摘要:

Summary.Until twenty years ago the chronology of the Neolithic and Copper Age settlement of Northern Italy was almost exclusively based on the stratigraphical sequence of the Arene Candide cave in Liguria. The research carried out since the sixties has strongly increased our knowledge of the earliest farming communities and the first copper using people who inhabited the country between the end of the seventh and the beginning of the fourth millennium BP. This article considers the available evidence for this period which is now supported by a good set of radiocarbon dates.

ISSN:0262-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A pre‐enclosure burial of the Early Neolithic phase at Windmill Hill is described and its significance assesse

ISSN:0262-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.In his Sather Lectures, Professor Snodgrass maintains that circumstances in Greece will compel archaeologists to pursue field surveys instead of excavations. He, moreover, questions the value of excavations mainly on the grounds of imcompleteness, uncertainties regarding dating and the ambiguities of interpretation. The excavations at Lefkandi are cited on several occasions as an example and, where not referred to, are open to the same questioning.In reply, reasons are given for continuing excavation in spite of difficulties, and the validity of the criticisms brought against excavation are considered with special reference to those carried out at Lefkandi.

ISSN:0262-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A study was made of wool cloth remains comprising 56 yarns and of 33 samples of haired animal skin from the Kilbwerk salt‐mine site at Hallstatt, Austria dated 6th to 8th century BC. Most of the wool in the cloth was primitive hairy‐medium or generalised‐medium type and over half the samples had natural coloration, the predominant colour being grey. One yarn was of medium wool type and four were of semi‐fine fleece type, neither of these having been previously reported before the Roman period. The skins were much hairier, only one‐third having fleece types found in the cloth, and only two of these were of the finer generalised medium variety. Most of the skins with the coarsest hair were probably from goats, and those with less coarse hair from true hairy sheep, a fleece type that is thought to have developed during the Iron Age. The staining reaction of the skin indicated rawhide or oil tanning. The presence of inactive hair follicles within the skin showed that over half had ceased to live during the autumn‐wi

ISSN:0262-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This paper is concerned with two statues of Hercules associated with his cult in the Forum Boarium in Rome. First, the gilded bronze in the Conservatori Museum, usually thought to have been the cult image, carried from Greece, of a late Hellenistic rotunda, is here dated to the first–second centuries AD and considered an independent dedication standing in the Forum. Second, the Julio‐Claudian marble seated Hercules in the Palazzo Altemps is discussed in relation to the so‐called Invictus type reproduced in the minor arts of the first to second centuries AD. In addition, we speculate on its possible inspiration from a prototype of the 430s BC in South

ISSN:0262-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.An unusual type of olive press, operated by wedges being driven into an upright frame, is known from four paintings found at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The technological and socio‐economic evidence contained in these depictions is presented in detail, together with supporting literary and archaeological information. It is established that the wedge press was essentially a specialised machine employed in the production of very high quality olive oil by or for the perfume industry (for which Campania was famed). The choice of the scene as decoration for wealthy houses indicates a connection between the urban elite and the various activities which comprised perfume manufacture. Furthermore, a number of finds of press beds from Pompeii which have in the past been identified (and reconstructed) as the remains of screw presses, can now be reinterpreted as wedge presses serving the town's perfume industry. The combination of the various categories of evidence (pictorial, literary, archaeological) creates a window on an area of Pompeian economic life which has hitherto been little appreciate

ISSN:0262-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This paper suggests that the end of Roman Britain would have been an event noticeable, even to the peasant labouring in his fields, by a sudden collapse in the trading economy. It suggests that this was, perhaps, triggered by a ‘tax revolt’amongst the élite. It then seeks to trace possible lines of continuity and transformations in various key features of Romano‐British life in the fifth to seventh centuries. Many of the transformations are seen as resulting from the loss of traded goods by the élite with which to impress

ISSN:0262-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The glass of Gallo‐roman origin and that considered as coming from the several centuries after the disintegration of the Roman empire has much the same composition in examples found in northern and western Europe. The components calcium oxide and alumina (CaO and Al2O3) increase or decrease together. Compositional variation between different samples from this geographic area are not much greater than those at a single site of manufacture. Contamination during the manufacture process is unlikely to account for the CaO and Al2O3contents in glass from this period according to analyses of glass adhering to crucibles or fusion pots. CaO and Al2O3were apparently added intentionally to the glass composition. A slight tendency to an increase in these oxides is accompanied by a decrease in Na2O content which might be due to a loss through volatilization during re‐workings. Such a trend is apparent in the eighth to ninth century samples. The remarkably constant composition of glass found in a wide area for objects produced over a long period of time suggests that a limited number of production sites existed for either the raw materials or the confection of raw glass which was fashioned at various other si

ISSN:0262-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY