摘要:

Operant procedures were tested on three patients who had been in vegetative coma for 6 months, 10 months, and 38 months. A discrete trial procedure was used to test compliance to verbal requests for three behaviors for each patient, including lateral head movement or finger movement, eye focus or eye squeeze, and mouth movement. The design for each patient consisted of multiple baselines across three behaviors with a withdrawal phase and a reinstatement phase (ABAB) for one behavior. Baseline phases were followed by contingent music phases in which 15‐second taped excerpts of patients' preferred music sounded immediately following the emission of targeted behaviors. The contingent music treatment affected all three behaviors for Patient 1, but was less effective for two out of three behaviors for the second and third patients who had been in coma for more extensive periods of time. Results are discussed in terms of the potential contributions of the use of operant assessment and treatment procedures in an area of medicine where they have not been used befor

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An unobtrusive observation system was developed to determine the extent to which dental professionals in two communities provided lead shielding to patients during X‐ray exams. A lengthy baseline revealed low and irregular provision of shielding among half of these professionals. Subsequently, a program was undertaken by a consumer's group in which these professionals were requested to provide shielding and were given confidential feedback regarding its use during the baseline period. The provision of shielding dramatically increased at all offices and was maintained throughout a follow‐up period extending to more than 9 months after the program's implementation. Little or no generalized effect was observed in the occurrence of three collateral behaviors that were also assessed throughout the st

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-13

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research focuses on the inappropriate, largely aggressive, behaviors of 344 K‐2 children assigned to a playground prior to the beginning of the school day. Initially, a system for observing large numbers of children freely roaming over a large, open area was developed. This observational method was then used to determine the effectiveness of providing organized games for reducing potentially dangerous playground behaviors. Using a reversal (ABAB) design, it was found that the games, rope jumping, and foot racing, along with an infrequently used time‐out procedure, significantly reduced the frequency of inappropriate incidents. It is suggested that when dealing with large groups, antecedent environmental manipulations may be more practical than providing consequences for the behaviors exhibited by identified individu

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-29

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study evaluated a participative management approach for increasing the frequency of interactions between institutional staff and severely/profoundly retarded residents. The participative management approach involved teaching staff how to use self‐monitoring, standard setting, self‐evaluation, and self‐reinforcement procedures. These procedures were then used by staff with minimal involvement of supervisory personnel. Although supervisors provided feedback and praise to staff for using these self‐management behaviors, feedback and praise were never dispensed contingent on staff interactions with residents. Results indicated that during the participative management program there was an increase in staff interactions that were contingent on appropriate resident behavior. The increase in this type of staff interaction was accompanied by an increase in appropriate resident behavior. Follow‐up data on both staff and resident behaviors, although showing moderating trends, suggested generally good maintenance of the initial behavior changes. Acceptability data suggested that staff were quite receptive to the program. The advantages of participative management procedures for improving staff performance in residential settings are

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-37

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effectiveness of an advice package designed to restructure the restaurant environment and encourage parent praise was examined. Experiment 1 assessed the usefulness of the package when used with experimenter assistance. Videotapes were used to record the target child's behavior. Pre‐meal inappropriate behavior decreased an average of 51% across target children. Mealtime inappropriate behavior and parent praise and disapproval were also measured. Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether families could implement the package without experimenter assistance and whether effects obtained would generalize to a different restaurant. Data were taken in vivo. Nine families were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group assignment determined the order in which families went to two restaurants, the number of dinners each family participated in, and the point at which parents received the advice package. The order in which the families went to the two restaurants as well as the number of baseline meals was counterbalanced. Results of Experiment 2 showed that, when using the advice package, parents in all sequences were able to decrease pre‐meal inappropriate behavior of their children, and that these effects generalized to a second restaur

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-55

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A self‐evaluation program was implemented with a kindergarten‐aged boy in the home to increase compliance with parent instructions and decrease inappropriate verbal behavior. The self‐evaluation package included the child's assessing the appropriateness of his behavior in 5‐min intervals, receiving chips for positive self‐evaluations, and exchanging chips for a reward following experimental sessions. In a reversal design, analyses were conducted of the effectiveness of the self‐evaluation program, the requisite conditions for effective child behavior change with a self‐evaluation approach, and the parent's efficiency in using the self‐evaluation package. The self‐evaluation procedures typically resulted in increased compliant behavior and decreased inappropriate behavior, although the effects generally weakened with time. Behavioral gains were greater and better maintained when the self‐evaluation procedures were preceded by a phase of external evaluation via the mother than by baseline, suggesting that self‐evaluation procedures may serve more to maintain the effects of external evaluation rather than to induce their own changes. The parent generally was efficient in implementing the procedures. Research and clinical implications for using self‐evaluation procedures in a hom

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-69

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments are reported in which the relationship between compliance with “do” and “don't” requests was examined with developmentally disabled children. In Experiment 1, a multiple baseline design across subjects with counterbalanced treatment conditions was used to evaluate a compliance training program composed of four phases: (a) baseline, during which no consequences were delivered for compliance, (b) reinforcement for compliance with one targeted “do” request, (c) reinforcement for compliance with one targeted “don't” request, and (d) follow‐up with reinforcement on a variable ratio schedule for compliance with any “do” or “don't” request. Results of probes conducted before and after training within each condition indicated that generalized compliance occurred only with requests of the same type as the target exemplar (“do” or “don't”). In Experiment 2, these results were replicated in a classroom setting. Following collection of baseline probe data on student compliance, a teacher training program was successfully implemented to increase reinforcement of compliance first with one “do” and subsequently with one “don't” request of a target student. Results of multiple baseline probes across “do” and “don't” requests indicated that the teacher generalized and maintained reinforcement of compliance with other requests of the same type and to other students, with a resulting increase in student compliance with the type of requests reinforced. The impact of treatment on both teacher and student behavior was socially validated via consumer ratings. Implications of these findings with respect to response class formati

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-81

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of long and short durations of positive practice overcorrection were studied, for reduction of off‐task behavior after an instruction to perform an object‐placement task. Off‐task behavior, correct responses, and approximate responses were all observed. Off‐task behavior received positive practice. The short and long practice durations (30 seconds and 3 minutes) produced equally rapid reduction of off‐task behavior and acquisition of correct object‐placement performance. Over sessions, much less time was required for positive practice when the short practice duration was used. Approximate responses, which also avoided positive practice, occurred at low rates relative to correct responding. Negative side effects were observed to occur primarily during sessions with long positive practice. These results indicate that use of short durations of positive practice can reduce the practice time required and negative side effects, with no loss of training effectiveness either for reducing inappropriate behavior or increasing a desired alternati

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-101

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This investigation, consisting of two experiments, was designed to assess the effects of autistic immediate echolalia on acquisition and generalization of receptive labeling tasks. Experiment 1 addressed whether autistic children could use their echolalia to facilitate acquisition. The results indicated that incorporating echolalia (echo of the requested object's label) into the task before manual response (handing the requested object to the experimenter) facilitated receptive labeling. Experiment 2 was designed to determine the effects of incorporating echolalia into task response on acquisition and subsequent generalization. These results indicated that echolalia facilitated generalization for echolalic autistic children but not for functionally mute autistic children. The results of the experiments are discussed in terms of stimulus control. Additionally, it is proposed that perhaps in certain cases, echolalia should not be eliminated, but used to advantage in receptive responding.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-111

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY