摘要:

Abstract—The punctuated equilibrium speciation mode is an implied consequence of the deviation rule and the differences between cladograms and phylogenetic trees implicitly were recognized by Hennig. Neocladism and transformed cladism, however, both are contradictory to the view of Hennig. Neither of them will be consistent when parallel changes exceed informative unparallel changes, which in the real world there are many indications to believe they do. In three tables cladogenetic trends used in erecting three schemes of argumentation, on the specific, generic, and subfamily levels respectively, are analyzed and divided into: “objective” synapomorphiesnot allowing for outside parallelism or secondary change,subjective synapomorphies, andunderlying synapomorphies. Evaluations based on the strictest criteria for asserting synapomorphy are possible only when comparing higher taxa of subfamily level and up. On the generic level trends showing outside parallelism can be rejected if all other possibly synapomorphic trends are included. On the specific level it is necessary to take all kinds of synapomorphies into consideration, including those showing outside parallelism. There may often be a preponderance of trends caused by parallel selection in taxa with specialized sexual and/or feeding behaviors, as exemplified by some chironomid male imagines and larvae. It is necessary to have knowledge of the nature of the different possible natural processes and try to explain these before undertaking estimations of patterns of kinship. The persistent intuitive and subjective element in phylogenetics was stressed by Hennig. Objectivity is a

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The parsimony criterion both measures the ability of genealogical hypotheses to explain observed similarities and corresponds to Hennig's principle of grouping by synapomorphy. Sæther's proposal of grouping according to homoiology is neither Hennigian nor justified on any other grounds. Criticisms by Felsenstein that parsimony analysis may be statistically inconsistent lead to an equivalent criticism of all statistical methods, and so are of no value for evaluating phylogenetic metho

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The likelihood justification of parsimony proposed in Sober (1983, 1984a) is applied to some problems posed by character weighting. An argument is provided for thinking that the point frequency of a character is not a good descriptor for parsimonious reconstructions of phylogeny. The idea that a good character will be conservative or nonadaptive is also examined from a likelihood point of vie

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The merits of alternative approaches to the inference of evolutionary trees have been much discussed, but there have been few attempts to compare inferences systematically or to pinpoint the source of differences. The two major classes of approach are via likelihood inference under an evolutionary model and estimates based upon parsimony methods. Within the general class of likelihood approaches, there are differences depending upon the particular class of models considered. This paper makes comparisons of the characteristics of inferences for the case of quantitative variation (of allele frequencies, for example), concentrating on the case of very small numbers of populations where explicit solutions are possible, but also upon features which apply as well to inferences for larger groups of populations. The parsimony method of “minimum evolution” was proposed by Edwards and Cavalli‐Sforza (1964) to provide an approximation to the likelihood solution for an intractable model. In fact, its estimated phylogenies are closest to those of a more recent model of Felsenstein (1981) which, like parsimony, produces a fundamentally unrooted tree. Likelihood estimates based upon models involving an implicit or explicit root are radically different. These differ also from each other, depending upon whether or not the root is explicitly estimated, and upon whether or not a model for the fissioning of populations is included. Some general features of the comparisons can be sum

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00441.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Observations of web spinning behavior in Costa RicanDinopissp. reveal the same behaviors synapomorphic for orb weavers: specifically frame, radius, non‐sticky spiral construction, and sticky spiral construction, as well as more detailed motor patterns. Dinopids are therefore highly derived orb weavers, although the behavioral data do not conclusively indicate whether they are more closely related to the uloborid or araneoid orb weavers. A cladogram of dinopids, uloborids, and araneoids is presen

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00442.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The evolution of the Metazoa has to a very large extent been a matter of creating new ways of transforming living matter into animal bodies. As implied from the classification of the subkingdom this process has involved the origin of mechanisms for the construction of a number of phyletic body plans, which in turn have been modified in various ways corresponding to the subordinate taxa within the respective phyla. The ontogenetic development of the metazoans may be subdivided into separate phases, the number of which may vary from one phylum to another, but a typical subdivision comprises five phases: cleavage, form creation, differential growth, allometric growth, and degeneration. Cleavage may be considered as a preparatory phase, whereas true morphogenesis begins with gastrulation. At this stage the phyletic body plan is laid down, in some cases even including features which distinguish some of the higher subordinate taxa—classes and orders—to which the animal belongs. During the phase of differential growth this basic body plan is further modified to correspond to the form characterizing the lower taxa: orders, families, genera, and often even the species. The transformation between differential and allometric growth usually coincides with hatching or birth. Sometimes the specific features develop only during the phase of allometric growth, and under any circumstances the typical morphological differences between young and adult forms are established at this time. Allometric growth usually comes to an end at maturation. The present interpretation is in complete accord with that proposed by von Baer 150 years ago; within each phylum ontogeny occurs in a way corresponding to a recapitulation of the course of phylogenetic evolution. No kind of recapitulation may be observed relating to the evolution between the individual phyla.“as regards its type every organic form becomes by the mode of its formation that which it eventuallyis. The scheme of development is nothing but the becoming type, and the type the result of the scheme of formation. For that reason the type can be wholly understood only through its mode of development”—K. E. von Bae

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00443.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00444.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00445.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Structure of Biological Science.— Alexander Rosenberg. 1984.Aufgaben und Probleme stammesgeschichtler Forschung.— Willi Hennig. 1984.Croizat's Panbiogeography&Principia Botanica: Search for a Novel Biological Synthesis.— R. C. Craw and G. W. Gibbs (eds.).

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00446.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY