摘要:

Tracheal suction catheters damage the mucosa of the airway, due to both the pull from the vacuum and insertion of the catheter. The pull of the vacuum from a suction catheter was measured on a Mettler balance. An open side hole reduced the pull by around 90% and a distance of 1 mm gave a reduction of around 90%. The combination of one side hole and a 1 mm distance gave a 99% reduction of the pull. The difference between one or more side holes was measured. The suction efficacy was higher with a single side hole than with several side holes. On the basis of these measurements and a review of the literature, the principles were outlined for the construction of a suction catheter which provided maximum suction efficacy and caused minimum damage: (1) a moderate to strong vacuum was to be used; (2) the catheter was to have a single hole at the tip and a single side hole placed at the convex side of the angle; (3) both side hole and tip hole should be so constructed that the holes were kept at a distance from the mucosa; and (4) the tip should be angulated.

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When a tube with a vacuum is approached to the surface of a liquid, a suction cone is formed and the liquid is sucked into the tube. In the new NL tracheal suction catheter, this suction cone effect is used to transport secretions into its depressed suction holes. The catheter is angle‐tipped and has a U‐shaped depression around a single side hole at the angle. Four large holes near the edge of the tip hole are shown to be just as effective in reducing the pulling force from the tip hole as the depression around the side hole. The new catheter was compared with three commercially available suction catheters with regard to the maximum damaging eiiect and the suction eficacy. The force from each suction hole pulling a flat metal base was reduced from 3 to 33 times and the efficacy in sucking was increased in relation to the other catheters when egg‐white was used as a model for mucus. Angle‐tipped catheters are orientation‐dependent. The NL catheter was the least orientation‐dependent of the three angle‐tipped catheters tested. Histologic examination of the mucus sucked during a clinical test showed that the NL catheter caused less tracheobronchial damage than did the R

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01881.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01882.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present paper reviews some recent experiments with relevance to the functional significance of brain noradrenergic systems with bearing on three clinically relevant topics: 1. The withdrawal and abstinence reactions after the antihypertensive agent clonidine as well as after opiates. 2. The mental reactions associated with alterations in blood volume and acid‐base balance. 3. The central actions and side‐effects of β‐adrenoceptor blocking agents. The available evidence indicates that central NA neurons may serve a function within the CNS analogous to that of the peripheral sympathetic nerves, i.e. to alert and alarm the individual to significant events in the external and internal environment. Thus, the largest brain NA system, which emanates from locus coeruleus and innervates vast regions of the neuroaxis, is largely activated in the same situations and by the same mechanisms (e.g. blood‐volume and chemoreceptors) as the sympathetic system, and may provide part of the central machinery for the anxiety reaction associated with hypercapnia as well as the withdrawal reactions after clonidine or morphine. Some, but not all centrally active β‐adrenoreceptor blocking agents were found to affect the activity of brain NA systems. This result suggests that there may be significant differences with respect to the clinical, central side effects of

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01883.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The antidotal effect of physostigmine in a dose of 1 mg and 2 mg was investigated in 44 patients after diazepam‐nitrous oxide anaesthesia The degree of recovery was estimated using the Bender Motor Gestalt test, the postoperative recovery scores, the changes in hand force, and the cerebral function monitor (CFM) trace. Diazepam plasma levels were also determined The improvement in the patients alertness assessed by psychomotoric tests and the CFM trace was significant, but the recovery of the vital functions measured by the recovery scores (PARS) was marginal. Thus the indications for physostigrnine in the treatment of postoperative somnolence induced by diazepam‐nitrous oxide are relative and only in grave oversedation with diazepam can physostigmine be recommended as an antid

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01875.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A short review is given of the distribution of and effects mediated through beta‐receptors. The pharmacodynamic profiles of some beta‐receptor agonists and antagonists are briefly outlined and the clinical advantages and disadvantages of different pharmacodynamic properties are discus

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01884.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01838.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Gas exchange and respiratory mechanics were studied during hip arthroplasty, according to Charnley(1961). Dead space measurements were made by capnography and thoracic compliance and resistance, calculated liom tracheal pressure variations and respiratory gas flow. PaO2fell by 2.5 kPa with the insertion of each prosthesis. Small increases in PaO2were also seen. Distal (approximately corresponding to alveolar) dead space increased by 25% when each prosthesis was anchored. Dynamic thoracic compliance fell by 30–40 ml/kPa at the insertion of either prosthesis, while inspiratory and expiratory resistances were unaffected. The findings may indicate interference with the functions of both the bronchial and the pulmonary vascular tre

ISSN:0001-5172    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY