ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220202

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Lapland‐expedition of Maupertuis and his group of young academics is known as one of the most decisive and most impressive experimental determinations of the figure of the earth which will be obviously discussed against the background of the fundamental antagonism of 18th century philosophy,i.e.the struggle of Cartesianism against Newtonianism andvice versa.Following such an interpretation, the historian is only interested in one aspect of the voyage. Nevertheless, there are other ones which, taken into account, modify the inherited perspective on the expedition enormously. In this paper the experimental proof of the Newtonian theory as well as the ethnographic observations, the investigation of the inscriptions from Windso etc. will be studied. The argumentation tries to give an explication of the Lapland‐expedition as a whole and develops it in comparison with Leibniz' grand tour to Southern Germany, Austria and Italy. Its dominating point is to stress that the new dimensions of scientific voyages in the 18th century are to be understood as elements of a new philosophical paradigm,i. e.an all‐embracing historical world

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220203

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220204

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The »journey of enlightenment« (Lea Ritter Santini) should denote an ideal type of explorative events that produced the twin effect of shedding new light on any given topic and, simultaneously, of representing a modern scientific, yet humane outlook to the world. This outlook depended on a higly reflective approach of viewing the world, granting the self an original, even pivotal position (Herder is a case in point). It could involve self‐delusion and could have melancholy or pathological results. The successive phases of a journey, (a) the discovery of unfamiliar surroundings and (b) its legitimatory aftermath, should therefore be linked to the biographical setting of the travellers involved. The journey often left a lifelong impact on their lives; Lichtenberg is exemplary in this respect.Recent research into eminent figures of the Enlightenment period,e. g.into Lessing, have enabled us to follow quite closely the learning and filtering process, by which the gradual acquisition of knowledge and judgement took place. A lively face‐to‐face and/or epistolary intercourse in most cases accompanied the interpretation of data culled from observation. Furthermore, discussion (vis‐à‐vismere registration or sketching) proved essential for reaching an understanding of a fairly intersubjective standing. Lichtenberg's two visits to England provide a minute protocol of a variety of steps that ‐ more in a zigzag than in a direct fashion ‐ eventually form the growth and the style of our (preliminary) knowledge ‐

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220205

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220206

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The article deals with German scientific overseas travellers in 19th century before the foundation of the Kaiserreich (1871). After considering some political and scientific conditions in Germany it focusses on the expedition to Africa 1860‐1863 which was organized as the first German national enterprise for research in Africa. It was initiated by a group of scientists and journalists to search for the missing scientific traveller Eduard Vogel. The expedition and its popular reception is interpreted as part of forming national identity by scientific work and national solidarit

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220207

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220208

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Early 19th century Bavarian state and its scientific institutions were not able to enforce important scientific enterprises and expeditions out of Europe like other European states did. Except the zoological, anthropological and mostly botanical researches of the Bavarian naturalists Spix and Martius (1817‐1820), who accompanied an Austrian expedition to Brazil enabled through the support of the first Bavarian king Maximilian I. Joseph, caused some attention by the international scientific community. The results of this expedition determined in certain ways the further scientific development in Bavaria during several decades. Another remarkable attempt to strengthen scientific progress by the financial support of explorations and expeditions since 1850 traced back to king Maximilian II., who tried to push Bavaria into a leading position among the middle european states just in the matters of science. The death of Maximilian II. in 1864 caused a big lack in supporting scientific enterprises up to the turn of the century. At the earliest in that time other institutions and social forces were able to take over this charge

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220209

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

“The appropriation of foreign tongues and eighteenth and nineteenth centuries linguistics”. ‐ Until well into the nineteenth century the documentation of hitherto unknown languages was but a by‐product of other activities: samples of languages were gathered on expeditions as anthropological specimen, and missionaries did their best to come to grips with the alien tongues they encountered. Although a large number of languages was known by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the number of printed grammars was very small and their reception by the European scientific community was ambiguous. Most of these grammars were composed by missionaries to facilitate the acquisition of the respective language. Most of them show serious deficiencies. From a historiographic perspective the exclusively practical purpose of these grammars highlights two characteristics of the science of language of the time. The actual process of composing a grammar was not a part of investigations into language or languages. There was nothing close to what might be called “empirical research” with respect to the investigation of languages. It was only in the nineteenth century that the importance of language data was advocated by American scholars and the investigation of non‐literate languages was subsequently introduced into lingui

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220210

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19990220211

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1999

数据来源: WILEY