ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02665.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02675.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐five non‐smokers and 35 smokers who had abstained overnight from cigarette smoking and were undergoing minor elective orthopaedic surgery were studied in order to compare gastric volume and pH. There was no significant difference in aspirated volume and pH both just after intubation and prior to extubation between the two groups, thus indicating that habitual smokers undergoing elective surgery in general anaesthesia do not have increased risk of acid pulmonary aspiration compared with non‐sm

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new system for continuous measurement of oxygen uptake was tested. The tidal volumes delivered by the system, the accuracy of the oxygen sensor cell, measurement of the oxygen uptake at different inspired oxygen concentrations, and comparative tests of oxygen uptake using the Fick principle were studied. Judging from our results, even thorough maintenance could not entirely prevent leakages. Due to a construction error, there was a large increase in measured oxygen uptake if inspired oxygen concentration was increased. While carbon‐dioxide output was constant, this led to respiratory quotients of less than 0.5. By modifying the system with a mixing chamber for the inspiratory gas, new tubing to the oxygen sensor cell and changes in the computer software, these errors have been corrected in the meantime. In comparative tests of oxygen uptake using the Fick principle (cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen content difference), we found a mean difference between EMC and the Fick principle of about 6.6% (P≤0.001, r = 0.91) with nearly identical standard deviations for both values. Our experience indicates that the EMC is suitable for continuous measurements of oxygen uptake. Additional technical improvements seem to be possi

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of verapamil on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contraction was studied in the skeletal muscle of chickin vitro.The interactions of verapamil with d‐tubocurarine (d‐TC)‐induced neuromuscular blockade, acetylcholine (ACh) and tctraethylammonium (TEA)‐induced contractures were also studied. The purpose of the present investigation was to see if verapamil: (a) intensified the neuromuscular blockade produced by d‐TC; (b) modified the cholinergic responses to ACh, TEA; and (c) inhibited both directly and indirectly elicited twitch contractions. The results showed that verapamil (1–100 μg/ml, 2–200 μmol/l) had a neuromuscular blocking activity on its own; i.e. it reduced both directly and indirectly evoked twitch contractions, and intensified the neuromuscular blockade produced by d‐TC. In addition, verapamil reduced the contractures produced by ACh and TEA in the chick muscle. The results are in favour of the possibility that verapamil acts by a mixture of pre‐ and postjunctional effects at the chick neu

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The application of opioids in the proximity of the spinal cord is a recent addition to the forms of treatment available for pain relief. During the last 20 years we have learned more about the intimate mechanisms of the action of opiates then we had in the preceding 5 millennia. Opium, in fact, has been used for medical purposes from prehistoric times. On the basis of the newly acquired knowledge, we are now applying opioids in more effective ways and providing more patients with long overdue relief of their pain.

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02666.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The extent of atelectasis was correlated to constitutional factors in 38 patients who underwent computed tomography prior to and during general anaesthesia with halothane. All patients but two developed atelectasis in dependent regions of both lungs immediately after induction of anaesthesia prior to surgery. The transverse area of the densities ranged from 0 to 27 cm2, and there were no significant differences between patients of different age or sex, or with different smoking habits. A significant linear regression was found between Broca's indexand the area of the densities, and also between an index describing the shape of the thorax and the density area. Thus, patients who were overweight and/or had a low and wide thorax tended to develop more extensive atelectasis during anaesthesia. This finding might partly explain why overweight patients develop postoperative pulmonary complications more often than non‐obese patient

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several opiate receptor systems have been identified in the spinal cord. They produce a powerful analgesia when opioid agonists are administered intrathecally in the intact, unanesthetized animal. These effects appear mediated by an action on opioid receptors which are located presynaptically, in the terminals of primary afferents, and postsynaptically on certain dorsal horn neurons. Based on structure‐activity relationships in different tests, quantitative studies of naloxone antagonism and selective cross tolerance, it appears that, in the spinal cord, there are three distinguishable populations of opioid receptors: mu, delta and kappa. Aside from the effects on nociception, these receptors are also associated with a variety of spinal mechanisms related to other aspects of sensory, autonomic and motor functions. Though in some cases these represent important side‐effects (e.g. inhibition of the micturition reflex), in others, the subtle effects may have important therapeutic benefits (e.g. relieving spasticity in spinal injured patien

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02667.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two groups of eight patients, concentrations of thiopentone in mature breast milk and colostrum following anaesthesia induction with 5.4 and 5.0 mg kg‐1b.w. (mean), respectively, were measured in the first 36 h postoperatively. Blood concentrations were measured simultaneously. The maximal concentrations were; in mature breast milk, 3.4 ± 0.68 μmol l‐1(mean ± s.e. mean) (0.090 mg 100 ml‐1), and in colostrum, 1.3 ± 0.5 μmol l‐1(0.034 mg 100 ml‐1). The milk/plasma ratio was<1.0 in both groups. The above concentrations may be regarded as negligible and therefore non‐toxic for th

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02515.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Increased numbers of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) in the airways, as measured by PMN content in bronchial lavage fluid (P<0.01), were found 3 h postoperatively in ten patients undergoing surgery for lumbar aortic aneurysms. An increase in plasma levels of the complement split product C3dg from 6 (0–19) AU/ml preoperatively to 20 (13–50) AU/ml 3 h after surgery (P<0.01), indicates an activation of the complement cascade. These changes were not accompanied by increased elastase activity in the bronchial lavage fluid or by major changes in pulmonary blood gas exchange or vascular resistance, indicating that massive PMN activation, analogous lo that proposed in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) had not taken place. In conclusion, complement system activation and migration of PMN into the airways, as seen in connection with major vascular surgery, does not seem to contribute to ARDS‐type pulmonary dysfun

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02516.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY