摘要:

A time delay procedure was used to teach 3 children with autism to ask the question “What's that?” when novel stimuli were presented during an instructional task. Once the ability to ask the question was acquired, the children's ability to learn novel information by asking the question was assessed. The children were then taught to ask the question within a less structured context. All three studies used a multiple baseline across participants. Generalization was assessed in a different room, to a new person, and to novel stimuli. All of the children learned to ask the question within the instructional context, while on a walk in the school building, and to request information about three‐dimensional objects. The acquisition of novel information was consistent for receptive and expressive tests for 2 of the children, with varied results for the 3rd. These studies indicate that children with autism can be taught to ask questions that lead to the acquisition of new inform

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We extended research on the role of noncontingent positive reinforcement following a functional analysis of attention‐maintained self‐injurious behavior to self‐injury maintained by negative reinforcement in 2 young males with developmental disabilities. During a pretreatment functional analysis, each participant's self‐injury was shown to be differentially sensitive to escape from instructional activities as negative reinforcement. During noncontingent escape, escape from learning activities was provided on a fixed‐time schedule that was not influenced by the participant's behavior. One participant was also exposed to differential negative reinforcement of other behavior. During this condition, escape from instructional activities was provided contingent on the omission of self‐injury for prespecified intervals. Results showed that the provision of escape, even when noncontingent, resulted in significant reductions in self‐injury. These results are particularly interesting in light of the experimental history of noncontingent reinforcement as a control rather than as a therapeutic procedure. Noncontingent escape is discussed as a form of extinction that may be less likely than other forms of extinction to produce severe

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-15

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In four studies we analyzed the eye poking of a youth with profound disabilities. In Study 1, a functional analysis showed that eye poking occurred during the no‐attention condition, but not during demand, attention, or recreation conditions. The analysis did not identify socially mediated variables involved in the maintenance of eye poking; rather, eye poking may have been maintained by consequences produced directly by the response. In Study 2 we had the student wear goggles to prevent potential reinforcement from finger—eye contact. The results of Study 2 indicated that eye‐poking attempts were reduced when the student wore goggles. We then tested in Study 3 the effects of two alternative topographies of stimulation. Study 3 demonstrated that eye poking was reduced when a video game was provided as a competing source of visual stimulation, and that music was less effective in reducing eye poking. In Study 4, a contingency analysis using the video game was conducted in an attempt to (a) reduce the frequency of eye poking and (b) study whether the video game functioned as a reinforcer. The results of Study 4 demonstrated substantive reductions in the frequency of eye poking, and suggested that the video game served as a reinf

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-27

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We evaluated the effects of two health education teaching methods, a pamphlet based on a task‐analyzed checklist and two professionally developed films, on the completeness, accuracy, and maintenance of testicular self‐examinations (TSE). Subjects (N= 48) were videotaped while performing a TSE after training and at a follow‐up visit. Direct observation of the tapes showed that checklist‐based training resulted in more complete and longer TSEs (p<.05). Social validation ratings, however, suggested that physicians were unable to discriminate reliably the performances of subjects taught using the two methods. Accuracy of detection of simulated lesions on plastic models was also similar for the two groups. Adherence to TSE recommendations was high during the study, but declined across the follow‐up period. Further study is needed to promote adherence to TSE and to document the effects of early detection on morbidity and mortality of testicul

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We conducted two experiments examining the effects of a self‐evaluation package on the peer interactions of students described as emotionally or behaviorally disordered. Experiment 1 assessed the additive effects of various components of a self‐evaluation package on the frequency of inappropriate and appropriate peer interactions. The components assessed were rewards alone, rewards plus discussion, and self‐evaluation plus rewards. Results showed limited effectiveness when rewards alone and rewards plus discussion were implemented. However, substantial improvements in peer interactions were observed when the self‐evaluation component was added. Experiment 2 examined the efficacy and feasibility of the procedures when implemented in a group setting. Students in three classrooms served as participants. Direct observation data collected for 8 of the participants showed the procedures to be effective in improving peer interactions when implemented in a group

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-47

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Results from a number of studies have shown that individuals with profound developmental disabilities often show differential approach behavior to stimuli presented in a variety of formats, and that such behavior is a reasonably good predictor of reinforcement effects when these “preferred” stimuli are used subsequently in a contingent arrangement. Recent data suggest that reinforcement effects may be enhanced further by allowing individuals to select, just prior to training sessions, which (of several) preferred stimuli would be used as reinforcers, but whether this method is superior to one based on selection by a teacher or therapist has not been adequately addressed. We compared the effects of these two methods of reinforcer selection on rates of responding on a free‐operant task, using stimuli previously identified as potential reinforcers. Results obtained with 4 subjects indicated little or no difference in reinforcement effects when stimuli were selected by subjects rather than experimenters. Implications of these results with respect to choice and its relation to reinforcement are disc

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-61

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We evaluated a means of increasing staff members' interactions with an individual with multiple disabilities through use of a voice output communication aid (VOCA). When activated, the VOCA allowed the individual to communicate through synthesized speech. Results indicated that staff members interacted with the individual more frequently when she had access to the VOCA, suggesting that VOCAs may represent an alternative to more traditional staff management programs for increasing interactions.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-73

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We used an A‐B‐A design to evaluate the effects of two commonly used promotional activities—price reduction and increased exposure, in combination and separately—on sales and thefts of candy at a grocery store. The combination of activities and the increased exposure condition produced the greatest increases in sales. The combination of activities was also associated with the greatest increase in

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-81

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Designated driving (DD) is a potentially viable but underutilized component of efforts to reduce driving while intoxicated. A reversal design was used to evaluate the effects of prompts and incentives in a bar on the frequency of DD. The results showed an approximate doubling of the number of designated drivers during the two intervention periods.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-83

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Experiment 1 confirmed the greater effectiveness of constructed‐response interactive videodisc instruction when compared to a click‐to‐continue or passive viewing formats on posttest recall of AIDS information by 101 college students. Experiment 2 extended the analysis using a counterbalanced (ABAB‐BABA) intrasubject design with 4 students in each of three ability groups. The necessity of constructing answers appears to be an important factor in the effectiveness of instructional p

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-85

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY