ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030102

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractManuscripts and early prints are the two most important instruments of tradition of knowledge in the Middle Ages and in the beginning of modern times. Their history is connected with the history of learning, onwards from antiquity. The fact that neither in antiquity nor in the early Middle Ages medicine had been strictly a part of the liberal arts is reflected by the bad situation of manuscript tradition of medical texts during this period. Up from the beginning of university studies in the end of the 11thcentury this situation had completely been changed. The new composite manuscripts of the universities reflect the new curricula of the universities, also in medicine. The first prints from the 15thcentury onwards mostly continue this manuscript tradition of knowledge of the universities. Only new literary forms, as for instance pamphlets, show new methods of tradition and especially of popularizing of knowledge beyond the universities.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030103

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use of dialogue in scientific writing is for many reasons, as also L. Thorndike and R. Multhauf have mentioned, worth to investigate. This treatise concerning dialogues on pharmacy, chemistry, botany and also on medicine tries a classification and gives several interpretations of these important sources for the history of sciences, which in some disciplines were rather neglected in historiography for many reasons. One of these may be the difficulty to distinguish in this form of literature the poetical fiction from reality, the traditional topoi from contemporary controversies. The different aims of the dialogue, teaching, conversation, scientific discussion and also satirical intentions give the determination for the several literary forms of those colloquies, which have been important for progress and communication in sciences.

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030104

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFrom the beginning of the 17th century medical book‐illustration and representation of medical science are not any longer separable. Most of the modern didactic functions, especially concerning medical text‐books or manuals begin to develop at that time, certainly in a tight connection with the strong revaluation of the text‐illustration in general by the pedagogical realism since J. A. Comenius. The article tries to show some of the main contemporary functions of medical illustration in the 17th century as well as functions seen from the modern point of view of history of sc

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030105

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsually one reads that after the foundation of scientific journals the journal article took the place of scientific correspondence. It is shown here that periodicals did not replace the letter, but only supplemented it. Norms were developed for the journal article such that (in short) only the „context of justification”︁, not the „context of discovery”︁, could be discussed. Any scholar who wanted to participate in the „discussion out of which science arises”︁ had to resort to the letter; the reading of journals did not suffice. — This circumstance is illustrated in particular by the example of quantum theory an

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030106

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractR. Agricola'sDe Inventione Dialecticamarks the beginning of the intellectual history of the basic philosophical conceptions „systema”︁ and „method”︁. Petras Ramus' prescriptions for the dialectical disposition of arguments,i.e.the „axiomata”︁ homogenity, deduction and continuity, constitute the first „modern”︁ concept of „system”︁, whereas, half a century later, Francis Bacon's empirism seems to be only the application of the humanist „inventio”︁ to a more lim

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030107

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe object of this article is the study of possibilities and tendencies arising from the use of symbolic language including signs, characters, and symbols in mathematics. Five aspects are discussed: compactness and simultaneity, problem‐solving and generalizations, heuristics and progress, mechanisms and calculations, formalism. This is done primarily by looking at three disciplines, which at the same time are of fundamental importance to theoretical physics: classical algebra, calculus, and vector analysis.Mathematical achievements and statements by eminent mathematicians from antiquity to the present (Archimedes, Leibniz, Newton, Euler, Gauß, Hilbert) show the importance of adequate symbolism for the development of mathematics. The corresponding philosophical discussions (Hobbes, Condillac, Degérando, Apelt, Cassirer, among others) are controvers

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030108

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe study of medical language does not end with specialist terminology, it also includes the patient's language. Furthermore, language,e. g.in charms, is part of pre‐rational therapeutics. However, these aspects cannot be dealt with here; in keeping with the general theme of the meeting, the paper concentrates on the rôle of language as a means of passing on scientific knowledge. Medical terminology first developed in the classical age of Greece. Until the 19th century, knowledge was only passed on verbally. Since the middle of the last century, the presentation of scientific data etc. in charts has gained more and more importance. In the course of this process, terms which originally applied to the description of features in these charts, have come to be used independently outside this conte

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030109

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBy some recent meanings of psychological research in structures of perception cinematographical research and education ist compelled to take the fluctuation between emotions/sensations and cognitions into a more systematic consideration. ‚Born’︁ as well on the market‐place as by experimental research documentations film as a medium can offer essential connecting links for this aspect. Certainly there is to begin with recovering an especially understanding of esthetics: more different relations between various standards of qualitative and quantitative analysis must be rendered possible. This is substantial, first of all, for an experimentally working anthropology, research in cultures/civilizations, and sociological sciences. In these fields of research and education, if using research film, we especially need inter‐disciplinary cooperations for critical investigation and for making didactical use of cinematographi

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030110

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStructures of scientific activity and the exponential growth (as a function of time) of modern science. Scientific research may have an additive, multiplicative or exponential character. ‚Additive’︁ signifies that single facts are gathered; ‚multiplicative’︁ signifies that out of several facts, a regularity or formula is recognized: single facts are thereby multiplied into many. ‚Exponential’︁ signifies that every finding serves as a springboard for further findings, which in turn serve as springboards for others as well. This exponential character, however, does not necessarily have as a consequence an exponential growth of knowledge as a function of time.The slogan of the doubling of knowledge every 15 years is not universally valid: since the 16th century knowledge of plant species has doubled every 60 years; for animal species during the two centuries before ca. 1930, the doubling period is 21–22 years. For comets, the doubling periods are considerably longer and for chemical elements, the increase is only linear (one new element every 2 1/2 years). Science as a whole is composed of many such smaller fields. The specification of the speed (or better the acceleration) of its growth depends on which ‚degree of importance’︁ of knowledge is measured. If one takes only very important (e.g. University Textbook) knowledge as a standard, the doubling period is just short of a century. Of course, this does not alter the correctness of the observation that modern science has grown exponentially. If, however, one wishes to speak of a ‚law’︁, i

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19800030111

出版商:Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH&Co KGaA    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY