摘要:

Abstract—Systematic techniques may be viewed as symbolic languages which have both surface structure (measures of descriptive adequacy) and deep structure (measures of explanatory adequacy). Phylogenetic systematics is not theory‐neutral because its deep structure embodies evolutionary assumptions. Pattern cladistics stands in relationship to phylogenetic systematics as a part to a whole and is indistinguishable from phylogenetic systematics unless an artificial dichotomy between surface structure and deep structure is maintained. Direct observation of ontogeny as a means of polarizing characters also stands as a part to a whole relative to outgroup comparisons. Direct observation of ontogeny does not resolve any cases that outgroup comparison fails to resolve, and outgroup comparison does resolve some cases where direct observation fa

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00407.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Dedifferentiation, paedomorphosis, and the insertion and deletion of developmental stages make it impossible to deduce the genealogical hierarchy from only ontogenetic transformation series. Like the outgroup criterion, ontogenetic character precedence is not theory‐neutral and to use it to deduce genealogy requires certain assumptions.If scientists are going to use logically unbeatable theories about the world, they might as well give up natural science and take up religion (Lewontin, 1972: 1

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00408.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Common themes in some recent expositions of character phylogeny are attempts to prove that outgroup comparison is a method of the greatest generality, and that the ontogenetic criterion reduces to outgroup comparison. Another common theme is that pattern cladistics is wrongheaded in suggesting that ontogenetic data have a unique value for studies of character phylogeny. Analysis of particular examples that have been offered as proof of the themes shows them to be flawed and without significance. Arguments against pattern cladistics and the relevance of ontogeny stem from a concern for ideological purity and not for objective appraisal of relevant evidenc

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00409.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The performance of four computer programs that calculate Wagner trees (WAGNER 78, WAGPROC, PHYLIP, and PHYSYS) was compared for twenty‐five data sets. Eight combinations of algorithms and options were tried, including different methods of adding taxa, optimizing stem states, obtaining multiple trees, and branch swapping. Using the criterion of finding a minimum length tree, PHYSYS with the WAG.S option performed best, providing the shortest tree for twenty‐four of the twenty‐five data sets. WAGPROC with the GLOB option found sixteen minima for eighteen data sets, exceeding run time on the remaining seven. All other algorithm/options were less successful in providing minimum trees. In comparing the options we found that minimum homoplasy is not completely reliable in optimizing trees and that the brute force algorithm is helpful but not required for finding minimum trees. The advancement index criterion for adding taxa to a tree is more effective than adding taxa in their data file sequence. The success of the PHYSYS WAG.S option and the WAGPROC GLOB demonstrate that both multiple trees and branch swapping are necessary to produce a minimum leng

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00410.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Objections to my earlier demonstration, that the branch lengths of trees fitted to distance matrices have no physical interpretation, are shown to be ill‐founded. In particular the contention of Felsenstein, that fitted lengths estimate expectations of amounts of change, is shown to lead to a paradox. A method is introduced for constructing multiple trees of optimal or near‐optimal fit to distance data, and this is found to give better performance than previous methods. Most published trees based on distances have been poorly chosen. Consensus trees of several trees with near‐optimal fit are found to be quite poorly resolved, and it appears that molecular distances seldom provide much useful information on phylogenetic relati

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00411.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00412.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00413.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Numerical Taxonomy.— J. Felsenstein (ed.). 1983.The Explanation of Organic Diversity: The Comparative Method and Adaptations for Mating.— Mark Ridley. 1983.The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography.— Janet Browne.

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00414.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00415.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY