ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe fifteen causes of color derived from a variety of physical and chemical mechanisms are summarized in five Croups in this article. Vibrations and simple excitations explain the colors of incandescence (e.g., flames), gas excitations (neon tube, aurora), and vibrations and rotations (blue ice and water). Ligand‐field‐effect colors are seen in transition‐metal compounds (turquoise, chrome‐oxide green) and impurities (ruby, emerald). Molecular orbitals explain the colors of organic compounds (indigo, chlorophyll) and charge‐transfer compounds (blue sapphire, lapis lazuli). Energy bands are involved in the colors of metals and alloys (gold, brass), of semiconductors (cadmium yellow, vermillion), doped semiconductors (blue and yellow diamond), and color centers (amethyst, topaz). Geometrical and physical optics are involved in the colors derived from dispersive refraction (rainbow, green flash), scattering(blue sky, blue eyes, red sunset), interference (soap bubbles, iridescent beetles), and diffraction (the corona aureo

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBetween 1981 and 1983, a working Group of USTC‐1.3 of the CIE prepared new recommendations giving for the first time detailed instructions for the calculation of CIE tristimulus values, for inclusion in Publication CIE No. 15.2, a revision of the CIE document on colorimetry first published in 1971. The new recommendations state that the standard method of performing the integration forming the basic definition of tristimulus values shall be by summation at a wavelength interval of 1 nm over the wavelength ranCe 360–830 nm, but that for most colorimetric purposes the approximation of summation at a 5‐nm interval over the range 380–780 nm should suffice. Recognizing that measured data fulfilling these requirements are not usually available, recommendations were also made concerning abridgement, interpolation, extrapolation, truncation, and the calculation of weighting factors. Although tables of weighting factors were not included in the recommendations to the CIE, they have since been calculated in cooperation with the Working Group and published by the ASTM. This article describes the recommendations, now accepted by the CIE and providing clear and complete guidelines for the uniform calculation of CIE tristimulus

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractArtists are making pigmented handmade papers in increasing numbers to be certain that the color of the paper is lightfast. The lightfastness of handmade papers colored with commonly used pigments was tested. Three methods were used: (1) exposure to a measured 1260 MJ/m2outdoors to the sun under glass; (2) exposure in the laboratory to daylight fluorescent lamps; and (3) exposure in a window monitored by Blue Wools. Burnt umber and the yellow and red iron oxides were lightfast as expected. Excellent, or sufficiently lightfast, were Pigment Yellow 65 and the lightfast form of Pigment Yellow 74, the phthalocyanine blue and green, ultramarine blue, and the Quinacridone reds if used in sufficiem strength. If the Quinacridones were weaker they were classified as Good in lightfastness along with Pigment Yellow 97. Classified as Fair were the higher‐strength form of Pigment Yellow 74 and the naphthol red with AS‐D coupling. Unsatisfactory, or fugitive, were the lithol and toluidine reds, weaker use of the higher‐strength form of Pigment Yellow 74, and an unidentified organic yellow pi

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe examined the effects of spatial frequency and colorimetric purity using a hue‐matching technique. At constant retinal illuminance, hue matches of alternate stripes of square‐wave gratings changed with spatial frequency. At high spatial frequencies the data did not tend towards tritanopic confusion loci. Several alternative hypotheses, including optical factors, chromatic induction, and changes in the relative sensitivity of the opponent‐colors channels, are discussed. None of these mechanisms can explain all of the

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an effort to use statistics to arbitrate the recent debate about the clustering of zero crossings of metameric blacks, the statistically‐most‐significant metameric black was determined as a linear combination of the mean daylight and the first three daylight phases. This spectrum, S4(Λ), is orthogonal to all the 1931 CIE color matching functions, and has zero crossings near 450, 540, and 610 nm. W. Thornton observed that these wavelengths tend to be crossover points for real reflectances that are metameric under some daylight. For the present work, a metameric black is defined as a difference between two matching spectral power distributions rather than between two matching spectral reflectances. The zero crossings of S4(Λ) amply confirm the zero‐crossing conjecture for metameric

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-2317    

DOI:10.1002/col.5080120111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY