ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080102

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis survey of classical astrology is in three parts: a) a summary of its rich and eventful history from the Babylonians to the Renaissance; b) the methods of calculation which remained the same throughout the period, based on the planets, the zodiac and the “twelve houses”; c) an analysis of astrological thought, which is quite different from any modern approach; providing a rigid interpretation of the universe, it granted confort and security. It presents a curious combination of religion and science: the physics is the one forwarded by the stoïcs, with an equal balance of the four elements, and the microcosmic economy within the soul representing the macrocosmic one; but such a determinism is in contradiction with the Stoics' sense of responsability which presupposes free

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080103

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn its attempt to achieve acknowledgement and support as a true science and academic discipline eighteenth‐century chemistry experienced that the traditional distinction between theory and practice, respectively between science and art, was an incriminating heritage and did not longer conform to the way chemists saw themselves. In order to substitute the former, socially judging classification into theoretical science and practical art, J. G. Wallerius from Uppsala coined the termpure and applied chemistryin 1751. The idea behind this new conception was that it ought to be chemistry's research aim and not the kind of work, be it manual or intellectual, which was to decide about its branches and their dignity. The change in orientation which took place during the eighteenth century, and which is symbolized by the new dichotomy “pure and applied”, led towards a revaluation of the utilitarian aspects of chemistry. Its historical roots reach back to a long and fruitful cooperation of, and interaction between chemistry and economy, which was reinforced by the Stahlian tradition in Germany and Scandinavia. Subsequently, it was its strong economic bias that helped chemistry to become institutionalized and accepted as an academic discipline distinct from the medico‐pharmaceutical profession. The analysis of this change of attitudes, behaviour and institutional pattern suggests that, at least during the period of institutionalization of this particular discipline, social structures and the intrinsic scientific contents are so tightly interrelated, that any division into “internal”, cognitive developments (facts, theory and subject‐matter) and “external” conditions (social context and stategies of institutionalization) would be artificial, since they both constitute the scientific community as a context of argumen

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080104

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080105

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080106

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080107

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080108

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080109

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080110

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19850080111

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY