摘要:

The hypothesis which this paper defends is that the distribution of innate intelligence among different social classes is approximately random, and that the mean differences found in tested intelligence between different social classes are due, not to genetic constitution, but solely to environment. The arguments of Conway and of Burt in favour of the alternative hypothesis are examined; and it is concluded that, with more precise figures for social mobility, their arguments would strengthen rather than weaken the hypothesis here maintained.

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1959.tb00019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The investigations carried out by Dr. Halsey and his co‐workers have revealed appreciable differences between the averages obtained by pupils from different socio‐economic classes in tests of ‘intelligence’ at the 11+ examination. In their view, however, the class‐differences thus indicated are the result solely of differences in environmental conditions. The following paper maintains that they are largely, though not wholly, due to differences in genetic constitution. The criticisms advanced by Dr. Halsey against the genetic theory are examined in detail, and appear to arise partly from erroneous theoretical assumptions and partly from inadeq

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1959.tb00020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The argument put forward in the following paper is based on three main premises, for which ample evidence is now available: (i) individual differences in ‘general intelligence’ are transmitted in accordance with the multifactorial theory of inheritance; (ii) in our own country for thirty generations or more, there has been a discernible tendency for individuals endowed with high intelligence to rise to a higher social class and for those of low intelligence to drop to a lower; (iii) with minor fluctuations, this twofold movement has increased at an accelerated rate from almost negligible amounts to the comparatively large proportions reported in recent sociological surveys. From these three propositions it is concluded that there must now be appreciable differences in the genetic composition of different social classes, and that these differences will show themselves most plainly in differences between the mean level of intelligence obtaining within each class. But it also follows that, within each class, there will be wide individual variations, so that each class remains highly heterogeneous; and these differences in innate ability will be still further magnified by environmental differences and by innate differences in temperament.The conclusions thus deduced appear to be fully confirmed by surveys carried out with tests of intelligence and other devices. But the test‐results themselves by no means form the only ground, as is so often supposed, for accepting the conclusions thus reached. The various objections urged against the foregoing arguments are discussed; and their practical consequences briefly indi

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1959.tb00021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is concerned with the arithmetical consequences of adopting the theory of minimal rank as a means of determining communalities in factor analysis. The complexities and inconsistencies inherent in the algebraic formulation are illustrated by an analysis of Burt's 11 × 11 table of correlations between emotional traits. It is found that, owing to the appearance of Heywood cases, the only solution that meets Thurstone's requirements entails more factors and higher communalities than the minimal rank would imply, and that this solution has eventually to be rejected on psychological grounds. The final conclusion is that, even were a satisfactory method found for determining the communalities implied by minimal rank, the theory would still be unacceptable because it neglects the statistical considerations imposed by the fact that every empirical matrix is obtained by sampling

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1959.tb00022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The desire to secure more conclusive evidence for or against extrasensory perception and allied phenomena has given rise to a series of researches based on statistical techniques. The experience so gained and the criticisms of the methods employed throw fresh light on the uses and limitations of similar techniques in other fields of psychological research, especially on the validity of the commoner methods of testing significance and on the results reached by the matching‐method.The new experiments reported by Dr. Soal in his latest book make a definite contribution to these problems, and yield prima facie evidence for telepathic communication far more striking than any hitherto obtained under conditions equally stringent. At the same time the observations incidentally collected do much to elucidate the factors involved.The following paper examines the evidence thus adduced, and argues that the processes involved appear to be processes of thought rather than (as hitherto assumed) processes of perception. Alternative theories are briefly reviewed; and suggestions put forward for future research, first in regard to hypotheses that now call for experimental testing, and secondly in regard to standardizing both the experimental and the statistical procedures used in such investigation

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1959.tb00023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Eleven‐Year‐Olds Grow Up. By J. S. Macpherson.Statistics in Psychology&Education. By H. E. GarrettScience, Theory, and Man. By E. SchroedingerThis is my Philosophy. Edited by WhitBurnettTelevision and the Child. By H. T. Himmelweit, A. N. Oppenheim, and P. V

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1959.tb00024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY