ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070102

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPolitics and Scholarship Among Germans in Swedish Exile. The author's main source is H. Müssener's doctoral thesis on the fate of the about 5,000 refugees of German speech who left Hitler‐dominated Europe for Sweden during the fateful years 1933‐45. Thirty per cent left for political reasons. Only about 60 immigrants possessed an academic background. Well‐known is the Swedish influence on Willy Brandt, Bruno Kreisky, Herbert Wehner and others. But whereas the political refugees could count upon the solidarity and assistance of their Swedish party associates, the academics would find themselves moving in a milieu which was still strongly influenced by the pro‐German university tradition ever since the period of German cultural predominance following upon Bismarck's foundation of the Reich. Only two academics were awarded university professorships, the philosopher Ernst Cassirer in Gothenburg and the psychologist David Katz in Stockholm, who both had to cope with the prevalent positivistic orientation of Swedish philosophy. The pro‐German attitude of the German departments, coupled with their purely linguistic tradition, made it impossible for two prominent scholars to obtain a subsistence within the universities: Walter Berendsohn and Käte Hamburger. In 1952, however, Berendsohn was given a readership at the university of Stockholm and thanks to him the German Department soon became a centre for literary research, especially with regard to German literature in exile. Also in musicology immigrants have come to play an important part. After the war German literary critics and journalists, many of them by this time bi‐lingual (like Peter Weiss), contributed to the re‐establishment of cultural relations between Sweden and the German‐s

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070103

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKernphysiker in einer neuen Welt: Die Emigranten der dreißiger Jahre in Amerika. ‐ Unter der großen Anzahl derjenigen, die durch Nationalsozialismus zur Emigration gezwungen wurden und zwischen 1933 und 1941 in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika einwanderten, befanden sich auch mehr als hundert Physiker, und unter ihnen einige der genialsten Kernphysiker der Welt. Die Physik in Amerika hatte damals den Status einer voll ausgereiften Wissenschaft erreicht, und so kam es zu einem bedeutsamen und facettenreichen Zusammenwirken zwischen den emigrierten und den einheimischen Kernphysikern, zumal sie die verschiedenen Forschungsgebiete vertraten, die sich durch die Entdeckungen und Erfindungen des Jahres 1932 (Neutron, Deuterium, Positron, Cockcroft‐Walton‐Beschleuniger, Zyklotron) aufgetan hatten. Von besonderer Bedeutung Für die Konsolidierung und Entwicklung der gesamten Kernphysik war dabei die Veröffentlichung von drei Artikeln in denReviews of Modern Physicsvon 1936 und 1937, bekannt als die „Bethe‐Bibel”︁. Nach der Entdeckung der Kernspaltung von 1938 und dem Ausbruch des Krieges 1939 in Europa wirkte die Befürchtung, daß Hitler eine Atomwaffe erhalten könnte, als mächtige, Emigranten und Nicht‐Emigranten gleichermaßen erfassende einigende Kraft unter den Atomphysikern in Amerika, und die meisten von ihnen stellten ihre Fähigkeiten in den Dienst der US‐Regierung und arbeiteten am Manhatten‐Projekt und an anderen militärischen Forschungsvorhaben mit. Bei Kriegsende waren die in den dreißiger Jahren emigrierten Kernphysiker wie so viele Flüchtlinge vor ihnen Amerikaner geworden, und keiner von ihnen kehrte in sein Geburtsland zurück.Among the large number of refugees from Nazism and Fascism entering the United States between 1933 and 1941 were more than 100 physicists, including some of the most gifted nuclear physicists in the world. By that time physics in America had come of age, and a remarkable and multifaceted symbiosis occurred between the émigré and native‐born nuclear physicists as they pursued the many avenues of research opened up by the discoveries and inventions of 1932 (neutron, deuterium, positron, Cockcroft‐Walton accelerator, cyclotron). Of particular importance for the consolidation and development of the entire field of nuclear physics was the publication in 1936–37 of the three articles in theRevieus of Modern Physicsknown as the „Bethe Bible”︁. With the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 and the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, the fear that a nuclear weapon might fall into Hitler's hands served as a powerful unifying force among nuclear physicists in Amerika, émigrés and non‐émigrés alike, and most placed their talents in the service of the United States Government working on the Manhattan Project and other wartime research. By the end of the war, like so many refugees before them, the émigré nuclear physicists of the 1930s had become Americans, a

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070104

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGerman Refugee Historians in the United States. ‐ After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, some twenty historians left Germany. They had lost their academic positions for political and/or „racial”︁ reasons. Most of them immigrated to the United States, and here they launched their second academic career. This intellectual immigration promoted the study of German and intellectual history and strengthened the development of comparative approaches in American historical scholarship. Many German refugee historians became interested in incorporating social science concepts into historical writing and thereby contributed to the advancement of a „Social History of Ideas.”︁ Although some were originally skeptical of the democratic process, in emigration these historians absorbed and accepted the political value system of a democratic and liberal republic, a change that is reflected in their historical studies. Despite the fact that almost all refugee historians chose to stay in the United States, their books and guest professorships left their mark on the course of West German h

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070105

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070106

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070107

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070108

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070109

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070110

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0170-6233    

DOI:10.1002/bewi.19840070101

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY