摘要:

Abstract—Evolutionary changes require historical explanations, yet these are limited by the evolutionary processes we entertain and investigate. Using phylogenetic analysis, adaptation and natural selection can be tested as historical claims, but this is appropriate only in those special cases where change follows the scheme of one character‐one function, singled out in new environmental circumstances. Systematic treatment of the evolutionary origin of characters (in particular, origin through ecological and developmental flexibility) lies outside the scope of selectionist explanations. Structural hypotheses about regularities in the directions of change, also analyzed phylogenetically, expand the scope of historical explanation to include the origin of characters, yet retain the view of organisms as passive and constrained objects of evolutionary change. Historical biology needs to encompass both the active responses of organisms and the construction by organisms of their own environments. For this to be realized will require changes in the concepts and practices of evolutionary biology, including a re‐examination of the Lamarckian theme that the active responses of organisms have evolutionary significance—the rarity of individual‐to‐individual transmission of “acquired” characters does not disprove the possibility of their frequency increasing

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Males ofIdea tambusisiana, previously unstudied, lack the only known unequivocal synapomorphy associating the constituent members ofIdea. Further cladistic analyses were performed on an expanded data matrix containing two characters alternatively coded in binary and multistate form. Two topologies were obtained of which one, in whichI. tambusisianaremains internal to the genus, is accepted following consideration of information content and assessment of the supporting character states. A character analysis is also performed in which the problem of ambiguous charater state assignments to the internal nodes of the cladogram is examined. Biogeographic implications of the results are discussed with respect to areas of endemism in southeast Asia, the origin of Sulawesi (Celebes), and vicariance/dispersal models intended to explain the distribution ofIdeaspecies in relation to the Makassar Strai

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The sister group of the monophyletic tribe Argostemmateae, includingArgostemmaandNeurocalyx, is not the tribe Hedyotideae, or a part of it, as earlier assumed, but the monophyletic tribe Hamelieae, here redefined. It comprises the generaHamelia, Hoffmannia(here includingXerococcus), Deppea(here includingSchenckia), Pinarophyllon, andOmiltemia. The two tribes Argostemmateae and Hamelieae are a monophyletic group characterized by seven synapomorphies. A cladogram is presented showing the relationships of the seven genera based on 31 characters. One group of characters, the aestivation of the corolla, is shown to be much more complicated than hitherto assumed. In the Hamelieae the aestivation can be imbricate (to the right or to the left and quincuncial or not), contorted (to the right), alternative, or even valvate. The Argostemmateae occur in the Old World Tropics, and their distribution supports the hypothesis that at least parts of southeast Asia are a part of Gondwanaland. The vicariant pattern within the Argostemmateae indicates that the large area from west Africa through northern India to southeast Asia is vicariant to Ceylon and southern India. The distribution of the Old World tribe Argostemmateae is vicariant to the essentially Central American tribe Hameliea

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00496.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00497.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00498.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00499.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Evolution and Classification: The Reformation of Cladism.—Mark Ridley.Phylogenetic Systematics of the Drynarioideae (Polypodiaceae).—M. C. Roos.Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology: Volume 1.—Richard Dawkins and Mark Ridley (eds.).Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, Volume 2.—R. Dawkins and M. Ridley (eds.) 1985.An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa.—John J. Lee, Seymour H. Hutner, and Eugene Bovee (eds.).Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes.—H. G. Moser, W. J. Richards, D. M. Cohen, M. P. Fahay, A. W. Kendall, Jr., and S. L. Richardson (eds.).Morphometrics in Evolutionary Biology.—F. Bookstein, B. Chernoff, R. Elder, J. Humphries, G. Smith, a

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00500.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY