacc Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 3s-Sulphur ; Sulphur Dioxide and Sulphurous Acid ; Sulphides; Sulphates; Sulphuric Acid Manufacture ; Oleum ; Concentration and De-arsenication of Sulphuric Acid ; Residual Products. “Textile Soaps and Oils.’’ G. H. Hirst. 3rd edition, revised by W. H. Simmons. Pp. 208. (London: Scott, Green- wood & Son.) 10s. 6d. ‘Wood Products, Distillates and Extracts.” P. Dumesny and J. Noyer, translated from the French 2nd edition, revised by H. B. Stock. Pp. 365. (London: Scott, Greenwood & Son.) 21s. 264 Obituary. BERTJOHNAPPLEBYdied at Birmingham on the 5th June in his 29th year. Trained at the Birmingham Municipal Technical School, he was for three years a demonstrator in the Chemical Department of the Birmingham Municipal Technical School, and for eight years works chemist and later chief chemist to the Crane Chemical Co., Ltd.He was elected to the Associateship in 1919. DAVIDBROWNdied at Edinburgh on June 21st in his 82nd year. The son of David R. Brown, of Messrs. J. F. Macfarlane & Co., manu-facturing chemists, of Edinburgh, he was educated at the Royal High School, and studied chemistry at the University. He was for some time engaged as assistant demonstrator to Prof. George Wilson, and later in a similar capacity to Prof. Thomas Anderson at GlasgowUniversity, before he joined the staff of Apothecaries’ Hall, in London. He then assisted Dr. A. Matthiessen in research at St.Bartholomew’s Hospital before he returned to Edinburgh to join his father in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, ultimately becoming senior partner in the firm. He was author of various papers contributed to pharmaceutical literature. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. The Institute has only recently been notified of the death in WILLIAM BUCKLAND July, 1920, of FRANCIS CUNNINGTON,in his thirtieth year. Trained at University College, London, he graduated with Honours in Chemistry at the University of London, and was for a short time Assistant Chemist to the British Metal Extraction Company, Swansea. He was commissioned in the Royal Army Service Corps in November, 1914, and served throughout the war.He died from injuries received in a motor bicycle accident. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. CHARLESESTCOURTdied on June 24th in his 85th year. A native Gloucester, he was educated at Manchester, and, having devoted himself to the study of chemistry from an early age, was for a time engaged at the Inland Revenue Laboratory at Somerset House, London. In 1872 he was appointed Public Analyst to the Corporation of Manchester, which position he held for 47 years. He was also Public Analyst for Ashton-under-Lyne,Bacup, Lancaster, Macclesfield, and 265 Oldham. He was author of various papers on river and atmospheric pollution. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. His son, PHILIPANDERSONESTCOURT,who was also a Fellow, and was for some time associated with his father in practice, died in 1919.Both he and his son devoted much time to public affairs at Stretford, and were members of many local social, artistic and scientific associations. HUGHESJOHN died in London on 5th June at the age of 77. He was trained at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, and under Dr. Augustus Voelcker, with whom he remained for nine years ; there-after he was with Messrs, Lawes & Co., for five years. At about the time of the foundation of the Institute he visited Ceylon and its coffee plantations on behalf of the Planters’ Association. On his return to England he engaged in analytical and consulting practice in the City of London, and was appointed Official Agricultural Analyst to the County of Hereford. He was elected ti Fellow in 1878, and was a Member of Council for two periods, from 1891 to 1894, and 1897 to 1900.HENRYRONDELLE SUEURdied at St. Thomas’ Hospital on the 9th July in his 50th year, having developed while on active service in Gsllipoli a condition of health which destroyed his power of resistance to an attack of pneumonia. A native of Jersey, he worked for two years in the laboratory of Mr. F. W. Toms, at St. Helier’s. He continued his training at University College, London, graduated in 1893, and obtained the Doctorate of Science in the University of London in 1901. During the whole of his professional life he was associated with St. Thomas’ Hospital Medical School, first as demonstrator of chemistry and physics, and thereafter as lecturer on chemistry.During the war he served as a Major in the Royal Engineers in Gallipoli, and later at the Experimental Station at Porton, to which he was one of the first officers appointed. He subsequently proceeded to America to assist in the preparation of the American Gas Warfare Experimental Station. He was one of the Secretaries of the Chemical Society, and most of his work was published in the Journal of the Society. He passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1893, and was elected a Fellow in 1898. He served as a member of the Council from 19 14-19 17. FREDERICRICHARDMALLETdied on the 24th June at Ealing in his 81st year.Trained at Trinity College, Dublin, under Dr. Apjohn, and at the Royal School of Mines, under Dr. Frankland, he joined the Geological Survey as Assistant in 1859. He was engaged in various expeditions and held the appointment of Keeper of the Mineral Collec- tions, and later Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India. He was author of many scientific papers relating chiefly to mineral chemistry which were published in the records of the Geological Survey of India. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 266 JOHNSTUARTMCCRAITHdied at Stockport on July 9th in his 35th year. Born at Chorlton-on-Medlock, he was trained at the Manchester College of Technology at which he was for a year research scholar. He was an Associate of the College, and a Master of Science in Technology of the University of Manchester. He was successively assistant chemist at the Brymbo Steel Works, at the Hawarden Bridge Iron Works, and to the Tungsten and Rare Metals Co., London, and for eight years chief assistant chemist to the Daimler Motor Co.Since 1916 he had been chief chemist to Hans Renold, Ltd., Manchester, where he has actively associated with the original work in connection with rust proofing of cast iron fuse bodies. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. ERNESTWILLIAMSMITH died at Hull on June 10th in his 41st year. He was trained at University College, Nottingham, passed the Examina- tion for the Associateship of the Institute in the Branch of OrganicChemistry in July, 1913, and was elected a Fellow in January, 1917.He graduated B.A. and B.Sc. of the University of London. He was for some time Assistant Lecturer in Chemistry at Hull Technical College, and from 1905 until the outbreak of war was head of the Pure and Applied Chemistry Department of the Technical College, Halifax. He enlisted in October, 1914, and served until September, 1916, in the Royal Army Medical Corps, when he was transferred for chemical work under the Ministry of Munitions at H.M. Factory, Gretna. He con- tracted tuberculosis during his service in France, from which he did not recover. JOHNWILLIAMREGINALDYOULLdied at Chelmsford on July 6th shortly after his 24th birthday. He was trained at the Finsbury Technical College, at which he obtained the certificate, and was elected an Associate of the Institute last year.On the completion of his training he was engaged as an assistant chemist at the Government Laboratory. 267 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on June 24th and July mnd, 1921, I Fellow was elected and I Associate was elected to the Fellowship ; 82 Associates were elected ; and 25 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and 4 Associates by death. New Fellow, Naik, Professor Kuverji Gosai, M.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W. 7. Associate Elected to Fellowship, Brownlee, George, B.Sc. (Edin.), Royal College of Science for Ireland, Dublin.New Assooiates (by Examination), Campbell, Alan Newton, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Micheldever Road, Lee, London, S.E. 12. Doolan, James Joseph, 288, High Road, Ilford, Essex. Evans, Benjamin Beardmore, B.Sc. (Birm.), 48, Oakwood Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham. Hand, Percy George Terry, 199, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London, S.E. 25. Jenkin, John Watson, 21, Red Lion Road, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrev. Kenyon, Frank, 20, Wellfield Road, Blackburn. Martin, Charles William, 66, Mitcham Road, East Ham, London, E. 6. Mooney, Paul Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Khedive Road, Forest Gate, Essex. Pugh, William, Llanerch Farm, Pontardulais, S. Wales. Ridge, Bert Pusey, Hampden Club, Hampden Street, London, N.W.1. Sheldon, Francis Joseph, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 17, Conyers Road, Streatham, London, S.W. 16. Smith, David DOW,16, Empress Avenue, Wanstead Park, London,E. 12. Storm, George Paterson, 48, Llanthewy Road, Newport, Mon. 268 VVhitaker, John Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Lond.), Department of Mining, Uni- versity College, Nottingham. Woodward, Miss Elsie, 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C. 1. Woolf, Sidney Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Technical College, Lough- borough. New Associates. Abbott, Walter Edgar, A.R.C.Sc.I., 65, Hollybrook Road, Clontarf, Dublin. Adams, William Roy Cecil Coode, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Eton Avenue, Hampstead, London, N.W. 3. Bailey, Robert Arthur, B.Sc. (Liv.), 4, Warton Street, Bootle, I'diver-pool.Bains, Leslie, B.A.(Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond ), 5, Carlton Road, Stroud Green, London, N. 4. Barham, Ronald Jack, B.Sc. (Liv.), Derby Park, Oxford Road, Bootle, Liverpool.Bausor, Harold M7illiam, M.A. (Cantab.), De Freville Lodge, De Freville Avenue, Cambridge. Belasco, Harry George, B.Sc. (Lond.),48, Thornton Avenue, Streatham Hill, London, S.W. 2. Blake, Thomas Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.),59, Cartwright Gardens, London, W.C. 1. Bonniksen, Cyril Wilfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Glenmore, 141, Tachbrook Road, Leamington Spa. Bowen, Arthur Riley, B.Sc. (Birm.), 63, Bromyard Road, Worcester. Breslin, John James, A.R.C.Sc.I., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Brown, Leslie Gilbert, A.C.G.F.C., 6, Airlie Gardens, Ilford, Essex. Callow, Ernest Harold, B.Sc. (Birm.), 55, Evelyn Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham.Christie, George Hallatt, B.Sc.(Lond.), 155, Sharrow Vale Road, Sheffield. Clatworthy, Miss Joan Catherine, A.C.G.F.C., 6, Beverley Road, Highams Park, Chingford, London, E. 4. Coffey, Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, Palin Street, Hyson Green, Notting- ham. Cooke, Frank, 12, Beechwood Terrace, Sunderland. Curtin, Norman Richard Mary de Verdon, A.R.C.Sc.I., 29, Grove Park, Rathmines, Dublin. Davis, Stephen Barton, R.Sc. (Liv.), 94, Hartington Road, Sefton Park, Liverpool.Dawkins, David Richard, B.Sc. (Wales), Llwyncelyn, Wern Road, Skewen, near Neath. Downing, Leonard Alfred, A.C.G.F.C., 17, Carholme Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E. 23. Falkner, Ernest Basil, M.A. (Oxon), M.Sc., 52, Kensington Mansions, Earl's Court, London, S.W.Farmer, Cecil Redvers Cheyney, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 16, TherapiaRoad, Honor Oak, London, S.E. 22. 269 Fenby, Alaric Vincent Colpoys, B.Sc. (Lond.), 45, Culmstock Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 11. Foster, Cecil Alfred Maunder, B.Sc. (Liv.), 23, Alfred Road, Birkenhead. Fox, Louis Jean Fielding, B.Sc. (Wales), 198, Lowergate, Longwood, Huddersfield. Freeman, Percy Tom, M.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, SufEolk Avenue, Southampton. Godward, Leslie Wilfred Norman, KSc. (Lond.), 136, KensingtonAvenue, East Ham, London, E. 12. Gordon, Isaac, B.Sc. (Leeds), 28, Elderslie Road, Eltham, London, S.E. 9. Green, Albert, M.C., B.Sc. (Wales), Tanyfron, 1, Cambridge Terrace, Aberystwyth. Green, Brian Michael, B.A.(Cantab.), 26, Upper Hamilton Terrace, London, N.W. 8. Griffiths, Philip Henry, B.Sc. (Walgs), Arfryn, Alexandra Road, Gorseinon, Glam. Gupta, Iresh Chandra, M.Sc. (Calcutta), 21, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, S.W. 7. Hartley, Bernard Cecil, 28, Oakroyd Terrace, Manningham, Bradford, Yorks. Hartshorne, Norman Holt, B.Sc. (Birrn.), 20, Arthur Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Hazeldon, John Nicholson, B.Sc. (Leeds), 74, Woodsley Road, Leeds. Holmes, Frederick Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Albert Street, Melton Mowbray. Hudson, Donald Pryce, B.Sc. (Liv.), 9, Victoria Drive, West Kirby, Cheshire. Hughes, Miss Kathleen Harriet, 8, Ormiston Drive, Knock, Belfast. Ingall, Douglas Heber, B.Sc. (Birrn.),Gower Cottage, 773, Chester Road, Erdington, Birmingham.Lawrie, Leslie Gordon, Stornoway, Golden Road, Kersal, Manchester. Lewis, Wilfred Jmes, B.Sc., 22, Richmond Avenue, Sedgley Park, Manchester. Lorimer, John William, A.R.T.C., 55, Pembroke Road, Erith, Kent. Mann, John Colman, B.A. (Cantab.), 51, Chesterton Road, Cambridge. Marks, Sydney, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), 179, Heywood Street, Hightown, Manchester. Mendel, Eric Lazarus, A.C.G.F.C., 12, Campion Hill Gardens, Kensing- ton, London, W. 8. McCaffery, Brian James, A.R.C.Sc.I., Royal College of Science for Ireland, Dublin. Miller, Miss Christina Cruickshank, B.Sc. (Edin.), 7, Douglas Street, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Norris, Frederick Walter, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Warner Road, Hornsey, London, N. 8.Oriel, John Augustus, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Wales), Berry Square, Dcwlais, S. Wales. Owen, Owen, B.Sc. (Wales), 66, Hill Street, Bangor, N. Wales. Owens, Ridland, B.Sc. (Liv.), 62, Eaton Avenue, Litherland, Liverpool. Price, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 86, Blenheim Road, Barnsley, Yorks. 270 Quastel, Juda Hirsch, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 73, Ecclesall Road, Sheffield. Eogers, Edgar William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4L, Oxford and Cambridge Mansions, London, N.W. 1. Rushton, Thomas Bamber, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), County Police Station, Haslingden, Lanes. Shaw, Miss Elsie, ELSc. (Vict.), Thornhill, Dudley Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. Slate, James, B.Sc. (Vict.), 287, Park Road, Oldham; Lanes. Smith, James Frederick, 80, Cannon Hill Road, Birmingham.Stubbings, Wilfred Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), Dalton Grange, Huddersfield, Yorks. Taylor, Lionel Theos, KSc. (Pun.), 1, Bideford Gardens, Whitley Bay, Northumberland. Wilson, Ernest Perry Bradley, B.Sc. (Birm.), 109, Hengist Road, Northumberland Heath, Erith, Kent. Winter, Ramsay Middleton, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. Woodroffe, David, B.Sc. (Leeds), 13, Primrose Hill, Northampton. Workman, Miss Olive, M.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Ribblesdale Road,Hornsey, London, N. S. Wormall, Arthur, B.Sc. (Leeds), 20, Ashville View, Cardigan Road, Leeds. New Students. Barnett, Roland, 199, Thorold Road, Ilford, Essex. Bartlett, Arthur, 9, Cambridge Street, Hull. Eassett, Henry Norman, 118, Dixon Street, Swindon, Wilts.Bate, Frank Harold, 25, Moor Lane, Witton, Birmingham. Burdekin, John Thomas, 59, William Street, Sheffield. Bushill, John Herbert, 61, Bowyer Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham. Earney, Frank Arthur, 141, Chesnut Road, Plumstead, London, S.E. 18. Fry, Victor Eric, 1, Westminster Gardens, Hillhead, Glasgow. Galinski, Myer, The Homestead, 135, The Common, Clepton, London, E. 5. Gheik, Nand Lal, c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parliament Street, London, S.W. 1. Goodwin, George Harry, Kingsfield Oval, Basford, Stoke-on-Trent. Griffiths, Wilfred Stoughton, 43, Hengist Road, Erith, Kent. Grimwood, Robert Charles, 14a, Graham Road, Dalston, London, E. 8. Hart, Joel Edward, 249, Commercial Road, London, E. 1. Hoffenberg, Isidore Ely, 20, Carlton Mount, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds.Jones, John Mather, St. Loys Road, Tottenham, London, N. 17. Miller, Herbert Frederic, Cheviot, Village Way, Neasden, London, N.W. 10. Nicholson, Lawrence Reginald, 4,Dungarvan Avenue, Putney, London, S.W. 15. Roberts, Denis, 120, Hillingdon Street, Kennington, London, S.E. 17. Seager, John Horsford, 1, St. Mary’s Road, Faversham, Kent. Steele, Andrew, 20, Drumoyne Avenue, Linthouse, Glasgow. 27 1 Tadman, Vernon Thorpe, 189, Woodborough Road, Nottingham. Tidy, Sydney George, 77, Malvern Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.Walker, William Basil, 61, Mundella Road, Meadow, Nottingham. Winsor, William George, Burton House, Mill Hill, London, N.W. 7. DEATHS, Fellows. Brown, David, J.P. Estcourt, Charles.Le Sueur, Henry Rondel, D.Sc. (Lond.). Mallet, Frederic Richard. Smith, Ernest William, B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.). Associates. Appleby, Bert John. Cunnington, Francis William Buckland. McCraith, John Stuart, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Youll, John William Reginald. 272 General Notices. Examinations.-An Examination in Bio-Chemistry will be held in October, 1921. The list of candidates will be closed on Monday, September 19th. Intending candidates can obtain full particulars from the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to October, 1918, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the studv and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of applica- tion for election to the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Registered Students in the last term of their college cowse may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor.The Institute also maintains a Regisxer of kaboratorv Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examina- tions and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have oppor- tunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations. 273 The Library.-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and z P.M.) except when examinations are being held. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M.to 5 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.) until September roth, and thereafter on week-days until 9 P.M. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary is available to those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Publications of the Institute.-A few copies of the following publications of the Institute are obtainable by Members and Registered Students at the special prices indicated :-PROCEEDINGS(prior to 1920).Four Parts annually. Is. each net AND PROCEEDINGSJOURNAL (1920). Six Parts. Each Part 2s. net. HISTORYOF THE INSTITUTE, 1877-1914. 10s. Special Edition 21s. LECTURXS: “Cement.” Bertram Blount, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Ce;lulose.” C. F. Cross, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. “Thorium.” Edmund White, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Chemistry in Gas Works.” W. J. A. Butterfield, M.A., F.I.C. 29. 6d. net. “The Research Chemist in the Works with Special Reference to the Textile Industry.” W. P. Dreaper, F.I.C. 2s. net. “Some Scientific Aspects of Tanning.” J. T. Wood, F.I.C. 2s. 6d. net. EXAMINATIONPAPERS.Annual Sets (prior to 1917), Gd.each (7d. bypost). After 1917, 1s. post free. To all other purchasers, the Lectures will be charged at 5s. each; the ordinuy edition of the History at Zls., and the Special Edition at S2 2s.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9214500233

出版商:RSC    

年代:1921

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1921. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD 36. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, October, I92 18 Publications Committee, 1921-22 HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Chairman), A. CHASTON CHAPMAN (President), WILLIAM BACON, ALLIN COTTRELL, ALEXANDER C. CUMMING, O.B.E., F. G. DONNAN, C.B.E., LEWIS EYNON, 6.WATSON GRAY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, 0.8.E.) HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., ANDREW MORE, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, C.B.E., T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE STUBBS, C.B.E. 277 Proceedings of the Council.(October, 1921) Instruction and Examinations in Chemistry in Technical Schools.-The arrangements, referred to in Part IV., entered into between the Board of Education and the Institute, with regard to the award of National Certificates in Chemistry, have now been confirmed. The Council have received a few letters on the subject from Fellows of the Institute generally expressing approval of the scheme. One, however, expressed distrust of it, until he was assured that candidates for the Senior Certificate would be required to pass an approved Preliminary Examination in subjects of general education, and another said that he feared that the Institute would be expected, in the course of time, to admit candidates who obtained the Senior Certificate to the Associateship on easy terms.The Council have no intention of lowering in any way the standard of the requirements for the Associateship, but they will consider whether and how far the training and the h&her certificates referred to in the scheme will qualify for admission to the examination for the Associateship of the Institute. The scheme, which will be put into immediate operation, willao doubt be watched with interest by many members, and the Council will report on its progress in due course. Registered Students.-The majority of the Committees of the Local Sections favour the admission of Registered Students to the ordinary meetings of the Sections, but it is hoped in the future that Students’ Societies will be formed under the zgis of the Sections, or at least that informal meetings will be arranged from time to time especiallv for Students, in order to enable them to meet one another a; well as established members of the profession.The Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section propose to convene a conference of representatives of the Chemical Societies of the various Colleges in London to consider in what way the Institute can be of greater help to its Registered Students within the area. The Register.--A new issue of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students is being issued with this Part. Lectures.-Fellows, Associates and Registered Students are invited to a Lecture on “Modern Applications of Chemistry to Crop Production” by Dr.Edward John Russell, O.B.E., F.R.S., Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, to be given in the Chemical Lecture Theatre, King’s College, London, by kind permission of the Delegacy of the College, on Monday, November 14th, at 8 p.m. Mr. Horatio Ballantyne’s lecture on Chemists and the Patent Laws, with special reference to the Patents and Designs Act, 1919,and its application to chemical, patents, will be delivered early in 1922. British Engineering Standards Association.--In response to an invitation from the British Engineering Standards Association to appoint a representative to take part in a conference with a view to the preparation of a standard specification of Iron Portland Cement, Prof.Cecil H. Desch has been appointed to act as the representative of the Institute. Stand ardisation of G Iassware.-The President, with Sir Herbert Jackson (Vice-president), Mr. E. W. Voelcker (Hon. Treasurer), and Dr. J. J. Fox and the Registrar attended a conference convened bv the Director of the National Phvsical Laboratory, held on October zoth, at the DepartrneAt of Scientific and Industrial Research, with regard to the Standard- isation of Glassware. The proceedings will be reported in the next issue of the Journal. 279 Leather Trades’ Chemists.-Mr. Francis H. Cam, Member of Council, represented the Institute at the recent conference of Leather Trades’ Chemists. British Empire Exhibition (1 923).-The President has accepted an invitation to join the General Committee of the British Empire Exhibition (1923) as representative of the Institute.Canadian Institute of Chemistry.-At the annua1 meeting of the Canadian Institute held on August zgth, a resolution was passed conveying most hearty congratulations and best wishes to the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland with an assurance of the co-operation of the Canadian Institute in anything pertaining to the good of the profession. The Council have forwarded a reciprocal message to the Canadian Institute. 280 Notes. Ministry of Munitions.---The Institute has received for its library, copies of Mr. Macnab’s “Preliminary Studies for H.M. Factory, Gretna, and study for an installation of Phos-gene manufacture.” Mr.Macnab’s book illustrates the methods adopted by Mr. K. B. Quinan and the staff of the Department of Ex-plosives Supply in the study of technical problems and in the calculations which formed the basis on which factories were constructed, as well as in the scientific control of the work. The book, which contains a lucid description of the various departments of the Gretna factory, with numerous illustra- tions and diagrams providing much detailed information, may be studied with advantage by any industrial chemist, and should be of great value to students desirous of securing an idea of operations on the large scale. Attention is directed to the following abstracts from introductory remarks : “the principle of systematically and carefully calculating the quantities of raw materials and finished products, at all stages of the processes, so that plant of proper size and a well-balanced works can be constructed, applies to all industries.” “Experience has shown that the more earnest thought and study, based on all available scientific data, which are put into the plans for a works or process at its inception, before plant is ordered or building operations begun, the sooner and more certainly will satis-factory results be obtained.” “Many of the drawings and reports to be issued should prove of much assistance to universities and teaching institu- tions in carrying out technical instruction, by showing good methods of applying scientific data to industrial questions and, by presenting concrete examples, thus vitalise to many students the apparentlj7 less interesting field of thermo-chemistry and other branches of physical chemistry.” In order to meet chemical industrial competition Mr.Macnab urges closer co-operation between the more strictly theoretical and the technical workers, as well as the develop- ment of a class of business and financial men “whose educa- tion has been sufficiently broad to enable them to realise the sure foundations on which scientific conclusions rest, and to trust their scientific and technical advisers.” “In this country there has been too little mutual trust and appreciation of each other, and it must be the serious endeavour of all concerned to develop such sure methods of working out new processes in all details, and clearly presenting the results, that the business man may have a well-defined picture of the advantages to be gained, and the cost to be incurred, in so far as the factory is concerned.” ‘‘Greater knowledge on the part of those directing chemical work and the substitution of the rule-of-thumb men (who are often in complete charge of complicated processes) by intelligent chemists who will make it possible for real progress to be made are mong the more obvious reforms to be intro-duced.” “The difficulty would be largely solved if men with good chemical training were in charge of chemical works, for then they could see to the works’ training of the young chemists who came under them and prevent them from making rash experiments, and, at the same time, utilise to the full extent any knowledge or initiative which they might possess.” “The young chemist who starts work in a chemical factory finds himself confronted with plant instead of apparatus, much of which involves mechanical devices of various kinds, pumps and blow casks for moving liquids, mechanism and compressed air for agitating liquids, various methods of applying heat, etc., etc.He should make it his business to get first-hand knowledge of the way each part of the plant acts and a thorough understanding of the principles on which it works and is constructed.” “To do this he should take his coat off when a breakdown or stoppage occurs and see for himself what has been the cause, and learn and help to put matters right.Only in this way can he develop that knowledge of the capacities of a 282 plant and sympathy with it, which will enable the best results to be obtained.” “A plant should be treated well and considerately, and its legitimate working capacity not over-taxed. Careful atten-tion to its smooth running and maintenance in good condition will be richly repaid in steady and uniform output.” “There is nothing infra dig in a highly trained scientific man doing the manual work involved in any of the processes under his control. Thereby he acquires a greater sympathy with and understanding of the men who have to do the regular manual work, which enables more just judgments to be formed as to what constitutes a fair day’s work, and develops a mutual respect between chemist and workman.’’ “One does not rejoice in dirty work par se, but, as a means to an end, viz., the intelligent understanding of plant ind process, it should be cheerfully undertaken when occasion arises.Also the more carefully a plant is controlled the fewer interruptions and occasions for rough work will arise.” “The study for an installation of phosgene manufacture, which is given, well illustrates Mr. Quinan’s method of tackling a technical problem in a thoroughly scientific manner, and should be particularly illuminating to students and others in showing how physico-chemical data are utilised for industrial ends.’’ “It has been abundantly shown that the chemical know- ledge and ability in this country, when adequately directed, can hold its own with that of any other land, but the stimulus of the common aim of quantity of output, and excellence of production, generated by the war, must not be allowed to die out.Every endeavour should be made by professors and students, technical and business men interested in chemical manufactures, as well as by the Government, to get to under- stand better the aims and requirements of each other, and co-operate in remedying any weaknesses in our system, and in developing chemical industry on sound scientific lines.” “It is realised that the conditions under which the Depart- ment conducted the various factories under its control were 283 somewhat abnormal, but the advantage of letting the chemist and those in control of plant and processes have as full know-ledge as possible of the results of working their own special department, as well as those on which they depended, was abundantlv justified in the living interest which most of the men took in their work and the excellent results which they attained.’’ The late Lord Moulton, in a foreword to Mr.Macnab’s book, stated that the Department of Explosives Supply was guided and controlled by men well equipped with scientific knowledge, much valuabie information had been accumulated at national expense, and it had been decided to publish as much as possible of the knowledge so gained in order that the nation might profit by it.Undoubtedly the publication is justified by the valuable example of high endeavour and accomplishment thereby placed on record for the benefit of the coming generation of chemical technologists, to whom the study of these books is to be especially recommended, together with that of the two volumes of Technical Records of the Department of Explo-sives Supply, also compiled by Mi. Macnab, on: (I) The Denitration of Spent Acids, (2) The Manufacture of Trinitrotoluene, which can also be seen in the Library of the Institute. Burnham Technicai Committee.-The Report of the Standing Joint Committee, Representative of Local Educa- tion Authorities and Associations of Teachers, on Scales of Salarzes for Teachers in Technical Schools, etc., has recently been published.The object of the Committee was to secure by agreement on a national basis the orderly and progressive solution of the salary problem in schools of the type referred to, which are maintained by Local Education Authorities, or in which the Local Authorities accept responsibility for the salary scales. The Committee endeavoured to prepare scales of salaries for teachers holding full-time appointments, classified in five 284 grades, which are defined in the Report :-(I) Principals, Head Masters, or Head Mistresses; (2) Heads of Departments; (3) Graduate Assistants; (4) Non-Graduate Assistants; (5) Instructors. With regard to the salaries of Principals, Head Masters, and Head Mistresses, Heads of Departments and Instructors, however, the Committee recommend in general (with some reservations regarding the Heads of Small Schools), that Local Education Authorities should formulate their own standards for these appointments, such scales to be corn-parable with those adopted for similar classes of teachers in Secondary Schools within their respective areas.Graduate Assistants are divided into (6) those who possess a degree of a University in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or equivalent academic or professional qualifications; and (b) those whose industrial or commercial qualifications and teaching or other experience entitle them in the opinion of the Local Education Authority to be placed in this grade.For such Graduate Assistants the Committee recommend the following scales shall apply ;-England and Wales (except London (as defined in Sec-): London):-tion 5 of the Report):- Assistant Masters : Assistant Masters : E240-EI5-L500 ; E290-&-E550 ; Assistant Mistresses : Assistant Mistresses E225-LI5-l400. E27 541544400 As additions to the above scales, the Committee recom-mend, inter ah, for a good Honours degree or its Techno- logical equivalent, as-determined by the Local Education Authority, to the minimum L25; to the maximum L50, the normal scale increments to apply throughout. Non-Graduate Assistants include those teachers, not being Instructors, who have not, in the opinion of the Local Educa- tion Authority, the qualifications necessary for their inclusion in the Grade of Graduate Assistants. For such Non-Graduate Assistants the scale is considerably lower :- 285 England and Wales (except London :-London) :-Assistant Masters : Assistant Masters : EZIO-EIZ IOS.-L450;LI~O-LIZ ros.-~4oo; Assistant Mistresses : Assistant Mistresses : jfl197-fl I2 I0s.-L360.E177 IOS.--&Z 10s.-L320. As additions to these scales, the Committee recommend, inter alia-(a) for Non-Graduate Teachers of three years’ training, LIZ IOS., and (c) for posts of special responsibilitv, not more than E5o for men, and not more than fl40 for women. In the case of (a) the ordinary scale maximum is not to be thereby exceeded, but this restriction shall not apply to an addition made under (c).The point of interest to members of the Institute who are Teachers in Technical Schools is raised in respect of the recognition to be accorded to the qualifications of Associate-ship and Fellowship of the Institute, and attention is therefore specially directed to Section 6 :-TO(I QUALIFICATIONS EQUIVALENT A DEGREE.-The qualifications which may be recognised for the purposes of this Report as the equivalent of a degree of a University in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland shall be determined in the individual case by the Local Education Authority provided that the Standing Joint Committee may at any time issue a list of the qualifications which should be so recognised and may from time to time add to, withdraw from, or otherwise vary such list.” With regard to the above Section, the Council hope that Local Education Authorities will recognise the Associate-ship of the Institute on the same basis at least as an Honours Degree and the Fellowship on the same basis as a Doctorate Degree, and that Associates and Fellows will receive corresponding emoluments.In this connection it should be noted under the general conditions laid down in Section 13, (‘that nothing in the Scales shall be held to limit the discretion of the Authority to recognise exceptional qualifications or experience by additional payments in an 286 individual case.” Further, allowance may also be made, at the discretion of the Local Education Authority, in respect of time spent in industry, or in professional or in research work, after the age of 21, provided that not more than five years, or in special cases seven years, shall be so counted.Other allowances in respect of service are made in the case of certain other teachers in State-aided institutions. Local Education Authorities, in considering the placing of Teachers who are not Graduates, on the Graduate Scale, are recommended to accept a less exacting standard for those who are already in the service of the Authority, and where a Non-Graduate has been placed by the Education Authority on the Graduate Scale, the Committee recommend such recognition shall continue in the application of the new scales.Local Education Authorities are also recommended to recognise the case of Non-Graduate Teachers of adequate educational qualifications whose service in such Schools has been of a meritorious character and who were appointed on or before 1st April, 1921, by placing such teachers on the Graduate Scale. The Committee recommend that the new scales shall come into operation as from 1st April, 1921. Previous service in certain schools, service with the Forces of the Crown during ing the war, or a period of internment in an enemy country as a civilian prisoner, is allowed to rank for the purpose of computing the salary under these scales. Cost of Publication.-The Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies has forwarded to the Council of the Institute a copy of a reasoned statement forming the basis of an appeal, on behalf of certain of the Societies represented on the Board, for assistance towards the expenses of publication.The greatly increased cost of printing, paper, and postage renders it very difficult for these societies to publish results of research on the same scale as before the war, although the output is greater and the need for means of publication correspondingly increased. The Conjoint Board is convinced that serious limitations 287 are thus imposedon one of the most valuable national services, and that these limitations are adversely affecting theprogress of science. The cost of publications of technical societies has been undertaken for the most part by the societies, out of the funds subscribed by their members, including the actual research workers, but few of the societies have been able to do more than meet their liabilities, and all have been compelled to restrict their printing to communications which are original and constitute definite and important additions to knowledge.Their publications constitute the record of progress made ; they have been enlarged or improved, indexes have been provided, and libraries have been maintained, in the interest of the advance of science, for the public good. For example, it is claimed that the application of science to war problems and the rapid evolution of means for combating the use of science by our enemies would not have been possible but for the resources of fact and principle accumulated in our scientific publications. The continuance of the work is no less vital to the rehabilitation of the industries of the country.The societies have increased the subscriptions of their members, and have effected economies ; but such measures cannot be carried beyond a certain point without endangering their objects. Of fif ty-five Scientific and Technical Societies represented on the Board, thirty-seven are making a determined effort to carry forward their work entirely without aid from the State, but the remaining eighteen are faced with serious financial difficulties in attempting to carry out the duties for which they exist. The Conjoint Board appeal for further Government assist- ance for these bodies in the belief that the expenditure will produce the maximum results for the benefit of the science and industries of the nation, and suggest that possibly some arrangement may be made whereby the necessary aid might be afforded by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, or the Medical Research Council.288 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties Section.-Notice having been given to the forty-eight members in the district who had signified their desire to join the Section, a meeting was held at Merchant Venturers’ Technical College on Saturday, 1st October, 1921, at 2.30 p.m. Nineteen members and the Registrar of the Institute were present. On the nomination of Dr.Russell (City Analyst for Bristol), seconded by Mr. Embrey (City Analyst for Gloucester), Prof. Wertheimer was asked to take the chair. He explained that the meeting had been called to inaugurate the Section, to appoint a Committee and Secretary, and to adopt rules. He was glad to see a satisfactory attendance, which he felt would have been greater but for the fact that some members appeared to fear that a Local Section of the Institute might in some way be against the interests of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. In order to clear up any doubts on this score he suggested that before proceeding to the business the Registrar of the Institute should be asked to make a statement with regard to the activities of the Local Sections of the Institute.He gave particulars of the distribu- tion of the members within the district and expressed the opinion that a meeting should occasionally be held in other centres than Bristol, for example, at Exeter. The Registrar conveyed the best wishes of the President and Council for the success of the Section. He directed the attention of the meeting to the objects of the Sections as set forth% the Draft Rules, remarking that they were mainly concgned with advancing the interests of the profession by promoting good fellowship among the members. It was not intended that the Local Sections of the Institute should in any way encroach upon the work of other bodies. Their work was entirely different from that of the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, for instance.He referred to the good work done by other Local Sections; how they had advised the Council with regard to matters of local professional interest, had co-operated with the office in connection with the Appointments Register, assisted the 289 Nominations, Examinations, and Institutions Committee in the consideration of applications for membership, and had sent up suggestions with regard to the development of the work of the Institute, many of which had proved to be of considerable value. He appealed to the Section to help the Institute, especially in the direction of notifying suitable vacancies for chemists and assistants, and said that it would also be asked tc help the Benevolent Fund Committee, should occasion arise to afford assistance to any member within the district.Bristol and the South-Western Counties were entitled to a representative on the Council of the Institute, and it was hoped that one would soon be elected. There were about roo members in the district, and he hoped that they would all join the Section and take an active part in the proceedings. The meeting proceeded to appoint a Secretary, and Mr. W. A. Storey, of Wick, near Bristol, was elected. The Draft Rules were then considered seriatim, being adopted as printed in 1918with slight modifications. It was decided to refer Rules 5 and 6 to the Section Committee when appqinted, to suggest further modifications thereon, and to make a recom- mendation to the Section with regard to the payment of a subscription.Before proceeding to ballot for the Committee, the meeting agreed, on the motion of Mr. Bothamley, that the Committee should consist of 7, including the Secretary. It was then agreed to elect four members at that meeting, and to postpone the election of two more members until the next meeting, the provisional commit tee elected at the first meeting being empowered to carry on the preliminary business of the Section. Ballot having been taken, the following were declared elected members of the provisional commit tee : Mr. A. Marsden, Mr. Edward Russell, Mr. Thomas Tickle, and Prof. Wertheimer, with Mr. W. A. Storey as Secretary. A vote of thanks was accorded to the authorities of the College and to Prof.Wertheimer for the use of the ioom, and the Registrar was also thanked for his attendapce, 290 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section.-The Annual Dinner was held at the North British Hotel on Thursday, October zoth, 1921. About twenty-five members and the Assistant Secretary were present. The dinner was followed by the Annual General Meeting, when the report of the Secretary and Treasurer was received and adopted. The following members were elected to fill three vacancies on the Committee: Prof. R. M. Caven, Mr. J. W. Tait, and Prof. F. J. Wilson. Mr. William Rintoul was unanimously elected Chairman, and Dr. A. J. Robertson, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. At the conclusion of the official business, the Chairman, Mr.J. Macleod, welcomed the Assistant Secretary, who, in reply, referred to the useful work of the Local Sections in assisting the Council and in promoting a sense of comradeship amongst the Fellows and Associates. He also referred briefly to the recent proceedings of the Institute, dealing more particularly with the arrangements under which laboratory assistants are encouraged to qualify for membership of the Institute. The meeting adjourned for an informal smoking concert, to which the members present contributed. Liverpool and North-Western Section.--On October 13th, at the North-Western Hotel, the Section held a meeting followed by a smoking concert. Registered Students within the District were invited to attend, but only a few were present.The Committee hope to see more on a future occasion. The Assistant Secretary of the Institute was present. Manchester and District Section.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on November and. Among other fixtures for the coming session, arrangements have been made for a Joint Meeting of the Manchester Sections of the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Societv of Dyers and Colourists, and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, to be held on January 7th, 1922, when Dr. Arthur Harden will deliver an address on “Bio-Chemical Method,” 291 Newcastle and North-East Coast Section.--.A luncheon, arranged by the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section, was held at the Station Hotel, York, on Saturday, 24th September.Over fifty members from all parts of York- shire attended. Dr. J. T. Dunn presided, and the Registrar of the Institute was also present. A circular had previously been issued to members in the district, indicating that it was impossible for the executive at Newcastle to keep in touch with other than strictly local members, consequentlv a large proportion of the Section was without the benefits and privileges attached to it. The luncheon had been arranged to afford an opportunity of discussing the formation of other Sections as offering the most efficient means whereby pro- vincial members could influence the policy of the Council. After luncheon Dr. Dunn explained that the arrangements for the meeting had been verv largely carried out by Dr.J. H. Paterson, of Newcastle, and Mr. G. N. Grinling, of York, to whom they were indebted for the success of the meeting. Having read a number of letters from members regretting their inability to be present, he briefly reviewed the history of the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section, indicating its utility to the members and to the Institute. In view, how- ever, of the numbers, the large area covered by the Section, and the desirability of having further representation of the district on the Council of the Institute, it was thought that the members in the district would like to be brought together to discuss the position. He suggested, however, that the Registrar should first make a statement with regard to the objects of Local Sections, and he thought that he would probably give them other useful information which would assist in their deliberations.The Registrar, in the first place, conveyed to the members present the best wishes of the President and Council for the success of the meeting; he also referred to letters of welcome which he had received and to others from members who were unable to be present, containing various suggestions. He was glad to see a strong representative gathering, and felt sure that something would be done. In the Yorkshire area there 292 were approximately 270 members, the main centres being Leeds and District with 68 members, Huddersfield 54, Sheffield 49, Bradford 46, Hull 19,York and Harrogate 15, and Middlesbrough 12.Sections were formed to create local organisations of members, to keep alive their interest in their profession, to maintain its status, to afford opportunities for social intercourse, to advise the Institute with regard to matters of local professional interest, to co-operate with the office in advising candidates for membership and in the work of the Appointments Register. The chief object, however, was to bring the members together to help one another, and to co-operate in strengthening the position of the Institute and the profession. During the war and since, not only the Institute, but Chartered Professional Bodies generally, had received greater recognition than at any time previously from the Government. Lately the Institute had been approached by the Board of Education to take an interest in the teaching of chemistry in Technical Schools in England and Wales.In future the ‘Institute would be consulted with regard to the courses and examinations in chemistry in such Schools, and the Council had every reason to believe that this arrangement would be beneficial. The importance of the science of chemistry was better realised than ever it had been, but, for all that, the Institute was faced with problems in dealing with which the Local Sections might give substantial help One was the question of unemployment. After the armistice, the Appointments Register of the Institute was so far instru- mental in resettling chemists who had been engaged with the forces or on munitions work that at the end of 1920 there were only 13 members out of work.During that period over 700 names, representing more than a fifth of the membership of the Institute, had passed through the Appointments Register. At the present time, however, over 80 members were out of work, and many new recruits were joining the profession. He hoped that any member who had an oppor- tunity of bringing a suitable appointment to the notice of the Institute would do so. In the present circumstances he felt that any man out of work would be wise to turn his hand to anything which would assist him to earn his living. For some time it would be difficult for many men to secure what they thought they were worth in the way of pay, but they would rather have to make the best claim they could and take what thev could get.The difficulty in chemistry lay in the circum-stakce that it was not a matter of assessing the value of crafts-men all capable of rendering services of approximately the same order, but of a body of men whose work could only be assessed with any degree of justice by taking them individually and in respect of a particular purpose. All professions were overcrowded; chemistry was perhaps in a better position than most; but it was impossible, in view of the varying nature of the work of chemists and their varying capabilities, to insist upon a minimum salary or to attempt to formulate a graded scale of salaries, Educated meniwere expected to prove their worth and their pay must be dependent upon individual ability and enterprise. Some he knew had for some time past led lives of quiet desperation.It was a hard task for them to hold out until better times, and already the Institute had received some calls on its Benevolent Fund. The Sections could help in that matter. The Council were indebted to Local Interviewing Committees and to individual members for their prompt replies to enquiries regarding candidates for membership. The Institute looks to the Local Sections to take a leading part in the election of the Council. By the election of District Members of Council it was hoped to secure strong representative members who would be keen to take an interest in the work of the Institute, and bring to the Council table new ideas for the furtherance of its work.To progress, the Institute should have the means constantly of attracting fresh ability and fresh views. He hoped that the meeting would decide that it was desirable to form a Section, and to put the matter in form, he suggested that a member should move that a Local Section of the Institute be formed. Mr. Mackey moved, and Dr. R. €3. Forster seconded, that there be formed at least one Local Section in the Yorkshire District. After some discussion as to the terms of the resolu-(ion, this motion was put to the meeting and carried. 294 On the motion of Dr. R. B. Forster, seconded by Mr. F. W. Richardson, it was resolved that it was desirable to form a Local’Section at Leeds. On the motion of Mr.Peacock, seconded by Mr. S. Robson, it was resolved that it was desirable to form a Section at Huddersfield, and, on the motion of Mr. W. J. Rees, seconded by Mr. John Evans, it was decided that it was desirable to form a Section at Sheffield. Several members, including Messrs. F. W. Branson, J A. Foster, J. H. Paterson, H. A. Scruton, and A. R. Tankard, took part in the discussion. On the motion of Mr. Richardson, seconded by Mr. Young, a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Dunn for presiding, and, on a motion by Mr. J. A. Foster, a vote of thanks was accorded the Registrar for his attendance and assistance at the meeting. Personal. BEVAN-T~~DEATHOF MR.EDWARD Council regret to report the death of Mr. Edward John Bevan, a Past Vice- President, who had rendered very valuable services to the Institute. Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., President of the Institute, has been appointed a member of the Royal Com- mission on Awards to Inventors in place of Sir James John- ston Dobbie, Past President, who has retired from the Com- mission. ERRATUM.-The Publications Committee regret that owing to a number of lines being accidentally omitted in the preparation of Part IV., the paragraph under this heading referring to Dr. P. C. C. Isherwood on p, 245 in that number was inaccurate. Two paragraphs should have appeared as follows:-Dr. Percy Claude Cameron Isherwood has been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.Dr. Eric Keightley Rideal has been appointed to the Humphrey Owen Jones Lecturership in Physical Chem- istry in the University of Cambridge. 295 Obituary. EDWARD,Tow BEVANdied suddenly at a nursing home, in London, on 17th October, in his sixty-fifth year. Before entering Owens College, Manchester, he was for four years in the laboratory of the Runcorn Soap and Alkali Go., during which time he attended classes at the Royal Institution, Liverpool. With this early experience he was transferred almost imediately to the Senior Laboratory at College, where he worked under Roscoe and Schorlcmmer, taking physics under Balfour Stewart, and, two year later, in 1878, became chemist to Messrs.A. Cowan & Sons, Ltd., Papermakers, at Musselburgh. In 1882 he was engaged in the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew, upon research for Sir John Lawes, and subsequently investigated some chemical processes for Messrs. Thomson Bonar & Co. From his student days he was intimately associated with Mr. C. F. Cross, with whom he entered into formal partnership in 1883. In addition to the published researches on Cellulose, in which he was also associated with his partner, and which form at series of standard works of reference on the subject, Mr. Bevan was the author of special articles* in Morley and Muir’s edition of Watts’ Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, in Thorp’s Dictionary of AppliedChemistry, and Spon’s EncycEopmdia, and of many papers contributed to scientific journals.He was also joint author with Mr. Cross of a Textbook of Paper-Making.He was a member of the Juries of various exhibitions held in London in the eighties, and served as an Examiner to the City and Guilds of London Institute in several subjects. In 1892 he was ap- pointed Public Analyst for the County of Middlesex, for which he was subsequently appointed Official Agricultural Chemist, He was an Hon. 8ecretary of the Society of Public Analysts from 1894 to 1904, and was President of that Society for the year 1905-06. He waf~ elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1893, and served on the Council for four complete periods of three years each, and was a Vice-President from 1905-08. He was buried in Watford Cemetery on 21st October, the Registrar attending aa the representative of the Institute.FRANCIS died on January dth, 1920, in ALBERTBOWENJEWSON his seventieth year. Trained at the Royal College of Chemistry under Sir Edward Frankland, he was for about t)wenty years chemist to Messrs. Gillman & Spencer, Brewers, of Southwark, and also taught in the London School of Brewing, then under the direction of the firm, before he practised on his own account. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 296 Books and their Contents. [“Rooks presented by the authors or publishers, or purchased,t to be seen in the Library of the Institute.] t“Aluminium and its Alloys.” C. Grard translated by C. M.# and H. W. L. Phillips. Pp.xxiii. and 184. (London: Constable & Co.) 17s. 6d. Book I.: Aluminium. Part I., Production; Part II., Properties.Book 11.:Alloys of aluminium. Part III., Light alloys of aluminium for casting; Part IV., Light alloys of great strength; Part V., Cupro-aluminiums or aluminium bronzes ; appendices. , “Animal and Vegetable Fixed Oils, Fats, Butters and Waxes.” C. R. Alder Wright. 3rd edition, revised by C. Ains-[worth Mitchell. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 56s. General composition and nature of oils, butters, fats, waxes, and allied substances; physical properties of oils, fats, waxes, etc. ; chemical properties of oils, fats, butters, and waxes ;processes used for extracting, rendering, refining, and bleaching oils, fats, etc.; classification and uses of fixed oils, fats, waxes, etc. ; adulterations; the candle industry; the soap industry; appendices. “Cane Sugar.” Noel Deerr. 2nd edition. Pp. 650. (London Norman Rodger.) 42s. Cane; composition of sugar cane; range and climate; variation in the cane and cane varieties ;soils of the cane-growing regions ;manuringof the cane; irrigation of the cane; husbandry of the cane; pests and diseases; harvesting; extraction of the juice by mills ; diffusion process; action of heat, alkalies and acids on sugars and cane juices; defecation of cane juice ;carbonation processes ; sulphitation ; filtra-tion ; evaporation ; sugar boiling and crystallization-in-motion; separation of the crystals; raw sugar; molasses; bagasse as fuel and the steam generating plant of the cane sugar factory; polarimeter; determination of cane sugar and the assay of sugar-house products; determination of reducing sugars; control of the factory; fermenta- tion with special reference to the sugar house.297 I‘‘Chemical Dishfection and Sterilization.” S. and E. K. Rideal. Pp. vii. and 313. (London: Edward Arnold & CO.) 21s. Disinfection of air ;sterilization and preservation of food ;sterilization of water ;public disinfection ;personal and internal disinfection ;non-bacterial parasites ; wood preservation ; chemicals employed in disinfection -chemical constitution and germicidal nctivity; chemicals employed in disinfection-inorganic substances ;chemicals employed in disinfection-organic substances ;aliphatic derivatives ;chemicals jmployed in disinfection-organic substances;aromatic derivatives ; 3hemicals employed in disinfection-organo-metallic derivatives ; methods of analysis and testing.*“ Chemicals and Industrial Materials, with their Com-mercial Uses.” C. Argles. (Birmingham.) *“Chemistry and Civilisation.” A. S. Cushman. Pp. 151. (Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.) 15s. Chemistry in the past; chemistry in the service of man; chemistry and industry; chemistry and war; chemistry and the future; some modern aspects of chemistry. *“ Chemistry and Physics, Handbook of.” C. D. Hodgman, assisted by M. F. Coolbaugh and C. E. Senseman. 8th edition. Pp. 711. (London: Chapman & Hall.) 24s. Mathematical tables ; general chemical tables ;properties of matter ; heat ; hygrometric and barometric tables ; sound ; electricity and magnetism; light; miscellaneous tables ; definitions and formulae ; laboratory arts and recipes ; photographic ‘formulae ; meamires and units ;wire tables : problems.“Chemistry for Engineers and Manufacturers.” Bertram Blount and A. G. Bloxam. z vols. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) Vol. I., Chemistry of Engineering, Building and Metallurgy. 4th edition. Pp. xi. and 392. 14s. Part I., Chemistry of the chief materials of construction; the sources of energy; steam raising; lubricants; Part II., metallurgy. VOl. II., Chemical and Manufacturing Processes. 6th edition. Pp. xv. and 513. 16s. Sulphuric acid manuiacture ;alkali manufacture ;destructive distilla- tion; artificial manure manufacture; petroleum; lime and cement; clay industries and.glass; sugar and starch; brewing and distilling; oils, resins, and varnishes ;soap and candles ;textiles and bleaching ; colouring matters, dyeing and printing; paper, pigmente ;manufac-ture of le&her, glue and size; explosives, etc. 298 *“ Explosives Supply, Technical Records of,” 1915-18. Nos. 2 and 3. Ministry of Munitions and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 30s. for z vols. No. 2 : Manufacture of Trinitrotoluene (T.N.T.).No. 3 :Sulphuric Acid Concentration. *(‘Forensic Chemistry.” A. Lucas. Pp. vii. and 268. (London: Edward Arnold & Co.) 15s.Blood stains; bullets and other projectiles for firearms; clothing; counterfeit coins; documents; dust and dirt; explosives and explo- sions;fibres;finger prints ; fires ; firearms;hashish ;microscopy and photography applied to forensic chemistry ;poisons ;preservation of the human body after death; robbery from letters and parcels; stains and marks ;string and rope ;textile fabrics ;tobacco.(‘Micro-Chemical Tests for Alkaloids, Some.” Charles H. Stephenson. Pp. iv. and 110. (London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd.) 21s. Micro-chemical tests for alkaloids--described by others; concentra- tions of alkaloidal solutions ;reagents used ;method used in making tests; scheme for identification of tests; table showing tests for each alkaloid; detailed description of tests; chemical examinations; 27 plates.“(‘Modern Chemistry.” A. J. Hale. Vol. 111. Pp. vi. and 280. (London: Virtue & Co., Ltd.) 16s. Historical and general introduction to the chemistry of carbon compounds;hydrocarbons, aliphatic and cyclic ;halogen compounds, organo-compounds of metals and non-metals ;alcohols, fermentation, ethers; aldehydes and keto-compounds : carboxylic acids and their derivatives. C‘ Physical Chemistry, System of.” W. C. McC. Lewis. Volumes. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) Vol. I. Pp. x. and 494. 15s. The kinetic theory. Vol. 11. Pp. iii. and 454. 15s. Thermodynamics. Vol. 111. Pp. viii. and zog. 7s. 6d. Quantum theory, Appendices. “Physiology of Protein Metabolism .” Monographs of Bio-Chemistry.E. P. Cathcart. New edition. Pp. vii. and 176. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 12s. 6d. Digestion of protein ; protein regeneration ; feeding experiments ; dearninization ;influence of food on the composition ol the tissues; protein requirements ; theories of protein metabolism ; starvation ; work; influence of carbohydrates and foods on protein metabolism ; bibliography. 299 ‘(Qualitative Analysis, Notes on.” H. J. H. Fenton New edition. Pp. vi. and 153. (Cambridge University Press.) 9s. ‘(Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Substances, Text-book of .” S. A. Kay. Pp. vi. and 80. (London: Gurney and Jackson.) 7s. 6d. *“ Radioactivity and Radioactive Substances.” J. Chadwick.Pp. xii. and 111. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman tSt Sons, Ltd.) 2s. 6d Nature of radioactivity; ionization of gases ;methods of measurement; radiations; the a-rays; the P-and y-rays; radioactive changes; radioactive sub&a;nces; radium and its products; general results. *“Soil Conditions and Plant Growth.” E. J. Russell. Pp. xiia and 406. 4th edition. (London: Longmans, Green & CO.) History ; soil conditions affecting plant growth ;composition of the soil; colloidal properties of soil; carbon and nitrogen cycles in the soil;biological conditions in the soil; micro-organic population of the soil and its relation to the growth of plants; soil in relation to plantgrowth ;soil analysis and its interpretation ; appendices. 300 Scientific and Industrial Research.-~ The Sixth Annual Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (Cmd. 149r), recently published by H.M. Stationery Office, covers the twelve months ending 31st July, 1921. Referring to the work of the boards which have been established to co-ordinate, in the interests of economy, researches which are of civilian interest as well as of importance to the fighting services, the Committee state that “In view of the Government instructions with regard to the restriction of public expenditure, it has been necessary to proceed with caution in expenditure on new researches and, in view of the difficulty of securing research workers of high qualifications and of introducing a new and experi- mental system of co-operation between different depart- ments of State, the progress has inevitably been slower than will be the case after experience has been gained and time has been given for working out a well-considered pro-gramme.” Seeing that, as a result of the prevailing industrial depression, a considerable number of highly competent chemists are now available, the difficulty of securing research workers is hardly apparent, so far as chemistry is concerned, although the desire to restrict public expenditure may so affect the terms offered to them as to induce them to seek employment in other directions.The Report of the Committee deals in the main with the disposal of funds and bears evidence to the anxietv of the Department to restrict expenditure, although it “will inevitably involve the postponement of a certain amount of research work which we consider of importance in the national interest, while over the whole programme of work of the Department its effect will be to retard progress and to delay the stage at which results will become avail- able.’’ 301 A sum of L14,202has been provided, in the estimates for 1921-22, for the Building (materials and construction) Research Board, including about ,E3,000 for the Building Research Station.The estimated expenditure on the Geo- logical Survey and Museum is L65,711, provision being made for LIZ,OOO in respect of the printing establishment of the Ordnance Survey on the engraving and printing of Geological Survey maps, in accordance with a decision that this service shall in future be rendered by the Ordnance Survey on a repayment basis.“Important work has been undertaken duiing the year by the Fuel Research Board.” A Report has been published on the effect of steaming various coals in vertical gas retorts. “The results show broadly that substantial gains can be made in the gas evolved, and also in the by-products, tar and sulphate of ammonia. A report will shortly be issued dealing with the experiments on low temperature carbonisa- tion and the carbonisation of air-dried peat at various temperatures.* Inquiries have been prosecuted in Canada in connexion with peat winning, and experimental work has been carried out in Ireland at Turraun.Research work on power alcohol has also proceeded actively.” Provision has been made in the estimates for 1921-22 for an expenditure of ,E54,979 on the Fuel Research Station, with receipts estimated at &6,600. The expenditure elsewhere than at the Fuel Research Station is estimated at fs7,985. “The total estimated expenditure of the National Physical Laboratory in 1921-22 is fTz13,269, and the estimated receipts amount to LIOI,OOO, of which &0,900 represents fees paid by outside bodies for tests and special investigations, while jC150,100 represents research undertaken for other Departments of State on a repayment basis.” The most important development of the work of the Food Investigation Board during the past year has been the * Fuel Research Board. Technical Paper No.4. The Carbonisa- tion of Peat in Vertical Gas Retorts, H.M. Stationery Office, 6d. (by post, 7d.). 302 establishment of the relations with the University of Cam- bridge, and the decision to proceed with the erection of a LOW Temperature Research Station on a site provided by the Universitv. A grant of -&,500 has been made to the Uni- versity for the erection and equipment df the Station. For the continuance of the present work of the Board a sum of f123,318 has been included in the estimates of the current financial Ye= The Tin and Tungsten Research Board, having brought its labours to a definite stage, has been dissolved. The balance of its Research Fund, provided by the Cornish landowners and mine owners, amounting to E393 8s.6d., has, after adjust- ment of certain expenditure on patents taken out to cover the results of research carried out bv the Board, been transferred to the Cornish Chamber of Mines for the prosecution of research for the benefit of the tin mining industry. Thirteen other research programmes have been carried out under the supervision of various committees of the Department during 1920-zr, at a cost of -&,88r 13s. 6d. The number of industrial research associations now approved by the Department is twenty-six, and the total expenditure on grants to associations during the year ended 31st March, 1921, amounted to L74,557 IS. zd. The balance of theMillionFund remaining unexpended wasEgo3,zog 8s.rod. of which sum a large percentage has been earmarked for prospective commitments to associations already formed. Twenty-four applications for patents have been filed during the past year, of which five were not proceeded with. Eighteen grants were made in aid of scientific investiga- tions conducted by other bodies at an expense of flzo,grz 3s. rId., and a sum of A18975 has been provided for their continuance. Allowances have also been made to 132 students for training in research in various universities and colleges, and to 70 research workers engaged on independent research or as scientific assistants to investigators of standing, besides 43 grants to scientific workers to enable them to employ laboratory or clerical assistants or to purchase equipment.303 The total amount expended on these grants is estimated at -&0,850, compared with @3,655 5s. 9d. in the previous year. The total expenditure of the Department was &z,q 7s. 5d. The Report of the Advisory Council, which is attached to the Report of the Committee, occupies the bulk of the publi- cation. The Council state that they have recommended reductions of 17 per cent. in expenditure during I~ZI-ZZ, and that their preliminary estimates for 1922-23 show a saving of 20 per cent. on those of the current year, but they urge upon the Privy Council and the Government “the danger that, if the financial provision for research is severely cut down, it may be necessary to suspend the existence of certain organisations under the Department whose investigations could not be satisfactorily continued within narrower limits of expenditure than are imposed at present.Not only would such a step seriously diminish the usefulness of the Department, but an attempt to renew these activities when times are more prosperous would involve much labour and difficulty, and, when completed, might be too late to be effective.” The Report continues: “Scientific research is, in our judgment, the main, if not the only, source of fresh pro- ductivity in industry, and it is only by increased produc- tivity the world will find a way out of its present economic difficulties.” With regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Privy Council that there are few suitable research workers available, an opinion which it is difficult to reconcile with the fact that, at the date of the report, a considerable number of such workers were actually disengaged, it might be held that the following quotations should justify an effort to secure their further employment :-‘(The real limit that should be set to work of this kind is the number of suitable workers available, for it is clear that 304 men capable of independent scientific research always produce more than they cost.’’ “ If efficient research workers can be employed on a problem that calls for soh- tion, it always pays to employ them. If they cannot, it is useless to undertakeb the work, and we have repeatedly refused to begin important researches for this reason.That is the principal argument for spending State funds on recruiting and training an army of research workers of the necessary attainments. They are needed not only by the State for attack upon urgent problems; they are needed also by our industries as a means to higher production and by the universities as leaders and trainers of fresh recruits.” “Any reduction in the expenditure by Government on research which is considered by responsible men of science to be needed will react most rapidly at the point where we are nationally weakest-on the number (not the quality) of competent investigators coming forward.” Co-ordinating Boards have been appointed with the following duties :-“(a) To co-ordinate the researches of the fighting services and other Government Departments with a view to securing greater efficiency and preventing overlapping. (b) To form a central source of finance for researches of (c) To act as a source of information on the results general industrial and scientific importance.achieved to other interested persons, so far as this is consistent with the safety of the realm. (d) To arrange for researches for which inadequate provision is made.” The Boards asked for returns of the various experimental establishments, of the facilities available at each, and of the personnel engaged in directing and carrying out scientific research, and for complete lists of the researches in progress, with the useful results of enabling a comprehensive view of the requirements of the services to be obtained, and of suggest-ing opportunities for mutual co-operation and help.More 305 complete knowledge was obtained by visiting experimental stations in order to get into closer personal contact with the officers who are carrying out the work. Visits were paid to the National Physical Laboratory, to a section of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and to the different sections of the Research Department, Woolwich, to the Admiralty Engineer- ing Laboratory and the Admiralty Mining School, to the Signals Experimental Establishment, Woolwich, and to the Royal Aircraft Establishment, and in every case the responsible officers made admirable arrangements to give members of the boards a clear idea of the scope and character of the work being carried out.The results showed that in the strict sense there was remarkably little overlapping in the researches conducted by the different services, and that where the same problem was apparently being attacked at different establishments, closer enquiry showed that it was being attacked from different points of view. It was not sufficient, however, to be satisfied that no unnecessary overlapping existed-the really vital question being whether the arrangements were such as to secure maximum efficiency and economy. "Arrangements have been made to finance researches undertaken at the National Physical Laboratory for the fighting services which are approved by the boards, and for which provision could not be made in the general annual estimates of the Laboratory.It has been arranged that researches undertaken for other Government Departments at the National Physical Laboratory which are not referred to and approved by the boards are to be financed by the Depar tmen t initiating them. " With regard to the publication of the results of investiga-tions undertaken for the services, the Advisory Council advocate a policy under which the co-ordinating research boards will advise on the suitability of publication or other communication, rather than that the boards should undertake it themselves. On the other hand, the Council recognise the importance 306 of entrusting the boards, so far as is possible, with the duty of arranging directly for the communication of confidential information on the results of research to industrial organisa- tions, when this appears desirable in the interests of the services.The reason for this is mainly that the Research Department is in far closer touch, through research associa- tions and in other ways, with the general scientific activities of the country. “The ultimate aim of most Government research carried out for the fighting services is to improve an article for the benefit of the services as users; sooner or later, therefore, the results must be communicated in some form to the producers. Since this is necessarily true, the best method of doing so is a matter of great importance to which the boards will continue to give careful attention.” It is admitted that many technical developments of the fighting services are initiated by people who are entirely independent of the services and that big developments in any branch of knowledge often come by following up lines of thought with quite a different object in view.The Council is mindful also of the importance of developing methods for the production, from material available in the country, of substances which may be of vital importance in war time, and this they suggest is essentially a matter for Government initiative, since there can be little incentive on the part of the industries of the country to embark on technical developments.The remainder of the Report is divided into three parts: (I) recording progress made with the scheme for co-operative research by the industries, (2) recording work done for national purposes, and (3) referring to “(a)certain independent institutions and certain specific researches which have been aided by grants from the Department; (b) the grants made to individual research workers and students ; (c) the Inter-departmental Committee on Patents; (d) the question of State aid to the publications of learned societies; and (e) the method of dealing with applications for aid from inventors.” 307 The total number of research associations established up to the date of the Report is twenty-four, and two others are about to be incorporated.Some of the associations have not as yet produced any large amount of new knowledge, but others are said to have already done work which will repay their expenditure. While there is a tendency to attach much importance to early practical results, the associations are concentrating more particularly on the fundamental principles underlying the methods and processes of their trades. The British Cotton Industry Research Association, for example, in its investigations has determined its line of advance: “To try to understand the chemical and physical changes produced during manufacture, and so to establish gradually, a broad roadwav along which future advances may be made.” Work is in progress on “The structure of cotton fibre; the effects of bacteria in causing deterioration of cotton and cotton goods; the constituents of raw cotton; the moisture content and drying of cotton, defective sizing, the variation of tensile strength with twist, measurement of the regularity of yarn, strength of yarns under a varying stress.” The Association will have its laboratories at the Shirley Institute, Didsbury, and it is anticipated that the first portion will be ready for occupation in December this year.The Association has prepared a comprehensive bibliography relat- ing to the cotton industry, and has a rapidly growing library. The British Research Association for the Woollen and Worsted Industries has been occupied largely in the equip- ment of an establishment at Headingley, ‘Leeds.It has issued several reports on various researches, other investiga- tions are in progress, and the Association is consulted on difficulties susceptible of solution by research, as they arise. The investigations are carried into the question of improving the quality of raw wool as affected by breeding; and the co- operation of sheep farmers and flock-owners has been sought in that connection. 308 The Linen Industry Research Association, which is to be housed at Lambeg, near Belfast, is devoting attention to a wide field of problems of technical importance, such as work in connection with the selection of improved strains of seed, in order that general uniformity may be secured in the flax crop and in the fibre resulting therefrom.Experimental flax-growing has been carried out in the grounds of the research imtjtute, and other experimental plots of flax of different varieties have been grown by the Association for the purposes of supplying the laboratories with raw material for research and for seed selection. The comparative study of flax, hemp, and ramie has been commenced, including the behaviour of the raw materials when “retted,” and the changes taking (‘place during the process of boiling ” and (‘bleaching.” The Research Association of British Rubber and Tyre Manufacturers has been temporarily accommodated at University College, London, but has lately purchased premises in Croydon. Pending the installation of the experimental equipment of the permanent laboratory, the scientific work has been limited to investigations of a physical character bearing on the properties of crude rubber and the changes resulting from the preparatory processes employed in the factory.The results of these investigations are expected shortly. The British Photographic Research Association, which occupies part of the Laboratories of the Institute, has devoted its attention to work of a fundamental character, and in order to make its results widelv available has published a consider-able number of commukcations to scientific and technical journals, in the belief that the wide dissemination of results will stimulate interest in its activities and secure more wide- spread co-operation in its work.The British Scientific Instrument Research Association, which is also in Russell Square, has carried out investigations on abrasives and polishing powders, which have proved of interest to the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Associa- tion and the British Cutlery Research Association; and 309 provisional arrangements have been made fc?r joint action in the future conduct of research. A Sub-committee of the Association has been appointed to co-operate with the Electro- therapeutic Section of the Royal Society of Medicine to draw up a complete specification of an X-Ray outfit to comply with modern requirements. The Association has also found it expedient to consult with the Director of Research of the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association and to arrange for co-ordination in electrical researches of common interest to both organisations.Close touch has been maintained between the Association and the research depart- ments of the fighting services, and to further this policv three officers, nominated respectively by the Admiralty, War-Office, and Air Ministry, have been appointed to the Council of the Association. The British Refractories Research Association at Stoke-on-Trent has taken over from the Institution of Gas Engineers all the research work hitherto carried out by the Institution, and has formed a Joint Committee with the Glass Research Association for the purpose of dealing with special problems encountered in the Glass Industry.The Advisory Council have without doubt made special mention of the above Associations as representing types of the more active of these organisations. All of the Associations referred to above employ chemists, whose work will therefore be watched with interest by members of the Institute. The following paragraphs under "General Considerations " are also of interest:-''In last year's report, the question of associations undertaking for their members work of a kind hitherto carried out by the professional analyst or testing engineer was discussed, and we pointed out that it was important that research associations should define clearly, and from the beginning, their attitude in this matter. The subject was raised at one of the conferences of research associations held by the Department, and distinctly different policies were advocated.The view was expressed by one association 310 that consulting work was of definite value to the progress of research, inasmuch as it kept the association informed of the directions in which research was desirable, owing to customary methods being unsatisfactory; it also brought out the need for educational lectares and better dissemina- tion of known practice. It was further argued that in all research work the irregular or unexplained result was often the starting point for important advances.” “Another association, on the other hand, felt that research should, as a rule, be carried only to the initial stage of practical application, the individual firms being left to work out the methods of applying the new knowledge to their own particular problems, and that only in excep- tional cases should it be carried beyond this point.In support of this view, it was argued that it would tend to foster the demand for the services of scientific men in the works of individual members of research associations.” The argument appears to have drifted swiftly away from the point at issue, viz., whether state-aided institutions should interfere with the right of rate- and tax-paying citizens to earn their livelihood; but it is gratifying to find that the Advisory Council adopt a view which leaves at least some possibilities for the individual practitioner. They say :-“We recognise that individual associations must work out for themselves the problem of combining pure research with an intimate knowledge of the conditions of industrial practice, but we are of opinion that, as the individual firms in an industry come to grasp the importance of research and experiment in the conduct of their own business, the second view will be held to be the sounder, and that research associations will decide to keep in the forefront of their policy the vital importance of the investigation of funda- mentals.” The National Physical Laboratory has resumed its normal functions and its work continues to increase in scope and importance, “The researches on alloys in continuation of the work of 311 RobertsAusten, which have been carried out at the Laboratory since its formation, under the auspices of the Alloys Research Committee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, are still in hand.Research on hardness of metals and their resistance to wear is also in progress for the same institution: The Laboratory has co-operated with the Iron and Steel Institute in the production of standard steel samples, and has given assistance in the work of the Institute of Metals. In-vestigations in hand for the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association, the Glass Research Associa- tion, the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, the British Scientific Instrument Research Association, etc., cover a wide field. The demands from manufacturers for special investigations continue to increase, and indicate widening recognition of the assistance which the Laboratory is able to render.The Laboratory receives payment of the full cost of all work done for research associations or private firms.’’ “Extended use is being made of the Laboratory in the conduct of research required by the boards and committees of the Department, including the co-ordinating research boards.” “The volume of test work has somewhat diminished, owing partly, no doubt, to general industrial depression, and in part also to the diminished needs of the service departments.” “It has been necessary to revise generally the fees charged for tests in order to cover the increased cost of the work.” “A general account of the more recent research work will be found in the report of the Laboratory for the year 1920.~’ Following a brief reference to the Geological Survey Board, the Report deals with the work of the Fuel Research Board,? to which special reference is also made in the Report of the Committee of the Privy Council (see p.~oI).” * National Physical Laboratory, Report for the year 1920. Published by His Majesty’s Stationery Office. Price 5s. net. t Report of the Fuel Research Board, for the years 1920-1921. First Section : Steaming in Vertical Gas Retorts. Published byH.M. Stationery Office. Price 1s. 6d. net. 312 A beginning has been made in collecting and collating existing information as to the distribution and qualities of the coal seams of Great Britain from the fuel point of view."Particulars of the seams of the Yorkshire, Nottingham- shire and Derbyshire coalfield have been collated and will be published at an early date." Further provision has been made in respect of inquiries into some of the problems of domestic heating which are being undertaken by Dr. Margaret Fishenden for the Manchester Air Pollution Board, and by Mr. A. H. Barker for the Building Materials Research Committee. The Fuel Research Board have issued a special report on the findings of the Irish Peat Inquiry Committee,* Seventy tons of peat have been used at the Fuel Research Station, Greenwich, in practical experiments on carbonisation at low temperatures, and in vertical retorts at higher temperatures.It has also been used directly as a fuel in the Babcock experi- mental boiler. The results obtained are of an encouraging character and details of the work are to be published. Experiments on the cultivation of Jerusalem artichokes are being continued with the object of growing them as a source of alcohol for special purposes, and utilising the stems in the form of paper pulp. Investigations are also in progress in the Overseas Dominions and Colonies where labour is obtainable with a view to possible supplies of alcohol and light liquid fuels from other suitable crops. The Department has made a grant to the Empire Motor Fuels Committee in aid of research, now being carried out by its Engineering Sub- committee, in connexion with the use of alcohol and mixtures of alcohol with other liquid fuels in internal combustion engines.In connection with the work of the Food Investigation Board, a low temperature station for research in bio-chemistry and bio-physics, which is in course of erection upon a site * The Winning, Preparation, and Use of Peat in Ireland. Reportsand other documents. Published by H.M. Stationery Office, 1921. Price 3s. net. 313 provided by the University of Cambridge, near the new bio- chemical laboratory and the laboratories of agriculture and of botany, is expected to be ready for work by the end of the year. The Fish Preservation Committee have published an interim report upon the results of their investigations on the brine freezing of fish.* A report by Prof. W. Stiles upon the general theory of the preservation of food by cold is in the press, and other reports on the preservation of meat are noted, as is also the work of Committees concerned with Fruit and Vegetables and with Canned Foods. Under the Building (Materials and Construction) Re- search Board, the methods of preserving English building stones are being investigated with the help of Dr. Desch. Work has been done for the authorities of Westminster Abbey and the Imperial War Graves Commission on this subject. At the Board’s request, the British Engineering Standards Association are considering standards for the sand -lime brick and iron Portland cement. A Forest Products Research Board, of which Mr.A. Chaston Chapman, President of the Institute, is a member, has been appointed to organise and carry on research into the iitilisation of timber and other forest products :-(i.) wood technology, including the testing, seasoning, and preservation of timber; (ii.) investigations into forest products other than timber. Under the Chemistry Co-ordinating Research Board arrangements have been made for investigating the possi- bilities of the production of formaldehyde in this country, in view of its importance in the manufacture of disinfectants and high-class insulating materials, and of the fact that supplies are at present almost entirely imported or made from imported materials. The desirability of further Government research into the problems of nitrogen fixation has been considered; in * Food Investigation Board, Special Report No.4. Interim Report on Methods of Freezing Fish, with special reference to the Handling of Larqe Quantities in Gluts. Published by H.M. Stationery Office, 1920. Price 1s. f;d. 314 the Board’s opinion no further action is necessary at present, but the general position is being kept under review. A joint research is being undertaken by the British Scientific Instrument Research Association and the National Physical Laboratory into luminous paints. Many of the problems confronting the Chemistry Board have already been engaging the attention of the Government Laboratory, and assistance has accordingly been given to the Board by officers of the Laboratory.The Adhesives Research Committee have been re-appointed and strepgthened by the addition of representatives of the fighting services. The investigations are being continued at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, being chiefly concentrated on the problem of the production of glues and cements from animal sources. Work is also proceeding on the production of adhesives from vegetable sources. A process has been evolved for the production from the oil-free residues of castor beans, and other oil seeds, of an adhesive of good general quality, and it has been found possible to utilise the process in the manufacture of plastic materials and distempers. The Building Research Board is co-operating in this work.Researches on liquid oxygen are continuing, and a hand-book on Oxygen and Liquid Air is being prepared, in which will be embodied an account of the general methods of pro-duction, applications and uses of oxvgon. Dr. Alexander Scott has continued his work for the authorities of the British Museum in the solution of the technical problems connected with the preservation and restoration of antique objects, special mention being made of the successful treatment of discoloured drawings, engravings, and etchings, the preservation of enamels, and of metallic objects. Dr. Scott is preparing his results for publication. Most of the functions which the Standing Committee on Metallurgy might be expected to perform have been taken over, or are likely to be taken over, bv research associations for the industries concerned.315 In Part 111.of the Report of the Advisory Council reference is made to grants to the Department of Glass Technology in the University of Sheffield, the Department of Technical Optics in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, and the School of Science and Technology, Stoke-on-Trent. At the Institute of Glass Technology in the University of Sheffield, Prof. Turner and his collaborators have continued investigations concerned with the correlation of the physical properties of different glasses with their chemical composition. Thus, the subjects of the researches have included :-The density of soda-magnesia glasses, the influence of silica and of alumina on the annealing temperature of glass, the effect of silica and sodium oxide on the thermal expansion of glass, the optical properties of sodium-aluminium-silicate glasses, the influence of alumina on the general properties of glass, and the discolouration produced by lead, antimony and arsenic in lampworked glass tubing.Prof. Turner has also turned his attention to the composition and properties of fire-clays and china clay in their relation to the glass industry. The Advisory Council express the hope that the Depart- ment of Technical Optics at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, which is partly of an educational character, will result in the creation of a personnel, adequate in numbers and scientific training, for the optical instrument industry.The results of investigations undertaken under the auspices of the Society of Dyers and Colourists have been published in the Journal of the Society. The technical importance of rosin has led to an extensive chemical examination of French and American samples of this complex material. Opticallv active pimaric acids of opposite rotation were obtained from the respective samples. Derivatives of the pimaric acids have been prepared, and these throw some light upon the chemical constitution of the original rosin. * The investigation of the constituents of raw cotton has been continued by Prof. Knecht, and, after tracing the fate of the nitrogenous con- stituent of the fibre during the bleaching process, attempts * Knecht andiHibbert, J.SOC.Dyers and Col., 1919, 35, 148. 316 have been made to obtain further information bv extracting raw cotton successively with various solvents.* Mr. Higgins has conducted a parallel research upon the elimination of nitrogen from fibres generallv in the course of the bleaching +process Mr. Radcliffe hasd also continued his work upon the action of nitric acid on saponifiable oils. Valuable results are being obtained in the investigation carried out under the direction of the Corrosion Research Committee of the Institute of Metals of the corrosion of condenser tubes. A Sub-committee, on which the fighting services are represented, will also investigate the corrosion of aluminium and its alloys primarily for the special purposes of the Air Ministry.The past vear has witnessed the steady growth of the system of grants to individuals, which is attributed to the more widespread knowledge and appreciation in universities and colleges of the grants of the Department, and the comple- tion of their degree courses by the large number of ex-Service students to whom assistance has been given by the Board of Education. The system is not intended to be complete in itself, but is designed to supplement, and not to supersede, existing provision, whether national or local, for post-graduate research in science. Considerable changes have been made in the administra- tion of the grants during the past vear. The most important of these changes relates to the piblication of the results of research.It will now be open to everyone in receipt of grants to publish his results as he may think best, so long as he does not propose to make any commercial use of them by patent or otherwise, for it is considered of the utmost importance that new scientific knowledge should be made available as widely as possible. From time to time the Advisory Council have received requests that research workers and students-in-training "Knecht and Fernandes, J. SOC.Dyers and Col., 1920, 36, 43. =f Higgins, J. SOC.Dyers and Col.. 1919, 35, 165. 31‘7 should be allowed to undertake a certain amount of demon-strating or other teaching.-work. They are prepared to sanction teaching work in suitable circumstances, provided it is properly remunerated: it is no function of the Depart- ment to provide any part of the necessary staff, or to remit, for the benefit of the university or college, payments that otherwise would be made of necessity.The Council are sometimes asked to make grants-in-aid of the publication of particular scientific papers, and especially in relief of the cost of preparing plates in illustration of them; but they wish it to be known that the grants of the Depart- ment to individuals are not available for such purposes. The Advisory Council have also received further applica- tions from Learned Societies for assistance in publication, and on this subject thev have been unable to modify the views expressed in their previous report. “We would also point out that a Treasury grant, if it could be secured, would not only have the advantage of preserving the autonomy of the societies in their control of scientific publications, but, as compared with assistance from this Department, would be available for the whole field of scientific work, and not merely for that considerable portion of it which falls within our purview.” Applications have also been received from inventors.In a large number of cases, the assistance which they desire is for the exploitation of their inventions rather than for research required to perfect for commercial use a suggestion or idea for an invention; such applications fall outside the province of the Department.The Council suggest that the research associations may be more successful in encouraging inventors than a Government Department, and where they have received an application for assistance in connection with an invention which appears likely to be of interest to some industry which has established a research association, they have, as a rule, referred the applicant to that body. 31 8 The cases of useful discoveries which cannot be dealt with either by an industrial research association or in connection with research undertaken for the Government services, and which, therefore, will still fall to the Department for considera- tion, will be few in number, judging from past experience; but the Advisory Council will be ready to consider application for assistance in research required to perfect for commercial use a new scientific discovery or invention. In dealing with such applications they require, as a rule, that the invention must first be patented or protected, and, before recommending assistance from public funds, they expect the discoverer to enter into an agreement with the Department as to the terms on which his invention mav be exploited. A number of appendices useful for reference purposes are also included in the publication.319 General Notices. Exami nations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held at the Institute during the weeks commencing on the 2nd and 9th January, 1922. Candidates who desire to be examined in January must notify the Registrar before Monday, 28th November, 1921.Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to October, 1918,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of applica-tion for election to the Fellowship. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professor. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examina- tions and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. 320 ,4 number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have oppor- tunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations.The Library.-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and z P.M.) except when examinations are being held. Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.). Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their fiermanent addresses for registration

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9214500275

出版商:RSC    

年代:1921

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1921. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Comtnittee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Regi\trm-nztd Seci-cfaiy. 30,RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. 1.LONDON, December, 192I Publications Committee, 1921-22 HORATIO BALLANTYNE (Chairmmz), A, CHASTON CHAPMAN (President), WILLIAM BACON, ALL1N COTTRELL, ALEXANDER C. CUMMING, 0.B.E F. G. DONNAN, C.B.E., LEWIS EYNON, G. WATSON GRAY, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, S. E. MELLING, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., HAROLD MOORE, O.B.E., ANDREW MORE, F. MOLLWO PERKIN, C.B.E., T. SLATER PRICE, O.B.E., GEORGE STUBBS, C.B.E. 323 Proceedings of the Council.(October-November, 1921) Instvuction and Examinatoins in Chemistry in Technical School.-The Board of Education have now published particulars of the Scheme referred to in the Journal, Parts IV. and V., arranged with the Institute for the award of Certificates in Chemistry and Applied Chemistry to students in Technical Schools and Colleges in England and Wales (Rules 100, obtainable from the Board of Education: zd.). The Scheme will come into operation shortly. Conference on Scientific Glassware.-At a conference on the Standardisation oi Glassware, convened by the Director of the National Physical Laboratory, and held at the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research on October zoth, the Institute was represented by the President, with Sir Herbert Jackson (Vice-President), Mr.E. W. Voelclter (Hon. Treasurer), Dr. J. J. Fox, and the Registrar. The conference was also attended by representatives of the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Public Analysts, the Society of Glass Technologists, representatives of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, of the National Physical Laboratory, of medical authorities and of manufacturers’ associations. Sir Joseph Petavel, Director of the National Physical Laboratory, who presided, and Mr. J. E. Sears, of the Labora- tory staff, having outlined the subjects to be submitted for consideration, the conference proceeded to discuss the desira- bility of providing two grades of scientific glassware.324 The general opinion was that while high quality graduated glassware suitable for the most accurate work should certainly be available, there should also be second quality apparatus, not necessarily of the highest accuracy, but sufficiently reliable for use in ordinary commercial operations, and suitable for use by students in universities, colleges and schools. This second quality apparatus represented the bulk of the apparatus in daily use, and was referred to as “commercial grade ” volumetric glassware. The Chairman, in outlining a suggestion put fonvard by the National Physical Laboratory, pointed out that it was essential to the success of any scheme for guaranteeing the standard of accuracy of British goods, that it should not involve any considerable increase in the price of commercial grade glassware.The Laboratory had definite Treasury instructions that the cost of carrying out test work must be met from the fees received. The fees charged by the Labora- tory were governed by this fact, and no reduction was possible. The cost of carrying out tests was a serious problem so far as commercial grade glassware was concerned. It was with a view to minimising this cost that it had been suggested that manufacturers should guarantee their commercial grade glass- ware as accurate within the existing N.P.1,. Class B limits (or other agreed standard of accuracy for commercial ware), and undertake to replace any piece of apparatus failing to come up to such standard by apparatus tested at the National Physical Laboratory and bearing a mark signifying that it satisfied the requirements for commercial grade apparatus.Such a procedure would give confidence to the users and involve only a small expenditure in test fees at the Laboratory. A possible alternative was the establishment of a test house run by the manufacturing firms. In the subsequent discussion, the conference appeared to concur in the view that if the manufacturers saw no objection to guaranteeing their own goods, and the National Physical Laboratory thought that was a reasonable procedure, it would be preferable to establishing a second standardising 325 institution; and, further, that a standard mark should only be put on by a national or quasi-national institution.After summarising this part of the discussion, the Chairman said that the suggestion which still remained before the meeting was the provision of some system of guarantee by the makers, coupled with the provision of tests at the National Physical Laboratory, specially designed for commercial grade ware, which would provide a ready means whereby users and manufacturers alike could ascertain whether the guarantees were being fulfilled. The Chairman then submitted a suggestion from the National Physical Laboratory that it would be desirable to form a permanent committee to deal with matters relating to the standardisation of glassware; the idea was to secure permanent co-operation between users, manufacturers, dealers, and all interests concerned.Useful work which the committee might undertake would be to formulate proposals as to the standard sizes, shapes, etc., of apparatus to be placed on the market. Questions as to the standard to be attained by commercial grade volumetric glassware might also usefully be considered by this committee. Frequently, the National Physical Laboratory would like to confer with some authorita- tive body with regard to proposed alterations in test regula- tions, the introduction of new regulations, etc. It was not convenient to call a general conference whenever such points arose. The proposed committee would deal with such points. Such questions as establishing uniformity of procedure on a scientific basis, eg.the most suitable unit of volume for general use, uniformity of density or specific gravity tabls, etc., might be dealt with. The Chairman asked if the formation of such a committee were generally approved by the meeting. This approval having been signified, the question of the constitution of the committee was considered. The Chairman thought that representation of all interests in the country should be ensured, so that the committee would have considerable influence behind it, and its decisions be widely respected. Thus the 326 complete body would unavoidably be large, but this drawback could easily be overcome by the members working in small panels. The full committee would not meet frequently, but would meet to appoint sub-committees, and af tenvards periodi- cally to receive reports of these sub-committees. It was agreed to ask each of the bodies taking part in the conference to appoint representatives on the new committee, and a few others were added to the list.It was agreed that the Chairman should circularise the various bodies informing them that the present meeting had agreed that a committee should be formed, and asking them to appoint representatives. On receipt of nominations the Chairman would make arrangements for the first meeting of the new committee, at which a programme of work could be decided upon, and officers and sub-committees appointed. Some general discussion took place on the subject of units of volume.Opinion was sharply divided between (a) the universal use of the litre, and (b) the use of Mohr’s system for commercial grade apparatus in addition to the use of the litre. The matter was finally left for the consideration of the new committee. The Chairman thanked the representatives for attending the conference, and the proceedings then closed. Mi-. ,4. Chaston Chapman (President) has since been appointed, and has consented to act as representative of the Institute on the newly-formed Standing Committee to deal with the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware and kindred problems. Pharmacy Acts Amendment Bill.-The Legal and Parliamentary Committee have considered a Bill presented in Parliament and ordered to be printed 3rd November, 1921, “To regularise the position of all persons trading as chemists and druggists or pharmacy store proprietors in the sale of drugs, the dispensing of doctors’ prescriptions, and the sale of patent medicines.” The Bill was presented by Capt.James 327 O’Grady, supported by Col. D. Watts Morgan and Mr. Thomas W. Casey. Neither the Council, nor any officer of the Institute, was previously aware of the existence of the Bill. The clauses are here briefly abstracted, with notes :-Clause I provides for the restriction of the use of the word “chemist.” Clause z provides that on and after 1st January, 1925, “the Incorporated Society of the Institute of Chemistry” shall alone possess the power to authorise any person to assume or use the title “chemist,” and should conduct exami- nations for the purpose of granting persons such permission subject to certain control by the Privy Council.(This clause does not provide that a member of the Institute who has not been examined by the Institute can assume the title of “chemist.”) CZa.use 3 introduces the “Incorporated Society of Pharmacy and Drug Store Proprietors of Great Britain, Limited ” (styled in the Bill as “the Pharmacy Society”), and provides that the members of that Society shall be registered by the Registrar under the Pharmacy Acts, and that the said Registrar shall place upon the Register after the 1st day of January, 1925, other persons certified by duly qualified medical practitioners as of good repute and competent to carry on business as pharmaceutical proprietors Clause 4 gives power to the Pharmacy Society to conduct examinations subject to certain control by the Privy Council.CZause 5 provides for the constitution of a Central Council, consisting of representatives of the British Medical Associa- tion, the “Incorporated Society of the Institute of Chemistry,’’ the Pharmaceutical Society, and the Pharmacy Society, with a Chairman, who shall be a ,member of the Privy Council. The Central Council would appear to have the duty of keeping and controlling the pharmaceutical register, but it would serve no useful purpose for representatives of the Institute to be associated with it.) 328 Clause 6consists of a contradictory and confused statement which is not intelligible, but is probably intended to give power to the proposed Central Council to conduct examinations. Clause 7 provides that no person under twenty-one years of age shall carry on the business of pharmacy.Clause 8 consists of provisions as to the sale of poisons. Clause g refers to the sale of poisons by wholesale chemists, and provides that wholesale or manufacturing chemists shall employ at least one pharmaceutical chemist. (In this clause the word “chemist ” is applied to persons in manufacturing or wholesale business, in contradiction to Clauses I and 2. The latter part of the clause could hardly be tolerated by the chemical industry.) Clause 10 restricts the sale of articles mentioned in the British Pharmacopoeia to persons on the Pharmaceutical Register subject to certain powers of local authorities to grant licenses to other persons where there is no registered phar- macist within a reasonable distance. (This would restrict the sale of many articles ordinarily sold by grocers.) Clause II provides that the Pharmaceutical Register shall be controlled by the Central Council.CZause 12 provides for the restriction of advertisements of medicinal articles referring to the curative powers of such articles with reference to more than three specific diseases or complaints, and the restriction of such advertisement without the previous sanction of the Central Council. Clause 13 provides a penalty of L5 for offences.Clause 14 defines “local authority.” Claase 15 provides that the act shall not apply to Ireland. Clause 16 provides that it be cited as the Pharmacy Act, 1921,and may be construed as one with the Pharmacy Acts, 1851 to 1921. On the advice of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, a letter in the following terms was addressed to Capt. O’Grady, Col. Watts Morgan, and Mr. Thomas W. Casey, and copies 329 thereof were forwarded to each Member of Parliament and to the daily and technical press. 17th November, 1921. SIR PHARMACY ACTS AMENDMENT BILL. The attention of the Council of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland has been directed to “a Bill to regularise the posi- tion of all persons trading as chemists and druggists or pharmacy store proprietors in the sale of drugs, the dispensing of doctors’ prescriptions, and the sale of medicine.” The official print states that the Bill was presented by Captain O’Grady,and supported by Colonel Watts Morgan and Mr.Casey.In this Bill reference is made to “the Incorporated Society of the Institute of Chemistry ” and to “the Institute of Chemistry.”The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland is the only body in this country incorporated by Royal Charter whose title con- tains the words “Institute of Chemistry,” and the Council of the Institute desire me to inform you that they have not been consulted with regard to the provisions of this Bill and have not had any informa- tion regarding its promotion.The Institute of Chemistry is established to examine and registerpersons found competent to practise chemistry in its applications to the arts and manufactures, as distinct from those who practise pharmacy and are engaged in the sale of drugs and medicines, and in the dispensing of prescriptions.The Council of the Institute deplore the confusion which arises through the application of the term “chemist” to two distinct callings, and they would welcome any legislation which would tend to remove this confusion. They hold that the use of the distinctive titles of ‘‘chemist” and “pharmacist” to denote these callings would tend to the general recognition of the difference between them and to the removal of a confusion which exists in no other country.The Council wish to dissociate themselves from the suggestion that they should be represented on the Central Council, which it is proposed in the Bill shall be concerned with the Pharmaceutical Register, and from taking any part in the examination and registration functions vested by Royal Charter and the Pharmacy Acts in the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. The Council do not feel called upon at present to comment upon the other provisions of the Bill. I remain, Sir, Your obedient Servant, (Signed) RICH-4RD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. Meldola Medal.-Arrangements have been concluded with the Society of Maccabaeans in London for the award of the Medal instituted to keep alive the memory of Prof.330 Raphael Meldola. A proof of the Medal has been struck, and is here illustrated. The scheme for the award is as follows:- MELDOLA MEDA4L. That a Medal, to be known as the Meldola Medal, be presented by the Maccabaeans annually for the most meritorious chemical work of the year ending the 3rst December preceding the award. That it is recognised that, without in any way restrict- ing the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the Administrators shall have primary regard to work done in Analytical Chemistry. That the award be administered by the Council of the Institute of Chemistry and a Member of the Macca- baeans appointed by their Committee, with liberty to withhold it if in their opinion no work of sufficient excellence has been brought to their notice. That the recipient be a British subject and not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.That the presentation be made by the President of the Institute of Chemistry at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute, which is usually held on 1st March. That power to vary these conditions be vested in the Committee of the Maccabaeans and the Council of the Institute acting jointly. The award will be made upon the recommendation of the Board of Examiners of the Institute, and the Council hope that the first award will be made at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March, 1922. Chemists are at liberty, at any time prior to Friday, 20th January, 1922, to direct attention to published work of distinctive character, preferably in Analytical Chemistry, carried out during the year 1921.Communications on the subject should be headed “Meldola Medal,” and should be addressed to the Registrar. 331 Gas Examiners,--In Part I. of the Journal for this year (pp. 40-41),reference was made to the question of the qualifi- cations to be required of Gas Examiners under the Gas Regu-lation Act, 1920. In June the Gas Referees published, for the information of local authorities and Quarter Sessions, a memorandum on the appointment, qualifications and duties of Gas Examiners, from which the following paragraphs are quoted 1-“As regards ‘competence’ of Gas Examiners, the Gas Referees consider that it is important that a Gas Examiner should have a sufficient knowledge of physics and chemistry to enable him to understand thoroughly the tests to be applied to the gas.It is also important that he should be a person accustomed to making quantita- tive measurements, the accuracy of which he is prepared to sustain under cross-examination. A person of good professional standing as an analyst or engineer, and with experience of the physics and chemistry of gas, would he suitable. In any case the qualifications of the Gas Examiner should be such as to inspire the confidence of the public and of the management of gas undertakings. “As regards ‘ impartiality,’ it is obviously undesirable that the Gas Examiner should be in the employment of the gas undertaking, or should have any financial interest in it; and that when the Local Authority owns the undertaking he should not be an employee of the Authority.“When a Gas Examiner is appointed, a deputy similarly qualified should, where practicable, also be appointed to act in his temporary absence.” It appears to be held by some members that these appointments should be restricted to properly qualified chemists; but the Gas Referees are fully aware that other persons, including physicists and engineers, are able to do the work.The Council, therefore, have not pressed the opinion referred to, and would, in fact, suggest that the memorandum be left sufficiently wide in its terms to provide for the appointment of any person of good professional standing possessing the necessary experience of the physics and chemistry of gas.Professional Charges.-The Public Appointments Com-mittee learn that enquiries received from members on the subject of professional charges are becoming far more frequent than in the past. Such enquiries have been received not 332 only from private consultants, but also from chemists in works and in official establishments, who find the data which the Institute is able to supply useful in preparing statements to show the economic running of laboratories. Apart from the results of analyses and investigations undertaken, the opinion and advice of a professional chemist constitute, in many cases, the main value to the client. Retaining fees and fees for consultation should, therefore, be subject to special arrangement, according to the profes- sional standing of the consultant, the nature of the information required, the character of the work and the responsibility involved, e.g.to report on a process or invention for company promotion; to report on a public water supply or on medicinal waters; to advise or report in connection with matters of dispute likely to involve litigation and attendance at court. The fees scheduled by the Committee, of which particulars can be obtained from the Registrar, give an indication of the usual charges for ordinary investigations on single samples. Fees for the examination of substances not at present scheduled, must, owing to the varying complexity of the nature of such substances, be fixed by special arrangement, according to the requirements of theclient.It is advisable, however, that chemists and their clients should mutually agree as to the fees to be charged before the work is undertaken. War Office.-About a year ago, at the invitation of the War Office, the Council appointed Mr. Horatio Ballantyne (Vice-president) as representative of the Institute to serve on a Committee appointed to enquire into various matters relating to the work of the Directorate of Chemical Inspection, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, including the status, grading, and re-muneration of the chemists of the Directorate. In answer to an enquiry recently addressed to the Secretary, War Office, the Registrar has been recently informed that the Army Council greatly appreciated the valuable services rendered by the representative of the Institute on the Com-mittee, but expressed regret that it had not yet been found possible to reach a final decision with regard to the Com-mittee’s recommendations, which are still under consideration.I ndia.-Attention has been directed to the treatment of certain scientific workers under the Indian Government in the matter of Overseas Allowance. This allowance was introduced a few years ago partly to compensate for the increase in the cost of living. The majority of the Regular Services were given allowances ranging from Rs. 150 to Rs. 250 a month, but several chemists attached to non-scientific departments have not received it.The Council of the Institute therefore are taking the matter up with the authorities, and in the meantime advise chemists who are candidates for appointments in India to stipulate for the allowance referred to. India.-Following a Conference with Fellows of the Institute usually resident in India, but lately on leave, the Council have appointed a Special Advisory Committee to report to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee on applications for membership and examination received from chemists trained or resident in the Indian Empire. Institutions.-University College, Swansea (University of Wales), has been added to the list of Institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candidates for the Examina- tions of the Institute.The Council have decided to accept Associates of the College of Technology, Manchester, in the Department of Bleaching, Dyeing and Printing, as candidates for the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute, provided that they have completed the third year of the course for the Associateship of the College in General Chemical Technology, and have other- wise complied with the Regulations required of candidates who hold the latter diploma. Examinations.-A number of Registered Students appear to be in doubt as to the nature of the Examination which they 334 will be required to pass for the Associateship. Candidates registered prior to 1st March, rgzo, who have complied with the Regulations in force prior to that date, have the choice of taking the examination in a special branch as then prescribed or the Examination in General Chemistry now prescribed.All candidates who were not registered or whose applications were not received prior to that date are required to take the Examination in General Chemistry under the Regulations now in force. Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies.-Mr. Horatio Ballantyne and Sir Herbert Jackson (Vice-presidents) have been appointed representatives of the Institute on the Con-joint Board of Scientific Societies for the year 1922. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Sir James Dobbie, who previously represented the Institute on the Board, but is now unable to do so owing to his having taken up permanent residence in Scotland.Iron Portland Cement.-Prof. Cecil H. Desch has been appointed as representative of the Institute on the Sub-corn-mittee of the British Engineering Standards Association for the preparation of a standard specification for cement made from blast furnace slag. Appointments Register.-The circularisation of manu-facturing firms, in order to direct their attention to the Appoint- ments Register of the Institute, was not at first productive of many enquiries; but this was followed by a further issue of circulars, together with copies of the Register of the Institute, with better results. The number of vacancies for chemists notified by the Institute has lately shown a tendency to in-crease, and there appears good reason to hope that many of the members who have become disengaged, owing to recent industrial conditions, will secure appointments in the near future.In this connection the Council and Officers of the Institute have had due regard to the interests of Fellows and Associates who are already acting as consultants to, or in the employ of, 335 the companies and firms to whom the circular is addressed. Many firms do not maintain chemists on their staffs, but send work to chemists in general practice. Such firms would not lightly entertain the establishment of laboratories at the present time. The majority, however, of the concerns selected for circularisation, are known to employ their own staffs of chemists, and it is hoped that they will employ greater numbers when industry generally has become more active.Professiona1 1 nterests.-At tention has been directed to another matter affecting private practice, viz., the tendency of some commercial and industrial concerns to exploit their chemists by undertaking ‘‘outside” routine analytical work in competition with private practitioners. The system is abused, moreover, when such concerns tout for practice. There can be no objection to industrial concerns undertaking tests which cannot be adequately performed by practitioners ; there are obviously certain kinds of investigations and large scale experimental tests which can only be carried out in the works; but it would be against public policy to render inde- pendent practice impossible and it would be contrary to the principle that the individual chemist should be free to develop his sphere of work so long as he conforms to the accepted ethics of the profession.The Council hold that the qualifi- cations for the practice of professional chemistry being purely personal, it is highly undesirable that a company or corporation should represent itself as “analytical and consulting chemists,” and, further, that all papers and certificates relating to analyses should bear the names of the chemists responsible for the performance of the work. Financial.-The Council have made a further application to the Chief Inspector of Taxes for the remission of Income Tax on dividends accruing to the Institute from its invested funds.The reply was to the effect that the claim could not be entertained because the objects of the Institute extended beyond those of the Friendly Societies and similar Institutions which are entitled to exemption from tax. The Council 336 submitted the view that although the interests of the profes- sion and its members entered largely into the objects of the Institute, the Crown had granted the Institute a Royal Charter for the public benefit, and that the activities of the Institute were essentially directed to the public good. The Institute had rendered service to the country prior to and throughout the war, without expense to the Government and at great expense to itself.The public work of the Institute was set forth in considerable detail, and it was shown that the expense involved was derived solely from the voluntary contributions of the members who were themselves thus subject to tax individually and collectively. Seeing that the Charter enjoined the Institute to devote the whole of its funds to promoting its objects, and at the same time allowed Fellows to compound for their subscriptions, the Council claimed that the income derived from its investments should not be taxed until the amount of such income exceeded a sum representing the aggregate normal subscriptions of the Life Fellows then living. The invested capital of the Institute consisted almost entirely of invested Life Compositions which could not be regarded as income.There were about 430 Life Fellows; the annual subscriptions which would have been derived from these Fellows if they had not paid life compositions would have been Lgo3. The whole of this sum would have been devoted to the purposes of the Institute, in accordance with the provisions of the Charter, without payment of any tax. The total amount received in Life Compositions since the foundation was approximately E7000. If the Institute spent Life Compositions as it received them it would be most iniprovident, seeing that there were substantial expenses involved in the maintenance of the Institute, the publication of a journal, lectures, etc. The sums received for the bulk of the Life Compositions, moreover, were based on amounts determined prior to the war when the economic conditions were very different, and they were now actuarially unsound.The income derived from the investments of the Institute, 337 valued, 31st December, 1920,at &00, was only E345 10s. od. (after deduction of income tax). It seemed an injustice that, because the Institute had to invest Life Compositions, it should lose so large a proportion of this income by tax being deducted. It was clear from the accounts that for a period of nearly thirty years there had been very little surplus of receipts over ordi- nary expenditure, and that the Institute had devoted the whole of its receipts, except Life Compositions, to the objects for which it was incorporated by Royal Charter.Although, owing to earlier investments, the total value was about k500 in excess of the Life Compositions received, it had not been possible, during the past few years, to carry on the work efficiently and to invest systematically all the Life Composi- tions received; and these investments were actually in arrear to the extent of about 4150. With regard to Schedule A. No. 6, the Council claimed that the property of the Institute in any case in respect of such of its examination laboratories as were not occupied by any person or by any individual paying rent for the same, but were used for the examinations of the Institute conducted under the provisions of the Charter, should come under the Rules in No. 6. The further consideration of the matter is for the present postponed.Entrance Fees.-The revised By-Laws, adopted by the Institute in General Meeting in 1920, provide that the amount of the Entrance Fees of Fellows and Associates shall, on the recommendation of the Council, be determined from time to time by a General Meeting. In order to comply formally with the new By-Laws, the Council will recommend at the next Annual General Meeting-to be held on 1st March, 1922-that the amounts of the Entrance Fee for new Fellows be (a) Five Guineas for those who have been examined for Fellowship, and (b) Ten Guineas for all Candidates other than Associates who are elected Fellows without examination ;and that the Entrance Fee to be paid by all Associates elected with or without examination after 1stMarch, 1922,be Two Guineas.338 Local Sections. Belfast Section.-An inaugural luncheon was given by the Section on zznd October at Thompson’s Restaurant. The guests included Mr. J. G. Crawford (Chairman of the Linen Research Association) and Major Stanley (Principal of the Municipal College of Technology) The loyal toast having been honoured, Mr. J. H. Totton (Chairman of the Section) referred to the progress and develop- ment of the Institute in recent years. Although the Belfast Section might be at present comparatively small in numbers, its influence with the Council would not be negligible on that account. He had had occasion to criticise the policy of the Institute, but the points he had raised had been very carefully considered by the Council.He felt sure that any matter brought forward by the Section would receive even more consideration. The Institute would be what the members made it; and the greatest advantage of the Section would lie in the opportunities it would provide for social intercourse. In proposing the toast of “The Guests,’’ he referred to Mr. Craw- ford as a pioneer among business men in Belfast who believed in the application of science to industry. Mr. Crawford, in reply, said that he was convinced of the utility of science in industry, and expressed his opinion that the chemist was becoming better understood by the business man. The Committee will make arrangements for the members of the Section to lunch together informally at monthly intervals and to hold evening meetings for the discussion of problems encountered by members in the course of their professional work.A catalogue of periodicals taken by members is being compiled with a view to reciprocal lending facilities. 339 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section.-A dinner was held at St. Stephen’s Restaurant, Bristol, on Wednesday, 9th November, Professor Wertheimer in the chair. Twenty-two members were present, several bringing friends with them. The dinner was followed by a general meeting. A message of congratulation was sent to Dr. Cook, a member of the Section, on his election, that day, as Lord Mayor of Bristol. A letter of good wishes for the success of the Section, received from the Registrar, was read by the Secretary, who also referred to many letters of regret from members who were unable to be present.Mr. Embrey and Mr. Littlefield were unanimously elected to fill two vacancies on the Com-mittee. The recommendations of the Committee on the final wording of the rules of the Section were then read by the Chairman, and adopted unanimously. It was agreed that for the present, as it would be almost impossible to secure a sufficiently large attendance for a quorum in any place other than Bristol, meetings should be held there. The business was followed by a successful smoking concert, to which Miss Matthews, Miss Osgood, Messrs. Hellier, Popham, Wintle, and Williams contributed. At a Committee meeting on a3rd November, Professor Wcrtheimer was unanimously elected Chairman, and the Committee decided to nominate Mr.Littlefield as the District Member of Council. Glasgow and West of Scotland Section.--A meeting of this Section was held on December 1st in the Technical College, Glasgow, Mr. Wm. Rintoul in the chair. About 40 members were present, and a discussion on “The General Policy of the Institute of Chemistry’’ was opened by the Chairman, and many of those present contributed their views. The main points considered were the Pharmacy Acts Amend- ment Bill, the question of taking joint action with other bodies with the object of initiating a publicity campaign, the method of election of members of Council, the admission to the 340 Institute of Fellows and Associates without examination, and the question of finance as affecting the Local Sections of the Institute.The Local Secretary was instructed to write to the Registrar expressing the opinions of the meeting, with a view to their being brought before the notice of the Council. It is intended that the discussion be continued at a later date, after a reply from the Council shall have been received. Huddersfield Section -At the request of a meeting of Fellows and Associates held in the Technical College, Hudders- field, on 14th October, the Council have authorised and confirmed the formation of a Local Section of the Institute for Huddersfield and district. Hon. Secretary, Mr. D. H. Peacock, B.A.,B.Sc., F.I.C., 5, Virginia Road, Marsh, Hudders- field.The First Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Queen’s Hotel on 25th November, Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the chair. The Assistant Secretary of the Institute attended. The Committee were elected as follows:-Dr. H. H. Hodgson (Chairman), Mr. S. Robson (Treasurer), Mr. D. H. Peacock (Secretary), Dr. A. E. Everest, Mr. H. W. Moss, Dr. E. F. Pollock, and Mr. J. H. Wilson. The Chairman then briefly outlined the policy which the Committee of the Section hoped to pursue. Within the Section they hoped to promote good fellowship and a keener sympathy based on common interests. With regard to their relationship as chemists to the State of which they were citizens, he called their attention to a recent address by Sir Richard Gregory, and emphasised a point there raised that in the past scientists had been too centralised, and the nation, although its prosperity had increased largely as a result of their research, had been unaware of their existence.The formation of the Local Section was an attempt to decentralise, without, however, becoming parochial in interest. It was hoped to hold meetings, addressed by specialists and well- known speakers, which would help the members of the 341 Section to keep alive their interests in the matters not directly affecting their special work, and would also educate public opinion in the district in matters chemical. The Assistant Secretary of the Institute suggested that the Section should endeavour to give the widest publicity to its proceedings in the local press, and so help to mould public opinion.He stated that the Council hoped that the various Yorkshire Sections would co-operate as far as possible in the way of joint meetings. The Section could be of con- siderable use to the Council in advising it as to the qualifi- cations of intending members, and in the work of the Institute generally. It was announced that the February meeting of the Section would be confined to members only, and would take the form of a discussion on the relation between the Institute and technical education in this country. On the completion of the business, an impromptu smoking concert was held, to which Messrs.W. Burrell, G. M. Green, W. E. Sanderson, and others contributed. Irish (Dublin) &ction.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 25th November at the Royal College of Science for Ireland. The Report of the Secretary and Hon. Treasurer was received and adopted, and the following were re-elected as the Committee for the ensuing session :-Dr. W. E. Adeney (Chairman), Prof. Sydney Young (Treasurer), Dr. A. G. Leonard (Secretary), Prof. Hugh Ryan, Dr. J. H. Millar, and Mr. B. G. Fagan. The vacancy caused by the death of Sir Charles Cameron will be filled at an early meeting of the Committee. Liverpool and North-Western Counties’ Section.--The Section held a dinner, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on Saturday, December 3rd, at the Exchange Hotel, Dr.G. C. Clayton C.B.E., presiding. The loyal toasts having been received with musical honours, the Chairman called upon the Registrar of the 342 Institute to propose ‘‘The City of Liverpool.” The Registrar congratulated the City on the election of a Lord Mayor who by his presence at the dinner showed his interest in science and its applications. He referred to the circumstance that a Fellow of the Institute, Dr. Cook, had recently been elected Lord Mayor of Gristol. It was a great thing for Liverpool that its professional men were prepared to make sacrifices in order to take part in local government affairs. The Lord Mayor, in reply, complimented chemists and the chemical industry on the progress made in the science of chemistry and its application, and suggested certain abstruse problenis for investigation.Vice-Chancellor Adami, of the University of Liverpool, proposed The Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry,” remarking that the chemical department of the University was the only department upon which they could a€ford to sped money for extension. The University had not only to teach thc principles of chemistry, but the application df those principles to industry and the problems of everyday life. He expressed the hope that chemical industry would play a large part in the revival of the country’s commerce. The President of the Institute said that the Institute was the qualifying body and the guardian of the interests of professional chemistry.It set the hall-mark of competency on the professional chemist, thereby affording the public a guarantee that the person so stamped was one in whose integrity and professional ability they may repose confidence. He would like to indicate very briefly how enormously im- portant chemistry was, and to take the opportunity of putting in a plea for i+$ wider recognition and more adequate official support. The public did not understand sufficiently what we do; it is, to some extent, OUT own fault for not adequately instructing them. There was scarcely an industry of any importance which was not based on the results of chemical investigation, which was not dependent for its success upon Continuous chemical supervision and control :-The Coal and 343 Coal Gas Industry, with all the enormously important sub- sidiary industries which are dependent on it; the Metal Industries, Oils and Fats, Pottery, Glass, Porcelain and Refractory Materials, Dyes, Mortars and Cements, Agricul- ture, the various Fermentation Industries, Rubber, Tanning, and many others too numerous to mention.In most industries the chemist was the important person. Without him, many of them would never have existed; without him they could not be carried on successfully. Chemistry was, perhaps, the most potent of all factors in the creation of material wealth. He was sure tliat it was in- finitely more important in our present condition of national exhaustion to devote our attention to the creation of new wealth than to squabble, as so many were doing, over the distribution of that which the war has left to us.To this end the encouragement of chemistry and the fullest utilisatiori of our chemists was a matter of the most urgent national importance. He quoted an abstract from a leading article in a recent issue of The Times, headed “The Technicians in Industry.” The writer says : “The backward state of technology in this country aiid the wonderful superiority of our industrial rivals %’ere incessantly pressed upon British manufacturers before the war, but the importance attached to technical training was not extended to those who receive and apply it in practice.They have been taken for grantccl as part of the in- dustrial apparatus. This was conspicuously shown during the war. Employers and labour leaders were constantly taken into council, and distinctions have been lavished on both, but the Technicians, who had far more to do with the actual business of producing muni- tions than either, were largely ignored. So, too, they are habitually overlooked in industrial inquiries, conferences, disputes, and coil-ciliation machinery. In the discussion of industrial relations and economic problems the old categories of Capital and Labour, never adequate and now quite out of date, are still used. It is not perceiveclthat a class has arisen which fits into neither, but is equally important, and indeed, less easily replaced than either.” In the fuller recognition of science and in the closer intimacy of science and industry are to be found the solution of many of our existing difficulties and perplexities.With reference to the importance of chemistry in time of war, the President said that high explosives, propellants and all 344 the generally accepted munitions of modern war owed their existence to the chemist and were necessarily manufactured under his supervision and control. He did not propose to enter into the vexed questions as to whether the use of poison gas was justifiable, or whether the activities of our universities should be devoted in any way to specific research in that direction. Everyone devoutly prayed that there might never be such another war, but he was afraid there were very few who do not share the fear that there might be.He recalled the old admonition of Cromwell: “Trust in God, but keep your powder dry.” He would like to paraphrase that, and say, “Trust in the League of Nations, but keep your chemists active !”-for conventions or no conventions, the next war would be largely a chemical war. A nation fighting for its existence would use every means to hand, and the country which had the most powerful weapons and which cculd introduce effectively the element of surprise, would be at a very great advantage as compared with its adversaries. That even the politicians realise this possibility and fear it, was shown by the recent remarkable speech of Mr.Asquith, in which he made the extraordinary suggestion that chemists working in various countries should be compelled to publish all their discoveries at stated intervals. Unless this country is well to the fore-front in all those industries which had a bearing direct or indirect upon the manufacture of war materials, and in research dealing with the application of chemical substances to warfare, its position, should there unhappily be another great conflagration, would be very serious indeed. Our national existence, in fact, might depend upon the way in which chemistry was recog- nised and supported during the years immediately ahead. At a recent meeting a very eminent engineer said: “But for our chemists and our engineers the British Empire would have ceased to exist.” This was not an exaggerated state- ment made for the purpose of effect, nor was it the unconscious exaggeration of a man obsessed with the importance of the profession of which he was a member. It was the literal and unvarnished truth.He quoted a recent saying of Marshal Foch on chemistry: “There is no science that is so nearly bound up with the future of our industrial and military forces. France will not remain indifferent to this branch of science that she has neglected for so long.” As in France, so in England, the importance of chemistry was thoroughly recognised during the war, but there were signs that the public were already forgetting, and if we were not careful we might find ourselves again in that condition of unpreparedness in which we found ourselves in 1914.The Institute and the various Chemical Societies were doing a very great deal in their corporate capacity, but it was the duty of every chemist to act as a centre of propaganda and to do everything he could to make the general public, and through them the Government, understand that, among all the branches of human knowledge and activity, chemistry stood pre-eminent as that on which our national progress and our national security depended. In that way alone would chemistry receive the recognition and support which was its due, and which it ought long ago to have been accorded. Mr. Max Muspratt, Vice-president of the Society of Chemical Industry, said that chemistry was going to keep Great Britain incits commerce and industry up to the high level of which she was capable, and at which they intended she should remain.He held that chemists should hold a dominant position in the affairs of the country, because they had the attributes to guide the country on the best lines, and to keep the nation and the Empire at the head of the nations and empires of the world. Dr. E. F. Armstrong also responded for the Local Section of the Society. Mr. Alfred Smetham proposed the toast of “The Guests,” to which Mr. Alderman Muirhead and Mr. G. Hammond Etherton (Town Clerk) responded. Mr. W. A. Short having proposed the toast of ‘‘The Local Sections,” the Chairman and Mr. H. J. Evans responded.346 A programme of music was provided by Mrs. Baly, Mrs. Hanlev, Messrs, F. W. Hughes, A. Kennedy, J. Hanley, and R, L~O~Ilfoore. London and South-Eastern Counties Section.-On 19th October, Mr. Lewis Eynon, at the invitation of the Com-mittee of the Section, related his experiences with the Special Brigade, R.E. (Gas Services). Many members who served with the Brigade contributed to the discussion which followed, and frequent mention was made of Col. Harrison and the anti- gas services. On 28th November, the Section held a dinner in aid of the Benevolent Fund. The President and the Hon. Treasurer of the Institute spoke on behalf of the Fund, and a total oi L105 11s. was received either at or after the dinner. This sum has been handed over to the Hon.Treasurer. In addition to donations, many members have promised annual subscriptions, and several have also promised to assist in stimulating interest in the Fund among their chemical col- leagues in various works and institutions. The general feeling was expressed that if every member of the Institute gave a small sum, such as 5s., when paying his annual subscription, the Fund would soon be put on a satisfactory basis. Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy, having served three years on the Committee, has vacated the chair, and has accepted the post of Hon. Treasurer. The Section owes a deep debt of gratitude to Mr. Kirkaldy for his services. Mr. E. R. Bolton has been elected Chairman for the ensuing year. The number of members has increased, but it is still iclt that the usefulness of the Section would be much greater if all members of the Institute resident in the area would join.Any member who has not yet paid his subscription (5s.) is reminded that it became due on 1st November. Manchester Section.-The Annual General Meeting was held in thc College of Technology on 2nd November, about 40 members being present. Dr. A. Coulthard, Mr. D. M. Paul, Mrs. L. Pearson, and Mr. R. S. Wishart were elected members of Committee. 347 Mr. Wni. Marshall, the Chairman, in the course of his address, spoke of the co-operation of the I~istitute with the Board of Education on the question of the training of students of chemistry. He referred to the serious effect of the present coiiditioii of industry on the prospects of the profession, mentioning that something like IOO members were actually disengaged at thc moment.A strong appeal was therefore made to the members to give all possible support to the Institute Benevolent Eind. He urged upon all Associates the desirability of proceeding to the Fellowship. It was decided to hold a special meeting for Students at the end of the session. Arrangements have been made in conjunction with the Manchester Section of the British Association of Chemists for a series of lectures on Patent Law, to be delivered by MI-. H. Potts on 5th, rzth, and 19th December. The following resolution was passed : “Tlm in the opinion of the Manchester Section, the time has arrived when ail annual per capita grant of not less than two shillings arid sixpence should be made to the local sections in order to nxet the expenses and assist the development of the sections.” A joint meeting with the Manchester Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, The Society 01 Dyers and Colourists, and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (Chemical Section) will be held on 7th January in the Textile Institute, when Dr.A. Harden will lecture on (‘ Bio-Chemical Method.” Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North East Coast Section.-The second Annual Meeting of the Section was held on Tuesday, the 6th December, in the Rooms of tlie Chemical Industry Club, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Mr. C. J. H. Stock in the chair. The ballot for the election of the Committee for the ensuing year resulted in the following members being chown :-Dr.A. Fleck, Dr. Dunn, Mr. Wallace, Dr. \Veyinan, Dr, 348 Bowles, Prof. Louis and Dr. Davidson. Dr. Fleck was re-elected to the position of Treasurer. Dr. Paterson ex-plained that for business reasons it would not be possible for him to carry on the secretaryship, and Mr. C. J. H. Stock was elected in his place. A letter was read from Prof. Haworth asking for the co-operation of the Section in the formation of a Permanent Fund for the provision of a series of Annual Lectures in Applied Chemistry, to be open to University Students, members of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Institute. On the understanding that Mr.Stock had agreed to stand for election as a general member of Council, it was necessary to nominate another member as District Candidate. The Meeting agreed to nominate Mr. W. Mc.D. Mackey, of Leeds. Sheffield.-A well-attended meeting of members of the Institute resident in the Sheffield district was held at the King’s Head Hotel on 3rd December, Prof. W. P. Wynne in the chair. After discussion on the desirability or otherwise of forming a Sheffield District Local Section of the Institute, the following resolution, proposed by Mr. W. J. Rees, and seconded by Mr. John Evans, was carried unanimously:- “That this meeting of Sheffield and District members of the Institute requests the Leeds District Local Section to form with Sheffield and such other Yorkshire towns as are willing to associate themselves together for this purpose, a Yorkshire Section of the In-stitute of Chemistry.” Mr. W.J. Rees, who acted as Hon. Secretary for the purposes of the meeting, was asked to convey the resolution to the Registrar of the Institute, in order that it might be com- municated to the Yorkshire members and to the North-East Coast, and Yorkshire (Leeds Area) Local Sections. South Wales Section.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 19th November, and was followed by a dinner and smoking concert, which were much enjoyed, Mr. F. J. Bloomer was re-elected Chairman, and Mr. L. E. Hinkel, Hon. Secretary, for the ensuing year, 349 Yorkshire (Leeds Area) Section.-A meeting of Fellows and Associates was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Lceds, on Thursday evening, the 24th November, to consider the advisability of forming a local section in the Leeds District.Prof. Smithells, C.M.G., was elected to the chair. About thirty members were present, including Mr. Marlow, the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Letters in support of this project and expressing regret for non-attendance were received from about forty members. Professor Smithells, in opening the meeting, referred to the Conference of members held in September at York, at which a resolution was passed to the effect that a local section of the Institute should be formed at Leeds. He asked Dr. R. B. Forster, who had convened the present gathering, to speak on the York meeting and to explain its objects.Dr. Forster said that the whole of the North-East Voting District had been hitherto represented by only one local section-the Newcastle Section; but it was not possible for members resident in Yorkshire to attend meetings in New- castle. The Yorkshire members were therefore without the advantages of a local section. The feeling expressed at the meeting at York was that a local section should be local in reality as well as in name, Several of the Newcastle members, from experience in working their own section, supported this view. The meeting therefore recommended that it would be advisable to form local sections at Sheffield, Huddersfield, and in Leeds (District). He had been requested by that meeting to call together the members in the vicinity of Leeds to ascertain their views on the matter. Since the meeting at York he had received communications from representatives of Hull and York stating that as they were not strong enough to have sections of their own, they would like to be attached to the Leeds District Section.He saw no reason why localities with a small membership should not attach themselves to the most convenient local section. There was reason to believe that Middlesboro’ desired to be attached to the Newcastle Section. He felt strongly that 350 for a local section to be of real value it should be convenient to the homes of the, majority of its members, so that thev could easily get together to discuss matters of professional interest and thereby take an active part in the progress of the Institute and the advancement of their profession.He mentioned that a local section had already been formed at Huddersfield, and that Sheffield members were about to hold a meeting to consider the question. Dr. Forster said that he was glad that they had the Assistant Secretary, Mr. Marlow, with them that evening, and suggested that he be asked to explain the objects and advant- ages of local sections. Mr. Marlow, in reply, conveyed to the meeting the greetings of the President and Council, and their hopes that if a local section should be formed it would exercise a lively influence on the policy of the Institute. He also expressed the Regis- trar’s regret that a prior engagement rendered it impossible for him to be present.He drew attention to the objects of local sections as set out in detail in the Draft Rules which were published in Part 111. of the Journal for 1918. He suggested that the advantages of the formation of local sections might be considered from several points of view. In the first place, the members of the Section by social intercourse would engender a sense of fellowship which was an essential part of any strong pro- fessional organisation, and those who attended section meetings would have an additional inducement to read the Journal: his experience taught him that far too many members failed to notice what was reported of the Institute’s activities.Then, the Council had already had good reason to appreciate the help of Local Sections which had forwarded valuable suggestions for consideration. The Sections, through their local Interviewing Committees, had rendered invaluable assistance in dealing with applications for membership. Lastly, he felt that sections were able to exert a powerful influence on local public opinion in many ways, e.g. through reporting their proceedings in the press. Section committees 351 had assisted materially in the working of the Appointments Register by providing the Registrar with lists of firms who should be approached with regard to the facilities offered by the Register. The Council would provide funds for four meetings annually for official purposes.He wished to make it clear, however, that this money could only be expended in accordance with the provisions of the Charter, so that if the members wished -and he hoped they would-to arrange smoking concerts or other purely social functions, the expenses so incurred should be met by a small local subscription, or a charge for admission, unless such functions were purely auxiliary to the official business and did not involve extra expenditure. After some consideration Mr. Mackey moved, Mr. Richard-son seconded, and it was unanimously agreed to form a Leeds Area Section to include the districts of Bradford, Hull, Leeds, York, and Wakefield. During the discussion Mr. Branson and Mr. Bliss referred to the desirability of holding a certain number of joint meetings with other societies.Dr. Abell welcomed the formation of the Section, as he felt that the Institute had been centred in the past too much in London, while provincial members had had little interest in their membership except as a qualifica-tion. He felt that Sections should influence the working of the Institute by electing local members on the Council. He also suggested that meetings should be held alternatively in the larger towns of the area. The Chairman urged that it was desirable that the various local scientific societies, or sections of societies, should consult with a view to a convenient arrangement of meetings or joint meetings. He reminded the meeting, however, that the objects of the Institute differed from those of the other societies in that they were devoted to raising the standard of professional attainments and upholding the claims of those who were properly called chemists.He felt that local sections would exercise a helpful function by drawing members together as much for social intercourse as for purely professional 352 purposes. He felt that as a headquarters for scientific life in the West Riding a well-endowed social club was badly needed. Mr. Marlow, in reply to a question by Mr. Mackey, said that the formation of a local section did not imply that an additional District Member of the Council would be created. It was possible for more than one section to exist in a District. The definition of the District for voting purposes was fa matter for the decision of a General Meeting. He felt, more- over, that it was debatable whether it might not after all be better to re-define the District Areas rather than enlarge a Council which already could consist of as many as forty-six members.A provisional committee was formed to organise the section and draft the rules. Those appointed were :-Prof. Arthur Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., Messrs. F. W. Richardson, B. A. Burrell, G. N. Grinling, J. A. Foster, W. McD. Mackey, Dr. R. D. Abell, Messrs. R. J. Ewart, and A. H. Clucas, with Dr. R. B. Forster (Provisional Secretary). The meeting closed with votes of thanks to the Chairman, Dr. Forster, and Mr. Marlow. 353 Personal. The President will represent the Institute on the General Committee of the British Empire Exhibition (1923).Sir George Beilby, Past President of the Institute, has been appointed a member of the Advisory Committee for Coal and the Coal Industry. The Committee has been appointed by the Secretary for Mines in accordance with the provisions of Section 4 of the Mining Industry Act, 1920. The congratulations and good wishes of the Council of the Institute have been accorded to Dr. E. H. Cook on his election as Lord Mayor of Bristol. Dr. Cook is also Chairman of the Bristol Education Committee. Sir William Pope has received the degree of LL.D. Honoris Causa from the McGill University, Montreal. The late Lieut.-Col. E. F. Harrison, C.M.G., F.1.C.-A memorial plaque to the late Lieut.-Col.Edward Frank Harrison was unveiled on 2nd November, in the Examination Hall of the Pharmaceutical Society, by the Rt. Hon. Sir Laming Worthington-Evans, Bart., Secretary of State for War. Col. Harrison died on 4th November, 1918, from pneumonia, aggravated by exposure to gas during his experi- mental work. The Secretary for War said that it was perhaps fitting that the constitutional representative of the British Army should be called on to pay a tribute of respect to the memory of one to whom the Army owed so much. The work and devotion of Col. Harrison had perhaps a more direct and visible effect in safeguarding his comrades in battle than the work of any other man. On behalf of every officer and man of the Army, he paid a’tribute of respect and gratitude to the devotion and self-sacrifice of one to whom so many 354 owed their lives.He would not presume to do more than refer to the scientific attainments, the resolute courage and self- sacrifice of Col. Harrison. The problem that Col. Harrison was called on to solve was perhaps one of the most dramatic in warfare; he had to provide in the middle of a war, almost in the middle of a battle, an nrmour that would be proof against a new and sinister weapon, deadly to a degree hitherto unimagined in warfare. It was said to the honour of ancient kings that they slew their thousands and their tens of thou-sands: it would be Col. Harrison’s memorial that he saved them; for not a man was sent to the front in the later years of the war who might not have to depend for his life at some unexpected moment on the skill and knowledge of the man whom they commemorated that day.Notes. Use of Private Premises for Professional Work,-A consulting chemist, occupying a private house on a short lease and conducting part of his practice in a laboratory in the house, has been obliged to comply with an order of eject- ment, owing to his landlord, who desired to sell the house, objecting to the conduct of a business on the premises. The matter is of general interest to professional men, many of whom-practitioners in medicine, law, dentistry, architecture, surveying, accountancy, journalism, -in varying degree, carry on their work at home.In the case in point, no abjec- tion had arisen with regard to the nature of the work, no inconvenience had been caused to neighbours, and no com-plaints had been made. The chemist was not disposed to appeal to the High Court, but obtained an extension of time (two months) to find other accommodation. The question which the High Court would have had to decide was whether 355 the practice of chemistry is carrying on a business. In cases where chemists are already so practising they in all proba- bility assume that the right of a professional man to practice at home is duly acknowledged, and it would probably be indiscreet to raise the matter with their landlords. The question is worthy of note, however, as a warning to members who intend to conduct practice in similar circumstances to insure that their agreements do not debar them from doing so.Fellows and Associates who are aware of any case bearing on the question are invited to communicate with the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute. Royal College of Science Chemical Society.-On 24th November the Registrar of the Institute gave an address on “The Profession of Chemistry” before the Royal College of Science Chemical Society in the Lecture Theatre of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, Prof. J. C. Philip presiding. An abstract of the address is published in this Part (See p. 358) for the information of Registered Students. Books and their Contents.-The publication of the usual schedule of recent “Books and their Contents” is with- held until the next issue owing to considerations of space. The Publications Committee have received and will consider a suggestion that a brief review should be added to each book noticed.356 Obituary. HARRYINGLEdied at Leeds on 4th December at, the age of fifty-two years. He received his general education at the Leeds Middle Class School, and his chemical and scientific training at the Yorkshire College. In his last year of his course he collaborated with Prof. Smithells in the investigation of the structure of the Bunsen flame. He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute, obtained first-class honours in the School of Chemistry, and the Le Blanc medal in Technical Chemistry.He was the first chemical student of the Yorkshire College to graduate in the federated Victoria University, and the first graduate on whom the degree of Doctor of Science was conferred by the University of Leeds. He was also the first candidate recommended from Leeds under the scheme for 1851 Exhibition Scholarships for post graduate research, and he went abroad to study organic chemistry in Munich, where he was associated with both von Bayer and Thiele, his scholarship being renewed for a third year. Having obtained the degree of Ph.D., he was for a short time an honorary demonstrator in Organic Chemistry in the University of Leeds, continuing his research work, and then became Head of the Chemical Department in the Technical School, Hull, and subsequently chemist to the firm of Messrs.Barry Ostlere & Co., Linoleum Manu- facturers, Kirkcaldy. He investigated the changes which take place in linseed oil during the processes of boiling and after-use, publishing papers on this and allied subjects. It was an oil chemist that Dr. Ingle's name was best known, and it was mainly as a consultant on the chemistry of oils and fats that he was engaged during the later years of his life, when, after leaving Scotland, he conducted a consulting practice in Leeds. Jointly witphMr. J. A. L. Sutcliffe, he was the author of a book entitled Oils, Resins und Paints, and at the time of his death was an examiner to the City and Guilds of London Institute on the subject of oils and fats.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. 'WILLIAM PASSMOREFRANCIS died suddenly, from heart failure, at Bexley Heath, on 29th October, in his fifty-fifth year. From 1882 to 1887 he was pupil and assistant to Dr. Benjamin H. Paul, who at that time conducted a consulting practice in Fenchurch Avenue, London. Ho was then for a year private assistant to Prof. W. R. Dunstan, before proceeding to the University of Wiirzburg, where he assisted Prof. Emil. Fischer in research on carbohydrates. Having obtained the degree of Ph.D. in 1890, he became Assistant Demonstrator in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society, and in the following year, in partnership with Mr. H, Helbing, established an analytical and 357 consulting practice in Queen Victoria Street.He initiated the manu- factu.e of saccharin on the large scale in this country, successfully devised a number of other industrial processes of importance, and had extensive forensic experience in connection with chemical patents relating to various industries. He was elected tt Fellow of the Institute in 1918. JOHNSPILLERdied at Canonbury on 8th November, aged 88. He was a student at the Royal College of Chemistry from 1848 to 1850, where he continued as Assistant until 1853, subsequently occupying a similar position in the Metallurgical Laboratory of the Royal School of Mines until 1856, when he was appointed an Assistant Chemist to the War Department, which position he held until 1868. He was also Lecturer in Metallurgy at the Royal School of Gunnery, Shoeburyness, from 1864 until 1868, when he became Consulting Chemist to the Atlas Dye Works, which position he held until 1888.From 1856 to 1873 he was Examiner in Chemistry to the City af London School, and was the author of many papers contributed to scientific and technical journals. He was a Past President of the Royal Photographic Society, a Past Vice-president of the Society of Chemical Industry, a member of the General Committee of the British Association, and a member of the Essex County Technical Committee. He was a pioneer in the Volunteer movement, and became a Captain in the 26th Kent R.V. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, and served on the Council from 1880 to 1883, At the funeral service at Highbury on 12th November, the Institute was represented by the Registrar.358 ‘‘ The Profession of Chemistry.” Abstract of an address given by the Registrar of the Institute before the Royal College of Science Chemical Society on 24th November. 1921. I have undertaken to speak about your chosen profession, and if at times I say things in the nature of homely truths, I hope you will be tolerant to one who stands in relation to the profession as an old retainer, although, on the other hand, you would also expect from an official some measure of restraint. I propose to say a few words on “general education,” then to deal with the word “chemist,” touch briefly on the training of a chemist, his examinations and qualifications, possible careers and prospects therein, professional interests, and procedure in practice.You are well aware that every man who wishes to be regarded as a professional man must have attained a good standard of general education if he hopes to maintain his position as such in the work-a-day world. I want to remind you, therefore, that whatever success you may achieve in life will be quite as much due to your cultivation of practical good sense and the general development of your mental faculties, will and judgment, as to your technical, that is, special, professional knowledge and skill. I want to offer, therefore, one suggestion, namely, that you should devote part of your time for recreation to literature; and I recom-mend especially the reading of biography and essays, as tending to induce the habit of methodical thought and ex- pression in writing and speaking, which will carry you far in overcoming difficulties when you take your place in the counsels of men.A good book is a good friend, and of 359 books of the right kind you can hardly have too many. Books and friends should be selected with the same care. I would suggest, too, that, even in your choice of ordinary newspapers and journals, you should bear in mind that it is profitable to restrict your reading to those which will in no way detract from your acquiring a correct style. British men of science have been criticised rather severely at times for slipshod writing and lack of lucidity.Such criticism was not altogether unjustified; but I think that the chemists of the future, by taking thought, could render their science more acceptable to the uninitiated by presenting it so that it could be more easily understood. A man of science should, on all occasions, be definite and accurate. As one of the uninitiated, I would ask you to be patient with us, remembering that it is fortunate, after all, that every- body has not the same leanings and the same kind and measure of understanding. Dr. Johnson defined a chymist as “a professor of chymistry.” Modern dictionaries define him as one skilled or versed in the science of chemistry. I hope when you have become duly qualified you will call yourselves chemzsts, and thus assist in establishing your right to a title which has unfortunately become attached by custom and, to some extent, by law, to another calling.Pharmacists have acquired the use of the title “chemist,” but, in my opinion, not the sole right to it. When the Pharmacy Act of 1868 was passed, the legislature, recognising the existence of other chemists, were careful to include in the Act a Section which clearly defined those to whom that Act applied, viz. “all persons who at any time before the passing of this Act have carried on in Great Britain the business of a chemist and druggist, in keeping open shop for the compounding of the prescriptions of duly qualified medical practitioners, also of all Assistants and Associates who before the passing of this Act shall have been duly registered under or according to the provisions of the Pharmacy Act and also to all such persons as may be duly 360 registered under this Act.” There is no such definition in other restrictive Statutes relating to medical men, nurses, plumbers, etc.Clearly, then, the Pharmacy Act-not the Chemistry Act-applies only to such persons as are cited, and does not apply to those chemists who pursue the science of chemistry, but do not keep open shop for the purposes mentioned. The main object of the Act was to ensure the qualification of persons keeping such shops, and to restrict the business of the sale of poisons to persons so qualified. The proper title of such persons was “apothecary,” and if you search our literature from the time of Chaucer you will find ample support for this view.Moreover, foreign countries use a word corresponding to chemist when they wish to refer to one, and words corresponding to afiothecary and pharmacist when they wish to refer to apothecaries and pharmacists. I have referred to this point because it is only right that chemists should retain their own name. I do not say that no pharmacist deserves the name; there are many who do; but I hold the view that it belongs essentially to those who pursue and practise the science and profession of chemistry. The professional training of a chemist, when pursued on the right lines, demands mental ability of a standard at least as high as that required for any other professional career.Of your technical training, however, I propose to say little, because that is in good hands, and I know the high reputation of your College. I am acquainted with very many old students of the College, and I believe that they meet with a measure of success in life at least comparable with that of any other body of past students. I would merely say that this time of preparation is all important, and is a time for hard and earnest work. Most of us have to make our way in the world as best we can by our own industry. Life is becoming increasingly difficult and strenuous for men of moderate capacity, and it is the more necessary, therefore, for every educated person to strive to rise above mediocrity.There is a tendency in all professions towards overcrowding ; but there is always room for the best in every profession. Some may have means or influence. The most valuable influence is the testimony of those with whom you have actually worked, and of those who can speak of your work from first-hand know- ledge; yet, remember, that influence is of little avail without true worth: it may help you for a time, but in the end you must make your own way. To return to training: although chemistry is your main subject, other science is very necessary to enable you to understand chemistry. The chemist must be an all-round man, well-informed generally. There is a limit to the period of your training, but you cannot know too much of anything useful, and you can never tell how soon you may have to draw upon any department of your store of knowledge.Therefore, you will be well-advised to take an interest in all science, and to endeavour at least to keep abreast of modern progress which has any relation to your own branch. In the language of Bacon, you must be a full man (i.e. well informed), and a ready man (i.e. ready to apply your information). A well- trained chemist is equipped for many emergencies, and he is often expected to know about things and to do things which are really quite foreign to his ordinary curri- culum. During your student days, and after, never lose an opportunity of seeing any sort of industrial operation on the large scale. It is well that you should realise how operations are carried on in filter presses instead of funnels, in large evaporating pans instead of basins, in tanks instead of beakers.Endeavour to become accustomed to think on the large scale, and to realise the possible bearing of laboratory work on large scale operations. Another point-although you will almost inevitably become engaged eventually in a special branch of chemical work, you will be a better chemist if you first make sure of general principles. Therefore, you will be wise not to be in a hurry to specialise. Get all the general knowledge you 362 can while you are young. A good boxer must train the whole body; he must know how to use his fists, but he must also learn to use his head, his brain, and his feet, and to bring the force of all his body and all his skill to the business.Your training, however thorough, will not fit you to deal at once with every problem. It is only the foundation for experience, and you will profit little by experience unless you acquire an intelligent and informed judgment, and continue a student throughout your life. A few words on examinations: examinations are not imposed to annoy you, but to test your fitness to attempt more difficult work. An examination should test your ability to deal with questions on the spur of the moment; to draw on the store of the mind and deliver the goods without hesitation. If you have not stored your mind with the facts and cultivated the methodof wrapping them up properly you are not ready for the examination.In a subject like chemistry however, the tests applied are not based solely on memory. They call for reasoning and common sense, and often uncom- mon sense; so that, in my estimation, a chemist must have faculties of a higher order than those required by many other professional men. In any case, the examinations of every-day life will be far stiffer than those which you will have to pass before you can reckon yourself qualified. Nearly thirty years’ close association with examiners has taught me that, in general, they are very human, kindly people, keenly interested in their candidates, and only anxious to treat them fairly. They are judges of character, too, and look for the straightforward answer and the straightforward method of working, for evidence of real knowledge rather than shrewd guess-work.In examinations, therefore, let simplicity take precedence of cunning, for the examiner is not easily deceived. To be accurate is, above all, necessary in matters of science, and any attempt at “hedging, ” or “beating about the bush, ” must be regarded with suspicion,-as a mask of ignorance or something worse. 363 When the training and examinations are done, and the A.R.C.S., B.Sc., or A.I.C., or all three, are added to your names-what then? Those who' have an inclination to research should turn to it, if possible. All will not be so inclined, and all may not be offered the opportunity; but those who are fortunate enough to have the opportunity of working with a good research worker should make the best use of that opportunity, taking care to study the methods of attack adopted by workers of experience.When you have a clear idea of the problem to be solved, you should be able to discuss it, and therefore you should learn as much as possible of the ground which has been covered by others before you-for this is a journey on which you must carry as much knowledge as possible with you. Post-graduate work often affords a chemist the chance to make something of a name for originality; he is fortunate if he has the good luck to open up new ground and to extend, if only a little bit, the already vast domain of his science, in which, paradoxical as it may seem, the more you discover, the more there seems to be explored.Moreover, I think that the majority of those who are in a position and have the inclination to work for the higher degrees of M.Sc., Ph.D., and D.Sc., will likely enough in the long run pass their fellow students, although the latter may get the best of the start. At this stage, however, the tendency to specialise should not be allowed to interfere with the main idea of developing the chemist, in the widest sense. He will be a better research worker if he keep himself, so far as is possible, well informed in the progress made in other departments of work. The chief branches of employment are (I) Private Practice, (2) Industry, (3)Governmental or Municipal, (4) Educational, (5) a combination of two or more of the above, and (6) other employ men t-possibl y commercial, administrative, j ourn a- listic-in which chemical knowledge is decidedly useful, although perhaps not essential.In private practice the vacancies are not so numerous as in industry. They occur in the laboratories of consultants, public analysts, chemical engineers, metallurgists, and other specialists. Experience gained with well-known practitioners is often of great value, not infrequently providing those who are able to take advantage of it with stepping-stones to positions of importance in industries relative to the practice. Thus, the public analyst's assistant becomes a chemist in a food or drug factorv; the assistant of a metallurgist proceeds to metal works, an& so forth.The appointments in industry are necessarily various. In a large concern the start may be made in testing work,-the examination of raw material, intermediate and finished products, besides fuel, water, paints, lubricants, and other substances and materials required in the ordinary maintenance of the works. Chemists are also required for research, for plant control and management. In research, many concerns are now fully alive to the importance of work on fundamental principles. These concerns not only contribute to organised research associations, but make allowance for a certain amount of what might be termed academzc work in their own labora- tories.The main lines of research in works, however, are directed to improvement of quality ; increase of yield ; reduc-tion of cost; utilisation of waste; and introduction of new products. Plant control requires chemists who have the ability to direct processes, with the attendant difficulty of keeping on good ternis with those who take part in the large scale operations. They must be ready to take off their coats, and be readv for emergencies, having due regard to the dangers (if any)"of the work, besides being thoroughly acquainted with the plant and the principles of the process. Ever alive to the fact that business is business, and as such is run for the benefit of the employees as well as for the employers, they should not neglect opportunities of making useful suggestions for economical development which may be adopted forthwith, or referred to the research department for investigation.The management of many industrial concerns is surely, though in some cases slowly, passing to trained chemists ; that movement must tend to increase the demand for scientific assistance of the highest order, and such assistance is selected with greater discrimination than it was in the past. In smaller concerns the chemists may be fewer, but the responsibility may still be considerable. In many cases, only one chemist is employed, and he frequently may hold appointment as manager, or assistant manager,-positions requiring an aptitude for business in addition to scientific attainments.Coming now to Governmental and Municipal work-there are appointments for chemists in the Government Laboratory, and in laboratories under the War Office, Admiralty, and other Departments of State, besides municipal laboratories, public health laboratories, and the like. Some of these now -in contrast to pre-war days-afford a moderately good prospect, and in any case provide “jumping-off ground” to better positions. In teaching, the appointments are numerous and the pay has lately been improved, though the appointments carrying salaries over E6oo a year are comparatively very few. A real enthusiasm for the work is essential and the teacher, at any rate in Universities and technical colleges, should have ability at least equal in standard to that required of chemists in private practice and in industries. A chemist who wishes to teach and yet to be regarded as a chemist should not remain content to teach elementary science, and should strive, at all costs, to do some good research work, or he will soon cease to merit his qualification.Among the miscellaneous careers for chemists, I may mention that not a few have qualified for the bar, and several are successful as patent agents. When you come to earn your living, you will probably need to modify considerably your idea of the value of time, and you will need to give careful attention to the value of apparatus and material, and costs generally. The amount 366 of work expected of you in a day will greatly exceed what you have ordinarily done in the College.You will become part of a business concern, and, as such, must be in some measure profitable, or you cannot earn your salary, The change from college life to business must be faced. Employers are looking for live men who will show some enthusiasm for the interests of -their concerns. The contract should not be a one-sided affair, but should be for the benefit of both parties. “There is an implied contract, much stronger than any instrument of articles of agreement, between the labourer in any employment, and his employer, that the labour, so far as the labour is concerned, shall be sufficient to pay the employer a profit on his capital-a compensation for his risk; in a word that the labour shall produce an advantage equal to the payment.”-Bzcrke.At this stage you will begin your business education: hitherto you have but prepared the soil, but if it is well prepared the seed will take root and grow. At first you will probably lack confidence in your own ability. Some time must necessarily elapse before you are acclimatised to your new surroundings; but as you gain confidence you will find your interest in your work increasing with its success. Likely enough you will make mistakes-we all do; you must do your best, and if you do that you will not be without encouragement. Robert Louis Stevenson wrbte : “When I see a man who doesn’t think pretty well of himself, I always suspect him of being in the right.” It is well if you are able to maintain a moderately good opinion of your- self; people will be dangerously apt to believe you if you decry yourself, though, on the other hand, they will not tolerate too much conceit.One difficulty which will confront you is that you will commonly find in announcements regarding vacancies for chemists a statement to the effect that previous experience is necessary. I am frequently asked, “How then is the newly qualified chemist to make a start?” and the question is not easy to answer; but I suggest that during the third and fourth year of your training you should begin to think of specialisa-tion, and it will at least be a help to you to show that you have special knowledge, if not special experience, in at least one department of chemical work.You must be a good “all round” chemist, but it is essential to be able to say that you have paid special attention to, say, physical chemistry and higher physics, or to bio-chemistry and biology, or to mineral chemistry and mineralogy, or to metallurgical chem- istry, or to problems connected with fuel, oil, leather, or some other well-known industry. Some who have means may be able to enter laboratories where there is marked specialisation, paying a premium for a year or so; others may occasionally be allowed to gain ex- perience on reciprocal terms, giving their services, or earning at first but a moderate salary. Such a course may be neces- sary when the demand for assistants is small. Others again may be fortunate in securing grants for research work bearing on industrial matters, and by this means acquire some degree of experience in preparation for an opening in the particular industry when it is offered.Remember, too, that if at the end of a year or so you find you are not getting on, and your prospects are small, it is your business to remedy the situation. If you are in the wrong path the sooner you get into the right one the better. Do not blame others if you do not get on: it is your business. I should not neglect to say a few words on the advisability -apart from the desirability-of the chemist taking a lively interest in the affairs of his profession. I am not here to enlist recruits to the Institute, although I think it is well for all qualified chemists to take their part in supporting a body which exists for the public good quite as much as for the profession, apart from the fact that membership confers an unquestioned recognition of your status as a trained chemist; but I urge you all to join those bodies which are devoted to the interests of your science, to become active members, and to lose no opportunity of knowing as many as possible of the members of your chosen profession.To get on in the world you must become known for your work, and, in the long run, you will succeed by proving your corn- petence and capability. The Institute can look back with satisfaction to its past record. The majority of the members of the profession, notwithstanding the characteris tic independent individuality of chemists in general, realise the need for solidarity.The incorporation of the Institute under Charter from the Crown so long ago as 1885 has put the profession on a plane com- parable with that of other professions, for membership of which definite technical training and tests are prescribed. All members of the profession, whether attached to the In- stitute or not, benefit directly by the position of public recognition which the Institute has laboured to maintain for the profession; but those who join it at least reap the ad-vantage accruing from the fact that they are associated with the body to whom the public looks for competent and honest service, It is necessary to have standards of training and examina- tions, and they may be interpreted in a liberal spirit; but it is useless to have them merely to disregard them.Member-ship of the Institute constitutes in a large measure recognition of status by a responsible body of professional opinion. It does not exist merely for examination and registration purposes. It is an organisation for the common good, and its activities benefit the interests of the whole profession. Now, with regard to the future. The first and most obvious fact for the chemist to remember is that he will have to depend mainly on his own resources, and the next that, in these days, he will often find it necessary to take what work he can get-not necessarily in his favourite line, or at his own time, or in the district he would prefer, or at the salary he thinks he deserves.The great thing is to make a start. The Appointments Bureau of the College and the Appoint- ments Register of the Institute will often be found helpful, and the advertisement pages of the technical and daily press should not be ignored. Apply for every vacancy for which there is the least chance of securing a place on the short list, hut do not expec-t many replies, because it is un- usual for employers to answer more than five or six candi- dates br any post. I would suggest in every case, that you make a brief and concise statement containing the following particulars and obtain a number of neatly typed or mimeo- graphed copies of it :-Name, address, age, education and training, qualifications, experience, if any-including milj tary or other war service,--and references.In answering an advertisement, send a neatly written covering letter, carefully expressed, to direct attention to your special claims for consideration as a candidate for the vacancy in view, and enclosing, when they are asked for, copies of one or two testimonials. Many people prefer to act aLs references, rather than to give testimonials, and I think this is the niore satisfactory method of obtaining reliable evidence. I€the salary is specified in the announcement, the business is simplified. Otherwise, you may suggest the amount your- self, or you may ask that the matter mav be left for considera- tion should you be afforded an intervikw.From a long ex-perience in such matters I would say that employers have, at any rate in recent times, come to realise that it is better to pay a higher salary for the candidate they prefer, than to select one who happens to place a lower value on his services, For a chemist, newly qualified and without experience, but with a good college record, a salary of L300 to &so has been frequently obtained since the armistice. Some have been more fortunate and some less; but the great thing is to secure a chance of proving your worth, especially in any concern which is likely to afford a prospect of advancement. “ Beggars can’t be choosers” and “A half-a-loaf is better than no bread” are two very trite sayings, and, after all, whatever bargain you make at the beginning, the main thing is to get to work, if you can.The prevailing depression in industry has rendered it unusually difficult to place even some highly qualified and 370 experienced chemists ;but I believe that many sound concerns which have come through the trying times of the past six months will look to chemists, in greater numbers, to help them in recovering their positions. In that event, the demand will still have to be considerable, because the output of newly graduated chemists has been much greater during the past two years than in any similar pre-war period. My hopes for the further employment of chemists are based on the evident anxiety on the part of industries to take advantage of the help of science during the comparatively active period from the Armistice until the autumn of 1920.During that time the Institute of Chemistry passed through its Appointments Register 700 names of chemists who had been on active service or engaged on war work. These were not all members of the Institute; yet it is remarkable that, although the number exceeds one-fifth of the total roll of the Institute, only thirteen members were known to be actually without appointment in December, ~gzo. The position of chemistry to-day is not so serious as that of. many other professions, but about eighty members are out of work, and the profession is receiving very considerable additions to its ranks from the output of new graduates in chemistry from the Universities.For the present I can only advise you to take every reasonable step to get work, and, if you cannot get it in chemistry, try for any position affording useful experience in which you can “mark time ” until conditions improve and you can find an opening in your own chosen career. A chance to gain an insight into business should form a valuable addition to your equipment, and you need not neglect your chemistry in your spare time. On the subject of procedure in practice, I need not detain you for long. You belong to a country where “fair play” is the underlying principle of professional ethics as well as of sport. You are expected to refrain from any course of action which savours of taking an unfair advantage of any other member of the profession.For this reason, professional 371 men here do not advertise for practice, or seek to bring them- selves into prominence by ‘‘trade puffs,” or adopt any artifice of the charlatan. The degree of estimation in which the profession is held must be established by the standard adopted by its members. Not only must we pursue our own good with as little harm to others as possible, but stand together for mutual help, preserving an ungrudging recognition of the rights of others. Finally, I would repeat that in proiessional work the result lies mainly in the effort of the individual. Professors may well be proud of those pupils who have achieved emi- nence; but, in the long run, they will be the first to admit that the pupils have made themselves.The above abstract is published with the concurrence of Messrs. Constable & Co., publishers of The Profession of Chemisty-, by Richard B. Pilcher. London, 1919. 372 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on October 28th and November z5th, 4 Associates were elected to the Fellowship ; 140 Associates were elected ; IOO new Students were admitted and I re-admitted. The Institute has lost 6 Fellows and I Student by death. Associates Elected to Fellowship. Dingwall, Andrew, Dominion Grain Research Laboratory, Postal Station “By”Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Harwood, Samuel Davenport Fairfax, MA., South-Eastern Agricul- tural College, Wye, Kent.Hepburn, Andrew, c/o Ross Sniyth, Clyde Place, Perth. Turner, Eustsce Ebenezer, B.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Lond.), 39, Victoria Road, Chingford, London, E. 4. New Associates, Alway, Herbert Henry Thomas, B.Sc. (Bris.), 141, Church Road, Redfield, Bristol. Angus, George Bagrie, B.Sc. (Edin.), 24, Clarence Street, Edinburgh. Armitage, Bernard, B.Sc. (Leeds), Westfield House, Rothwell, Leeds. Ayling, Ernest Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Mount Pleasant, Swansea. Bagnall, Douglas James Talbot, 57, Alexandra Road, Reading. Rain, Miss Alice Mary, &LA., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Lady Hardinge Medical College, Delhi, India. Banks, Bernard George, A.C.G.F.C., 46, Montalt Road, Woodford Green, Essex. Barton-Browne, Gerald, A.C.G.F.C., 11, Northwick House, St.John’s Wood Road, London, N.W. 8. Baxter, Reginald Robert, B.Sc. (Adelaide), 110, Melville Terrace, South Perth, Western Australia. Billett, Arthur William, B.Sc. (Bris.), 7, Sunnybank, Lyncombe Vale, Bath. Blackwell, Charles Alfred, B.Sc. (Vict.), Hawthorne Cottage, Handforth, near Manchester. Blakey, Robert Fitzjohn Wood, A.R.T.C., 17, Melville Terrace, Stirling, Scotland. Box, Ronald John, A.C.G.F.C., Elchester, Arthur Road, Slough, Bucks. Bradshaw, Geoffrey Gordon, B.Sc. (Leeds), Callowell, near Stroud, Glos. Breare, Arnold, B.Sc. (Leeds), 6, .Airville Terrace, Burley-in-Wharfe- dale, nr. Leeds. Brown, David Christie, B.Sc. (Glas.), 32, Windsor Street, Glasgow. 373 Bruce, Robert Marshall, B.Sc.(N.Z.), A.R.S.M. (Lond.), Albert Road, Britannia Heights, Nelson, New Zealand. Bwch, William John Nobbs, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Craven Park, Willesden, London, N.W. 10 Butler, Carlton, B.Sc. (Vict.), 23,'&Winifred Road, Urmston, nr. Man- Chester. Buttrick, Harold Pease, lS,\Braemar Avenue, Wood Green, London, N. 22. Chapman, Ernest, R.Sc. (Vict.), 83, Roe Green, Worsley, nr. Man-Chester. Churchill, Ernest George, M.Sc. (Sheff.),66, Victoria Avenue, East Ham, London, E. 6. Connell, James, B.Sc. (Glas.), 77, Fotheringay Road, Glasgow.Corran, John William, B.Sc. (Liv.),86, Upper Hill Street, Prince's Park, Liverpool.Coxon, Thomas, B.A. (Cantab.), Daffodils, Winscombe, Somerset. Coysh, Reginald Henry, B.Sc. (Bris.), 15, Bellerton Road, Knowle, Brist01.Crawford, Archibald Barclay, B.Sc. (Glas.), Locher, Bridge-of-Weir, Renf rewshire. Crosbie-Oates, Raymond, B.Sc. (Liv.), The Chalet, Park West, Heswall, Cheshire. Currie, Archibald Neil, M.A., B.Sc. (Glas.), 44,Fisher Street, Dennistoun, Glasgow.Cutting, Cecil George, A.R.C.S.,47, Whitehall Park, Highgate, London, N. 19. Dale, Alfred John, B.Sc. (Vict.), 14, Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Stoke- on -Trent. Das, Chinnyyan Kumara, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Liv.), 37, Coltart Road, Princes Park, Liverpool. Dawe, Alfred Ernest, 43, Osmond Gardens, Wallington, Surrey. Dawson, Thomas Etaper, M.Sc. (Leeds), 128, North Street, Leeds. Dewhurst, Milton, B.Sc. (Vict.), 27, Beech Street, Padihani, Lancs. Donald, Maxwell Bruce, A.R.C.S., Box 233, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, U.S.A.Drummond, Arthur Johnstone, B.Sc. (Glrts.), 4, Grantly Gardens, Shawlands, Glasgow. Evans, Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Danybryn, Furnace, Burry Port, Cam. Fairley, Henry, B.Sc. (Edin.), 6, Faraday Place, Addiewell, Midlothian, Scotland. Farrer, William John Gladstone, A.C.G.F.C., 1, Princes Parade, Finchley, London, N. 3. Francis, Marcus, B.Sc. (Vict.), 654, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent. Galletly, Charles Harvey, B.Sc. (Glas.), 960, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. Gernor, William Austin, B.Sc. (Liv.), 122, Alton Street, Crewe, Cheshire, Garrard, James Davis, B.A. (Oxon), The Willows, Kermington,Brocklesby, Lincs. Hampson, Cyril Garford, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), c/oThe C.P.A., Ltd., The Central Laboratory, Rhodes, nr.Manchester. Harris, John Sargent, B.A. (Cantah.), 20, Essex Road, Rushden, Northants. 374 Harris, Robert Austin Meire, B.A. (Oxon), Long Marton Rectory, Kirkby Thore, Penrith. Hatfield, John Smith, A.R.C.S., 3, St. George’s Court, Gloucester Road, London, S.W. 7. Haworth, Robert Downs, M.Sc. (Vict.), 221, Stockport Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport. Hill, John Whitelaw, 9, Briarhill Road, Prestwick, Scotland. Hole, Stanley Reginald, A.R.C.S., 10, Ringstead Road, Catford, London, S.E. 6. House, Cyril John, A.R.C.S., 132, Hailsham Avenue, Streatham Hill, London, S.W. 2. Irvine, Frank Moutat, B.Sc. (Dun.), 30, Clayton Road, Jesrnoncl, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Jamieson, Morris, A.R.C.S., 14, Deerpark Gardens, Tollcross, Glasgow.Jeffrey, John George Alexander, B.Sc.(Edin.), c/o The Attoch Oil Co., Ltd., Rawal Pindi Refinery, Rawal Pindi, Punjab, India. Jones, Daniel Evans, B.Sc. (Wales), Coedhir, Dolygaer, Merthyr Tydfil.Jones, David Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), Tynlofft Farm, Lampeter, Cardiganshire.Jones, Edward Henry Carley, A.R.C.S., 62, Killieser Avenue, London, S.W. 2. Jones, Leonard Ellwood, B.Sc. (Liv.), 55, Belmont Drive, Newsham Park, Liverpool. Jones, Richard Arthur, A.C.G.F.C., 68, Highbury New Park, London, N. 5. Kieran, Alfred Joseph, B.Sc. (Liv.), 39, Valley Road, Anfield, Liverpool. Kinkead, Robert William, MAC. (Belfast), Hollymount, Osborne Park, Belf 8st. Kotibhaskar, Moreshvar Ganesh, M.A. (Bombay), M.Sc.(Manc.), 94, Market Street, Manches ter. Ledbury, Wilfrid, B.Sc. (Birm.), 104, Evesham Street, Redditch, Worcs. Lockhart, Thomas Thomson Rankin, M.C., M.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), 6, Ryehill Avenue, Leith, Scotland. Lunt, James Gilbert, B.Sc. (Liv.), 17, York Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.Macdonald, Charles Leonard, Fernlea, Glasgow Road, Paisley, Scotland. Mair, John Alexander, B.Sc. (Glas.), 53, Holmhead Street, Glasgow. Mander, Percy George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44, Windsor Road, Doncsster. Martindale, John Ruthven, B.A. (Cantab.), 12, Dane’s Road, Staveley, Westmorland. Mason, Cyril Thomas, B.A. (Cantab.), 13, Oakdale Road, Tunbridge Wells. Matthews, David Ernest, B.Sc. (Sheff.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Woodside, Barrrack Hill, Newport, Mon. Matthews, Norman Louis, A.C.G.F.C., 45, Tyrwhitt Road, Brockley,London, S.E.4. McGookin, Alexander, B.Sc. (Liv.), 124, Whetstone Lane, Birkenhead Mennell, Harold, A.M.S.T., Dobroyd, Shepley, nr. Huddersfield. Miller, Ralph William Richardson, B.A. (Cantab.), P.O. Box 141, Nairobi, British East Africa. Mogridgc, Leslie Herbert, A,R,C,S., 13, Cleveland Road, Brighton. 375 Mohn, George, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 10, Rushford Avenue, Levenshulme, Manchester. Morgan, Frank Ewen, A.R.C.S., 6, Pavilion Parade, Brighton. Morgan, Richard Harold, B. Sc. (Manc.), Broneirion Cottage, Llandinam, Montgomeryshire.Morton, Edward, A.R.C.Sc.I., 41, Garthland Drive, Dennistoun, Glasgow.Morton, Richard Alan, B.Sc. (Liv.), 2, Lumley Street, Garston, Liver- pool.Muir, Thomas Agnew, B.Sc.(Liv.), 126, Rice Lane, Walton, Liverpool. Murdoch, Donald George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 26, Olive Road, Cricklewood, London, N.W. 2. Myers, George Norman, B.Sc. (Dun.), Elmsyde, Low Fell, Co. Durham. Norris, Woodford Stanley Gowan Plucknett, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 66, Park Avenue, Barking, Essex. Parsons, Ian Herbert, A.R.C.S., 54, Queen Anne Street, London, W. 1. Patterson, Miss Agnes Margaret, B.Sc. (Glas.), Coltpark Avenue, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow. Payne, John William, Nazeing Park Gardens, Waltham Cross, Essex. Peake, John Griffith, A.R.C.S., Erskine, Prospect Road, Summer Hill, Sydney, Australia. Peard, George Thomas, B.Sc. (Liv.), Heyes IIouse, Rainhill, Lancs. Pennel, ,Alexander Norval, B.Sc. (Edin.), Norvale, Innerleithen, Peebleshire. Phillips, Lewis Henry, M.C., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 2, Adys Lawn, Balmoral Road, London, N.W. 2. Phillips, Lewis Reginald, York Villa, Goudhurst, Kent. Prescott, James Arthur, M.Sc. (Manc.), Sultanic Agricultural Society, P.O., Box 63, Cairo, Egypt. Preston, Harry, B.Sc. (Dun.), 5, Ash Street, Benwell, Newcastle-on- Tyne.Print, Harold Celestine, B.Sc. (Birm.), 69, Selsey Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Rideout, Eric Hardwicke, R.Sc. (Liv.), 17, Regent Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Robertson, John McGregor, B.Sc. (Glas.), 50, Bank Street, Hillhead, Glasgow. Robinson, Fred, M.Sc. (Leeds), 32, Hovingham Grove, Harehills, Leeds. Russell, George Allan, B.Sc. (Dun.), Barnsheen, Ditton, nr. Widnes, Scarf, Frank, B.Sc.(Birm.), 51, High Street, Harborne, Birmingham. Scott, John Richard, B.Sc. (Leeds), 12, Roundhay Crescent, Harehills Lane, Leeds. Scott, Marcellius James, B.A. Agric. (Cantab.), The Mount, Station Road, Harpenden, Herts. Skelton, John Scowcroft, A.R.C.S., 38, Ennerdale Road, Richmond, Surrey.Smith, Donald Alford, A.C.G.F.C., 138, Portway, West Ham, London, E. 15. Smith, Douglas Gordon, A.R.C.S., Hucclecote Lodge, Hucclecote, nr. Gloucester. Southall, Colin Lambert, B.Sc. (Birm.), 39, Gough Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 376 Sparrow, Samuel, M.C., Thorne House, Romiley, Cheshire. Spencer, George Douglas, B.Sc. (Leeds), Calcutta, Yeadon, nr. Yorlcs, Spettigue, Philip Roy Spencer, A.R.C.S., 205, Hampstead Way, Golders Green, London, N.W. 11.Stocker, Charles Frederick, A.R.C.S., 21, Sunderland Terrace, London, w. 2. Stuart, Leslie Donald, A.C.G.F.C., 147, Breakspears Road, Brockley, London, S.E. 4. Stubbs, James Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Castle Coombe, Southsea Avenue, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. Swan, Enoch, B.Sc. (Vict.), 129, Liverpool Road, Birkdale, Southport. Taylor, Leslie Richard Gunn, A.R.C.S., School House, Bishop’s Tawton, Barnstaple.Thomas, Miss Ethel Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 179, Albert Road, Alexandra Park, London, N. 22. Thomas, Garfield, R. Sc. (Manc.), 20, College Street, Aberdare, Glam. Thomas, Theodore Charles, W-yiiscote, London Road, Reigate, Surrey. Turner, Sydney Leonard, B.A. (Oxon), 56, Abbey Road, Oxford. Urquhart, Alexander Robert, B.Sc.(Edin.), 106, Marchmont Road, Edinburgh.Vincent-Daviss, Cedric Arthur, B.Sc. (Birm.), 473, Gillott Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Walker, Ernest, B.Sc. (Liv.), 68, Crawforcl Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.Walthew, Reginald Carrington, 3, Holly Rank, Derbyshire Road, Sale, Cheshire. Warren, Frederick William, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 11, Glen Eldon Road, St. Anne’s-on-Sea, nr. Blackpool. Watkins, Cyril Mercer, E.Sc. (Bris.), The New Inn, Leadhouse Road, Easton, Bristol. Watson, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 118, Onslow Drive, Dennistoun, Glasgow. Waygood, William Arthur, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), 134, Braidwood Road, Catford, London, S.E. 6. Webster, David Mackay, B.Sc. (Edin.), 17, Watson Street, Falkirl;, Scotland. Webster, James Davidson, B.Sc.(Glas.), 39, Partickhill Road, Glasgow, W. Weinberg, Leo, B.A.(Capeof Good Hope), RI.Sc., 5, Little Russell Street, London, T77.C. 1. Wenyon, Conrad Gallimore, M.A., B.Sc. (St. Andrew’s), 58, Bankfield Road, Huddersfield. Whalley, %lfred, B.Sc., M.Ed. (Vict.), 35, Montague Street, GlasgovT, W. Whattam, Thomas William, M.Sc. (Leeds), 17, Leeds Road, Dewsbury, Yorks. Whitehead, Hugh Robinson, B.Sc. (Leeds), Dept. of Bacteriology,College of Medicine, Newcast1 e -on -Tyne. Whiting, William Henry, B.Sc. (Wales), 13, Manvers Street, Bath, Somerset. Willgress, Robert Ernest, A.R.C.S., 95, Beaconsfield Road, Enfield Wash, Middlesex. 377 Willimott, Stanley Gordon, B.Sc. (Liv.), 25, Courtland Road, MossleyHill, Liverpool.Wolstenholme, Miss Margery Ellen, B.Sc. (Wales), 238, Cambridge Road, Canton, Cardiff. Wood, Charles Goldstraw, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 371, Manchester Road, Heaton Chapel, Stockport. New Students. Afford, Howard Tebbutt, 27, Handen Road, Lee, London, S.E. 12. Allison, Cowan, 68, Neilstan Road, Paisley, Scotland. Amos, Arthur James, Douglas Cottage, Shore Road, Stevenston, ,4yrshire.Bailey, Douglas Thomas Patrick, 39, Ifield Road, West Brompton, London, S.W. 10. Barr, James Cruikshank, Morven, Hillpark, Newlands, Glasgow. Barr, John Donald, Morven, Hillpark, Newlands, Glasgow. Bartholomew, John William, 6, Circus Drive, Dennistoun, Glasgow. Batstone, Sydney George, 14, Westover Road, Wandsworth Common, London, S.W.18. Bertram, David Craig, The Schoolhouse, Glencorse, Midlothian. Blaylock, Thomas Egglestone, Post Office, Brotton, Yorks. Bleasdale, Frank, 6, Roney Street, Blackburn. Campbell, Duncan Arthur, Eoseleigh, Speldhurst, Kent. Carswell, Alexander, Rannoch, North Iverton Road, Johnstone. Carter, George Arthur Joseph, Sanclunes, Crosby Road, Seaforth, Liverpool.Chilvers, Cecil, High Street, Ringwood. Chitson, William Abell, 294, Old Ford Road, Bow, London, E. 3. Clarke, Ralph Butler, Necton, Swaffham, Norfolk. Collins, William Thomas, Ravenhill, Fforestf ach, Swansea. Curnow, Hugh John, 22, Half -way Street, Lamorbey, Sidcup. Davies, David Cyril, Gwentfwrd, Fforestfach, Swansea. Davies, George Parker, 16, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea. Davies, John Gower, 36, Rhyddings Park Road, Byrnmill, Swansea.Dolphin, Joseph Raymond, 23, Carless Avenue, Harborne, Birmingham. Duck, Albert Edward, 34, College Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Dyer, Frederick John, 4, St. Mildred’s Road, Westgate-on-Sea. Elphick, Bernard Laurence, Mianzi, Chaucer Road, Ashford, Middlesex. Ewbank, Richard Maurice George, 209a, Gleneldon Mews, Streatham, London, S.W. 16. Finn, Douglas Hart, 17, Gt. Russell Street, Birmingham. Finney, Francis Norman Macleod, 5, Warehouse Road, Wath-on-Dearne nr. Rotherham. Fry, Gilbert Evan Reeves, Egrernont, St. Catherine’s, Lincoln. Fryer, Ernest Gladstone, 43, Drynham Road, Trowbridge, Wilts. Garlick, Cyril Tom Anton, 140, Portsdown Road, Maida Vale, London, w. 9. Garlick, Harvey Satchell, 19, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick, London, W.4. Gibson, Rsginald Oswald, 43, Crystal Palace Road, London, S.E. 22, 378 Goodman, Albert de BUSSY, 210, Goswell Road, London, E.C. 1. Grieve, Harry Osburn, The Square, Kirkliston, Linlithgowshire. Haigh, Herbert, 22, Sark Road, Stoneycroft, Liverpool. Hall, James, Doveleigh, Hall Lane, Hindley, nr. Wigan. Happold, Frank Charles, Ostley House, Abbey Road, Barrow-in-Furness. Harrison, Harold Ainsworth, Bobbin Hall, Blackrod, nr. Chorley, Lancs. Heap, Joseph Greenwood, 22, Kingswood Road, Clapham Park, London, S.W. 2. Hegan, Walter Gerald, 2, Widdrington Road, Coventry. Holmes, Eusebius, Eastern Green, nr. Coventry. Hope, Thomas, 382, Leigh Road, Daisy Hill, nr. Bolton, Lancs.Kenward, John Raymond, 17, Troutbeck Road, New Cross Gate, London, S.E. 14. King, Cecil Edward Wilson, 25, Susans Road, Eastbourne. Knowles, William Maurice Foster, 1, Lewes Road, Eastbourne. Knox, Robert, 3, Newton Terrace, Paisley. Lauchlan, Alexander David Elmsly, 90, South Side, Clapham Common, London, S.W. 4. Lowdell, Donald Percival, Benefield Road, Ounctle, Northants. Lowrie, Robert Austin, 34, St. Albans Road, Moseley, Birmingham. Mackey, Hugh McDonnell, Oulton, nr. Leeds. Maclean, Duncan, 20, Kelly Street, Greenock, Scotland. Macleod, Norman, Cliff House, Ravenscar, N. Yorks. Maddocks, John Robert, 6, Peduzzi Street, Queen’s Park, Manchester. Mansfield, Samuel Alison, 20, Neeld Crescent, Hendon, London, N.W. 4. McColl, Miss Ada Frances, 12, New Stock Street, Paisley.McKean, John Brown, Williamsville, Hawkhead Road, Paisley, Scotland. Messenger, Thomas Herbert, Charnwood, Albion Road, Sutton, Surrey. Mitchell, Thomas James, 5, Glen Street, Greenock, Scotland. Moore, Eric Wilfred, 664, Chester Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Needham, Leonard William, 18, South Street, Harborne, Birmingham. Newman, Frederick William, 9, South View Road, Hunslet Carr, Leeds. Nicholls, Ronald George, The Bungalow, Thorndale Farm, Wallasey Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Oldham, Maurice Charles, 100, Roose Road, Barrow-in-Furness. Olding, Guy Ernest, 3, Stafford Place, Queens Road, Richmond, Surrey. Peard, William Leopold, 42, Dingwall Road, Croydon, Surrey. Polglaze, Gordon Henry Francis, Beach House, Polkerris, Par Station, Cornwall.Powell, Cyril John, 24, Addison Street, Nottingham. Price, Ernest Arthur, 73, Holmleigh Road, Stamford Hill, London, N. 16 Rees, Ralph Llewellyn, Ty Gwyn, Pembroke Dock, Rees, Sidney Linton, Highgarth, Llansamlet, Swansea. Rees, William Everard, Milford House, Borough Road, Loughor, Glarn. Roberts, Owen James, Eyresbury, 27, The Grove, Church End, Finchley, London, N. 3. Rothwell, Raymond Seymour, Beryldene, Lyndhurst Avenue, Mill Hill, London, N.W. 7. Sanford, Chris, 25, Campion Road, Putney, London, S.W. 15. Simon, Philip, 84, Duffryn Street, Ferndale, Rotherham. 379 Smith, Ian Charles Park, 6, Derinody Gardens, Lewisham, London, S.E. 13. Snape, James Herbert, 59, Cowley Road, Walton, Liverpool.Somerville, Ian Campbell, Melville Cottage, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian. Southern, Arthur Edward, 349, Gillott Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Sowerbutts, Frank, 244, Wellington Road South, Stockport. Stead, George Haward, 7, Grove Road, Wrexham. Stewart, John Young, 142, Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. Streather, Alec Thomas, Glendon, Hinckley Road, Nuneaton. Suttenstall, Clarence, 54, Coldcotes Avenue, Harehills, Leeds. Taylor, John Henry, 65, Berry Street, Coventry. Thomas, Alfred Morris, 34,Frederick Street, Rugby. Tucker, Norman Poulter, 8, Elmers Drive, Teddington, Middlesex. Venn, Roland John, Featherfield, Latchford, nr. Warrington. Viney, Humphrey Terence, Bramerton, Blakebrook, Kidderminster. Voelcker, Eric, 7, Durham Villas, Kennington, London, W. 8.Waddoup, William Vincent, 56, Wellington Road, Handsworth Wood, Birmingham.Walton, Thomas, 444, Whalley New Road, Blackburn, Lancs. Whitehead, Alan Douglas, 45, Ringford Road, Wandsworth, London, S.W. 18. Whitton, Miss Florence Dorothy, 1, South Park Crescent, Seven Kings, Essex. Wilkins, Ernest Thomas, 96, St. Asaph Road, Brockley, London, S.E. 4. Williams, William Dudley, 17, Hawthorne Avenue, Swansea. Wilson, William Taylor, 20, Cemetery Road, Scunthorpe, Lincs. Young, Miss Martha, 85, Neilstan Road, Paisley, Scotland. Student Re-registered, Warner, Bertrand Thomas, 214, Brecknock Road, N. 19. DEATHS. Fellows. Harry Ingle, D.Sc, (Leeds),Ph.D. (Munich).Walter Macfarlane. Francis William Passmore, Ph.D.(Wurzburg). John Spiller. James William Westmoreland, A.R.S.M. Richard Lloyd Whiteley. Student. Thomas Bruce Benstead. Corrections for Register, The following entries should be amended as under :-FellomPs, Bennett, George Macdonald, B.A., M.Sc. (Lond.), M,A. (Cantab.)Cox, Henry Edward, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Gibson, Professor Charles Stanley, O.B.E., M.A. (Cantah.), B.Sc. (Oxon), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). HOM~~~EUI,William, B-Sc. (Lond.).Johnston, John Haslam, M.Sc. (Vict.).Jordan, Louis Arnold, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C. Nicholls, John Ralph, B.Sc. (Lond.)-date of election, 1913. Potter, Francis Martin, add 0. 1918-21. Proctor, Charles, I.S.O. Associates. Christie, George Hallatt, &I.Sc. (Sheff .).Crabtree, John Wallace, B.Sc.(Manc.).Cullinane, Nicholas M., M.Sc. (N.U.I.).Downs, Edgar Stanley, should read Downes, Edgar Stanley. Harding, Charles Thompson, B.A., M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Rivington and Blackrod Grammar School, nr. Horwich, Lancs. Hughes, Edwin Burnhope, B.Sc. (Lond.).Morris, Edgar Ford, M.A. (Oxon.), 4, Albert Square, Manchester. Ogilvie, James Pettigrew, 2, St. Dunstan’s Hill, London, E.C. 3. Perry, Guy Allan, B.A. (Cantab.).Saunders, Kenneth Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.A. (Cantab.)Thomas, John Sidney Gordon, D.Sc. (Lond.), B.Sc. (Wales), A.R.C.S. Students. Taylor, Leslie Richard Gunn, School House, Bishop’s Trtwton, Barn-staple, Devon. Addresses Unknown, The Registrar desires to ascertain the addresses of the following :-FELLOWS.---H.3.Alford, K. C. GoArbuthnot, A. C. Carter, Charles James, H. Stanley. ASSOCIATES.---N.Asherson, F. L. Rarrett, E. M. Beynon, I. V. Brown, S. E. Crook, J. F. P. Fielding, J. Gibbon, J. D. Hamer, L. H. Howlett, W. E. Lloyd, J. H. Macdonald, Allan Morton, J. M. McEntegart, J. F. Neilson, Eric Robinson, J. W. Roche, Herbert Savage, Charles Walker, Darcy Worcester. Change of Name. Alice May Marsden, Associate of the Institute, on her marriage,-Alice May Penney. 381 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held at the Institute during the week commencing on the 27th March and 3rd April, 1922. Candidates who desire to be examined mmt notify the Registrar before Monday, 20th Februwy, 1922.Notice ta Associates.-Associates elected prior to January, rgrq, who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that ihey have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Regulations and forms of applica-tion for election to the Fellowship. (See p. 382.) Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Registered Students in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examina- tions, and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who are able to offer vacancies to such assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. A number of Registered Students of the Institute desirous of gaining practical experience will be glad to have oppor- tunities of working in private laboratories or works during vacations.The Library,-The Library is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. on week-days (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and 2 P.M.) except when examinations are being held. 382 Registered Students using the Library are informed that the Assistant Secretary may be consulted by those who desire advice with regard to books on subjects in which they are specially interested. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 A.M. to g P.M. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.). Changes of Address.---In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possibl their permanent addresses for registration.Notice to Associates.--Examinations for the Fellow- ship will be held during ~gzzas under:-Last date for Entries. Period of Examination. Monday, 20th Feb., 1922. 27th to 31st March, I~ZZ 3rd to 7th April, 19221Monday, zznd May, 1922. 3rd to 7th July, 1922 (10th to 14th July, 1922 Examinations in Biochemistry will be held in October only :-Last date for Entries. Period of Examination. Mon., 25th Sept., Wed., 18th Oct., 23rd to 27th Oct., 1922. 1922. 1922. The branches of the examinations are:- Branch A. INORGANICCHEMISTRY. Section I. MINERAL PRODUCTS. Section 11.METALLURGY. Section 111. MANUFACTUREDPRODUCTS. Branch B. PHYSICALCHEMISTRY. Branch C. ORGANICCHEMISTRY. Branch D. AGRICULTURALCHEMISTRY. Branch E. THECHEMISTRY(including Microscopy) OF FOODS AND DRUGSAND WATER. Branch F. BIOCHEMISTRY(see para. 9). Branch G. CHEMICALENGINEERING. 383 Associates who have been registered as such for three years are entitled to apply for admission to the examinations. In special cases the Council may permit Associates who have been registered for a lesser period to enter for examination, although they cannot be elected Fellows until they have been registered as Associates for three years. Further particulars of the examination were published in Part II. ofthe Journal, 1920,and are contained in the Regula- tions, which can be obtained from the Registrar.Benevolent Fund.-A form of subscription will be found on an advertisement page at the end of this Part of the Journal, after the Index. District Members of Council.-The following have been returned unopposed, for election as District Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting to be held on 1st March, 1922:-(ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties : Robert Dexter Littlefield. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast: John Hanley. (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties : Alfred Vincent Elsden, B.Sc. (v) Manchester and District: William Marshall. (vi) North -East Coast and Yorkshire : William McDonnell Mackey. (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Thomas William Drinkwater, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S.(viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland: James Macleod. (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouthshire: George (ix) Ireland : Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, Rudd Thompson. A.R.C.S.I., B.Sc., Ph.D. No District Member of Council has as yet been nominated for (i) Birmingham and Midlands, or (xi) The Overseas Dominions, the Empire of India, and Abroad.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9214500321

出版商:RSC    

年代:1921

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

384 Index. Accounts (1920), 24 Admiralty, 16 Advisory Commitfee (Special), 35 Agreements of Chemists, 10, 199 Agricultural Chemistry, 278 Alcohol, Duty Free, 177 Annual General Meeting, 95 Apparatus, Exhibition of, 12, 190 Appointments Overseas, 194 Appointments Register, 19, 186, 241, 334 Army Council, Assets and Liabilities, 26 Assistants, Laboratory, 241 Auditors, 23 Belfast and District Section, 188, 243, 338 Belgian Bureau of Chemical Stand- ards, 196 Benevolent Fund, 4, 9, 28, 91, 240 Bevan, Edward, 294 Blindness, 178 Bloomsbury Square, 185 Board of Education, 16, 137, 235, 277, 323 Board of Examiners, 94 Board of Trade, 16, 137 Books and their Contents, 73, 156, 218, 262, 296, 355 Brewing Research, 244 Brighton, Public Analyst, 39, 133 Bristol and South-Western Section, 185, 243, 285, 339 British Empire Exhibition, 279 British Engineering Standards, 5, 278 British Photographic Research Association, 12 Building Fund, 8, 27 Burnham Committee, 16, 283 By-laws, 9, 29 Canadian Institute, 279 Cement, 334 Censors, 90, 97 Chemical Engineering Standards, 5 Chemical Society, 13 Chemical Standards, 196 Chemical Technology, Chemicals, Exhibition of, 172 Chemicals, Fine, 18, 135, 170 Chemist, The Title, 139, 180, 189 Chemistry, Profession of, Chemists in War, 18, 36, 60, 196 Chemists, Registration of, 21 Coal Mines Regulations, 41, 131 Committees, 4, 90 Conference, 121 Conference of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections, 13 Conjoint Board of Scientific Socie- ties, 4, 334 Constants (Chemical and Physical), 187 Contracts (appointments), 199 Cost of Publication, 286 Council, District Members, 10, 30, 99, 169 Council, Members of, 29, 89, 170 Council, Report of, 3, 97 Customs and Excise, 177 Dangerous Drugs Act, 173 Deaths, 3, 81, 164, 229, 271 Department of Scientific and In-dustrial Research, 10, 16, 178,300 Directories, Entries in, 10, 175 District Members of Council, 10, 30, 99,169 Dyestuffs, Importation, 21, 35, 42, 151 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 60, 139, 188 Engineering Standards, 5, 278 Entrance Fees, 336 Examinations, 15,66, 210, 246, 334, 352 Examiners, Board of, 94 Exhibition, 12, 140 Federal Council for Pure and Ap-plied Chemistry, 177 Finance and House Committee, 90 385 Fees, Professional, 17, 43, 331 Finance, 23, 95, 335 Finsbury Technical College, 6, 133, 183 Food Rill, 44, 133 Gas Regiilation Act, 20, 40,331 General LMeet ing, 125 General Purpoqes Committee, 4, 9, 90 Glnsgow and West of Scotland Section, 188, 290, 339 Glass Research, 5, 10 Glassware, Hrit,ish Laboratory, 5, 10, 133, 170, 278, 323 Government Laboratory, 4 Grants Committee, Ministry of Labour, 5 Harrison, Col.E. F., 353 Headmasters, Incorporated Asso-ciation of, 5 Health, Ministry of, G Health, Scottish Board of, 15, 99 Holloway (the late) G. T., 12 Holton Heath, 33 Home Office, 21, 173 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 9, 19, 91 House Committee (see Finance and House), 11 Huddersfield Section, 340 Imperial Mineral Resources, 4 Income Tax, 5 Indian Chemical Service, 17, 333 Institutions, 131, 183, 185, 239 333 Institute of Chemistry (Discussion on its powers), 55, 139 Institute of Physics, 196 Irish Section, 147, 189, 341 Jackson, Sir Herbert, 22, 103 Key Industries Bill, 5 Laboratory Assistants, 241 Laboratories (Institute), 184 Labour, Ministry of, 5 Leather Trades, 279 Leeds Central Tech.School, 16 Lectures, 12, 183, 277 Lectures and Library Committee, 4, 12, 91, 183, 277 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 20, 90, 199 Library Committee and Library,13, 152 Liverpool and North-Western Coun- ties Section, 142, 189, 243; 290, 341 Local Sections and Committees, 9, 14, 55, 92, 139, 188, 243, 288,338 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties Section, 33, 55, 140, 189, 244.346 Mnnchester and District- Section, 60, 147, 290, 346 Mchyeill, Mrs. Bedforri, 12 Meldola Medal, 170, 329 Memorial (War), 12 Ministry of Health, 16, 171 Ministry of Labour, 5, 16 Ministry of Munitions, 280 National Physical Laboratory, 323 National Union of Scientific Work-ers (see all Income Tax), 5, 10 Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-Em6 Coast Section, 191, 244, 291, 34‘1 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 4, 14, 90 Notes, 194, 244, 280, 354 Notices, 82, 165, 230, 272, 319 Obituary, 63, 160, 222, 264, 295, 356 Odling, William, 160 Officers of the Institute, 89 Officers’ Resettlement Committee, t Personal, 62, 151, 193, 245, 294,353 Pharmacy Acts Amendment, 326 Physico-Chemical Symbols, 197 Physics, Institute of, 197 Poet, Chemist as, 193 Porcelain, Laboratory, 10, 133, 170 Post Graduate Training, 239 President, 22 President’s address, 99, 103 Priestley, 12 Privy Council, 30 PL*ofessionof Chemistry, The, 355 Professional Intererts, 335 Professional Status, 197 Puhlications Comniittee, 4.22, 8S, 0 1 Piiblic Analysts, 17, 38, 52, 171 Public Analysts (Ireland), 173 Public Appointments Committee, 4, 16, 91 Publications Committee, 2 Publication, Cost of, 286 Reagents, 18 Register, 3, 77, 162, 225, 267, 277, 372 Regulations, 183 Remuneration, 38, 44 Report of the Council, 3 Restraint, Contracts in, 21 Royal Collegc of Scienct3, 355, 358 Scientific szicl Industrial Research, 26, 300 Scottish Board of Health, 5 Services Committee, The, 18, 91 Sheffield, 348 Society of Chemical Industry, 12 South Africa, 240 South Wales Section, 147, 191, 34s Special Purposes Comrnittee, 9 1, 133 Standards, Engineering, 5, 278 Stepney, Borough, 17 Students, Registered, 131, 182, 277 Swansta, University College :33:I Treasurer, 89 Vice-Presidents, 89 War, Chemists in, 18, 36, GO, 196 War Memorial, 12 War Office, 4, 16, 332 Whitley Coiincils, 96 Women Chpmists, 1S1 Workshops Act, 31 Yorkshire (Leeds) Section, %t!I

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9214500384

出版商:RSC    

年代:1921

数据来源: RSC