ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Advances in identification of the risk factors for cancer development in different organs imply more effective screening for early malignancies. The associated increase in the predictive value, as well as the introduction of procedures with high sensitivity and specificity, provide promise that early intervention will result in a marked decrease in the mortality and morbidity due to a wide range of major cancers. Furthermore, a variety of methods are now available to detect lesions at a sufficiently early stage for curative surgery to be attempted. However, for the full promise to be realized, it is of paramount importance that both physicians and the public at large are fully aware of the potential benefits.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Human intervention and animal studies have shown that supplementing the diet with wheat bran can protect against the development of a range of cancers, especially those of the colon and breast. Wheat bran is a rich source of dietary fibres (plant cell walls) that have structures and compositions which indicate that they may protect against cancer. Nevertheless, dietary fibre makes up less than half of wheat bran. Other nutrients and phytochemicals are present in wheat bran, some of which may also protect against cancer. These include phytic acid and various phenolic components such as phenolic acids, lignans and flavonoids. A major goal of future research on wheat bran should be to determine the relative roles in cancer prevention of the different components in wheat bran.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The relationship between knowledge, attitude and sun-related behaviour among Swedish students was examined in the present study. A total of 296 of 305 questionnaires, distributed among university students (medical school and economy programme) were analysed (157 men, 139 women, mean age 24 years). The percentage of students sunbathing with the intention of getting a tan was 75%. Thirteen per cent reported having experienced at least one painful sunburn every year and 93% stated at least one burn during the last ten years. The majority of the students had used a sun bed, 12% more than ten times during the last year. Subjects with high frequency of sun bed use also scored high on sunbathing and sunburns. Significantly more women (70%) than men (51%) used sunscreen. The overall knowledge of melanoma was high. No difference in knowledge was found between the high- and low-exposure group. Medical students scored higher on knowledge than economy students, but did not differ in exposure score. Our findings reveal an excessive sun exposure among university students. A high level of knowledge of risk does not lead to a sun-protective behaviour. Future preventative campaigns targeting young people must focus on strategies to change attitudes towards tanning as being healthy and attractive.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Steroid metabolism along the gastrointestinal tract of the cannulated pig was studied. This was achieved by fitting simple gut cannulas in the terminal ileum, caecum and mid-colon of three Landrace x large white boars, which enabled convenient collection of digesta and faecal samples at defined time points. Biochemical analyses showed that the neutral steroid profile of the pig is similar to that of man, dominated by cholesterol and its bacterial metabolite coprostanol. In contrast, pigs consuming a normal diet excrete appreciably lower quantities of neutral sterols in faeces. The major primary bile acids detected were the glycine and taurine amidates of hyocholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, which were rapidly converted to the free bile acids and subsequently dehydroxylated to hyodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids respectively, in the terminal ileum and caecum. Bacterial deconjugation and 7α-dehyrdoxylation are virtually complete in the caecum with negligible further metabolism in the colon and faeces. On a wet weight basis the concentration of both neutral and acid steroids was shown to increase aborally. Inclusion of dietary fibre in the form of cellulose (Solkafloc) and guar gum reduced steroid concentration considerably at all sites of the large intestine, which is consistent with their stool bulking effects. In conclusion, this study shows that intestinal steroid metabolism in the pig is similar to that in man despite slightly different bile acid profiles and, therefore, the multicannulated pig may serve as a useful model of man in chemoprevention studies of colorectal cancer.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Diet and gastric cancer mortality in Portugal was studied using a multivariate ecological model. The factors investigated over 18 districts were the relationship between gastric cancer mortality (1994–96), dietary habits, and socio-economic factors (1980–81). Mortality geographical pattern was established using age-standardized mortality rates, per capita dietary consumption of foodstuffs and nutrients was obtained from the National Alimentary Survey (1980–81), and data on socio-economic factors from the 1981 National Census. Pearson correlation coefficients and simple and multiple linear regression models were used. The mortality geographical pattern resembled a north-south gradient, and dietary habits and socio-economic factors had great variability throughout the country. The highest negative correlation coefficients between dietary consumption and gastric cancer mortality were obtained for vegetables, fruit, vitamin A and carotene consumption, and the highest positive coefficients were for rice, wine and carbohydrate consumption. No significant correlations were obtained for socio-economic factors. In multiple regression analysis, vegetable and rice consumption could account for 79% of the gastric cancer mortality variability for males, and vegetable and meat consumption could account for 69% of this variability for females. Interestingly, meat consumption was found to be protective. A mean increase of 100 g/person/day in vegetable consumption would imply a mean predicted decrease of 10 (95% CI 6–14) and 5 (95% CI 3–7) gastric cancer deaths per 100 000 persons/year, for males and females respectively, in simple regression analysis. Such a decrease represents about one-third of the mean national gastric cancer mortality rate. Therefore, an increase in vegetable consumption is strongly recommended.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The aim of this study was to assess the overall progress against cancer in Austria by analysing changes in age-adjusted mortality rates from 1970 to 1996. For the years 1970 to 1996, age-adjusted rates for all malignant neoplasms and for selected sites were calculated for men and women, according to year, age and sex. The number of cancer deaths were obtained from the Austrian Central Statistical Office - age-adjusted mortality rates of all malignant neoplasms decreased in men between 1971 and 1996 by 13% (from 289.1 to 251.4 deaths per 100 000), and in women between 1970 and 1996 by 19.1% (from 276.6 to 223.7 deaths per 100 000). Among older people (≥55 years) the mortality decreased by 13% in men and by 17% in women; among younger people (<55 years) by 12% and 30%, respectively. The decrease in total cancer mortality is promoted by three tumour sites (the leading causes of cancer deaths in 1970). In both sexes, the decrease of stomach cancer mortality had the major impact, followed by colorectal cancer in women and by lung cancer in men. The observed changes in mortality are primarily related to changing incidence and early detection, rather than improvements in treatment. Unfortunately, there is evidence that prevention is losing ground in Austria. The implementation of the well-established knowledge of cancer prevention and the strengthening of preventative research is urgently needed.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A comparison of relative mortality rates from colon and rectal cancers in World Health Organization data for various countries in Europe was undertaken to determine whether the two sites demonstrate a direct link. A significant correlation between figures for colon and rectal cancers was found throughout Europe but limited to males and only at thep< 0.05 level. Cluster analysis revealed marked differences between countries of the former west and east European blocks, the latter having much higher values for rectal cancers. Separation of countries on this basis gave rise to significant correlation between the two sites for both sexes (p< 0.05 andp< 0.001, respectively, for western and eastern males; andp< 0.05 andp< 0.001 for females). In order to assess the possible contribution of factors associated with squamous cell cancers (SCCs), data for buccal and cervical cancers, both more prevalent in eastern than in western Europe, were also compared. Whereas a significant correlation was evident between female rectal and cervical cancers overall and in the western countries (p< 0.05) this was not the case for the eastern countries. The results suggest that the observed excess of rectal cancer mortality in eastern European countries may not be simply due to factors contributing to SCCs, but that country level comparisons of individual harmful and beneficial influences, alone and in combination, might allow the underlying reasons to be explained.

ISSN:0959-8278    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID