摘要:

The objective of the investigation here described was to carry out a factor‐analytic study of the somewhat ambiguous area of verbal fluency, using a new approach which emphasized certain experimental features. Hypotheses regarding difference among the fluency factors were tested by systematic variations in sets of two or more parallel tests.A six‐hour battery of experimental and marker tests was administered to 221 Naval Air Cadets. Thirteen factors were extracted from the inter‐correlations of 41 variables. First‐approximation positions were obtained by placing each of nine reference axes near a single marker test in an orthogonal system. From this two rotational solutions were obtained graphically, one using the criteria of simple structure and positive manifold only with no knowledge of the tests, the other with knowledge and with the further criterion of psychological sense. The two were in general agreement.The following factors were identified: (i) four reference factors,Verbal Comprehension, General Reasoning, Writing Speed, Originality, (ii) a factor calledEduction of Conceptual Correlates; (iii) three factors specific to parallel tests or overlapping scores; (iv) one residual factor, and (v) four fluency factors, namelyExpressional Fluency(the ability to produce connected discourse, irrespective of the quality of production),Ideational Fluency(the ability to produce ideas in situations where there is little restriction and a high level of quality is not required),Word Fluency(the ability to produce words meeting structural requirements with moderate restrictions on responses), andAssociational Fluency(the ability to produce isolated words to fit a given relation and unit of m

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Studies in different countries, which have shown that rates of mobility are more alike than they were expected to be, have raised questions about the mechanisms underlying social mobility. The following paper puts forward the suggestion that social mobility belongs to a cybernetic mechanism whereby something like a ‘steady state’ is maintained in each occupational class by means of constant movement into and out of it. The quality discussed is ‘intelligence’; and the argument stems from two main observations. The first is that the higher the occupational class, the higher is the measured intelligence. The second is that the children of parents towards the extreme show a ‘regression’ from that extreme towards the mean of the general population. If these two observations hold true over a period of time, it follows that there must be social mobility. In a third part of the paper it is argued that differential fertility between the classes gives rise to additional mobility. The last section discusses longer‐term changes which may influence the amplitude of short‐term oscillations between any two generations, and finally notes a certain parallelism with the laws of

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The following paper reports an experimental study of what is, for brevity, termed ‘evaluation’—i.e., the degree of approval or disapproval accorded by the subjects tested to certain familiar concepts, such as ‘honesty’, ‘kindness’, ‘pleasure’, ‘money’, ‘religion’, and the like. The method used was a ‘semantic differential’ test, given to 128 girls aged 14 to 15. Forty‐eight concepts were presented for evaluation, and seven evaluative scales—each with seven grades or points—were used. The mean evaluative scores for each concept were correlated over all the persons tested. The correlation matrix was analysed by the method of principal components; this furnished a first component which was identified as a factor of ‘general evaluation’. A rotation according to the Varimax criterion was then applied, and yielded five orthogonal factors which apportioned the variance more evenly. A psychological interpretation is suggeste

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00198.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00200.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00201.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00202.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00203.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0950-561X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00204.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY